Field Study in Prek Ta Kong Village, Pursat RsUvvsSa nig … · 2011. 11. 14. · WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 2 WET SEASON RICE AND VEGETABLES Field Study in Prek

WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 2

WET SEASON RICE AND VEGETABLES

Field Study in Prek Ta Kong Village, Pursat

RsUvvsSa nig bEnøRKb;mux karsikSaBI esdækic ©sgÁm enAPUmi ERBktaKg; extþeBaFisat;

MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program – Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap

Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium

May 2002 ]sPa 2002

WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 2

WET SEASON RICE AND VEGETABLES

Field Study in Prek Ta Kong Village, Pursat

RsUvvsSa nig bEnøRKb;mux karsikSaBI esdækic ©sgÁm enAPUmi ERBktaKg; extþeBaFisat;

MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program – Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap

Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium

May 2002 ]sPa 2002

Bt’man)anmkBI - Information derived from

elak Pn pl - Peun Pal, elak RBIg Tuc - Pring Touc, elake Gg lI - Eng Ly, elak lag lIm - Leng

Lim, elak Kin Xit - Kin Chit, elak Dwm bun eFOn - Dim Bun Teun, elak sus Kara:n - Sos Ka Ran,

elak Ecm Dit - Chaim Dit, elak Fa ln - Tear Lon, elak Est Gn - Seit Chhan, elak R)ak; b - Brak

Bi, elak Ehm ehOn - Haim Heuan, elak eha esA - Hour Soa, GñkRsI esón bunlI - Sean Bunly, GñkRsI qwg hun - Cheng Hun, GñkRsI twk fn - Tuk Than, GñkRsIsWun y - Sen Yo, GñkRsI Kuc qn - Kuch Chhan

RkumeFVIkarsikSa - Field study team

elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn - Yim Sambo, Team Coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUP-FIN

elak ywm sMbUr - Noy Pok, Officer of Fisheries Department / WUP-FIN

BMu pavat - Phum Phavat, Director of BDASE, Pursat

TIv van;FI - Tiv Vanthy, Officer of Department of Agronomy, Pursat

elak hYr b‘un Na - Marko Keskinen, Socio-economist, WUP-FIN

karsresr)aykarN¾ - Report writing

elak hYr b‘un Na, elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn, elak ywm sMbUr - Marko Keskinen, Yim Sambo and Noy Pok

For comments and questions please contact [email protected] or [email protected].

karsikSa esdækic©sgÁm enAPUmiERBktaKg; XMuGnøg;vil RsukkeNþóg

extþeBaFi_sat; 1-esckIþepþIm³ KMeragmU:EdlTenøsab(WUP-FIN)maneKalbMNgedIm,IeFVIMm:UEdlénrbbTwknigKuNPaBTwkénbwg TenøsabeKalbMNgFMKWpþl;m:UEdlTwkénbwgTenøsabedIm,IeFVI[yl;kan;EtRbesIreLIg rvaglkçN³ rUb nig lkçN³ CivsaRsþ ehIynigkarpaøs;bþÚr EdlGacekIt eLIg edayskmµPaB mnusS karsikSa esdækic©sgÁm CakarsMxan; mYyén EpñkKMerag nig sMLwgemIleTA elI Rbvtþi énkarsikSa kñúgkarRKb; RKgGPivDÆn_ ehIynwgbegIát ]bkrN_ sMrab; EnnaMeKalbMNgmYy énKMerag KW edIm,I CYy KMeragkñúg kareRbIR)as; nigkarBarbwgTenøsab EdlGacTTYlyk)an tamry³vb,Fm’ esdækic© RbéBNI eKal bMNgFM énkarviPaK esdækic© KWedIm,Iyl;dwg énTMnak;TMngesdækic© nig ktþaEdleFVI[b:HBal;brisßan enACMuvijbwgTenøsab karviPaK esdækic© ekIteLIgtamry³ BinitüelI Tinñn½y nig r)akarN_Edlman Rsab;nigkarsMPasn_kñúgGMLúgeBlsikSaehIycugbBa©b;karviPaKelIBt’manrYm .

