FIELD - Lunar and Planetary Institutebeneath the surficial layer; whether it is (1) solid rock, perhaps the impact-modified surface of a flood of lava, or (2) detrital material, laid

PROJECT APOLEO

FIELD GEOLOGY P U N N I N G TEAM

OBJECTIVES OF APOLLO GEOLOGZCAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

AND

PROPOSAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AN APOLLO FIELD EXPLORATION SYSTEM

BY

Edwin N Goddard J Hoover Mackin

Eugene M Shoemaker and Aaron C Waters

F i s c a l Y e a r s 1965-66

March 1965

PIW0JECIC APOLEO


OBJECTIVES OF ABOELO GEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATEONS

AflD

PROPOSAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AN APOLLo FIELD EXPLOMTTBN SYSTEM

BY



F i s c a l Years 1965-66

March 1965

1

Page

Objec t ives of Aps l lo geo log i ca l f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

I n t r o d u c t i ~ n - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - m - - - - - m - - - m m - m - m m - - m -

Fine s t r u c t u r e of t h e mare s u r f a c e s

Concept of f i e l d geo log i ca l e x p l o r a t i o n system - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -S e l e c t i o n of samples - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - - m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Apolio f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n system ------------------- -=-----------

Equipment c a r r i e d by a s t ronau t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m 2 - - m w - c m -

Lunar survey ing s ta f f - - m - - - - m - - - - - - - - - - - - - w 3 - m - - m a - - - - ~ - - - - -

S t a f f tekev-jsion camera - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons - - m m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - m ~ c 2 m -

General subsystem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s - - c - - - - - - - m - - - -

Ste reome t r i c f i l m camera - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m t - - - - - - - -

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B - - - - c m m - - w a -

General subsystem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Tracking and o r i e n t a t i o n subsystems - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -S t a f f ~ r a c k i n g subsystem - - - - - - - = - ~ - - - - - - m - - - ~ - 7 - m x J ~ -

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons - - - - m - - - - m - - m - - - - - - m u m m o m m

General subsystem s p e e i f i e a t i o n s --------------

S t a f f o r i e n t a t i o n subsystem - - - - m - - - - - - - m s - - - m - m

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - - - - - m = gt - m - -

General subsystem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s - - = - - - - - - - - - - -

Auxi l i a ry o r i e n t a t i o n ins t ruments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

S c i e n t i f i c func$ions

General s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

i

CON1CENTS- -Csnt inued

Page

Physical p r o p e r t i e s module 23- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - w - - m - B -

Gama r a y f luxmeter 23- - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - - - m - - - - - - - m - -

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons 23- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - w - - m w w -

General subsystem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s -------------- 2 4

Suscegt i b i l i t y - c o n d u c t i v i t y induc t ion balance ----- 24

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - w mS c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons 24

General subsystem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s -------------- 25

Penetrometer 25

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - m w m -S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons 25

General subsystem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - - - - m - - m - - - ~ ~ w wA n c i l l a r y equipment 26

Sampling t o o l s and c o n t a i n e r s 26

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i on - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26

General sample and equipment s p e c i f i c a t i o n s --- 26

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i on 2

General f unc t i ons 28

Auxi l i a ry l i g h t module - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27

General module s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ----------------- 28

Inst rument and sample c a r r i e r 28

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m m ~ m ~ w ~ m

Audio communications equipment 29- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - -

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons 29- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e m - - - - -

Equipment on LEN 30

S u r v e i l l a n c e subsystem ---------------------------------- 30

-----------------------mm----m---Explora t ion pe r i s cope 30

Page

S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n s 30- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - -

General per i scope s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ------------- 31

S u r v e i l l a n c e t e l ev i s i on subsystem 31

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e m - -S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n s 31

General subsystem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ------------- 31

E l e c t r m e c h a n i c a l camera subsystem 32

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - m - - - -S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i on 32


- - - m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m ~ - - - w - - - - - - - - m ~ - m m ~ mTebesnetering equipment 33

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons 33- - - - - - - m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - m

Telemetry a l t e r n a t i v e s 36- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m - - - - -

Data handl ing equipment 38~ ~ - - ~ - - - - - ~ - - - - - ~ ~ ~ s a s a - s a - s a c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n

Inst rument development plan 40- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = - - - - - - - - - m m m - - - e

Work plan 41- - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - m - m m - w - - - m - - m - - m - m m m - ~ ~ - ~ - m m

General 41- - - - - - - m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - m m - - - - - w - - o m - - m m t ~ m - - m ~ m m - -

Cont rac t p r epa ra t i on and monitor ing 42

- - - e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m - - - eLunar surveying staff 42

S t a f f t e l e v i s i o n subsystem 42- - - - m - m - - - - - - m - - - m - - - - -

42

S t a f f t r a c k i n g and o r i e n t a t i o n subsystems - - - - - - - - 45

Phys ica l p r o p e r t i e s module 45

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - m - - - - - - m - mA n c i l l a r y equipment 46

Sampling t o o l s and sample c o n t a i n e r s - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46

- - m - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - - m m m - m - - ~ - ~ m ~ w mAuxi l i a ry l i g h t 46

iii

CONTENTS --ant inued

Page

C a r r i e r f o r ins t ruments t o o l s and samples ------- 46

Surve i l l ance system 47- - - - - - m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - m m m ~ - - ~

Explora t ion per i scope 47- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - - - w - ~ m m - ~ ~ - m

S u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n camera 47

Electromechanical camera subsystem -------------------- 47

Assembly and u se s f a breadboard system ------------------- 48

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m - - - m - - w - m -Breadboard i n s t rumen t s 48

S t a f f t e l e v i s i o n subsystem 48

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m - m - - - mSte reome t r i c filmcamera 50

Tracking and o r i e n t a t i o n subsystems - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50

Phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s components 50

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - m - m m m - - - -Explorat i sn per i scope 51

S u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n camera 5 1

Electromechanical camera subsystem ---------------- 5 1

F i e l d t e s t i n g of p ro to type ins t ruments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - w m - m - G - - - - m gt m - m m w m - - - - -Operat ing budget 52

Page

Table 1 Est imated f l i g h t mass and power requi rements f o r t h e

Apollo f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n system Table 2 Nature and accuracy of d a t a t o be ob ta ined from t h e

Apollo f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n system

Table 3 Est imated maximum t e l eme t ry requi rements f o r t h e Apollo

f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n system - - - - - - - - m - - - - w - m - - - ~ ~ w m c m m ~ m ~ m

Table 4 Recommendations f o r ins t rument development c o n t r a s t s - - -

Table 5 Sumary budget f o r breadboard ins t ruments and suppor t ing

equipment t o be used f o r development s f o p e r a t i o n a l

and a n a l y s i s t echniques

Table 6 Summary of e s t ima ted ope ra t i ng c o s t s f o r t h e f i e l d

geology team FY 1966 - - - - - - - - - - - m - m - m - - - - - m w - ~ - - - m - ~ O I

FIGURE

F igu re 1 Lunar survey ing s t a f f concept ---------------- fsllows page 16

-- PROPOSAL FOR P R O J E C T A P O L m GEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

by

Edwin N Goddard J Hoover Mackin Eugene M Shoemaker and Aaron C Waters

OBJECTIVES OF APOLLO GEBWGICAL FIELD I N V E S T I G A T I O N

INTRODUCTION

P r o j e c t Apol lo w i l l p r e s e n t t h e f i r s t o p p o r t u n i t y f o r f i e l d i n v e s t i -

g a t i o n s on t h e Moon The broad o b j e c t i v e of t h e advance p lann ing of

t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i s t o e n a b l e t h e a s t r o n a u t s t o o b t a i n t h e maximum

amount of i n f o r m a t i o n d u r i n g t h e n e c e s s a r i l y b r i e f l a n d i n g s under t h e

c o n s t r a i n t s imposed by s p a c e f l i g h t and t h e c o n d i t i o n s on t h e Moons

s u r f a c e

Any assemblage of t o p o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s o r m a t e r i a l s on t he Moon as

o n t h e E a r t h i s a p t t o b e t h e r e s u l t of some p r o c e s s o r e v e n t which mod-

i f i e d t o a g r e a t e r o r l e s s e x t e n t f e a t u r e s o r m a t e r i a l s formed by e a r l i e r

e v e n t s which i n t u r n modif ied s t i l l e a r l i e r f e a t u r e s o r m a t e r i a l s formed

by e a r l i e r e v e n t s and s o on i n t o t h e p a s t a n y t h i n g more t h a n a super -

f i c i a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g of most l u n a r problems the re fo re depends on t h e

working o u t of t h e f o r m a t i v e sequence of e v e n t s - t h a t i s t he approach

znust be i n p a r t h i s t o r i c a l Because i t w i l l no t be p o s s i b l e f o r t h e

a s t r o n a u t s d i r e c t l y t o o b s e r v e most of t h e p r o c e s s e s t h a formed t h e

s u r f a c e of t h e Moon t h e n a t u r e of t h e s e p r o c e s s e s must b e i n f e r r e d from

t h e o b s e r v a b l e p r o d u c t s i n t e r p r e t e d i n t h e l i g h t of p h y s i c a l laws I n

t h e s e and o t h e r r e s p e c t s most l u n a r g e o l o g i c problems a r e c l o s e l y ana lo -

gous t o t h o s e of t h e E a r t h methods of i n v e s t i g a t i o n developed o v e r a

p e r i o d of abou t 200 y e a r s of d e a l i n g w i t h these problems on t h e E a r t h

a r e d i r e c t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o s t u d i e s on t h e Moon The i n n o v a t i o n s made

possib1e by modern t echno logy a r e l a r g e l y m a d i f i c a t i o n s s f t h e s e proven

methods

Perhaps t h e most b a s i c e lement s f t h e g e o l o g i c approach i s a n

i n t e n s i v e e f f o r t t o i n c r e a s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r i n t h e

f i e l d by o b t a i n i n g i n advance a s much i n f o r m a t i o n a s p o s s i b l e r e g a r d i n g

t h e a r e a and t h e problems of i t s g e o l o g i c s t r u c t u r e and c a r r y i n g t h e

a n a l y s i s of t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n as f a r as p o s s i b l e b e f o r e go ing i n t o t h e

f i e l d One obvious purpose of t h i s p r e p a r a t o r y work i s t o b e s u r e t h a t

t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e problems can b e a n t i c i p a t e d t h e f i e l d equipment

t o be t a k e n t o t h e Moon w i l l be t a i l o r - m a d e t o s t u d y them Equa l ly i m -

p o r t a n t i s t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of what may b e c a l l e d the menta l f i e l d equ ip -

ment of t h e a s t r o n a u t t o t h e end t h a t h e spends h i s t ime n o t i n a n

i m p o s s i b l e a t t e m p t t o s e e and c o l l e c t e v e r y t h i n g a t random b u t i n a n

i n t e l l i g e n t l y d i r e c t e d seek ing-ou t of c r i t i c a h e v i d e n c e However

thorough t h e p r e p a r a t i o n i t i s of c o u r s e l i k e l y t h a t problems w i l l be

encoun te red which were n o t a n t i c i p a t e d - - - - a t t a i n m e n t of maximum e f f i -

c i e n c y i n t h e f i e l d s imply r e q u i r e s c a r r y i n g a n a l y s i s of a l l a v a i l a b l e

d a t a a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e s o a s t o r educe t h e unexpected t o a minimum

I n g e n e r a l t h e need f o r p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e mechanical and menta l

f i e l d equipment f o r f i e l d work on t h e E a r t h v a r i e s d i r e c t l y w i t h (a) t h e

complexi ty of t h e a r e a (b) t h e b r e v i t y of t h e t ime tha t can b e s p e n t i n

t h e f i e l d and (c ) t h e d i f f i c u l t y of a c c e s s I f a man i s working i n h i s

own back y a r d f o r example i t i s n o t v e r y s e r i o u s i f he h a s t o make

s e v e r a l t r i p s t o o b t a i n t h e ev idence that could l-ave been g a t h e r e d i n

one t r i p i f he had been aware of t h e problems Lunar problems may prove

t o b e less complex t h a n t h o s e of t h e Eart~ b u t t h e ~ t k rtcm f a c t o r s

t ime a v a i l a b l e and a c c e s s p l a c e a premium on e f f i c i e n c y i n the f i e l d

t h a t i s incomparably g r e a t e r t h a n i n any ear thbound e x p e d i t i o n

Lunar g e o l o g i c mapping by t h e Astrsgearlsgy Branch of t h e Geo log ica l

Survey makes i t c l e a r t h a t t h e r e a r e a v a r i e t y of assemblages of topo-

g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s on t h e Moon and t h a t t h e s e f e a t u r e s c o n s i s t of rnater i -

a l s d i f f e r i n g i n composi t ion s t r u c t u r e and a g e b e r e a r e on t h e Noon

a s on t h e E a r t h d i s t i n c t i v e t o p o g r a p h i c and g e o l o g i c p r o v i n c e s each of

which w i l l p r e s e n t d i f f e r e n t problems Th i s means t h a t t h e p lann ing f o r

each l a n d i n g must b e focussed as s h a r p l y as p r a c t i c a b l e on t h e s p e c i f i c

problems of t h e t e r r a i n where t h e l a n d i n g i s t o be made - - - - each t y p e

of t e r r a i n w i l l r e q u i r e a somewhat d i f f e r e n t equipment package b o t h

mechanical and m e n t a l

A mare f l o o r may b e s e l e c t e d f o r t h e f i r s t manned l and ing p r imar -

i l y because t h e r e l a t i v e l y low r e l i e f of t h e m a r i a o f f e r s what seems a t

p r e s e n t t o be t h e s a f e s t c o n d i t i o n s f o r s e t t i n g down t h e LEN The

o r i g i n of t h e maria i s a many-sided problem t h a t xi11 n o t be so lved by

s t u d i e s i n any one p l a c e i f t h e l and ing s i t e i s on a r e l a t i v e l y f l a t

s u r f a c e a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e from t h e n e a r e s t c r a t e r r i m o r o t h e r

major escarpment t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y b e l i m i t e d t o t h a t

s u r f a c e The most immediate q u e s t i o n w i l l b e t h e composi t ion f i n e

s t r u c t u r e and t h i c k n e s s of a s u p e r f i c i a l l a y e r of f r agmenta l m a t e r i a l

b e l i e v e d by many s t u d e n t s of t h e Moon t o have been formed by t h e impact

of o b j e c t s of v a r i o u s s i z e s over a v e r y long p e r i o d of t ime C l o s e l y

r e l a t e d t o t h e o r i g i n of t h i s m a t e r i a l i s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and range

i n s i z e and shape of c r a t e r s which pock-mark t h e s u r f a c e a s s e e n i n t h e

Ranger VHL photographs A second q u e s t i o n i s t h e n a t u r e of t h e m a t e r i a l

benea th t h e s u r f i c i a l l a y e r whe the r i t i s (1) s o l i d rock pe rhaps t h e

impact-modif ied s u r f a c e of a f l o o d of l a v a o r (2) d e t r i t a l m a t e r i a l

l a i d down a t t h e t ime of fo rmat ion of t h e m a r i a o r l a t e r These prob-

lems a r e o u t l i n e d below w i t h a view t o d e v e l o p i n g as f a r as p o s s i b l e

q u e s t i o n s of f i e l d p rocedure t h a t may conpound ront t h e a s t r o n a u ~ s

FINE STRUCTUW OF THE MRE SSwACES

Models of t h e l o c a l f i n e s t r u c t u r e of t h e m a r i a can be d e r i v e d from

p h y s i c a l s t u d i e s of t h e Moons s u r f a c e by means of t e l e s c o p i c photomet-

r y r ad iomet ry and r e f l e c t e d microwave s i g n a l s and o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e

l u n a r c r a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n combinat ion w i t h e m p i r i c a l knowledge of t h e

phenomenology of c r a t e r i n g c r a t e r i n g t h e o r y c u r r e n t data on t h e f l u x

of me teoro ids i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e E a r t h and e s t i m a t e s of t h e e f f e c t s

of o t h e r p r o c e s s e s a c t i n g on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e such a s s p u t t e r i n g pro-

duced by s o l a r bombardment From such s t u d i e s we a l r e a d y know t h a t t h e

l u n a r c r u s t i s demons t rab ly he te rogeneous i n compos i t ion The f i n e

s t r u c t u r e of t h e s u r f a c e a l s o may b e expec ted t o be he te rogeneous