karsikSaesdækic©sgÁm KW Ep¥keTAelIviFIsaRsþepSg ² dUcCakarsikSa edayrh½s nigkarsikSa edaymankarcUlrYmenH KW epþateTAelIkMrit PUmi eKalbMNg énkarsikSa KW RbmUlBt’man mYycMnYn sþIGMBIktaþesdækic©sgÁm edayepþateTAelI muxrbrepSg² nigERbRbYlrdUvkalkar eRbIR )as; FnFan FmµCati RBmTaMgkarpøas;bþÚrbrisßan karsikSava nig eFVIeGayyl;dwg kan;EtRbesIreLIg BI sßanPaB mUldæanRBmTaMgviFIsaRsþepSg² dUcCakasikSaedayrh½snigkarsikSaedaymankarcUlrYmkñúgGMLúg eBlqañM 2002 KMerag Modelling Tenøsab (WUP-FIN) nigeFVIkarsikSa BIEpñk esdækic ©sgÁm enA PUmi cMnYn 03 Edl sßitenAtam beNþay Trnøsab kñúg extþ kMBg;qañMg eBaFisat; nig )at;dMbg cab; taMgBIkarsikSaeRbIviFIsaRsþ KWRsedógKñar)aykarN_ KW eRbITMrg;Rsedóg KañeFVI[mankareRbóbeFób Kña gayRsYlBImYyeTAmYy . m,a:geTót CMBUkxøHénr)aykarN_ nimYy ² dUcCar)aykarN_mYyenH KWBitCadUcKañ .

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2-eKalbMNg³ eKalbMngénkarsikSaKWRbmUlBt’manedIm,IbMeBjkarRKaMRTEpñkBt’manTak;Tgnwgesdækic©

sgÁmEdlmanrYcehIy kñúg Tinñn½ymUldæan Edl)anBinitüknøgmk . karcg¥úlbgðaj énkarsikSa tamPUmi KWTak;TgeTAnig karciBa©wmCIvit muxrbr karERbRbYl RbtiTinrdUvkal kar eRbIR)as;FnFan FmµCati nigkarpøas;bþÚrbrisßan . 3-viFIsaRsþ³ kñúgGMLúgeBlsikSaRkumkargar )aneRbIviFIsaRsþepSg² rYmman³ - karKUsEpnTI PUmiedaymankarcUlrYmBIRbCaCn -karsMPasn_Bak;kNaÁlpøÚvkar ¬ Gñkpþl;Bt’man KnwøH¦ -karsMPasn_ CaRkum BiPakSa ¬RkumGñkPUmi ¦ -karsegát -karedIreFVI Rtg;siuc -RbtiTinrdUvkal nigcMNat;fañk;muxrbr - karvivtþn_FnFanFmµCatinigkarERbRbYleBlevla -BiPakSabBa©b;nigbgðajlT§pl sikSadl;GñkPUmi KMnitTI1 KWRbmUlBt’man RKb;Ebby:ag sþIBI sßanPaB esdækic©sgÁm tamry³Gñkpþl; Bt’man KnwøHbnÞab;mkeFVICaRkumBikSaedayGñkPUmi CaBiess elIkarciBaw©mCIvit muxrbrFnFanFmµCati nigkar pøas;bþÚrbrisßan RbmTaMgCYy Tinñn½y Bt’manEdl)anEckcayBIkar KusEpnTI edaymankar cUlrYm RBmTaMgkaredIreFVIRtg;siuc karsikSaenH KWepaþteTAelICaBiess bBaað rdUvkal ehIy nigkarpaøs;bþÚr fµI énbrisßan nig karcwBaw©mCIvit . kareRbIviFIsaRsþ BIrepSg² Kañ dUcCalMhat; RbtiTinrdUvkalnig karvivtþiFnFannigbMErRbYleBlevlaenATIbBa©b;énkarBiPakSaRKb;kaEckcayBt’man)andak; bBa©Úl KañehIyviPaKCamYyGñkPUmi²pþl;KMnitelIkarsikSaenHehIyCalT§ pl KWsMerc)anl¥ .sMPar³CMnYy sMrab;karGnuvtþn_ EpnTI karcat;lMdab;fñak;epSg ² minbegÁItplitpl EdlKaµnRbeyaCn_enaH eT. b:uEnþvak_Ca]bkrN_mYysMrab;BiPakSa GMBIbBaða RbtiTin brisßanERbRbYlehIy nig mUlehtuenAxag