4 The average g r a i n s i z e t e n d s t o d e c r e a s e from b a s e t o t o p

of t h e d e b r i s l a y e r because f ragments i n t h e upper p a r t on

t h e a v e r a g e have been shocked and broken a g r e a t e r number of

t i m e s and have been e j e c t e d on t h e average from smaller

c r a t e r s Near t h e base f r agments as l a r g e as s e v e r a l c e n t i -

m e t e r s i n d i a m e t e r w i l l b e common whereas t h e m a t e r i a l of

t h e uppermost few m i l l i m e t e r s more l i k e l y w i l l b e f i n e l y p u l -

v e r i z e d Throughout t h e d e b r i s l a y e r t h e b u l k of t h e rock

f ragments w i l l probably a v e r a g e l e s s than a m i l l i m e t e r i n

g r a i n s i z e b u t heaps of c o a r s e b losky rock from t h e l a r g e r

c r a t e r s may b e expected a t many p l a c e s

5 Beneath t h i s b l a n k e t s f s h a t t e r e d rock tke m a r e s u b s t a n c e

i f o r i g i n a l l y s o l i d w i l l i n many places show ev idence of hav-

i n g been broken t o g r e a t e r d e p t h s by shocks of v a r y i n g s t r e n g t h

produced d u r i n g development s f t h e l a r g e r c r a t e r s

6 The c o n t a c t between t h e u n d e r l y i n g m a t e r i a l and t h e p u l -

v e r i z e d s u r f a c e b l a n k e t h a s c o n s i d e r a b l e l o c a l r e l i e f con-

s i s t i n g c h i e f l y of t h e i n t e r s e c t i n g segments c f the o r i g i n a l

f l o o r s and w a l l s of numerous o l d e r and l a r g e r c r a t e r s t h a t

r a n g e from a mete r t o a few t e n s of m e t e r s a e r o h s Most of

t h e s e a r e now b u r i e d b e n e a t h younger impact d e b r i s

7 The upper s u r f a c e of t h e d e b r i s l a y e r i s pockmarked by

c r a t e r s r ang ing from l e s s t h a n a mi l l ime t e r t o s eve ra l t e n s

of m e t e r s a c r o s s ( o r l a r g e r depending on thi l o c a l a r e a )

C r a t e r s l a r g e r t h a n one m e t e r i n d iamete r escupy abou t 50

p e r c e n t of t h e s u r f a c e sma l ler c r a t e r s occupy the rest of

t h e s u r f a c e and a r e a l s o superimposed on the l a rge c ra te rs

Minute c r a t e r s w i t h d imensions s f t he o r d e r of a millimeter

o r l e s s probably cover n e a r l y a l l o f the s u r f a c e and a r e

superimposed on n e a r l y a l l o t h e r f e a t u r e s

8 The d e b r i s l a y e r t y p i c a l l y v a r i e s i n t h i c k n e s s from a

few t e n s of meters t o l e s s t h a n a mil l imetex- It i s t h i c k e s t

where i t covers t h e f l o o r s of some of t h e o l d e s t and l a r g e s t

c r a t e r s and i s t h i n o r even a b s e n t a l o n g t h e w a l l s of v e r y

young c r a t e r s t h a t c u t through t h e d e b r i s l a y e r i n t o t h e under -

Lying mare m a t e r i a l

A s i m i l a r l a y e r of p u l v e r i z e d rock p robab ly covers n e a r l y a l l p a r t s

of t h e Moons s u r f a c e It can be expec ted t o v a r y i n average t h i c k n e s s

as a d i r e c t f u n c t i o n of t h e age of t h e rocks o r t e r r a i n on which i t i s

formed T e r r a i n o l d e r than t h e m a r i a w i l l have a t h i c k e r b l a n k e t of

d e b r i s t h a n t h e t y p i c a l mare s u r f a c e and t h e b l a n k e t w i l l be t h i n n e r

on t h e average on younger t e r r a i n The a v e r a g e c r a t e r s i z e on t h e s u r -

f a c e of t h e d e b r i s l a y e r w i l l b e l a r g e r on o l d e r t e r r a i n and smaller on

t h e younger t e r r a i n

Examination of such a d e b r i s l a y e r and v e r i f i c a t i o n o r r e v i s i o n of

t h i s model p r e s e n t s a c h a l l e n g i n g problem f o r t h e astronauts b u t one

t h a t can b e a t t a c k e d by s t r a i g h t - f o r w a r d f i e l d p r c c e d u r e s D i r e c t v i s -

u a l examina t ion and sampling of t h e s u r f a c e w i l l answer many of t h e

c r i t i c a l q u e s t i o n s A s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o v e r a n extended p e r i o d of t ime

wi11 b e n e c e s s a r y however i f the s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e i s 6 0 b e f u l l y

u n d e r s t o o d Such a s t u d y r e q u i r e s t h a t as complete a record a s p o s s i b l e

b e o b t a i n e d of t h e shape s i z e and s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s u r f a c e

f e a - t u r e s and materials I n o r d e r t o a n a l y z e t he f i n e s t r u c t u r e of any

p a r t of t h e Moons s u r f a c e i t must b e p o s s i b l e t o reduce t h i s obse rva-

t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n t o a geomet r i c a r r a y co rnon ly port rayed by g e o l o g i c

maps and c r o s s s e c t i o n s Such a r r a y s o r maps contaira in a reduced

form t h e i n f o r m a t i o n derived from v i s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n s samples photog-

raphyand p h y s i c a l measurements r e t u r n e d f rom t h e Moon

I f t h e a s t r o n a u t s have been f u l l y t r a i n e d i n the t echn iques s f a c -

c u r a t e and thorough o b s e r v a t i o n and r e p o r t i n g d e s c r i p t i o n s s f t h e i r

v i s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e l and ing s i t e r ecorded on tape and by r a d i o

c o m u n i e a t i s n t o t h e E a r t h w i l l b e a n i m p o r t a n t element of the s c i e n -

t i f i c r e c o r d Abundant h i g h r e s o l u t i o n photography by f i l m t e l e v i s i o n

and e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l cameras w i l l p r o v i d e a n e q u a l l y impor tan t form s f

r e c o r d from which much of t h e o n - s i t e d e s c r i p t i o n and a n a l y s i s can b e

a m p l i f i e d and v e r i f i e d and from which t o p o g r a p h i c and g e o l o g i c maps of

t h e l a n d i n g s i t e can b e c o n s t r u c t e d

FRONT VIEW LEFT SIDE VIEW

Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass

TrackingSubsystemTransponder

APPROXIMATE LENGTH 14 METERS

Figure 1 Lunar surveying s t a f f concept

One of t h e p r i n c i p a l problems p r e s e n t e d by a s u r f a c e covered by a

f r a g m e n t a l l a y e r of t h e k ind d e s c r i b e d w i l l b e t o s e l e c t a p p r o p r i a t e

samples f o r r e t u r n t o E a r t h With a wide v a r i e t y of rock f ragments t o

choose from t h e a s t r o n a u t w i l l b e f a c e d w i t h t h e d i f f i c u l t t a s k of

d e c i d i n g what specimens b e s t r e p r e s e n t t h e m a t e r i a l a t hand He will

need t o e s t i m a t e t h e r e l a t i v e abundance of d i f f e r e n t rock t y p e s i n o r d e r

t o s e l e c t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e samples and i n a d d i t i o n h e w i l l want t o c o l -

l e c t as many of t h e i n f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r r i n g rock t y p e s as p o s s i b l e as

t h e s e w i l l p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e more d i s t a n t and p o s s i b l y deeper

p a r t s of t h e Noon

an c e r t a i n r e s p e c t s t h e model d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e f i n e s t r u c t u r e of

a mare s u r f a c e i s similar t o t e r r a i n on E a r t h which h a s been covered by

d e p o s i t s l e f t by m e l t i n g of a c o n t i n e n t a l g l a c i e r Like g l a c i a l d r i f t

t h e d e b r i s l a y e r on t h e Moon o b s c u r e s t h e edrock9 i n most p l a c e s i s

he te rogeneous i n c h a r a c t e r and i r r e g u l a r i n t h i c k n e s s a n d c o n t a i n s rock

f ragments of wide ly d i v e r s e i n d i v i d u a l h i s t o r i e s Thorough s t u d y of

such a l a y e r i n a l o c a l area e i t h e r on t h e Moon o r on t h e E a r t h can pro-

v i d e a g r e a t amount o f i n f o r m a t i o n abou t t h e geology and h i s t o r y of a

broad segment of t h e p lane ta - ry c r u s t provided t h a t t h e o r i g i n of t h e

f r a g m e n t a l l a y e r i s u n d e r s t o o d F a i l u r e ts unders tand t h e n a t u r e and

o r i g i n of t h e f i n e s t r u c t u r e of t h e Moon on t h e o t h e r hand can l ead t o

s e r i o u s s c i e n t i f i c m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and c s n f u s i s n For this reason we

r e g a r d t h e f i e l d g e o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n and t h e role of t h e astr0naut

as a t r a i n e d f i e l d o b s e r v e r t o b e fundamental t o most cf t h e l una r

s c i e n t i f i c i w e s t i g a t i o n s t o b e performed i n P r o j e c t Bpolbo and of

paramount importance t o t h e s u c c e s s of l a t e r Lunar m i s s i o n s

CONCEPT OF FIELD GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATLBN SYSTEM

The immediate o b j e c t i v e s of t h e Apollo geo log ic f i e l d i n v e s t i g a -

t i o n s may be de sc r ibed conc i s e ly a s t h e de t e rmina t i on of t h e l o c a l

s t r u c t u r e of the luna r s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l s and t h e processes and sequence

of even t s by which t h e s e m a t e r i a l s and t h e s t r u c t u r e have o r i g i n a t e d

S t r u c t u r e used h e r e i n i t s broades t s ense r e f e r s t o t h e t h r e e dimen-

s i o n a l a r r a y of t h e d i f f e r e n t t ypes of m a t e r i a l p r e sen t i n t h e a r e a

s t u d i e d and t h e phys i ca l and temporal r e l a t i o n s h i p s of each t y p e of

m a t e r i a l t o t h e o t h e r s Geologic h i s t o r y - - t h e sequence of even t s

recorded by t h e m a t e r i a l s p r e sen t -- i s i n f e r r e d from t h e s t r u c t u r e and

from t h e pe t ro logy of t h e m a t e r i a l s

Ts dete rmine s t r u c t u r e i t is necessary f i r s t t o be a b l e t o d i s -

c r i m i n a t e o r r ecogn ize d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e m a t e r i a l s p r e sen t and t h e n t o

be a b l e t o l o c a t e m a t e r i a l s wi th observed d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h i n a t h r e e

dimensional a r r a y o r coo rd ina t e system The s c i e n t i f i c i n s t rumen t s

which make up t h e f i e l d geo log i ca l e x p l o r a t i o n system proposed h e r e

a r e chosen t o p rov ide a d e t a i l e d permanent r eco rd s f t h e v i s u a l and

phys i ca l in format ion needed t o d i s c r i m i n a t e and c o r r e l a t e d i f f e r e n t

lunar s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l s a s w e l l a s t h e d a t a necessary t o o rder t h i s

in format ion i n a geometric a r r a y The system i s designed t o r eco rd a l l

t h e i n fo rma t ion au toma t i ca l l y o r semiautomatical ly i n o rder t o f r e e t h e

a s t r o n a u t t o t h e g r e a t e s t e x t e n t p o s s i b l e from t h e chore work s f d a t a

r eco rd ing and p roces s ing W e b e l i e v e it i s s f utmost im-portance t h a t

t h e a s t r s n m t devote most of h i s e f f o r t w i t h i n t h e t ime a v a i l a b l e fa -

s c i e n t i f i c obse rva t i on t o t h e s e l e c t i o n sf cri kica1 a r e a s f o r obserwa-

t i o n and sampling and t o concen t r a t ed v l sua l observa t ion The e x p l s r a -

t i o n system proposed i s designed t o g i v e a s ex t ens ive and complete a

r e c s r d a s p o s s i b l e of t h e geo log ic d e t a i l s of t h e parts s f t h e l una r

s u r f a c e t h e a s t r o n a u t chooses t o examine and to a c q u i r e i n a d d i t i o n

a g e n e r a l r e c o r d s f t h e surrounding and i n t e rven ing t e r r a i n

The p r i n c i p a l r e c s r d sf t h e geo log i c d e t a i l s of t h e lunar s u r f a c e

w i l l be provided by photographs and e l e c t r s n i c a l l y recorded imagery

From t h e imagery t h e morphological d e t a i l s of t h e s u r f a c e rang ing from

t h e n e a r microscopic t e x t u r e s t o t h e major topographic elements of t h e

land ing s i t e can be r e c o n s t r u c t e d Measurements ob ta ined from t h e

imagery a r e used t o c o n s t r u c t a topographic map which s e rves a s a base

o r kamework on which t o p l o t geo log ic in format ion i n a geometric a r r a y

I n a d d i t i o n t o morphology i n pound ormat ion on photometr ic p r o p e r t i e s and

cobor of t h e s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l s can be accura te ly recorded i n t h e imagery

These ape t h e c h i e f k inds of informat ion used by t h e geo log i s t t o d i s -

c r imina t e d i f f e r e n t r ock m a t e r i a l s and ts dec ipher geo log ic s t r u c t u r e

i n t h e f i e l d

The primary imaging ins t ruments w i l l be c a r r i e d by t h e a s t r o n a u t

on an i n s e u m e n t ho lde r configured a s a walking o r surveying s t a f f

Th is s t a f f i s a s o p h i s t i c a t e d and h igh ly instrumentied v e r s i o n of an

o rd ina ry ~ a c a b s t a f f o r g e o l o g i s t s s t a f f used t o measure t e r r e s t r i a l

s t r a t i g r a p h i c s e c t i o n s It not only prov ides a s t eady base and eye

l e v e l p l a t fo rm f o r t h e cameras mounted on i t but c o n t a i n s t h e i n s t r u -

ments t h a t g ive t h e p o s i t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e cameras A shu t -

t e r e d t e l e v i s i o n camera on t h e s t a f f t a k e s l a r g e numbers of p i c t u r e s a s

t h e a s t r o n a u t walks a long and can a l s o be aimed or pa in t ed a t any

f e a t u r e s nea r o r f a r of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t Other ins t ruments on

t h e s t a f f p rov ide measurements of t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s u r -

f ace which a r e t o be c o r r e l a t e d wi th t h e v i s u a l informat ion

S i x parameters s f p o s i t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n a r e r equ i r ed f o r each

p i c t u r e from t h e s t a f f cameras i n o rde r t o o b t a i n a map from t h e

imagery Three s f t h e s e parameters g ive t h e pasf t i on s f t h e imaging

system o r camera i n space wi th r e f e r e n c e t o an a r b i t r a r y coo rd ina t e

system These parameters p rov ide t h e informat ion needed t o p l o t t h e

t r a v e r s e of t h e a s t r o n a u t The o t h e r t h r e e parameters de sc r ibe t h e

o r i e n t a t i o n s f t h e camera a t each imaging p o s i t i o n The o r i e n t a t i o n

parameters a r e measured wi th inskruments mounted on s t a f f whereas t h e

p o s i t i o n a l parameters a r e ob ta ined from a t r a c k i n g system mounted on

t h e LEM o p e r a t i n g i n conjunc t ion wi th a t r ansponde ~ and r e f l e c t o r s on

t h e s t a f f Using t h e p o s i t i o n a l and o r i e n t a t i o n d a t a t h e l o c a t i o n

shape and o r i e n t a t i o n s f f e a t u r e s on t h e lunar s u r f a c e may be e x t r a c t e d

from t h e imagery by t h e methods of p h o t o g r a m e t r y These f e a t u r e s w i l l

i n e lude o b j e c t s w e l l beyond t h e t r a v e r s e o f t h e a s t r o n a u t

The t r a c k i n g system proposed provides t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e t e l e -

v i s i o n imagery needed t o c o n s t r u c t a map of t h e a r e a s t r a v e r s e d by t h e

a s t r o n a u t t o an accuracy of about one p a r t i n a thousand Addi t iona l

c o n t r o l i s needed however f o r t h e p r e c i s e measurement of s e l e c t e d

sma l l f e a t u r e s a long t h e a s t r o n a u t s t r a v e r s e This c o n t r o l i s provided

by a f i x e d based s t e r eome t r i c f i l m camera mounted on t h e s t a f f The

f i x e d base o f t h e s t e r e o m e t r i c camera a l s o prov ides f o r t h e ref inement

o f t h e p o s i t i o n a l c o n t r o l on t h e t e l e v i s i o n imagery The exposed f i l m

i s r e t u r n e d t o Ear th i n a de tachable c a s s e t t e and t h e p o s i t i o n and

o r i e n t a t i o n data necessary f o r photogrammctric r educ t i on of t h e photo-

graphs is te lemetered from t h e t r a c k i n g and s r i e n t a k i o n subsystem

Ins t ruments t o measure phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s s f t h e lunar s u r f a c e

m a t e r i a l s a r e incorpora ted i n t o t h e s t a f f p r i m a r i l y t o a i d i n t h e d i s -

c r i m i n a t i o n 0 d i f f e r e n t s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l s and thus a i d i n dec ipher ing

t h e s t r u c t u r e Those p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e measured whish a r e s e n s i -

t i v e t o v a r i a t i o n s i n rock t ype and f o r which ex t ens ive measurements

a r e d e s i r e d i n o rder t o map t h e v a r i a t i o n s Znasmueh a s t h e r e i s a

high p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e l una r s u r f a c e is covered n e a r l y everywhere

by a t l e a s t a t h i n layer 05 ve ry f i n e l y pu lve r i zed m a t e r i a l t h e

measurements s f phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s may w e l l be needed t o d e t e c t he

presence s f d i f f e r e n t rock t ypes concealed beneath t h i s l a y e r and t o

conduct an i n t e l l i g e n t p l a n af sampling T h e prime ins t ruments f o r

t h i s purpose a r e a gamma-ray f luxmeter and a magnetic suscep$ib i l i ty -

e l e c t r i c a l conduc t iv i t y i nduc t i on balance A s o i l penetrometer i s a l s o

i nco rpo ra t ed i n t o t h e s t a f f t o provide ex t ens ive measurements of t h e

mechanical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e lunar s o i l s a t l and ing s i t e These

ins t ruments a r e mounted i n t h e s t a f f s o t h a t t h e positions of t h e

measurements w i l l be a c c u r a t e l y known and can be c o r r e l a t e d wi th t h e

v i s u a l d a t a ob ta ined from t h e imagery

Two imaging systems a r e planned t o be mounted on t h e LEN The

f i r s t of t h e s e is an e l e c t r m e c h a n i e a l camera which t a k e s a 360

s t e r e o s c o p i c p a i r of panoramic p i c t u r e s of t h e landing s i t e s h o r t l y

a f t e r l and ing The imaging system i s s o designed t h a t it i s amenable

t o r a p i d p h o t o g r a m e t r i c r educ t i on and a rough topographic map can be

prepared dur ing t h e e a r l y p a r t of t h e mission This map prov ides a

base f o r r e a l t i m e compi la t ion on Ear th of t h e a s t ronau t t r a v e r s e s and

s e l e c t e d geo log ic in format ion s w h a s phys i ca l p r c p e r t i e s d a t a and

sample l o c a l i t i e s I f t h e LEM lands on a s i t e f o r which a u sab l e map

has a l r e a d y been prepared t hen t h e map ob ta ined wi th e lec t romechanica l

imaging system w i l l provide a c c u r a t e d a t a en t h e p o s i t i o n and o r i e n t a -

t i o n of t h e LEN wi th r e s p e c t t o t h e known lunar f ea t i l r e s and t h e r e -

f o r e ~f t h e p o s i t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n s f t h e coo rd ina t e s used i n t h e

t r a c k i n g system f o r t h e s t a f f

The second imaging sys temopera t ing through a LEM pe r i s cope i s a

s u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n camera which a c q u i r e s imagery of t h e l una r su r -

f a c e around t h e a s t r o n a u t This camera slows t h e t r a v e r s e of t h e

astarmaant and prov ides in format ion on t h e gene ra l s e t t i n g of t h e d e t a i l e d

in format ion acqui red by ins t ruments on t h e s t a f f The in format ion

acqui red by t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e camera g i v e s t h e con t ex t necessary f o r t h e

r e a l t ime a s w e l l a s t h e pos t -miss ion i a a t e rg re t a t i sn s f d e t a i l s r e -

corded w i t h imaging systems on t h e s t a f f and prov ides a r e a d i l y om-

p r e h e n s i b l e r eco rd of t h e a s t r o n a u t s a c t i v i t i e s

T o h e l p t o i n s u r e t h e s c i e n t i f i c success of each lunar miss ion we

b e l i e v e t h a t t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r team should conduct a c e r t a i n amount of

r e a l t i m e a n a l y s i s sf t h e f i e l d geo log ic d a t a telemetexed ~s t h e Ear th

During t h e l una r miss ions when t h e as t ronauks are on t h e ~ s s rn~ss u r -

f a c e t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r team p l ans t o fo l low t h e mokisres and observa t ions

0 t h e a s t r o n a u t s wi th t h e a i d of t h e t r ansmi t t ed video audio and

automatic t r a c k i n g system d a t a Th i s w i l l r e q u i r e t h a t a s c i e n t i f i c

d a t a r e c e i v i n g f a c i l i t y be e s t a b l i s h e d iinked by app rop r i a t e c o m n i c a -

t i s n s t o t h e mission c o n t r o l c e n t e r and t o a v a i l a b l e co~kpuking f a c i l i -

t i e s The i n v e s t i g a t o r team can t h u s provide in format ion t o t h e c o n t r o l

c e n t e r f o r d e c i s i o n s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e con t inua t i on o r t e rmina t i on of

mi s s f sns

The most c r i t i c a l dec i s ion t h a t may have t o be made dur ing a

mission from t h e s t andpo in t of t h e s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s would

be t h e e a r l y t e rmina t i on of a miss ion f o r r ea sons of a s t ronau t s a f e t y

By performing a con t inu ing a n a l y s i s of t h e incoming d a t a t h e i n v e s t i -

g a t o r team can h e l p e v a l u a t e t h e degree of completeness of t h e d a t a

ob ta ined and a i d i n t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e most c r i t i c a l scientific tasks

t o be perfarmed b e f o r e te rmina t ion of t h e mi s s ion both i n nominal

miss ions an$ i n t h o s e t h a t may be c u t s h o r t Rea l t ime a n a l y s i s of t h e

f i e l d geo log ic in format ion can a l s o be of a s s i s t a n c e i n eva lua t i ng t h e

s a f e t y of t h e a s t r o n a u t

On r e q a r e a the f m e s t i g a t s r team would be prepared t o adv i se t h e

a s t r o n a u t s on t h e Moon of l i k e l y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of observa t ions pos-

s i b l e geo log ic r e l a t i o n s c r i t i c a l a r e a s or f e a t u r e s f o r examination

and sampling p o s i t i s n s f as t ronau t r e l a t i v e $0 such f e a t u r e s of i n t e r -

e s t p o s s i b l e importance of samples picked u p l o s s of da t a i n t r a n s -

miss ion and p o s s i b l e s a f e t y hazards t o be encountered along t h e

t r a v e r s e Th i s d a t a should be a v a i l a b l e e i t h e r by d i r e c t communication

wi th t h e astrona-dt OP t o members of t h e miss ion c o n t r o l s t a f f A p re -

l iminary syn these s of t h e observed geology shsufd be a v a i l a b l e a t any

t ime t h e a s t r o n a u t s a r e ready ts leave t h e Moon Thi s w i l l a i d i n

determining a t any t ime during t h e miss ion t h e degree 60 which t h e

s c i e n t i f i c m i s s ion h a s been s u c c e s s f u l l y completed in making p o t e n t i a l

dec i s ions as t o what samples t o b r ing back and i f unusual c i rcumstan-

c e s a r i s e whether a d d i t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c i nformation t o be gafned by

extending t h e s t a y t ime on t h e lunar s u r f a c e is comensucate wi th t h e

r i s k involved

Many k inds of samples should be c o l l e c t e d from t h e lunar s u r f a c e

and it w i l l be neces sa ry t o t a k e s p e c i a l samples f o r various s p e c i a l -

i z ed purposes I n genexa l it w i l l no t be p o s s i b l e t o c o l l e c t a l i m i t e d

s e t s f samples t h a t s a t i s f i e s t h e requirements of a l l p o t e n t i a l i n v e s t i -

g a t o r s Three k inds o f samples axe r e q u i r e d t o mee t h e needs of t h e

f i e l d geo log i ca l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s Although t h e s e samples may a l s o meet

t h e needs 0many o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n teams we w i l l no t cons ider he r e

a l l t h e s p e c i a l samples t hey may r e q u i r e

F i r s t s f a l l bu lk samples should be ob ta ined of t h e s u r f a c e

m a t e r i a l which presamably is a weakly t o s t r o n g l y bonded porous aggre-

g a t e of very f i n e p a r t i c l e s Such samples w i l l be of g r e a t i n t e r e s t

f o r dete rmina t ion of t h e abundance and phys i ca l s t a t e s f d i f f e r e n t

m ine ra l s and rock fragments t h e i r g r a i n s i z e and shape and f o r l abor -

a t o r y de te rmina t ion of t h e bulk phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s S p e c i a l con ta in-

e r s may be needed to pre se rve t h e t e x t u r e of t h i s m a t e r i a l i f it proves

ts be d e l i c a t e More t h a n one bu lk sample o f s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l i s de-

s i r e d i n o rder t o s tudy i t s v a r i a t i o n from p l a c e to p lace

A second kind of sample needed from each Apol lo land ing s i t e con-

s i s t s o f a s u i t e o f specimens s e l e c t e d ts r e p r e s e n t t h e dominant types

of m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t The s e l e c t i o n o f these samples should be t i e d t o

e s t i m a t e s s f t h e a r e a l abundance o f each sample t ype These samples

may be e i t h e r f ragmenta l d e b r i s i f v a r i a t i o n i n t h e d e b r i s l a y e r can

be d e t e c t e d or i n d i v i d u a l speellfnens of s o l i d r ack Such r ep re sen t a -

t i v e s an~p le s may be ob t a ined e i t h e r by c o l l e c t i n g a t s p e c i f i e d i n t e r -

v a l s a long a t r a v e r s e ar by selecing samples accord ing t o t h e d i s t r i -

bu t i on s f observed geo log i c u n i t s

The t h i r d type s f sample needed i s t h e grab sample For t h e

mast p a r t g rab samples sh su ld c o n s i s t o f smal l specimens of d i f f e r e n t

i n d i v i d u a l kinds of rock Weight and space should be reserved f o r t h e

a s t r s n a u t t o c o l l e c t a l a r g e number af small g rab samples which r ep re -

s e n t s p e c i a l o b j e c t s t h a t have caught h i s a t t e n t i o n or appeared t o be

of i n t e r e s t a s he progressed along a t r a v e r s e A19 samples t h a t appear

t o be of i n t e r e s t should be taken provided t h e y are not t o o l a r g e The

seleets jan sf t h e s e samples w i l l depend very much on t h e a s t r o n a u t s

judgment and h i s o b s e r v a t i o n a l p e r s p i c a c i t y Taken t o g e t h e r t h e grab

samples w i l l probably prov ide informat ion about t h e g ros s mineralogy

petrography and chemis t ry of t h e lunar s u r f a c e The t o t a l number o f

such samples which shsu ld be taken on each miss ion is of t h e order of

500 t o 1000 It is c r i t i c a l l y important t h a t space and a l lowable

weight be saved f o r t h e s e samples f o r they r a t h e r t han t h e s p e c i a l

purpose samples which w i l l b e few i n number w i l l probably prov ide

t h e g r e a t e s t s c i e n t i f i c r e t u r n s from P r o j e c t Apollo

ABOLLO FIELD EXPLORATION SYSTEM

The system f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n of imaging and phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s

d a t a dur ing Apol lo f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n w i l l f u n c t i o n au toma t i ca l l y and

r a p i d l y f r e e i n g t h e a s t r o n a u t f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n r a t h e r t han t h e c o l -

l e c t i o n of p e r t i n e n t d a t a E l e c t r o n i c mechanica1 and e l e c t r o -

mechanical subsystems comprise four in te rdependent c a t e g o r i e s of

equipment w i t h i n t h i s system These a r e

1) Equipment c a r r i e d by t h e a s t r o n a u t

2 ) Equipment mounted on LEM

3) Telemeter ing equipment

4) Data handl ing equipment

A summary of t h e f l i g h t subsystems and t h e i r masses and power

requi rements i s g iven i n Table 1

EQUIPMENT CARRIED BY ASTRONAUT

The components of t h e Apollo e x p l o r a t i o n system c a r r i e d by t h e

a s t r o n a u t dur ing excurs ions on t h e lunar s u r f a c e inc lude t h e fo l lowing

A Lunar survey ing s t a f f

1 S t a f f t e l e v i s i o n camera 2 Stereometlei f i l m camera 3 Tracking and o r i e n t a t i o n subsystems 4 Phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s module

B A n c i l l a r y equipment

1 Sampling t o o l s and sample c o n t a i n e r s 2 A u x i l i a r y l i g h t 3 Inst rument and sample c a r r i e r

C Audio-communications equipment

The fundamental component of t h e Apollo f i e l d exp lo ra t i on system i s

a lunar surveying s t a f f (Figure 1 ) The s t a f f and i t s subsystems w i l l

au toma t i ca l l y p rov ide f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n of a d e t a i l e d photographic

geometr ic and p h y s i c a l p roper ty r eco rd of t h e f e a t u r e s and m a t e r i a l s

TABLE 1

Estimated Flight Mass and Power Requirements for the Apollo Field Exploration System

Bower

Television camera and VHF transmitter for video and telemetry

Staff battery module Stereometric film camera- I

Staff tracking subsystem transponder Staff orientation subsystem Physical properties module

Gamma ray fluxmeter Suscept ibility-conduct ivity induction

balance Penetrometer

Total Staff Mass

Replacement battery modules (2)

Ancil lary Equipment 2 d sample containers- Sampling tools Auxiliary light

2 Instrument and sample carrier-

Surveillance Subsystem

Surveillance periscope- 2 2 Surveillance television camera-

8O 4 - 0

Staff tracking subsystem (components on LEN) RF transmitter 15 Optical components and servo drive system 5 5

LSelf-contained power source

Proportion of mass and power assigned to scientific payload is uncertain

along an astronauts traverse The staff incorporates instruments

that are best utilized at eye level or at the end of a probe Other

subsystems of the field exploration system will support or enhance

the function of the surveying staff

Staff Television Camera

Scientific functions--The staff television camera will obtain

the images that constitute the prime geological record of the dis-

tribution and surficial nature of the materials at the landing site

Combined with the staff tracking and orientation data the images

also contain the information needed for the photogrammetric and

photometric compilation of a large scale topographic map of the

landing site The surface geometry and photometric properties por-

trayed by the television imagery will include a far greater number

of features than the astronaut will find possible to observe and

describe

General subsystem specifications-- The staff television camera

will take and transmit every few seconds a high resolution image of

features along the astronaut traverse A vidicon camera similar

in genera1 performance to the Ranger F cameras meets the scientific

and performance requirements for the surveying staff television

camera The general specifications for the combined camera and

transmitter subsystem are as follows

1) Vidicon tube diameter 112 to 314 inch active scan area and complementary optical system to give $80 or more TV resolution lines

2) Frame transmission time of about 15 seeonds

3) Cycle repetition rate of 5 seconds or less includ- ing erase and prepare time

4) Equal horizontal and vertical resolution

5) Exposure time of 5 milliseconds or less with shutter speed uniform to within 1 percen

6) Depth of focus of 05 m to 25 m or greater

7) Tube scene luminance response of 5 to 2500 foot lamberts

8) Separate sun sensor with the same spectral response and field of view as the vidicon tube for control of a servo iris

9 ) Automatic shutter inhibitor driven off of sun sensor to prevent exposure of vidicon tube to direct sunlight

10) 1 1 aspect ratio of image format

11) Image format scribed to define the raster

12) Reseau marks to define the image geometry

13) 500 Kc bandwidth allocation for real time transmission on the S-band transponder

L4) VWF video relay transmitter incorporated into the staff and compatible with other subsystem telemetry requirements

15) VHF video receiver in LEN that is compatible with retransmission on the S-band transponder

161 Active andlor passive environmental control

17) Induced external electrical and magnetic fields of subsystem compatible with unimpaired operation of other sub systems