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eRkay Edr . Tak;TineTAnigkarBiPakSa enAkñúgkMNt; r)aykarN_ enHKW karkMNt;sMKal; BiFIsaRsþepSg ² én karRbmUlBt’man tamviFIsaRsþ Edl eRbImin eyageTAtamkarcg¥úlbgðajenH KWeFVIedIm,IeGayeXIjPaBepSg ²énFnFanFmµCatiehIynigKuNPaBénkarRbmUlBt’manrYm CamYy vIFIsaRsþepSg² ehIyk¾vaeFVIeGaymankareRbóbeFóbrvag vIFIsaRsþqøgkat ;KañeTAvij eTAmkehIy kMritmYycMnYnminl¥KYrEtecósvag . 4-RkumsikSa³ karsikSarbs;RkumkargarKWbNþúHbNaþlmRnþIfañk; Cati nig extþ edayGñkbec©keTsesdækic© sgÁmrbs;KMeragm:UEdllIug Tenøsab( hVÚt hVIn ) munnigcuHRbmUlBt’man . RkumkargarKMerag)ancuH sikSaenA PUmiERBktaKg; XMu Gnøg;vil extþeBaFisat;. 1-elak ywm sMbUr GñksMrbsMrYl ¬RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT¦ 2-kBaaØ Ny b:uk mRnþInaykdæanClpl 3-elak ma: kU xIsÁIEnn TIRbwkSa Epñk esdækic© sgÁm (KMerag hVÚt hVIn )

4-elak GUlI va:rI TIRbwkSa Epñk esdækic© sgÁm (KMerag hVÚt hVIn ) 5- elak PUm pava:t naykGgÁkarrGPivDÆn_BuT§sasnanigRTRTg;brisßan extþeBaFisat 6- elak FIv vNÑFI mRnþIkariyal½yekSRtsaRsþ extþ eBaFisat; kñúgGMLgeBleFVIlMhat;smaCik 2 nak;énRkumsikSa CaGñksMrbsMrYl nig smaCik 2 nak; CaGñkkt;kMNt;ehtu én karBiPakSa Gñkkt;kMNt;ehtu k_ GnuBaaØtieGayqøgkat; Bt’man eTAvijeTA mkedayRbmUlpþúMBt’man TaMgenaH edaysnüafa Bt’mansMxan; RtUv)ankt; cUlenAkñúg GMLúgeBl sikSa Parkic ©kñúgcMeNam smaCikRkum RtUv)an EbgEckc,as;las; GñkÉkeTsesdækic©sgÁm én KMerag (hVÚt hVIn ) KWCaGñksegátRKb;dMENIrkarénkarGnuvtþ enAtamPUmi .

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5-kareRCIserIsTItaMgsikSa³ kareRCIserIsPUmielIkTII 02 sMrab;sikSaKW PUmiERBktaKg; XMu Gnøúgvil Rsuk keNþóg extþ eBaFisat;; PUmienH enAtMbn;dIeKak sßitenA beNaþy sÞwgeBaFisat; karrs;enA rbs;RbCaCn KWRbkb rbreFVIERs CaTUeTA . PUmienH tMNag [PUmi Edlman TItaMg enAelIeKak EdlTak;Tg PaKeRcInelI ksikmµ smaCikénRkumsikSa manTMnak;TMng l¥ CamYyRbFanPUmi nig RbFanXMu eFVI[karsMrbsMrYl énkarsikSa )any:aggayRsYl . 6-skmµPaBRkumkargar³

éf¶TI 06Ex 05qaMñ 2002 eFVIdMeNIrBIPñMeBjeTA extþ eBaFisat; CYbRbCMuCamnÞIr Bak;Bn§½ extþ nig GgÁkareRkArdaæPi)al nig bNþúHbNaþlsmaCikRkumsikSa . éf¶TI 07 Ex 05 qaMñ 2002 RbCMuCamYymRnþI extþ nig bNúþHbNaþl ehIy eFVIdMeNIr eTAkan;PUmi eKaledA RbCMuCamYyRbFanPUmi nig RbFanXMu sMrakyb;enAPUmi . éf¶TI 08Ex 05 qaMñ 2002 cuHsikSaCamYyGñkPUmiERBktaKg; sMPasn_CamYyGñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH nig sMPasn_ CaRkum GñkPUmi sMrakyb;enAPUmi . éf¶TI 09 Ex 05 qaMñ 2002 cuH sikSaCamYyGñkPUmi ERBktaKg; cUlrYmKUsEpnTI Rtg;siuc RbtiTinrdUvkal edayRkumGñkPUmi sMrakyb;enAPUmi . éf¶TI 10 Ex 05 qaMñ 2002 karvivtþiFnFanFmµCati nig karERbRbYl bgðajlT§plsikSadl; GñkPUmi edIm,Ipþl; eyalbl;bBa©b; cakecjBIPUmi . éf¶TI 11 Ex 05qaMñ 2002 eFIVdMeNIrRtLb;mkPMñeBj .

(karlMGitBt’man sþIBI eBlevla sUmemIl]bsm<n½ TI 7 ) 7-karRbCMuCamYymnÞIrBak;Bn§½³ bnÞab;BImkdl;extþ eBaFisat; RkumsikSa )anCYbRbCMu CamYymnÞIr Bak;;Bn½§ dUcCakariyal½y ClplextþnigmnÞIrGPivDÆn_CnbT extþ kariyal½yektSsaRsþ ehIynigkmµviFIsila kñúgkarRbCMuenH RkumsikSa)anCUndMNwgGMBIskmµPaB KMeragnigTTYl)anBt’manGMBIkargarrbs;mnÞIrnigGgÁkarepSg² (sIuEGsDIeGs bIDIeG eGsGIu xunsWun eGG½G½ GaRdak ) m,:ageTót buKÁlikmñak; mkBI kariyal½y

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Bak;Bn§½RtUv)anGeBa©IjcUlrYmCasmaCikRkumsikSa . 8-karRbmUlBt’mantamkarsMPasn_Gñkpþl;Bt’manKnñwH³¬sMPasn_Bak;kNaþlpøÚvkar¦

Bt’manRbmUl)anBIGñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH RbFanPUmi eQaµH elak Pn pl elak eGg lI RbFan KN³kmµaFikarGPivDÆn__PUmiehIynig cas;RBwTa§carü eQaµH elak Ehm ehOn nig elak eLg lwm karsMPasn_ KW eFVIeLIgenApÞHRbCaCn elak ywm sMbUr CaGñksMrbsMrYlkñúgkarsMPasn_ .

8>1 TItaMgPUmisaRsþ ³ PUmiERBktaKg;sißtenAXMuGnøúgvil RsukkeNþóg extþeBaFisat; manRBMRbTl;dUcxageRkam³

xageCIgCab;nig sÞwgeBaFisat; xagekItTl;nigPUmiekaHRksaMg xaglicTl;nigPUmi Gnøúgvil xagt,ÚgTl;nig bwgR)aMgtaeka nig PUmi EkvmunI PUmienH mancMnYn RbCaCn 45 RKYsar nigmanmnusS 258 nak; RsI 162 nak; EdlmancMgay BI PUmieTAXMu 2 KILÚEm:Rt cMgayBIPUmi eTARsuk 0/50 KILUEm:Rt nig cMgayBI PUmieTA extþ eBaFisat; 7 KILU Em:Rt . PUmienH sßitenAtambeNþay sÞwgeBaFisat; EdlmanlMenAdæan sßitenAtMbn;dIeKak ehIykarrs;enArbs;GñkPUmi mantaMglMenAdæaneTAtamkmµsiT§i dInimYy² PUmienaHmanépÞdI srub 185/47 hikta . kñúgenaHeK)anEbgEck dIlMenAdæan 25 hikta dIERs 122 hikta dIcMkar 3 hikta dIéRB 32 hikta dIbwg 2 hikta nig fñl; 1/ 47 hikta épÞdIEdl)aneróbrab;xag elI enH rdæ)anEbgEckdI tamRKYsar nig dIsarFarN³ EbgEck qaMñ 1986 . 8>2 RbvtþPUmi ³ PUmienHekIteLIgenA qañM 1928 kñúgGMLúgeBlenaHman RbCaCn rs;enAcMnYn 8 RKYsar EtrhUdl;qañM1970-75)anbMEbkRKYsarcMnYn 2RKYsareTót (edayRbCaCnkñúgPUmi)aneróbkarfµI ) luHdl; 1975-79 RbCaCn RtUv)anCMelós ecjBI PUmieTArs;enA PuUmieQIkab 6 RKYsar eRkay qaMñ1979 RbCaCn )anvilRtLb;mkPUmi kMeNItvij kñúgGMLg;eBl qaMñenaH manGñk cMNUlfµI mkBI PUmiEkvmunI XMu kMBugeBaFi nig PUmi ka¶n mktaMgTIlMenA rhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ enH mancMnYn 45 RKYsar PUmiERBktaKg; mancMnYnpÞH srub 45 xñg sgÁsI 14 xñg søwk 31 xñg .