18) Shape and volume compatible with staff concept

19) Directional hand grip on staff for rough pointing oi camera

20) Power requirement of 20 watts or less

21) Weight of camera and transmitter 5 kg or less

Stereometric Film Camera

Scientific functions-- Detailed physical dimensions color and

photometric properties of selected features and surficial materials

within about 6 meters of the astronaut will be ob+ained from images

taken by a stereometric film camera The images will permit photo-

grammetric colorimetric and photometric analysis of small parts

of the ~oons surface determined by the astronaut to be of special

interest The accurately known base line of the camera also pro-

vides a means of obtaining supplementary control for the photogram-

metric reduction of staff television imagery Color composite

photographs will be prepared from selected images for post-mission

interpretation

-- The s t e r e o m e t r i c f i l m camera

w i l l t a k e h i g h r e s o l u t i o n d imens iona l ly s t a b l e s t e r e o s c o p i c photo-

g r a p h s The g e n e r a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e camera and i t s f i l m a r e

a s f o l l o w s

1) Two matched l e n s e s w i t h b a s e s e p a r a t i o n o f 16 crn o r more t o p e r m i t a c c u r a t e photogrammetr ic compi la t ion of t h e n e a r f i e l d

2 ) Lens r e s o l u t i o n of a t l e a s t 100 l i n e s p e r mm from c e n t e r t o f i e l d edge

3) Square frame on f i l m format o f a p p r o x i n ~ a t e l y35 m

4) Lens f o c a l l e n g t h approx imate ly 30 m

5 ) F i e l d o f v iew 60 n r more

6 ) Two-step f o c u s t o approximate ly cover f i e l d s from 0 5 m t o 6 m and 4 m t o n e a r i n f i n i t y r e s p e c t i v e l y

7 ) S t e p v a r i a b l e a p e r t u r e between f 3 5 and f 2 2 t o pe rmi t o p e r a t i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y i n c l u d i n g photography f o r p h o t o m e t r i c purposes and photography i n slzadowed a r e a s i l l u m i n a t e d by an a u x i l i a r y l i g h t

8) Exposure t i m e of 5 m i l l i s e c o n d s o r l e s s w i t h un i fo rm s h u t t e r speed

9) Te lepho to l e n s c e n t e r e d between snatched l e n s e s f o c a l l e n g t h approx imate ly 75 m

10) Supplementary l e n s f o r one o r b o t h ntatched l e n s e s t o g i v e 1l r e p r o d u c t i o n of f i n e d e t a i l

11) F i lm magazine c a p a c i t y o f 50Q s t e r e o pair-te1epTnoto frame combina t ions

12) Dimens iona l ly s t a b l e f i l m base ( 2 0 0 0 1 ca o r l e s s p o i n t t o p o i n t )

13) Low t o medium c o n t r a s t b l a c k and w l ~ i t e f i l m corripatible w i t h reproduc t ion o f t h e v i s i b l e s p e c t r u n scene luminance of 5 t o 2500 f o o t larnber ts maximum a p e r t u r e of f 3 5 and 100 o r more l i n e s p e r m r e s o l u t i o n from c e n t e r t o edge o f f i e l d

14) Color f i l t e r s t o pe rmi t c o l o r i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s and c o l o r s e p a r a t i o n ph0tography

15) F i d u c i a l marks on f i l m image t o d e f i n e p e r s p e c t i v e c e n t e r

16) Fi lm images coded t o l e n s a p e r t u r e u s e of a u x i l i a r y l i g h t camera o r i e n t a t i o n subsystem and t i m e

17) Fi lm c a s s e t t e f o r r e t u r n t o E a r t h

18) S ing l e t r i g g e r on s t a f f hand g r i p t o r e l e a s e s h u t t e r s advance f i l m and cock

1-9) Astronaut a c tua t ed p a r t s r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e and operab le under spacesu i ted c o n s t r a i n t s

20) Shape and volume compatible w i th s t a f f concept and a l s o compat ible w i t h independent u s e i nc lud ing an a u x i l i a r y d i r e c t i o n a l hand g r i p wi th an exposure-advance-cocking t r i g g e r

21) Act ive andlor p a s s i v e environmental c o n t r o l

22) Mass of 22 kg o r l e s s

Tracking and O r i e n t a t ion Subsystems

The f i e l d measurement of t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e l una r s u r f a c e

mater ia l s t h e de t e rmina t i on of t h e p o s i t i o n s of samples and d a t a

p o i n t s and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a g e o m e t r i ~ a r r a y from photographic

images r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e s i x spa t i a l parameters of the surveying

s t a f f be determined cont inuous ly Three t r a c k i n g parameters ( range

e l e v a t i o n and azimuth) d e s c r i b e t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e s t a f f i n space

r e l a t i v e t o t h e LEN t h r e e o r i e n t a t i o n parameters ( t i p t i l t and

p0int in g azimuth) d e s c r i b e t h e o r i e n t a t i o n of ~lnents on t h e izastr ~

t h e s t a f f From t h e s e t h e p o s i t i o n and orientatisan of s t r u c t u r a l

f e a t u r e s can be determined and t h e p o s i t i o n s i z e shape a d o r i en -

t a t i o n of f e a t u r e s seen by t h e cameras can be aaalyzed by photogram-

m e t r i c t echniques

S t a f f t

S c i e n t i f i c funct ions - - The s t a f f t r a c k i n g subsystem w i 1 1 provide

automatic read ings of range azimuth and v e r t i c a l ang le t o the

surveying s t a f f r e l a t i v e t o t h e p o s i t i o n s f t h e $EM Range w i l l

be given t o an accuracy of 2 0 2 meters o r b e t t e r and azimuth and

v e r t i c a l ang le given t o $- 34 minutes of a r e o r b e t t e r The p o s i t i o n

of t e l e v i s i o n o r f i l m images ob ta ined by t h e s t a f f t hus can be known

s u f f i c i e n t l y c l o s e l y t o a l low t h e i r p r e c i s e photogrammetric i n t e -

g r a t i o n The d a t a from t h e t r a c k i n g subsystem w i l l a l s o provide

the primary geometric control for the astronauts descriptions and

samples and for data acquired by the physical properties module

- - A hybrid radio and optical

tracking subsystem can fulfill the above functions but consideration

should also be given to the development of a fully optical system

Either will require components both in the staff and in the LEM

The general specifications for a hybrid radio-optical tracking sub-

system are as follows

1) RF ranging from 10 to 500 m with an accuracy of + 03 me-2) RE (100 Me) transmitter on LEN with a maximum mass of

15 kg and a maximum power reqniwment of about 2C watts

3 ) RF transponder on the staff with a maxim~~mmass of 09 kg and a maximum power requirement of about 05 watts Shape and volume compatible with staff concept

4 ) Optical azimuth and vertical angle determination (utilizing monochromatic transmitting and receiving diodes at LEM and corner reflectors on s t a f f ) to an accuracy of If 34 minutes of arc or better

5) Optical components (scanning mirrors gimbals lenses motors and servo-amplifiers) oa LEM with maximum mass of 5 5 kg and a power requirement of about 73 watts

6 ) Automatic reacquisition of surveying staff if line of sight is temporarily lost

7) Subsystem compatible with integration into drive for surveillance subsystem to provide automatic visual and television tracking through periscope

8) Telemetry requirements compatible With surveillance subsystem VHF video tramsmitter

9) Readout rate of one sample per second or greater

10) Active andor passive environmental control

11) Induced external electric and magnetic fields of system compatible with unimpaired operation of other staff and LEM subsystems

Scientific functions-- The staff orientation subsystem will

automatically transmit the tip tilt and pointing azimuth of the

staff at least once a second and in synchronization with the shutters

on the staff cameras Each angular reading will be made to an accuracy

of -+ 1 minute to permit precise photogrammetric compilation of the images obtained by the cameras

-- The scientific functions of

the surveying staff orientation system can be ace~aplishedby an array

of photocell sensors on a sun compass and a vertical meter that meas-

ures tip and tilt relative to the local gravity vector It also will

be possible to develop gyroscopic orientaticn subsystem if operational

considerations indicate its desirability The general functional

specifications for a subsystem that includes a s~~ncompass are as

follows

1) Tip and tilt from 9 90 to -90C + 1 minute 2) Azimuth (uncorrected) from a sun compass from 0 to

360 + 1 minute-3) Correction (on Earth) of azimuth for tip and tilt

of sun compass

4 ) Sun compass vertical meter and telemetry encoder to have a maximum weight of 03 kg and a maximum power requirement of about 3 watts

5) Shape and volume compatible with incorporation into head of surveying staff

6) Telemetry requirements compatible with staff VBP video transmitter


8) Active andor passive environmental eontrsl

9) Induced external electric and magnetic fields of subsystem compatible with unimpaired operation of other staff subsystems

Auxiliary orientation instruments

Scientific functions-- The incorporation of visual readout of

the staff orientation data or of simple auxiliary surveying instru-

ments into the surveying staff will increase the flexibility of the

astronauts investigations The readout capabilities of the auxiliary

instruments will enable the astronaut to obtain and mentally store

rough e s t i m a t e s of t r e n d s and o r i e n t a t i o n s of f e a t u r e s i n t h e f i n e

s t r u c t u r e of t h e s u r f a c e i f t h i s informat ion appears necessary t o t h e

conduct of h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

- - The a u x i l i a r y o r i e n t a t i o n inst ruments

and t h e i r o p e r a t i o n a l requ i rements a r e a s fo l lows

1 ) Sun compass f o r p o i n t i n g azimuth de t e rmina t i on from 0 t o 360

-4- 1

2 ) Pendulum c l inometer f o r t i p de te rmina t ions from -90 t o +90deg

-3 1

3 ) 2 a x i s l e v e l on sun compass d i a l

4 ) S t a d i a markings on t h e s t a f f on 20 cm and 2 cm i n t e r v a l s

5) Instrument l o c a t i o n mass and volume compat ible wi th s t a f f concept and v i s i b i l i t y t o t h e a s t r o n a u t

Phys i ca l P r o p e r t i e s Module

S p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s a t and

nea r t h e lunar s u r f a c e w i l l be measured by a module mounted a t t h e base

of t h e surveying s t a f f The subsystems i n t h i s module w i l l c o n s i s t of

a gamma r ay f luxmeter a s u s c e p t i b i l i t y - c o n d u c t i v i t y induc t ion balance

and a s o i l penetrometer The t ransmiss ion of d a t a from t h e s e inst ruments

w i l l be synchronized wi th t h e s t a f f t r a c k i n g d a t a so t h a t s p a t i a l v a r i a -

t i o n s can be c o r r e l a t e d w i th o the r s t r u c t u r a l and p e t r o l o g i c d a t a ob-

t a i n e d from c o n t r o l l e d photography and photometry v i s u a l d e s c r i p t i o n s

and samples

Gamma r a y f luxmeter

S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n s -- A gamma ray f luxmeter i n t h e s t a f f phys i ca l

p r o p e r t i e s module w i l l permit t h e de te rmina t ion of t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u -

t i o n of r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n t h e s u r f a c e rna t e r i a 1~ The f l u x of gamma r a y s

r e s u l t i n g from t h e primary r a d i o a c t i v i t y of l una r s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l s can

be expected t o vary from 001 t o 0 1 mrhr F luxes a s high a s 5 mrhr

may r e s u l t from induced r a d i o a c t i v i t y The f luxmeter w i l l make measure-

ments w i t h i n t h e s e f l u x ranges t o accu rac i e s of 5 0005 mrhr

-- A gamma r a y f luxmeter t h a t can

f u l f i l l t h e s c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons f o r lunar s u r f a c e measurements w i l l have

t h e fo l lowing gene ra l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

1 ) Gamma r ay s c i n t i l l a t i o n counte r and t e l eme t ry encoder designed a s an e a s i l y r e p l a c e a b l e module near t h e base of t h e s t a f f

2 ) Continuous t r ansmis s ion of t h e pu l s e t r a i n f o r average pu l s e r a t e s of 2 t o 2000 counts per second

3) Shape and volume c m p a t i b l e wi th s t a f f concept and o t h e r s t a f f modules

4) Telemetry requi rements compat ible wi th s t a f f VHF v ideo t r a n s m i t t e r

5) Readout r a t e of one sample per second o r g r e a t e r

6 ) Act ive andlor pa s s ive ellvironmentah c o n t r o l

7 ) Induced e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c and magnetic f i e l d s s f module compat ible wi th unimpaired ope ra t i on of o t h e r s t a f f modules and subsystems

8) Module i s t o have a mass of 0 8 kg cr l e s s and a power requirement of 0 5 wa t t o r l e s s

S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n s - - The surveying s t a f f s a s c e p t i b i l i t y -

c o n d u c t i v i t y induc t ion ba lance w i l l provide d a t a on t h e s p a t i a l v a r i a -

t i o n s i n t h e magnetic s u s c e p t i b i l i t y and e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y of

m a t e r i a l on and below t h e s u r f a c e These d a t a a r e obkained from

measurement of t h e quadra ture and r e a l components o f t h e phase of

secondary v o l t a g e s induced i n t h e balance by m a t e r i a l s a long an

a s t r o n a u t s t r a v e r s e

The magnetic s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of rocks i s c o r r e l a t e d w i th t h e i r i r o n

c o n t e n t and i n most c a s e s it i s r e l a t e d c h i e f l y t0 t h e con t en t of

fe r romagnet ic mine ra l s such a s magnet i t e The range of s u s c e p t i b i l i t i e s

f a r most known rocks ( i nc lud ing t e k t i t e s and c h o n d r i t i c me teo r i t e s ) and -1

i ron -bea r ing minera l s (except magnet i te) i s from0 t o 2 x 10 emu

Measurements of s u s c e p t i b i l i t y a long lunar t r a v e r s e s should cover a t

l e a s t t h e range of 5 x t o 2 x lo- emu I r o n m e t e o r i t e s and pure

magne t i t e a r e two of t h e few m a t e r i a l s whose s u s c e p t i b i l i t i e s a r e g r e a t e r

t h a n 2 x emu The known i n t e r n a l v a r i a t i o n s of v a r i o u s rock types

i n d i c a t e t h a t a c c u r a c i e s of 2 5 should be adequa te f o r l u n a r suscep-

t i b i l i t y measurements

The e l e e t r k a l conduck iv i ty of most known r o c k s range from 10 -8 t o

102 d o - c m Measurements of c o n d u c t i v i t y of l u n a r s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l

shou ld be made w i t h i n a f a c t o r of 10 o r b e t t e r t o s a t i s f y bo th t h e

s c i e n t i f i c and e n g i n e e r i n g requ i rements f o r t h e d a t a

- -A s u s c e p t i b i l i t y - c o n d u c t i v i t y

i n d u c t i o n b a l a n c e f o r u s e i n a s t a f f module w i l l have t h e f o l l o w i n g

g e n e r a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

1) I n d u c t i o n ba lance and t e l e m e t r y encoder des igned a s a n e a s i l y r e p l a c e a b l e module n e a r t h e b a s e s f t h e s t a f f

2) Readout of inducing v o l t a g e from O t o 5 v + 0 I induced v o l t a g e from l o m 4 t o 10 mv 2 0 I and phase d i f f e r e n c e from 0 t o 90 -4- 1 minute

3 ) Shape and volume compat ib le w i t h s t a f f concept and o t h e r s t a f f modules

4 ) Telemetry requ i rements compat ib le w i t h s t a f f VHF v i d e o t r a n s m i t t e r

5) Readout r a t e of one sample p e r second o r g r e a t e r

6 ) A c t i v e and or p a s s i v e env i ronmenta l c o n t r o l

7 ) Induced e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c and magnetic f i e l d s f module compat ib le w i t h unimpaired o p e r a t i o n of o t h e r s t a f f modules and subsystems

8) Module t o have a mass of 03 kg or l e s s and a power r e q u i r e - ment of 0 3 w a t t s o r l e s s

Penetrometer

S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n s - - A pene t romete r w i l l be employed a t t h e base

of t h e s t a f f t o p r o v i d e dynamic measurements of l u n a r s o i l pa ramete rs

Such measurements of t h e r e a c t i o n of t h e s o i l t o a moving body y i e l d

d a t a on t h e adhes ive q u a l i t i e s p o r o s i t y h a r d n e s s and p e n e t r a b i l i t y

of t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e To o b t a i n t h e s e d a t a t h e shape of t h e d e c e l e r a -

t i o n v e r s u s t i m e c u r v e f o r an impact ing c o n i c a l o r hemispher ica l probe

w i l l be de te rmined Measurements w i t h a c c u r a c i e s of 1or b e t t e r w i l l

be made of d e c e l e r a t i o n i n the r a n g e of 10 t o 1 5 x 106 cmsec2 and of

d e c e l e r a t i o n t ime i n t h e range of 0 l t o 300 m i l l i s e c o n d s

--The s t a f f penetrometer w i l l

have t h e fo l lowing gene ra l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

1 ) P i e z o e l e c t r i c - t y p e accelerometer and t e l eme t ry encoder incorpora ted a s an e a s i l y r e p l a c e a b l e module a t t h e base of t h e s t a t pound

2) Non-periodic readout sf wave form of d e c e l e r a t i o n ve r sus t ime curve t o g i v e d e c e l e r a t i o n s from lo4 t o l 5 x cmsec2 and t ime from 0 l t o 300 msec

3 ) Telemetry requirements compat ible w i th s amp a f f VHF video t r a n s m i t t e r

4 ) Active and p a s s i v e environmental c o n t r o l

5) Induced e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c and magnetic f i e l d s of module compat ible w i th unimpaired ope ra t i on s f o the r s t a f f subsystems

6 ) Module t o have a mass of 03 kg or less and a power r e q u i r e - ment of 0 5 wat t o r l e s s

Sampling Tools and Containers

S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n - - Sampling p e r f c ~ m e d by the as t ronau t dur ing

Apollo geo log ic f i e l d e x p l o r a t i s n w i l l provide mate- r ia l s f o r t h e d e t e r -

minat ion of t h e p e t r o l o g i c and peampro fabz i c d e t a i l s o f t h e ~ o c k s and

fragmental d e b r i s of t h e lunar s u r f a c e These m a t e r i a s ob ta ined by

41ft h e c o l l e c t i o n of bu lk samples and numessus samples small s i z e w i l l

permit t h e d e l i n e a t i o n sf t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and n a t u r e of b s c h abundant

and unusual m i n e r a l s elemenks and tex t u res Se l ec t ed samples should

be o r i e n t e d

Spec i a l purpose samples sorne of r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e s i z e a l s o alee t o

be c o l l e c t e d a s s p e c i f i e d by s t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r teams These i nc lude

samples f o r age d a t i n g and o the r geochemicaZ studies o r i e n t e d samples

f o r s t r u c t u r a l geophys ica l and geochemical s t u d i e s and samples f o r

b i o l o g i c a l and rock atmosphere s t u d i e s

-- Sample s i z e number

and method of c o l l e c t i o n w i l l i n p a r t be cont ingent on t h e t e x t u r e

i n d u r a t i o n h e t e r o g e n i t y and d e n s i t y of t h e l una r mate r iabs Prel im-

i n a r y s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e t o o l s c o n t a i n e r s and methods of sampling

a r e given below

Standard samples

1) S i ze about 12 em3 (core 3 cm i n diameter and 1 7 cm long o r a comparable chunk)

2 ) Number about 500 t o 750

3 ) T o t a l weight about 18 t o 27 kg

4) Pos s ib l e c o l l e c t i o n methods

a) Scrap ing u s ing a s c r ape r or g e o l o g i s t s p ick b) Chipping u s i n g a hand-held pe rcus s ion ch ipper o r

g e o l o g i s t k p ick c ) Coring o r c u t t i n g us ing a hand-held ro t a ry -pe rcus s ive

co r ing dev ice w i th i n t e r n a l s c r i b e r o r a hand-held diamond saw

d) Punching i n l oose or semi-consol idated m a t e r i a l us ing a hand-held punch c o r e r

5 ) Packaging prenumbered p l i a b l e bags o r s h e e t s wi th f i n g e r p r e s su re s e a l s P r e se rva t i on of l una r vacuum not c r i t i c a l but packages should wi ths tand a n t i c i p a t e d shock of Ear th land ing t o p revent mixing

6 ) Storage i n LEM and Command Module u s e c o n t a i n e r s of same shape a s expended L i O H u n i t s and i f neces sa ry use po r t i ons of nominal LEM sample c o n t a i n e r s

Spec i a l purpose samples

1) S i z e and number v a r i a b l e

2 ) To t a l weight about 9 t o 18 k g

3) Co l l ec t i on l a r g e l y by hand wi th need f o r some break ing t r i m i n g and o r i e n t a t i o n

4) Packaging prenumbered p l i a b l e bags o r s h e e t s wi th f i n g e r p r e s su re s e a l s r i g i d wal led c o n t a i n e r s f o r p r e se rva t i on of t e x t u r e f o r s e l e c t e d samples F r e se rva t i cn of lunar vacuum f o r some samples w i l l be c r i t i c a l Packages should wi ths tand a n t i c i p a t e d Ea r th land ing t o prevent mixing o r w i t h i n reason l a s s of vacuum

5) S torage i n LEM and Command Modul-e use nominal IEM sample con t a ine r w i th s p e c i a l inner c o n t a i n e r for d e l i c a t e samples

A u x i l i a r y Light Module

S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n - - An a u x i l i a r y l i g h t c a r r i e d by t h e a s t ronau t

w i l l a l low t h e examinat ion and photography of o b j e c t s p a r t l y o r wholly

i n shadow The l i g h t i s t o be u sab l e a s a c o n s t a n t l i g h t source f o r

gene ra l work and be capable of p rov id ing f l a s h i l l u m i n a t i o n f o r t e l e -

v i s i o n and f i l m photography i n shadowed a r e a s Oblique f l a s h i l lumina-

t i o n of r e l a t i v e l y unshadowed a r e a s i n t h e near f i e l d can a l so he lp

prov ide d e f i n i t i o n of t h e surface t e x u r e s

- - The gene ra l s p e c i f i c a t i ons f o r an

a u x i l i a r y l i g h t source a r e as fo l lows

1 ) Shape and des ign compat ible with hand-held ope ra t i on and u se a s an attachment t o t h e surveying s t a f f or inst rument and sample c a r r i e r

2) Power of cons t an t beam s u f f i c i e n t t o produce r e f l e e t e d l i g h t from shadow a t 6 rn t h a t w l L g ive a scene luminance of 100 f o o t Iamberts or more

3 ) Light cone of 30 or mare

43 C a p a b i l i t y f o r s e l e c t i v e f l a s h i lLuminat ion synchronized w i th f i l m camera or t e l e v i s i o n camera s h u t t e r

5) Supplementary f l a s h adequate t o i l l u m i n a t e but not e l i m i n a t e shadowed a r e a s w i t h i n t h e nea r f i e l d

6) Power source l i f e s f 9 hours o r more

7) Pass ive environmental c o n t r o l

8) Induced e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c and magnetic f i e l d s of madule compat ible wi th unimpaired ope ra t i on s f o the r mod~bes and subsystems

9 ) Light i s t o have a maximum weight o f 03 icg o r l e s s

Inst rument and Sample Carrier

General f u n c t i o n s - - Operations on t h e l u n a r sun f are wiLL r e q u i r e

t h e t r a n s p o r t and ready a c c e s s i b i l i t y of ins t ruments sampling t o o l s

and sample packages An inst rument and sample c a r r i e r p c s s i b l y resem-

b l i n g t h e l una r walker dev ice t e s t e d by t h e Manned Spacecraf t Cente r

Houston w i l l be an i n t e g r a l pa r t o f the f i e l d e x p l c r r a t i o n system The

c a r r i e r w i l l s e rve t o t r a n s p o r t e x t r a power modules f c ~t h e staff t h e

a u x i l i a r y l i g h t and t h e ins t ruments necessary for o t h e r exper iments

The c a r r i e r w i l l provide a suppor t f o r t h e s t a f f dur ing s p e c i a l

survey ing and photographic s p e r a t i a n s During askxanaut ope ra t i ons t h a t

r e q u i r e t w o hands t h e c a r r i e r a l s o w i l l s e rve a s a s t and f o r t h e s t a f f

s o t h a t the s t a f f t e l e v i s i o n camera can r eco rd sampling and geophysical

ins t rument emplacement The a u x i l i a r y l i g h t a t t a c h e d t o t h e c a r r i e r

wiL 1 provide supplementary i l l umina t ion of l o c a l l y shadowed a r e a s t o

a i d i n sampling o r t o ob t a in imagery of ope ra t i ons t h a t a r e p a r t l y

shadowed Spring-wound l i n e s of g iven l e n g t h s incorpora ted i n t o t h e

c a r r i e r w i l l p rov ide accu ra t e ly measured base l i n e s f o r spec i a l photo-

g r a m e t r i c s t u d i e s

S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n s - - The c a p a b i l i t y f o r s c i e n t i f i c e v a l u a t i o n

of lunar s u r f a c e ope ra t i ons i n p a r t depends on t h e r e a l t ime t r a n s -

miss ion of t h e a s t r o n a u t s d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e su r f ace Monitoring

of t h e a s t r o n a u t s d e s c r i p t i o n s w i l l be r e q u i r e d i f t h i s eva lua t i on i s

t o be based on what has a l r eady been determined The LEM a s t ronau t

must a l s o be i n communication wi th t h e s u r f a c e a s t ronau t s o t h a t he w i l l

be aware of t h e s t a g e and n a t u r e of t h e s u r f a c e a c t i v i t i e s These needs

r e q u i r e t h a t r e a l t ime mutual 2-way audio communication be p o s s i b l e be-

tween t h e s u r f a c e a s t ronau t t h e LEM a s t r o n a u t and ehe miss ion c o n t r o l

c e n t e r These c o m u n i c a t i o n s should be recorded i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y and

t ime coded f o r c o r r e l a t i o n with a t h e r s c i e n t i f i c daampa Et i s unders tood

t h a t t h e s e requi rements a r e met by t h e communication systems c u r r e n t l y

being developed f o r P r o j e c t Apollo

EQUIPMENT MOUNTED ON LEM

The components of t h e Apollo f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n system mounted on

LEN inc lude t h e fo l lowing

A Survei lLance subsystem

1 Explora t ion per i scope 2 S u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n

B Electromechanical camera

C Telemetry equipment

Photographic s u r v e i l l a n c e of su r f ace a c t i v i t i e s w i l l provide a

r e c o r d of t h e gene ra l s e t t i n g of t h e a s t r o n a u t s obse rva t i ons and o the r

s c i e n t i f i c d a t a c o l l e c t e d dur ing a miss ion Real t ime t ransmiss ion of

t h i s r eco rd w i l l a l low any informat ion r eques t ed from Earth-based

s c i e n t i s t s t o be based on a v i s u a l f a m i l i a r i t y w i th t h e land ing s i t e

I n t h e event of an a n t i c i p a t e d cu r t a i lmen t of s u r f a c e a c t i v i t i e s t h i s

f a m i l i a r i t y a l s o w i l l permit Earth-based s c i e n t i s t s t o adv i se on t h e

most f r u i t f u l t e rmina l a c t i v i t i e s The s u r v e i l l a n c e subsystem on LEM

i n o rder t o c a r r y out t h e s e f u n c t i o n s w i l l c o n s i s t of a t e l e v i s i o n

camera i n t e g r a t e d w i th an e x p l o r a t i o n pe r i s cope The subsystem w i l l

t r a c k t h e a s t ronau t au toma t i ca l l y u s ing d a t a from t h e s t a f f t r a c k i n g

subsystem

Explora t ion Per i scope

S c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n s - - The primary s c i e n t i f i c f u n c t i o n of t h e

pe r i s cope on LEM i s t o p rov ide convenient 360 s u rve i l l ance of t h e

l una r s u r f a c e The pe r i s cope w i l l permit r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e d i r e c t

v i s u a l s u r v e i l l a n c e of t h e man working on t h e s u r f a c e and w i l l enab le

t h e a s t ronau t i n t h e LEM t o cont inue su r f ace work a l r eady begun wi th a

minimum of f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n reconnaissance I n a d d i t i o n t h e per i scope

w i l l permit d e s c r i p t i o n from t h e LEM and p re - eg re s s excurs ion planning

sav ing excurs ion t ime f o r t h e examination of p r e - s e l e c t e d f e a t u r e s of

i n t e r e s t and f o r t h e mapping and sampling of s t r u c t u r e and m a t e r i a l s on

t h e s u r f a c e 30

- - General s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r an

e x p l o r a t i o n per i scope a r e a s fo l lows

Stepwise magn i f i ca t i on powers from 1 t o 20 x or more

F i e l d of view of 25 o r more a t lowest power

S t e r eoscop ic viewing

Cont inuously v a r i a b l e t i l t from 4-45 t o -15O

Minimum he igh t above t o p of LEM of 1 meter

Continuous r o t a t i o n f o r 360 about t h e LEM v e r t i c a l

I nco rpo ra t i on of a s t a d i a r e t i c l e andor o p t i c a l range f i n d e r f o r rang ing from 8 t o 300 m + I-V e r t i c a l ang le readout from 4-45 t o -15O + 34 minutes -Azimuth readout from 0 t o 360 -+ 3 4 minutes

10) Automatic t r a c k i n g of t h e surveying s t a f f u t i l i z i n g informa-t i o n from t h e s t a f f t r a c k i n g subsystem

11) C a p a b i l i t y f o r manual o v e r r i d e of t r a c k i n g mechanism

12) Telemetered readout of azimuth v e r t i c a l ang l e and range ( i f o p t i c a l range f i n d e r i s employed)

13) Telemetry requirements compat ible wi th LEM systems

14) Compatible s e l f -deve lop ing f i l m camera i f p o s s i b l e t o permit d e s c r i p t i v e anno ta t i ons from w i t h i n t h e EM i n event of a l i m i t e d miss ion

15) Mass of 80 kg o r l e s s and power requirement of 25 w a t t s o r l e s s

S u r v e i l l a n c e Te l ev i s ion Subsystem

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i ons - - The s u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n subsystem on

t h e LEM w i l l o b t a i n f requent high q u a l i t y imagery of t h e gene ra l

s e t t i n g of t h e a s t r o n a u t s a c t i v i t i e s and of t h e imagery and d a t a

t r a n s m i t t e d from t h e surveying s t a f f The con t in l~ous coverage of t h e

a s t r o n a u t provided by t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e subsystem a l s o w i 11 a c c u r a t e l y

f i x h i s t r a v e r s e s i n t o t h e base map of t h e land ing s i t e ob ta ined from

t h e e lec t romechanica l camera subsystem

--The s u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n

camera w i l l have t h e fo l lowing gene ra l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

1 ) Vidicon t ube d iameter a c t i v e scan a r e a and complementary o p t i c a l system t o g ive 800 o r more TV r e s o l u t i o n l i n e s

2) Frame t r ansmis s ion t ime of about 1 5 seconds

3 ) Cycle r e p e t i t i o n r a t e of 5 seconds o r l e s s i nc lud ing e r a s e and p repa re t ime

4 ) Equal h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l r e s o l u t i on

5 ) Exposure t ime of 5 mi l l i s econds o r l e s s

6) Depth of focus of 8 m t o nea r i n f i n i t y or g r e a t e r

7) Scene luminance response of a t l e a s t 5 t o 2500 f o o t lamberts ( 1 t o 2000 f o o t lamberts when i n t e g r a t e d wi th t h e e x p l o r a t i o n p e r i s c o p e )

8) S e p a r a t e sun sensor wi th same s p e c t r a l response and f i e l d of view a s t h e v id i con t ube f o r c o n t r o l of a se rvo i r i s

9 ) Automatic s h u t t e r i n h i b i t o r d r i ven o f f of sun sensor t o prevent exposure of v id i con tube t o d i r e c t s u n l i g h t

10) 1 t o 1 a s p e c t r a t i o on image format

11) Image format s c r i bed t o d e f i n e t h e r a s t e r

12) Reseau marks t o d e f i n e image geometry

13) 500 Kc bandwidth a l l o c a t i o n f o r r e a l t ime t r ansmis s ion on t h e S-band t ransponder

14) Capable of i n t e g r a t e d u s e wi th pe r i s cope and u s e a s a hand-h e l d camera w i t h i n o r near t h e LEN

15) Ac t ive andor pa s s ive environmental c o n t r o l

16) Induced e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c a l and magnetic f i e l d s of subsystem compat ib le wi th unimpaired o p e r a t i o n of o the r subsystems