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8>3 rcnasm<n§½³PUmiERBktaKg; nig karRKb;RKgrdæ)al³ PUmiERBktaKg;manrdæ)alRKb;RKg manRbFanPUmi 01 rUb GnuRbFan 01 rUb PUmiERBktaKg; EckecjCa 4Rkum RbFanRkum 1rUb nig GnuRbFanRkum 1 rUb . kñúgRkumnimYy ² mansmaCik 11 RKYsar elIkElg Et RkumTI 2 man smaCikrhUtdl; 12 RKYsar . 8>4 GgÁkarEdlkMBg;eFVIkarenAkñúgPUmi

PUmi)anbegIátKN³kmµaFikarGPivDÆn_ PUmiEdlmansmaCik cMnYn 5 rUbEdleRCIserIseday kare)aHeqñat . kñúgsmaCikKN³kmµ akar GPivDÆn__PUmi enaHmanRsþI 2rUb Edl e)aHeqañtenA qañM1999 )aneróbcM edaykmµviFI sila. GgÁkarEdl)anCYy GPivDÆn__PUmiman GaRKIsut PIEGsPI GibdU sIudak; GaRdak . GaRKIsut³ bNþúHbNaþlBIkarciBa©wmstV dMNaMRsUv bEnø . PIEGsPI ³ bNþúHbNaþl BIplitkmµ dMNaMRsUv kareRbIR)as;CIKImiI karEfrkSa ma:sIunbUmTwk. GibdU ³ bNþúHbNaþlBIkar RKb;RKg karBar nig EfrkSa shKmn_ éRBeQI . sIudak; ³ bNþúHbNaþlkarkat;bnßykareRbIR)as;fñaMKImIBul nig kareRbIR)as;faMñBulFmµCati. GaRdak³ bNþúHbNaþlkarGb;rMEpñksuxPaB .

PUmi)anFaøb;eFVIkarRbmUlBt’manPUmiCamYyRbFanPUmi)anshkarCamYyGgÁkar GPivDÆn_ kmµviFIbrisßanqaMñ 2001 . enAeBlRbmUlBt’manenaHGgÁkarGibdU)anRbmUlBt’manPaKeRcInBI RbFanPUmi tamkarsMPasn_ CamYyRbFanPUmi .

8>5 sasna nig CMenO karGb;rM suxPaB ehdæarcnasm<n§½³ RbCaCnkan;sasnaEtmYyKt;KWsasnaRBHBuT§kñúgPUmienHKaµnvtþeTeBlbuNüBYkKat;eTAvtþ

EkvC½ynigvtþeBaFi. PUmienHKaµn salaeróneT sisSRtUveTAerónenA salabzmsikSaPUmi Gnøúgvil EdlmancMgay1KILÚEm:Rt BIPUmi sisSkñúgPUmi)ancUlerón 50 nak; salaerónman 4 bnÞb;man4 fañk; BIfñak; TI 1rhUtdl;fañk; TI 4 eBlcb;fañk; TI 4 RtUv eTAerón enA GnuviTüal½y hunEsn

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keNþþóg . GgÁkar GaRdak )anpSBVpSay BIkarGb;rMsuxPaB dUcCa karBnüakMeNIt karbMe)AedaHkUn karcak;fañMkarBarCMgW 6 muxrbs;kumarEtPUmienHKaµnmNÐlsuxPaBeT manmNÐlsuxPaBXMuEdlsßit enAkñúgPUmiERBktavg;XMuGnøúgvilRsukkeNþóg.kñúgPUmimankEnøg lk;faMñeBTü bnþicbnþÜc manRKUburaN 2nak; nig eBTüPUmi 1 nak; eBlRbCaCnman CMgWF¶n; )anbBaöÚneTAmnÞIreBTü extþ RKYsarEdlenAkñúg PUmi RKYsarxøH niymeRbI fañM ]isf buraN . PUmienHKaµnbNþaj GKÁIsnI