17) Mass of 40 kg o r less and power requirement of 20 w a t t s o r l e s s

Electromechanical Camera Subsysstern

S c i e n t i f i c f unc t i on - - An electromechanical camera subsystem on t h e LEN

w i l l o b t a i n and t r ansmi t photogrammetric and photometric image d a t a on t h e

land ing s i te The ope ra t i on of t h e subsystem dur ing t h e pos t - land ing check-

out of t h e LEN w i l l permit t h e near r e a l t ime photogrammetric compi la t ion

of a p r e l im ina ry topographic base map of t h e a r e a w i th in 80 o r 100 meters

of t h e s i t e and t h e post-mission photometr ic compi la t ion of a r e a s beyond

t h e s e d i s t a n c e s The photogrammetr ical ly compiled map w i l l be a v a i l a b l e

be fo re o r soon a f t e r t h e i n i t i a t i o n 02 t h e f i rs t su r f ace excurs ion S t w i l l

a l low Earth-based a n a l y s i s of t h e gene ra l geo log ic and topographic s e t t i n g

and w i l l p rov ide a base map f o r t h e r e a l t ime l o c a t i o n and d i s p l a y of t h e

s t a f f t r a c k i n g and phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s d a t a a s we l l a s f o r post-mission

a n a l y s i s of t h e geology

-- The e lec t romechanica l camera

subsystem w i l l be housed i n a t e l e scop ing mast t o be deployed from t h e

t o p of t h e EM By p h o t o e l e c t r i c t r ansduc ing and mechanical l i n e

scanning t h e r a d i a n t f l u x of a scene i s t ransformed i n t o e l e c t r i c a l

s i g n a l s t h a t a r e t r a n s m i t t e d t o Ear th Photographic d i s p l a y i s i n near

r e a l t ime Upon complet ing t h e miss ion t h e mast w i l l be r e l e a s e d and

abandoned The gene ra l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e subsystem a r e a s fo l lows

I ) Base s e p a r a t i o n of cameras of 2 mete rs wi th lower camera 1 t o 3 m above t a p of LEM Dis tance between cameras known t o 4- 001-

2) V e r t i c a l f i e l d of view from -60 t o 4-30

3) Hor izonta l f i e l d of view i s 3 6 Q 0

4 ) Depth of f ocus of 8 m t o i n f i n i t y

5 ) Scanning t ime of 15 minutes o r l e s s

6 ) Angular r e s o l u t i o n of 01 Er ror i n d i s t a n c e between image p o i n t s of less than 01deg

7) Scene luminance response of 5 t o 2500 f o o t lamberts

8) Photometr ic accuracy of + 10 o r b e t t e r

9) Power requirement of 20 w a t t s o r l e s s

10) Bandwidth requirement of 250 Kc o r l e s s

11) Manual s lewing c a p a b i l i t y

12) C a p a b i l i t y f o r ob t a in ing images of s e l e c t e d p o r t i o n s of h o r i - z o n t a l f i e l d of view

13) Act ive andor pa s s ive environmental c o n t r o l

14) Automatic o p e r a t i o n dur ing LEM check-out per iod


TELEMETERING EQUIPMENT

S c i e n t i f i c fu nc t ions - - The Apollo f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n system has

two sources of d a t a t o be te lemetered t o E a r t h The d a t a a re ob ta ined

from 2) t h e l una r surveying s t a f f and 2) t h e LEM Table 2 summarizes t h e

n a t u r e and r e q u i r e d accuracy of t h e d a t a t o be ob ta ined from each explora -

t i o n subsystem o r module The es t imated maximum t e l eme t ry requirements f o r

each subsystem a r e summarized i n Table 3

TABLE 2

Nature and Accuracy of Data t o be Obtained from t h e Ago110 F i e l d Explora t ion System

Camera o r i e n t a t i o n subsystem

Azimuth (0 t o 360deg + 1 ) Tip (+90 t o -90 + r ) T i l t (+90 t o -900-4-- 1 )

Gamma-ray f luxmeter

Average pu l se r a t e s of 2 t o 2000 counts pe r second

S u s c e p t i b i l i t y - c o n d u c t i v i t y induc t ion balance

Inducing v o l t a g e (0 t o 5 v 01) Induced v o l t a g e ( 1 0 ~ ~ t o 10 mv 4- 01) Phase d i f f e r e n c e (0 t o 90 -f 17

Penetrometer ( p i e z o e l e c t r i c acceleromet ex)

Wave form of d e c e l e r a t i o n ve r sus t i m e t o g ive dece l e r a t i on from lo4 t o 1 5 x lo6 cmsec2 + 1and t i m e from 0 1 t o 300 mi l l i s econds -+ I

EEM Subsystems

S t a f f t r ack ing subsystem ( d a t a output a t LEM)

Range (8 t o 1000 m + 0 3 m) Azimuth (0 t o 360 3 4 ) V e r t i c a l angle (-15-to +45O -+ 3 4 )

Explora t ion per i scope

Range (8 m t o 300 m + 01) Azimuth (0 t o 360 c 3 4 ) V e r t i c a l angle (-15-to 4-45 --4- 3 4 )

TABLE 3

Est imated Maximum Telemetry Requirements f o r t h e Apollo F i e l d Explora t ion System

Approx Binary Samples B i t Rate Required Data pe r p e r Second Levels B i t s Second

Camera O r i e n t a t i o n Subsystem

Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12

Suscept i b i l i t y - c o n d u c t i v i t y i nduc t i on balance

Induc ing v o l t a g e Induced v o l t a g e Time (Phase Di f fe rence)

Penetrometer ( P i e z o e l e c t r i c acce le rometer )

Wave shape and t ime- I

S t a f f Tracking Subsystem

Range Azimuth V e r t i c a l ang le

Exp lo ra t i on per i scope

Range Az irnut h V e r t i c a l ang l e

Real t i m e t r ansmis s ion w i l l r e q u i r e a 100 Kc channel wi th a 150 t o 1 dynamic ampli tude c a p a b i l i t y Near r e a l t ime w i l l r e q u i r e a b u f f e r of t h e same c a p a b i l i t y wi th t r ansmis s ion a t a slower r a t e t o conserve bandwidth

Telemetry a l t e r n a t i v e s - - The t e l e m e t r y o f t h e su rvey ing s t a f f and

LEN sys tems d a t a c a n b e accomplished by 1 ) t i m e d i v i s i o n m u l t i p l e x i n g

d u r i n g t h e v e r t i c a l r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l of t h e s t a f f and s u r v e i l l a n c e

t e l e v i s i o n subsys tems o r 2 ) f r equency m u l t i p l e x i n g on t h e S-band a l l o -

c a t i o n Te lemet ry t r a n s m i t t e d d u r i n g a v e r t i c a l r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l r e s u l t s

i n moderate c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e amount s f d a t a t h a t can be hand led I f

each of t h e t e l e v i s i o n subsystems is assvmed t o o p e r a t e i n a 500 Kc band-

w i d t h a t o t a l of 1 Mc bandwidth w i l l accommodate t o L R l G s t a n d a r d s a

t e l e m e t r y o u t p u t o f 640000 b i t s p e r second With a v e r t i c a l r e t r a c e i n -

t e r v a l t h a t l a s t s 100 m i l l i s e c o n d s f o r example t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n of

64000 b i t s p e r r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l i s p o s s i b l e As t h e s c i e n t i f i c r e q u i r e -

ments of t h e f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n sys tems n e c e s s i t a t e t h e sampli-ng of t h e

d a t a s e n s o r s a t a minimum r a t e of 1 sample p e r second a t o t a l of 64000

b i t s p e r 0 l second r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l w i l l a l l o w c o n s i d e r a b l e l a t i t u d e i n

d a t a sampl ing rates

The t i m e between r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l s w i l l a f f e c t t h e sampl ing r a t e

For example i f a 0 l second r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l o c c u r s every second a

sampl ing r a t e of I sample p e r s e n s o r p e r i n t e r v a l would m e e t t h e m i n i -

mum s c i e n t i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s I f he r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l o c c u r r e d e v e r y

10 seconds s t o r a g e of r e a d i n g s made a t l second i n k e r v a ~ s would be

r e q u i r e d and sampl ing and t r a n s m i s s i o n of 10 s t o r e d samples p e r s e n s o r

wbth in each 0 1 second r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l would be n e c e s s a r y

S t a f f o r i e n t a t i o n d a t a might be d i g i i z e d a t t h e r a t e of 3 r e a d i n g s

p e r second ( a l l r e a d i n g s d u r i n g a 0 l s e e s n d iaterva~) iswsuld

pe rmi t t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n of one r e a d i n g e a c h s f azim-ath t i p and ti1t

d u r i n g t h e v e r t i c a l r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l The sampling r a t e p e r sensor

would be 1 sample p e r second which f o r t h e s e d a t a c a n be c o n s i d e r e d

c o n t i n u o u s The 16 b i t words f o r o r i e n t a t i o n would t h e n produce a r a t e

s f 3 x 16 = 48 b p s ( b i t s p e r second) which requires by XREG s t a n d -

a r d s 0 5 Kc of bandwidth The magnet ic susceptibxlity-conductivity d a t a

a l s o c a n be d i g i t i z e d a t t h e r a t e of 3 r e a d i n g s p e r second o r 36 b p s

f o r a bandwidth of 0 3 6 Kc The s t a f f gamma r a y f l u m e t e r d a t a c a n be

d i g i t i z e d a t t h e ra te of 1 r e a d i n g p e r second o r 12 b p s f o r a band-

wid th of 0 E9 K c The o r i e n t a t i o n f l u x m e t e r and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y -

c o n d u c t i v i t y d a t a s t r e a m s c a n t h u s be f requency d i v i s i o n mul t i p lexed on t h e

508 Kc v i d e o s u b c a r r i e r d u r i n g t h e s t a f f t e l e v i s i o n v e r t i c a l r e t r a c e i n t e r -

v a l

The s t a f f pene t romete r o u t p u t w i l l be a t r a n s i e n t wave random i n

o c c u r r e n c e and l a s t i n g from 0 1 t o 300 m i l l i s e c o n d s I t w i l l r e q u i r e

an e s t i m a t e d 100 Kc of bandwidth t o c a r r y t h e h i g h e s t f r equency component

of i n t e r e s t T h i s 100 Kc bandwidth w i l l have t o be on a s u b c a r r i e r

s e p a r a t e from t h e s t a f f 500 Kc videcbl te lemetry subcaars ier The two sub-

c a r r i e r s c a n be f requency m u l t i p l e x e d

S t a f f t r a c k i n g d a t a ( o u t p u t on LEN) and e x p l o r a t i o n perEscope d a t a

b o t h can be d i g i t i z e d and t r a n s m i t t e d a t 3 r e a d i n g s pe r second for r a t e s

of 39 and 36 b p s r e s p e c t i v e l y o The d a t a c a n be t r a n s m i t t e d on band-

w i d t h s of 0 61 and 0 56 Kc r e s p e c t i v e l y The t r a c k i n g and p e r i s c o p e

d a t a s t r eams can be f requency d i v i s i o n m u l t i p l e x e d on t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e

t e l e v i s i o n subsystem 500 Kc s u b c a r r i e r d u r i n g t h e v e r t i c a l retrace

i n t e r v a l

C i r c u i t r y would b e r e q u i r e d a t each t e l e v i s i o n camera ts swi tch t h e

500 Kc s u b c a r r i e r from t h e v i d e o a m p l i f i e r t o t h e t e l e m e t r y p r o c e s s o r

and back i f t i m e d i v i s i o n m u l t i p l e x i n g d u r i n g v e r t i c a l r e t r a c e i n t e r v a l s

i s u s e d Complementary s w i t c h i n g c i r c u i t r y would b e n e c e s s a r y f a r d a t a

r e c o r d i n g and d i s p l a y a t t h e ground suppor t f a c i l i t i e s

An a l t e r n a t i v e t o u s i n g t h e v e r t i e a b r e t r a c e interralf0r t r a n s -

m i t t i n g t h e t e l e m e t r y would be t o f requency m u l t i p l e x on amphe S-band

a l l o c a t i o n and by t h i s a v o i d t h e complexi ty s f t i m e mulk ip lex ing A l l

d a t a would t h e n b e t r a n s m i t t e d c o n t i n u o u s l y and s i m u l t a n e o u s l y Band-

w i d t h requ i rements would be

-Kc a-

S t a f f t e l e v i s i o n subsystem 50 ~ QC S t a f f t r a c k i n g subsystem 061 Camera o r i e n t a t i o n subsystem 0 $ 5 Gamma r a y f l u x m e t e r 0 19 S u s c e p t i b i l i t y - c o n d u c t i v i t y i n d u c t i o n b a l a n c e QS6 Penetrornet e r 100OO S u r v e i l l a n c e p e r i s c o p e 0 56 S u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n 500QO

T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc

TO a l l o w f o r guard bands c h a n n e l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n e t c a 15 t o 2 Mc

a l l s c a t i o n should be su f f i c i e n t

A t h i r d t e l e m e t r y p o s s i b i l i t y would be t o u s e t h e e x i s t i n g te lem-

e t r y c a p a b i l i t y of t h e LEN T h i s c a n be done by d i r e c t r e l a y of d a t a

from LEN systems and by s t r i p p i n g t e l e m e t r y d a t a from t h e s t a f f v i d e o

t e l e m e t r y bandwidth b e f o r e t r a n s m i s s i o n t o E a r t h The t e l e m e t r y

r e q u i r e m e n t s (Table 3) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s a p r o j e c t e d maximum l o a d

of 48 d a t a b i t s p e r 0 1 second i n t e r v a l on he t e l e v i s i o n bandwidth

T h i s maximum exc ludes t h e d a t a from t h e s t a f f pene t romete r which would

r e q u i r e a s e p a r a t e bandwidth a l l o c a t i o n

A major requirement f o r t e l e m e t r y dur ing t h e f i e l d geology exper i -

ment i s t h a t t i m e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n be e s t a b l i s h e d f o r a l l d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n

sys tems T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e sys tems f o r t h e t ransmi ss ion of v o i c e

e l e c t r o n i c and e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l imagery t r a c k i n g and o r i e n t a t i o n d a t a

and p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s d a t a

DATA MNDLI NG EQUIPMENT

An Ear th-based d a t a h a n d l i n g and a n a l y s i s f a c i l i t y shou ld be e s t a b -

l i s h e d a s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e Apol lo f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n system T h i s

f a c i l i t y i s t o perform d a t a c o m p i l a t i o n and a n a l y s i s f o r r e a l t ime m i s -

s i o n suppor t and f o r p o s t - m i s s i o n a n a l y s i s The f a c i l i t y w i l l r e c o r d

a l l s c i e n t i f i c d a t a o b t a i n e d d u r i n g a miss ion Equiprnent requ i red f o r

t h i s f a c i l i t y i s a s f o l l o w s

1 ) Magnetic t a p e r e c o r d e r s f o r recording t h e prime image and t e l e m e t r y d a t a from a l l explcsratiasn s~ubaysterrr~ and msdules

2 ) Kinescope r e c o r d e r s f o r image d a t a from t h e su rvey ing s t a f f and s u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n subsystems

3 ) On-l ine d i s p l a y m o n i t o r s f o r images f r o m t h e s t a f f and sur-v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n subsystems

4 ) S t o r a g e r e c a l l and d i s p l a y o f s e l e c t e d images from t h e s t a f f and s u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n subsystems

5) Hard copy d i s p l a y of s e l e c t e d t e l e v i s i o n images

6) Playback system f o r images from t h e LEM e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l camera subsystem w i t h n e a r r e a l t i m e s t e r e o d i s p l a y

7 ) O f f - l i n e a n a l y t i c a l p l o t t e r f o r p re l iminary compi la t ion of a base map from t h e e lec t romechanica l camera subsystem

8) On-l ine x-y p l o t t e r f o r hard copy reproduc t ion of s t a f f t r a c k -ing d a t a

9) Computer f o r near r e a l t i m e i n t e g r a t i o n of t r a c k i n g d a t a wi th p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s d a t a

10) Rapid hard copy reproducer f o r s t a f f t r a c k i n g o r i e n t a t i o n and phys i ca l p r o p e r t i e s d a t a

INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMEW P U N

It i s proposed h e r e t h a t t h e f l i g h t ins t ruments designed f o r t h e

P r o j e c t Apollo Geologica l F i e l d Explora t ion System be developed and

t e s t e d w i t h i n a two yea r pe r iod followed by a t e s t of t h e e n t i r e system

The equipment i s t o be developed and t e s t e d under t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e