PUmienHmanpøÚvlMmYyExS RbEvg 440 m ]btßmþedaykmµviFIsIla nig kmµviFI es,óg Gahar BiPBelak qañM 2001 . PUmienHKaµnbgÁan;Gnam½y RKYsarEdlmanbgÁn; pÞal;xøÜn manEtmYyRKYsar . dUecñHRbCaCn EdlKaµn bgÁn; BYkKat;eTA benÞarbg; lamk enAéRBxageRkaypÞH bJ k_enAtamvalERs . PuUmienH Kµansa<n KaµnTMnb;RbLay nig KaµnGNþÚgTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;eT manEtGNþÚg 1 Etbc©úb,nñenHxUc minGaceRbIR)as;)an . dUecñHGñkPUmiRtUveRbIR)as; TwksÞwg eBaFisat;TaMgrdUvR)aMg nig rdUvvsSakar dwkCBa¢Ún nig kareFVIdMeNIrrbs; RbCaCnPUmiERBktaKg; TaMgrdUvR)aMg nig rdUvvsSaeRbImeFüa)ay edaym:UtUDubcMNayR)ak;Gs; 2000 eról BIPUmieTApSareBaFisat; ehIykarcMNayeFVIdMeNIr PUumi eTApSar keNþógGs; R)ak; 200 eról edayqøgTUk kareFVIdMeNIrrbs; GñkPUmiERBktaKg; BYkKat; PaKeRcIneFVIdMeNIr eTA pSar extþ eBaFisat; eRBaH BYkKat;gayRsYldwkplitpleTAlk;enATIpSar

8>6 CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnPUmiERBktaKg; ³ RbCaCnEdlkMBg;rs;enAPUmiERBktaKg; manCIvPaBdUcteTA³ GñkmanCIvPaBFUrFa manRbmaN 5 RKYsar edayRKYsarTaMgenaHmanépÞdIksikmµRKb;Rkan; nig dImYycMENkeTót)anmkBITij BIGñkPUmi nig karciBa©wmstV .GñkmanCIvPaBRkIRk 40RKYsar RbCaCnEdlmanCIvPaBRkIRkTaMgenaHPaKeRcIn manépÞdItUc kUneRcIn nig CMBak;bMNuleK . enAkñúg PUmi ERBktaKg; BMumanCnCati déTrs;enAeT manEtCnCatiExµrEdlkMBg;rs;enAkñúgPUmi . RbPBcMNUlkñúgRKYsar)anmkBI kareFVIERs daMdMNaM bEnø rYmpSM nigkarciBa©wmstV . karEbgEck dIkmµsiTi§ eFVIenA qaMñ 1986 eFVICasiT§ikan;kab ;beNþaHGasnñ edaymankar TTYlsÁal; BIkariyal½y

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sUrieyadIRsukenAkñúgcMeNamGñkRkTaMgenHman2RKYsarEdlKµandIksikmµ eRBaHBYkKat;)anlk;eTA[ GñkPUmi ehIybc©úb,nñrs;enAedayRbkbmuxrbr bnÞab;bnSM dUcCaensaTRtI niglk;BlkmµCaedIm . CaTUeTATinñplRsUvEdlGñkPUmiplit)anKW1etankñúg1hiktacMeBaHRsUvvsSaehIyKat;RbmUlpl eTAtamrdUvkal .

9-Bt’manbgðajxageRkam RbmUl)anBIRkumBiPakSa GñkPUmicMnYn 18 nak;³ Bt’manEdlbgajxageRkamenHKWRbmUl)anRkumBiPakSa BIRbCaCn 18nak; RkumBiPakSa ekIteLIgenApÞHRbCaCnPUmiERBktaKg; EdlgayRsYldl;; GñkPUmi mkcUlrYm BiPakSaGñksMrbsMrYl kñúgkarBiPakSa KW kBaaØ Ny bu:k nig elak ywm sMbUr eRkA GMBIkar BiPakSa CaRkum karcUlrYmKUs EpnTI nigkarBnül;GMBI karkMNt;bgaðj CMBUkTI10 vanigpþl;enABt’mansþIBImuxrbrepSg²nigkareRbI R)as;FnFanFmµCati enAkñúgRKb;dMeNIrkar énkarGnuvtþGñkcUlrYm PaKeRcIn skmµkñúgkarBiPakSa nigcMNt;fañk; kñúgenaHpg EdrkarTTYlxusRtUvkarkar KUsEpnTI PUmiehIy nigkarsresr enAktþanig lT§pléncMNat;fañk; KW eFVIeLIgenAkñúgcMeNam GñkcUlrYmepSg ² Kañ. 9>1 muxrbrrbs;GñkPUmi³

RbCaCnenAPUmiERBkKg;Edlrs;enAtambeNaþy sÞwgeBaFisat; manmuxrbrsMxan; KW kareFVI ERsvsSa nigERseLIgTwk nig muxrbrbnÞab;bnSM KW daMbEnø cwB©awmstV nigensaT . 9>1>1 kareFVIERsvsSa ³ RbCaCn ERBktaKg; eFIVERsvsSaCadMaNaM sMxan; sMrab; cwBa©wm CIvit BYkKat; eFVI ERseTAtam lkçN³épÞdI Edl)anEbgEckBIrdæGMNac mUldæantamlkçN³RKYsarEdlman épÞdIticbJeRcInBUCRsUv EdlRbCaCnniymdaM KWRsUvsjwkTinñplRsUvEdl)anRbmUlCamFüm 1 etankñúg1hikt(edayKaµn eRbIR)as;CI ) ]bkrN_EdlGñkPUmieRbIsMrab; ERscMkar KW mandUcCa reTH ng½Ál rnas; kMlaMgGUs Taj RkbI mancMnYn 50 k,al nig eKamancMnYn 42 k,al TaMg 2RbePT enH srubTaMg jI nigTaMg

8

eQaµl . b:uEnþmaneBlxøH RbCaCn)anCYlRtak;T½r PöÜr (GñkmandIeRcIn) . enAkñúgPUmiERBktaKg; épÞdIERsvsSa 122 hiktaRbCaCnniymcUlcitþ eRbIRsUvBUC Edl)anplx<s;nigGñkPUmixøHniymeRbI CIFmµCati GñkPUmiminniym eRbIfañMsMlab;stVl¥it BYkKat;eFVIERs BwgBak;TaMgRsug eTAelIePø og .

9>1>2 cMeBaHmuxrbrbnÞab;bnSM³ muxrbr bnÞab;bnSM eFVIcMkar ensaT nigciBa©wmstV man 43 RKYsar 2 RKYsar eTót Rbkb rbrensaT nig lk;Blkmµ enAkñúgPUmirbs;BYkKat; . RbCaCnEdleFVIcMkar PaKeRcIn daMbEnørYmman nenag Rtsk; RtLac és<RKb;RbePT Rtb; >>>>. Kat;Gac)ancMNUlBImuxrbrenH mYycMnYnFMEdr BI karlk;dUrdMNaMTaMgenaH kñúgmYyrdUv KitCamFüm RbEhl 450 000eról . dMNaM EdlKat;daM)an ykeTAlk;enApSar extþeBaFisat; . karciBa©wmstV manlkçN³CaRKYsarman eKa RCUk nig man;; edIm,Ilk;)ancMNUlmYycMnYneTótsMrab;edaHRsayCIvPaBkñúgRKYsarrbs;BYkKat; stVeKaciBa©wmsMrab; CakMlaMgGUsTaj niglk;dUrtictYc. enAkñúgPUmimanRKYsarmYyEdlRbkbrbrensaTedIm,IciBa©wmCIvit eRkABIensaTRtIKat;)ansIuQñÜlGñkPUmikñúgkarrkkMérbEnßm ehIymYyRKYsareTot Rbkbrbrlk;dUr eBjmYyqañM gayRsYldl;GñkPUmi TijTMnij nig ]’sf BIhag tUcenH lk;dUrCaRTg;RTaytUc GñkPUmi ensaTRtI sMrab;hUb sl;BIhUb Kat;ykeTAlk;edaHRsayCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶ .

.9-2 kMeNInnigkarERbRbYlRbCaCn³ enAkñúgPUmiERBktaKg;mankarekIneLIgRbCaCntictYckñúgPUmikarekIneLIgedaysarRbCaCn eróbkar nig kMeNInkarekItTark kñúgmYyqaMñ 5 nak; CamFüm . PUmiminmanRbCaCneRkAPUmimkPUmi mkrs;enAeTmanEtRbCaCnEdlrs;kñúgPUmi. RbCaCnPUmienH minsUvpøas;bþÚrmuxrbreTeRcInEtRbkb muxrbrdEdl. dUcCaeFVIERs cMkar ciBa©wmstV nig ensaTRtI TaMgrdUvR)aMg nig rdUvvsSa esÞIrEtRKab;muxrbr TaMgGs; . dUecñH BYkKat;minepþatEtmuxrbreFVIERseT . enAkñúgPUmiminmanRKUsar NamYyRbkbmuxrbr ebHGnupléRBeQIsMrab; lk;ciBa©wmCIviteLIy GñkPUmiebHGnupléRBeQIsMrab; hUbcuknigEckRKYsarEdlenACitxag .