F i e l d Geology Team t o a s s u r e t h a t i t s des ign and performance meets

gene ra l and s p e c i f i c s c i e n t i f i c requirements f i n a l s c i e n t i f i c c a l i b r a -

t i o n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e f l i g h t equipment w i l l be prepared a s a

r e s u l t of t h e t e s t s The f i r s t p ro to type inst ruments w i l l have cont inued

u s e i n m i s s ion development t e s t i n g and t r a i n i n g

The F i e l d Geology Team is t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e genera t ion of

s c i e n t i f i c s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r ins t rument development c o n t r a c t s f o r t h e

s c i e n t i f i c moni tor ing of t h e c o n t r a c t s and f o r moni tor ing and gu id ing

t h e s c i e n t i f i c t e s t i n g of t h e ins t ruments and t h e f i e l d exp lo ra t i on

system I n t h e s e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t h e Team i s to be r ep re sen t ed on a

day-to-day b a s i s by a smal l group w i th in t h e Geological Survey This

group r e s p o n s i b l e t o t h e F i e l d Geology Team i s t o work c l o s e l y wi th

t h e Manned Lunar Explora t ion I n v e s t i g a t i o n s group of t h e Geological

Survey i n t h e t e s t i n g of ins t ruments and t h e system

Engineer ing a s p e c t s of t h e inst rument development p l an would be t h e

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of a p p r o p r i a t e o f f i c e s i n NASA We recornend $ba t a

smal l group w i t h i n t h e Manned Spacecraf t Center be e s t a b l i s h e d or de-

f i n e d a s his shauld have t h e Teams r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n Houskon ~ K O E I ~

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e gene ra t i on of t h e eng inee r ing s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r

t h e inst rument development c o n t r a c t s f o r t h e engineer ing monitoring of

t h e c o n t r a c t s and f o r t h e i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e e x p l o r a t i o n system wi th

t h e o t h e r Apol lo systems The engineer ing group should work c l o s e l y

wi th t h e F i e l d Team and i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s on t h e Gealogia Survey

We a l s o recommend t h a t t h e Apollo a s t r o n a u t team become formal ly

involved w i th t h e development and t h e t e s t i n g sf t h e f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n

system Th i s w i l l permit a f r e e and mutual exchange of ope ra t i ng and

s c i e n t i f i c requ i rements which should r e s u l t i n t h e development of an

optimum e x p l o r a t i o n system As soon a s p r a c t i c a b l e a t l e a s t some of

t h e a s t r o n a u t s shou ld be d e s i g n a t e d a s a c t i v e c o - i n v e s t i g a t o r s f o r t h e

G e o l o g i c a l F i e l d E x p l o r a t i o n System

WORK PUN

General

F i v e s t e p s o r a r e a s of work a r e invo lved i n t h e ins t rument develop-

ment and t e s t i n g of t h e ApoLlo F i e l d E x p l o r a t i o n System These a r e

1 P r e p a r a t i o n of s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r new i n s t r u m e n t development c o n t r a c t s o r f o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s o r e x t e n s i o n s t o e x i s t i n g c o n t r a c t s o r s t u d i e s and moni to r ing of t h e ins t rument development

E a r l y assembly of breadboard i n s t r u m e n t s and s u p p o r t i n g equipment which i n c l u d e a s low s c a n s t a f f t e l e v i s i o n sys tem and t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s cmponenks f o r t h e su rvey ing s t a f f The b readboard i n s t r u m e n t s w i l l pe rmi t t h e e a r l y u s e i n t h e f i e l d of i n s t r u m e n t s t h a t have s e n s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and o p e r a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s similar t o t h e e x p l o r a t i o n i n s t r u - ments t h a t a r e b e i n g des igned and developed under t h e major c o n t r a c t s The u s e of t h e breadboard i n s t r u m e n t s w i l l pe rmi t t h e examina t ion of s c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l t r a d e - c f f s and wi11 pe rmi t t h e development of t e c h n i q u e s and prcscedu1-e~ f o r f u n c t i o n a l t e s t i n g of t h e f l i g h t i n s t r u m e n t s

3 F i e l d t e s t i n g o f p r o t o t y p e ins t ruments i n d i v i d u a l l y and t h e n a s a sys tem T h i s w i l l b e c a r r i e d out t o de te rmine t h e adequacy of t h e d e s i g n and t o p r e p a r e t h e f i n a l e a l i b r a amp i o n specifications f o r t h e f l i g h t q u a l i f i e d sys tem

4 Continued u s e of t h e p r o t o t y p e e x p l s r a t i a n syseem zns t ruments f o r m i s s i o n development t e s t i n g and t r a i n i n g w h i l e t h e f l i g h t i n s t r u m e n t s a r e be ing f a b r i c a t e d

5 F i n a l t e s t i n g and t r a i n i n g c a r r i e d out w i t h fk ight c o n f i g u r e d i n s t r u m e n t s t o o p t i m i z e t h e f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n o p e r a t i o n s and t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e xequirements s f a11 t h e s c i e n c e teams a r e m e t by t h e sys tem

Five new development c o n t r a c t s and t h e ex t ens ion o r r e d i r e c t i o n of

about s i x e x i s t i n g s t u d i e s o r c o n t r a c t s a r e r equ i r ed f o r t h e development

of a complete f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n system Recommendations f o r t h e develop-

ment of t h e components of t h e system a r e summarized below and i n Table 4

Lunar Surveying S t a f f

The development of a high r e s o l u t i o n slow scan v id i con camera and

RF t r a n s m i t t e r configured t o t h e survey ing s t a f f w i th an RF r e c e i v e r a t

t h e LEN should be t h e ~ e s p s n s i b i l i t y of a prime c s n t r a c t s r who should

a l s o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e g e n e r a l des ign of t h e s t a f f and t h e i n t e g r a -

t i o n of a l l t h e s t a f f ins t ruments F i e l d t e s t s by t h e Geological Survey

w i th a slow scan breadboard v id i con camera system on a v a r i e t y of geo-

l o g i c t e r r a i n s and wi th s imu la t i on of some of t h e ope ra t i ng c o n s t r a i n t s

w i l l p rov ide supplementary c r i t e r i a f o r c o n t r a c t moni tor ing and f o r pro-

v i d i n g in format ion t h a t may a f f e c t t h e f i n a l design of t h e s t a f f t e l e -

v i s i o n system

The des ign and f a b r i c a t i o n of t h e p ro to type camera t r a n s m i t t e r

and r ece ive r hav ing t h e b a s i c de s ign of t h e fl~ghtins t ruments w i l l

r e q u i r e about 18 t o 24 months after a d e v d o p m e n t alrnt-ract i s l e t

P r e l im ina ry i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e s ~ a f f camera and t ransmi t te - r wi th o the r

s t a f f ins t ruments w i l l be p o s s i b l e a t t h e end if this p e r i ~ d The

p ro to type subsystems should be f u n c t i o n a l undec te~restrlalccjnditions

so t h a t s c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l f i e l d tes ts c a n be carr ied o u t on

t e s t s i t e s nea r t h e Geological Survey f a c i l i t i e s aamp F l a g s t a f f F i n a l

i n t e g r a t i o n of a l l s t a f f i n s t rumen t s w i th fall1 lunar environmental

c o n t r o l s w i l l be achieved i n t h e succeeding phase of t h e c o n t r a c t

S t e r eome t r i c f i l m camera

Design and environmental s t u d i e s f o r a f l i g h t camera and f i l m a r e

being conducted by i ndus t ry under t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e Manned Space-

c r a f t Cen t e r These s t u d i e s should be cont inued but should be r e q u i r d

TABLE 4

Recommendations for Instrument Development Contracts

Instrument

Staff television subsystem

Vidicon camera (slow scan)

VHF RF transmitter

Staff battery module

VHF RF receiver (on LEM)

Stereometric film camera

Staff orientation subsystem

Staff tracking subsystem (includes LEM components)

Physical properties module

Gamma ray fluxmeter

Susceptibility-conductivity induction balance

Penetrometer 1

Sampling tools and sample containers

Auxiliary light

Carrier for instruments tools and samples

Recornendations for Contracts P

(Time listed is estimated time required to produce prototype instrument)

Contract to industry Contractor to be responsible for staff d e sign and for the integration of other modules into staff (18-24 mos)

Redirect existing contract or let new contract to obtain instrment that meets scientific requirements (12-15 mos)

Contract t o industry (8-12 mos)

Contract to industry (12-15 mos)

Contract to industry $12-15 mos)

Redirect current studies and contracts 0 ~let new contract to ob-tain equipment that meets scien- tifie requirements (6-18 mas 1

Contract to inda~stry- (6 rnos)

Redirect NASA development

Tab1e 4 (cont iizued) - - Recommendat ions f o r Instrument Development Contracts

E x p l o r a t i ~ n periscope

Surveillance t e l e v i s i o n camera

Recommendat ions f o r Contracts

Redirect ex i s t ing development contrac t OF l e t new contract t o design and fabr ica te periscope t o meet s c i e n t i f i c requirements (12-15 mos )

Redirect ex i s t ing development contrac t or lee new contract t o obtain a t e l ev i s ion camera t h a t meets s c i e n t i f i c requirements (12-15 mos)

to meet t h e subsystem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e s t e r eome t r i c camera given

an page 19 and should be en l a rged i n scope t o o b t a i n a p ro to type i n -

s t rument f o r i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o t h e l una r surveying s t a f f

A breadboard s t e r eome t r i c f i l m camera designed t o meet s e v e r a l

sf t h e s c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s is be ing f a b r i c a t e d

by t h e Geological Survey a s p a r t of i t s miss ions i n v e s t i g a t i o n s work

The use of t h i s camera w i l l p rov ide supplementary s c i e n t i f i c ope ra t i ona l

c r i t e r i a f o r t h e f i n a l des ign of t h e s t e r eome t r i c camera

The s t a f f t r a c k i n g and o p i e n t a t i o n subsystems form an i n t e g r a t e d

p o s i t i o n and a t t i t u d e system f o r t h e s t a f f Although c l o s e l y r e l a t e d

they may be developed e i t h e r under s e p a r a t e c o n t r a c t s o r a s p a r t s of a

s i n g l e development c o n t r a c t The s p e c i f i c a t i o n s g iven f o r t h e t r a c k i n g

system ( p 21 ) a r e f o r a hybr id r a d i o and o p t i c a l system Contract

s p e c i f i c a t i o n s however should be f l e x i b l e enough t o permit t h e develop-

ment of a s m a l l e r Lighter weigh t f u l l y o p t i c a l system i f eng ineer ing

s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e i t s f e a s i b i l i t y S c i e n t i f i c and operational r e q u i r e -

ments from t r a c k i n g and o r i e n t a t i m d a t a der ived from miss ion ope ra t i ons

t e s t i n g by the Geological Survey w i l l provide in format ion to guide and

monitor t h e des ign of t h e s e subsystems esting o f t h e p r o t o ~ y p e sub-

systems i n t h e f i e l d by t h e Geological Survey ~ h s u l d be carried out a s

soon a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r t h e i r development p r io r t o t h e i r f i n a l i n t e g r a -

t i o n i n t o t h e pro to type s t a f f system

A c o n t r a c t t o i ndus t ry should be le t t o develop a phys i ca l proper-

t i es module t h a t measures i n t e g r a t e d gamma r a y f b u x t h e magneic sus-

c e p t i b i l i t y and e l e c t r i c a l conduc t iv i t y of lunar m a t e r i a l s and t h e

p e n e t r a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e lunar s u r f a e e I nd iv idua l i n s t r u -

ments of t h i s type e x i s t but t h e i n t e g r a t i o n s f t h e s e ins t ruments i n t o

a s i n g l e module t h e mu l t i p l ex ing of t h e i r d a t a i n t o t h e s t a f f t r a n s -

m i t t e r and t h e i n t e g r a t i o n s f t h e module i n t o t h e s t a f f r e q u i r e develop-

ment S c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e use s f t h e

i n d i v i d u a l elements w i l l be a v a i l a b l e from Geological Survey t e s t i n g f o r

c o n t r a c t m o n i t o r i n g and des ign p u r p o s e s

Anc f l l a r y Equipment

h e d e s i g n of sampling t o o l s and sample c o n t a i n e r s should be

guided by t h e s c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l r equ i rements ( p 2 7 ) g i v e n by

t h e F i e l d G e o l ~ g yTeam as w e l l as by t h e requ i rements of t h e s t h e r

Apol lo s c i e n c e p lann ing teams C u r r e n t s t u d i e s by i n d u s t r y f o r t h e

d e s i g n of s a a p l e c o n t a i n e r s sampl ing t o s l s and for a c s r i n g d e v i c e

to esbtizin cores t o dep ths of about t e n f e e t a r e be ing sponsbred by t h e

Manned S p a c e c r a f t C e n t e r These s t u d i e s shou ld be con t inued and be

expanded to i n c l u d e t h e f a b r i c a t i c n ef p r c t o t y p e c o n a i n e r s and t o s l s

for u s e i n m i s s i o n t e s t i n g by t h e Geolog ica l Survey S t u d i e s a l s o

should be c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e development of s imple sample c o n t a i n e r s t o

f i t t h e s p a c e s o c ~ u p i e d by s p e n t IibBc y l i n d e r s

The a u x i l i a r y l i g h t f o r u s e w i t h t h e s t a f f t e l e v i s i ~ ~ n and s t e r e s -

m e t r i c cameras should be developed under a c o n t r a c t to i n d u s t r y The

development of t h i s i t e m sbould b e i n t e g r a t e d c l o s e l y w i t h t h e d e v e l o p

ment of t h e two s t a f f cameras

S-A d e v i c e resembl ing an o r thoped ic wabkec has been kesamped by t h e

Manned Spacecraft Cente r as a c a r r i e s for sampling ampt3178s sample con-

t a i n e r s and samples I t shou ld be modi f i ed t o serve as a c a r r i e r f o r

t h e s t a f f and o the r s c l e n t i f i c instxurnents and a s a s tand fo r t h e s t a f f

t e l e v i s i o n system when 1k i s u s e d to monlitor t h e nearby s u r f a c e opera -

t i o n s of t h e aat ranauL c a r r i e r p rov ided tu t h e G e ~ l c ~ g i c a lA Survey

by t h e Manned S p a c e c r a f t Cen te r i s b e i n g used i n missipsn aperat ions

t e s t i n g In format ion d e r i v e d from t h e t e s t i n g will guide t h e d e s i g n

and development of t h e c a r r i e r by NASA

The e x i s t i n g d e s i g n of t h e HEM p e r i s c o p e shou ld be modi f i ed o r a

new p e r i s c a p e d e s i g n e d t o m e e t t h e s c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e -

ments f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e (p 3 1 ) C o n s i d e r a t i o n i s a l r e a d y be ing g i v e n

by t h e Manned S p a c e c r a f t Cen te r t o i n c r e a s i n g t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e c a p a b i l -

i t y c f t h e p r e s e n t LEM p e r i s c o p e If n a v i g a t i o n a l r equ i rements f o r t h e

p r e s e n t p e r i s c o p e sys tem a r e s o s t r i n g e n t a s t o pe rmi t on ly l i m i t e d

m s d i f i c a t i o n s t h e n it i s r e e m e n d e d t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n t o

e s t a b l i s h i n g a p e r i s c o p e sys tem on t h e LEM t h a t i s des igned s p e c i f i c -

a l l y for ~ u z v e i l l a n c e purposes Moni to r ing o f t h e p e r i s c o p e d e s i g n

w i l l be guided by inforzmation o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e use of a p e r i s c o p e

sys tem c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e Geo log ica l Survey

S u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n camera

A hand-held t e l e v i s i o n camera sys tem t h e A p o l l s camera i s a l -

ready under d e s i g n and development by i n d u s t r y T h i s development work

i s b e i n g sponsored by Manned S p a c e c r a f t d e n e r I n i t i a l l y t h e r e s o l u -

t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s for t h i s camera were p rov ided o n l y by t h e P u b l i c

A f f a i r s O f f i c e of Manned S p a c e c r d t C e n t e r and t h e s e were met by a

camera o f moderate resolution It i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t e o n s i d e ~ a t i o n i s

now b e i n g g iven t o i n c r e a s i n g t h e r e s o l u t i o n to 800 l i n e s (1100 a c t i v e

l i n e s ) a t a frame r a t e of 6 seconds The development of t h i s camera

shou ld be r e d i r e c t e d t o m e e t t h e s c i e n t i f i c and s p e r a t i o a a l r e q u i r e -

ments f o r t h e LEM s u r v e i l l a n c e imaging subsystem (p 3L) Use s f f a s t

and slow s c a n t e l e v i s i o n i n a s u r v e i l l a n c e c a p a c i t y by t h e G e o l a g i c a l

Survey w i l l p r o v i d e s c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e

purposes s f c o n t r a c t moni to r ing and gu idance

E lec t romechan ica l Camera Subsvstem

A con t r ac t s h o u l d be le t f o r t h e deve1opment of t h e e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l

camera subsystem and compat ib le p layback sys tem Problems r e g a r d i n g t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n mount ing and o p e r a t i o n of a mast on t h e LEN a r e t o be

solsled a s a p a r t of he camera development A p r o t o t y p e system i s to

be t e s t e d i n t h e f i e l d t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e sys tem meets s c i e n t i f i c and

rperrdtii_-r_alreq-gireaentss and f o r t h e g e n e r a t i s 2 of f i n a l c a l i b r a t i o n

spec i f i c a t i o n s

I P ~ and u s e o f breadboard compoez~ts of t h e f i e l d e x p l o r a - a s s e l ~ ~ b l y

t i o n system should he c a r r i e d o u t by t h e F i e l d G e ~ l o g y Team r e p r e -

s ~ z t a t it s 1 7 t b 2 Geo log icd l Surey i n c o o p e r a t i 0 2 w i t h t h e Manned

L ~ n a rE x p l s r a ~ i c a In eskigat isns group These bseadbodrd i n s t r u m e n t s

w i l l e e p e r a t i c n a l and d a t a a c q a i s i t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s i m i l a r t o

t t o s e proposed f o r t h e e x p l o r a t i o n s y s t e ~ They w i l l b e used t o develop

dnd ref ine t h e o p e r a t i o n a l and a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e system nd

t c p r o i d e o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a needed t o e v a l u a t e the d e s i g n o f t h e p r o t o -

t y p e i ~ s t r u a e n t s o The u s e o f the breadbcard instriwtt-nents a l s o wi ll h e l p

t o e s t a b l i s h t h e c r i t e r i a by which t o t e s t and c a l i b r a t e the p r o t o t y p e

instrumerts a s t h e y become a v a l i a b l e

Ee Mahned Lunar E x p l c r a t i o n I n + - e s t i g a t i a - 2 s g r o s p a s a p a r t o f

i t s ir l lssior~ de1relcapruerrt s t u d i e s h a s o r i s i n t h e p r o c e s s o f o b t a i n i n g

some ilf t h e r e q u i r e d breadboard i n s t r u m e n t s and s u p p n r t ~ c i gequipment

he a d d i t i o n a l r e q u i r e d i ~ s t r w m e ~ t send eqiipnert a ~ da smary budget

a r e g igen i n Table 5 I t i s rezoxxnme~~dedt h a t hi funds necessa ry t o

meet t k s e addf t i c r )a l requirenuents be made at lsdilable t o t5e Manned

Lunar Explord t ion 1 n i ~ e s t i g a t i ~ n ~ g r c u p o

Breadboard I n s t r d m ~ n t s

----S t d f f t e l e v i s i

A slow scan Ranger PFtelevisisnu ca-nerd syste-r i s a ~ a i l a b l e

wt-iict1 w i tr saaitable m o d i f i c a t i o n can be a s s e n b l e d i(ko a breadboard

f i e l d system T h i s system w i l l comprise a s t a f f - ~ u ~ t e d camera 2-d a

backpack tralnlsrnitter and s u p p o r t i n g compone-ants The sys tem which

can be assenvbled ihn a Few months t i a e wi th moderate e x p e n d i t u r e w i l l

p e r a i r t h e examinat ion and t e s t i n g s f t h e s c i e n t i f i c a ~ d o p e r a t i o n a l

TABLE 5

S ~ a n i u ~ f o r Gr~adbcard Instruments and Supporting Equipment B a d g e t to be u s e d for D~velcpment of Operational and Analysis Techniques

S r eyig staff slow scaz te1eision canera dnd t ~ ~ ~ s i l l i t t e ~ I ( n c d i i g d Mlgt9 ampaameraj

A d d i t i c r a a l microwave link for slow scan v ideo

Staff physical properties coxponents

G a a ~ ar a y fluxmeter

Mag~eticsusceptibility-csnductfvity induction balance

Penetrometer

Field telemetry transmitter

F i e l d telemetry receiver

Field periscope drive system integration with periscope and aut~matic surveying data readout

Te1emetry rna~1tiplexer f o r LEM mock-upand hard- 1i~-e systems

Magnetic tape film lno2ito-r tubes and spare parts

Total $141500

captxifties c i h igh liesoButicn3 slcn sckc telz~isisni m g e s f o r l u n a r

SILLampYf ~ ~ t ( ~ ~ i s s i c D ~ S use i n bctk staff andinc 1r_ddix~g sur - rc i llarnee modes

I t e fampst=sran elk-isica systems now a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Geolog ica l

Survey can be used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e slow scan system f o r t e s t s

of t h e c p e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a g i o n of s t a f f t e l e v i s i o n s u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e -

visicrr arid e t h e r breadboard i n s t r u x e n t s o T h i s w i 11 r e q u i r e t h e

a c q ~ 1 s i t i 0 1cf an a d d i t i o n a l ~x-icrcswa~ twoe l~nkin o r d e r t o t r a n s m i t

vrdeo s i g n a l s s imul taneous ly Image d a t a ob ta ined from t h e v a r i o u s

t e s t s w i l l h e analyzed and recorded u t i l i z i n g ex i s t - ing equipment

Sterecpmetric fil ~ ncamera

A breadboard s t e r e o m e t r i c f i l rn calmera des igned tcu t e s t many o f

t h e s t l e n t i f i c and c p r a t i o n a l s p e c i f i c a t i s n s of t h e su rvey ing s t a f f

eaQera i s b e i n g f a b r i c a t e d by t h e Ges logzca l Survey a s p a r t of i t s

missierr de-~eloprment s t u d i e s Th i s camera w i l l be adequa te f o r u s e

i n t h e e a r l y f i e l d s t u d i e s

Nc a t t e m p t w i l l be made t o o b t a i n breadboard t r a c k i n g and anrienta-

t i o n subsystems The p o s i t i o n a l and o r i e n t a t i o n a 1 d a t a r e q u i r e d f o r

t h e s t ~ d y and evalajlatiora o f o t h e r breadboard subsystems w i l l be ob ta ined

by snanual t e c h n i q u e s u n t i l t h e p r o t o t y p e subsystems are a v a i l a b l e

t ~ s t r u m e n t s s i n i l a r t o t h o s e proposed f a r thta s t a f f p h y s i c a l prop-

e r t i e s ~xodulea be o b t a i ~ e d i n a short spav o f ti-GLf o r t e s t i n g as

individuaL eompsr~ents on t h e l u n a r s ~ a r v e y i-rrg s t a f d o Z h ~ s e3 ~ s t r c l m e n t s

w i l l measure the mtpegrated gamaa ray f ~ U X ~-radgl~etacsuscept i b i l i t y x -

e l e c t r i c a l c ~ h i d ~ c t i v i t y and p e n e t r a b i l i t y c P ~ n a t e r i d l s avd w i l l b e

a d a p t a b l r f o r u s e an a t e s t sax~veying s t a f f ie gLrmya r a y f luxmete r

can be eer~scuueted sira7pI-y from e a s i l y cbt diced A c ~i n d u c t i o nLCITY~CE~ I~S

b a l a n c e f o r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y and c o n d u c t i v i t y measuremznts h a s been pro-

duced by i n d u s t r y f o r t h e unmanwd space f l i g h t program and i t can be

ob ta ined from t h e producing company S i w i l a r l y a sa-nall esne pene t romete r

was produced f o r t h e unmanned space P l i g h t program and can b e o b t a i n e d

f o r akse i n the Apol la f i e l d t e s t i n g

Telemetry and d a t a h a n d l i n g procedures f o r t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s

caxponents w i l l be developed w i t h t h e a i d of a f i e l d t r a n s m i t t e r and

r s re ive r and t h e Geolog ica l Survey s e x i s t i n g microwave system The

breadboard i n s t r u m e n t s can be ob ta ined w i t h i n a p e r i o d of about s i x

mssakhs

-E T h e Geolog ica l Survey i s c o n s t r u c t i n g a p e r i s c o p e t o be mounted

on a LEN mock-up T h i s ins t rument w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r u s e i n t h e

breadboard e x p l o r a t i o n system and w i l l i n c o r p o r a t e many s f t h e d e s i r e d

o p e r a t i o n a l requirernerxts o u t l i n e d i n t h i s p r o p o s a l To s i m u l a t e and

t e s t a u t o a a t i c t r a c k i n g and survey ing p rocedures u t i l i z i n g t h e p e r i -

scope a n a t ~ t o m a t i c d r i v e system and a n aut-en~aticsurvey ing d a t a readout

system should be added t o t h e p e r i s c o p e under c o n s t r u c t i o n The d r i v e

system can be i n t e g r a t e d w i t h an a v a i l a b l e s e r v o pan and t i l t system

f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e t e l e v i s i o n


The Geolog ica l Survey c u r r e n t l y h a s a f a s t scdn t e l e v i s i o n camera

t h a t can be used t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e o p e r a t i o n of sa i rve i l l ance t e l e v i s i s n

i n t h e breadboard e x p l o r a t i o n system By r e c o r d i n g and d i s p l a y i n g

s e l e c t e d f rames a slow scan system can be s i m h l a t e d The modif ied

Ranger B T u h a m e r a sys tem t o be used a s a breadboard s t a f f t e l e v i s i o n

subsystem can a l s o be adapted f o r u s e i n a sfi_erveillacie-eme)de

Tblie o p e r a t i o n a l f e a s i b i l i t y s f an e l e c t romecnhari anal ca ner a sub-

system has a l r e a d y been demonstrated by f i e l d P e s t s F r ther t e s t i n g

of t h i s subsystem can a w a i t t h e d e l i v e r y s f ~ n s t r w m e n t t b e p r ~ ~ t o t y p e

F i e l d t e s t i n g of the p r o t o t y p e inst2rurnents should be c a r r i e d o u t

as par t s f t h e m i s s i o n s and ins t ruments t e s t i n g program o f t h e Manned

Lalnar Explorat ion Lnvestigations group of t h e G e c ~ l s g i e a l Survey S p e c i f i c

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e s c i e n t i f i c adequacy of t h e i n s t r u m e n t s w i l l

r e s i d e w i t h t h e F i e l d Geology Team which w i l l p r o v i d e d i r e c t i o n

i-nplemented through i t s Geolog ica l Survey r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f o r t e s t i n g

and e v a l u a t i n g r e s u l t s The f i n a l c a l i b r a t i o n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e

f l i g h t i n s t r u m e n t s w i l l be genera ted from t h e r e s u l t s of t h e f i e l d

t e s t i n g

During f a b r i c a t i o n of t h e f l i g h t i n s t r u m e n t s t h e f i e l d p r o t o t y p e

system w i l l have con t inued use i n t h e miss ion development and t r a i n i n g

programs o f NASA and t h e Geolog ica l Survey A d d i t i o n a l complete p ro to -

t y p e systems may be r e q u i r e d t o augment t h e s e programs

Tab le 6 summarizes t h e o p e r a t i n g budget f o r Pr166 f o r t h e F i e l d

Geology Team and i t s Geolog ica l Survey r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s The c o s t s

l i s t e d a r e i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e equipment budget sumiar ized i n Tab le 5

The suppor t e s t i m a t e f o r t h e F i e l d Geology Team i s p r e l i m i n a r y

and w i l l depend upon i n d i v i d u a l agreements betwee t h e Team members

t h e i r U n i v e r s i t i e s and NASA The e s t i m a t e f o r PY66 i n c l u d e s t r a v e l

o p e r a t i n g c o s t s and s a l a r y f o r g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s a s s i s t i n g i n s t u d i e s

o f t h e Apol lo F i e l d E x p l o r a t i o n System

The budget f o r t h e ~ e a a n s moni to r ing and s u p p o r t pe rsonne l i n t h e

GeologieaE Survey w i l l be p a r t of a s e p a r a t e kagreewent between t h e

Geolog ica l Survey and NASA The moni to r ing and support p e r s o r ~ n e l w i l l

i n c l u d e a g e o l o g i s t g e o p h y s i c i s t ( anan year) v i d e o electrcsri ics enk-

g i n e e r o p t i c a l p h y s i c i s t (k marl y e a r ) phoitogreanmetr jst~-mztl-lemdtf c i a n

9 man y e a r ) and ins t rument maker

TABLE 6

Sumary of Estimated Operat ing Costs f o r t h e F i e ld Geology Team FY 1966

Trave l and Operat ing Expenses

F i e l d Geology Team I -E N Goddard Un ive r s i t y o f Michigan -2

J H Mackin Un ive r s i t y of Texas -2

A C Waters Un ive r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a (SB) -2

(Estimated T o t a l Cost $40000)

Monitor ing and support personnel (U S Geological Survey)

4 man yea r s s a l a r y t r a v e l and s u p p l i e s $105000

-1 Trave l and o t h e r expenses of E Me Shoemaker a r e included under c o s t s f o r moni tor ing and support personnel (U S Geological Survey)

-2 To be submitted f o r i n d i v i d u a l l y determiaed con t rac t s by team members

PIW0JECIC APOLEO


OBJECTIVES OF ABOELO GEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATEONS

AflD

PROPOSAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AN APOLLo FIELD EXPLOMTTBN SYSTEM

BY



F i s c a l Years 1965-66

March 1965

1

Page























i


Page








Penetrometer 25












- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m m ~ m ~ w ~ m



Equipment on LEN 30



Page



















42






iii


Page

















Page












FIGURE



by



INTRODUCTION






s u r f a c e

















methods







































































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











1

Page























i


Page








Penetrometer 25












- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m m ~ m ~ w ~ m



Equipment on LEN 30



Page



















42






iii


Page

















Page












FIGURE



by



INTRODUCTION






s u r f a c e

















methods







































































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6












Page








Penetrometer 25












- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - m m m ~ m ~ w ~ m



Equipment on LEN 30



Page



















42






iii


Page

















Page












FIGURE



by



INTRODUCTION






s u r f a c e

















methods







































































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











Page



















42






iii


Page

















Page












FIGURE



by



INTRODUCTION






s u r f a c e

















methods







































































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6












Page

















Page












FIGURE



by



INTRODUCTION






s u r f a c e

















methods







































































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











Page












FIGURE



by



INTRODUCTION






s u r f a c e

















methods







































































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6












by



INTRODUCTION






s u r f a c e

















methods







































































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6

















































































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6















































































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6















































































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6













































Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6












Corner Ref lector

TOP VlEW

Television Camera

Sun Compass







































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6














































































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6




















































i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6




















i n t h e f i e l d


























































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6













































































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











































mi s s f sns


























r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6




































r i s k involved




































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6









































































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6








































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6




































TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











TABLE 1


Bower






Total Staff Mass






8O 4 - 0


















describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6

























describe








































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6




































interpretation




a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6














a s f o l l o w s




































S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6





























S t a f f t








































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6










































follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6





















follows



of sun compass



















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6

















-4- 1


-3 1













and samples





















































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6























































Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6




























Penetrometer


























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6



























be o r i e n t e d










a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











a r e given below

Standard samples





















































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











































































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6
















































subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6





























subsystem
































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6































































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6




































































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6








































TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











TABLE 2










EEM Subsystems





TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











TABLE 3




Azimuth Tip T i l t


P u l s e r a t e 2000 12














































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6















































v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6













v a l













i n t e r v a l











-Kc a-


T o t a l 118267 Kc or 110267Mc




































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6














































































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6


















































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6














































WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6













WORK PUN

General






















v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6

























v i s i o n system















TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











TABLE 4


Instrument



VHF RF transmitter







Gamma ray fluxmeter


Penetrometer 1


Auxiliary light






































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6





































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6































































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6
































































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6






































































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6









































TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











TABLE 5







Penetrometer






Total $141500




































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6














































mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6















mssakhs




























t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6
















t e s t i n g



















TABLE 6











TABLE 6











Documents

FIELD - Lunar and Planetary Institutebeneath the surficial layer; whether it is (1) solid rock, perhaps the impact-modified surface of a flood of lava, or (2) detrital material, laid