9

9>3 FnFanFmµCatinigkareRbIR)as; ³ Twk³ TwkKW CaFnFansMxan; sMrab; RbCaCnPUmiERBktaKg; Edlrs;enAtamdgsÞwgeBaFisat; eday mankargayRsYl eRbIR)as;Twk sMrab;eRsacRsBV dMNaM nig karensaTRtI . bwgR)aMgta eka TMhM RbmaN 1 KILUEm:Rt sMrab; eRbIR)as; nig karensaT . enArdUvR)aMgTwk bwgR)aMgtaeka rIg sYt rhUt dl;rdUvvsSa eTIbePøógcab;epþIm hUrcUlbWg bwgR)aMgtaeka TTYl rbbTwkBI sÞwg eBaFisat; nig TwkePøóg . dI ³ ksikmµenAkñúgPUmi manBIrRbePT KW dIkeNþj (ERseRkam ) nig dI l,ayxSac; (ERselI ). cMENk KuNPaB dI dIERbRbYleTAtamrbbTwk (TwksÞwgnigTwkePøóg) ebIsinCaTwkCMnn; licdl;ERs vsSamanry ³eBlxøI naMeGayRsUvTTYlTinñplx<s; . dIpþl;TinñplCamFümkñúg 1 etan kñúg1hikta éRBlicTwk³ PUmienHmankarbegÁItshKmn_éRBeQIEdlmanépÞdI 32 hikta éRBeQImunqañM 1979 éRBenAsMbUr manRKb;RbePT Etmkdl;bc©úb,nñéRBrg enAkarkab;bMpøicbMpaøjBIsMNak;RbCaCn mkBI Rsuk RkKr nig RbCaCnenAkúñg PUmipaÞl; sMrab;eFVI Carbg eFVICaeRTIg dMabEnø nigCayuTsaRs tMrUvkar RbCaCnkab;Guslk;nigeRbIR)as;.eRkaymkedaymanc,ab;ham karkab;bMpaj; éRBeQIBIrdæaPi)al GgÁkar(GiubdU) )ancuHmkeróbcM shKmn_éRBeQIkñúgPUmiERBktaKg; edIm,IeGayRbCaCncUlrYmRKb; RKg nig EfrkSa éRBeQIeLIgvij eday)ancgRkg CaRkummancMnYn 40 RKYsar ehIysBVéf¶ RbCaCn)anTTYlGnupléRBeQI dUcCabEnø éRB ]’sfbUraN EpøeQIéRB Gus >>>>>>. GnupléRB EdlRbCaCnebHe)ac)an Kat;BMu)anykeTAlk;dUreT EtRKan;hUbcuknig[GñkCitxag. éRBshKmn_ sßitenAcMgayRbmaN 5 KILUEm:RtBIPUmi. éRBEdlRbCaCnkMBugcUlrYmEfrkSa manRbePTéRB dUcCa Rtac xøúg Et,g kekaH p©wk>>>>>>>>>>>RbCaCnPUmienHBwgEp¥kTaMgRsug elIéRBshKmn_ . edIm,IrkSaTukdl;RbCaCnkñgPUmiCMnn;eRkay nig bc©úb,nñ sMrab;kareRbIR)as; .

10-karcUlrYmGnuvtn_þCak;EsþgkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSanigkarBiPakSabBa©b;³ RbCaCncUlrYmpþl;Bt’mandUcCakar sMPasn_ CaRkumBiPakSa cUlrYmKUsEpnTI karedIreFVIRtg;siuc

cUlrYmeFVIRbtiTinrdUvkal nig cMNat;fañk;muxrbr RBmTaMgcMNat;fañk;énkarERbRbYl FnFanFmµCati

10

karGnuvtþkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSaGaceXIjenA ]bsm<n§ ½TI 01 02 03 04 . ehIynigkarBnül; BiviFIsaRsþ nigkMNt;bgaðjepSg ² Edlkt;Rta)an kñúgGMLúg eBlsikSa GaceXIjenA CMBUkRKb;kar GnuvtþTaMgGs; eFVIeLIgenAkñúgpÞH RbCaCneBlxøH eFVIenAelIdI dUcCa karKUsEpnTI nig bnÞab;mkRkum BiPakSaGñksMrbsMrYlkñúgkarKUsEpnTIKW elak ywm sMbUr ehIy karvivtþiFnFan nigkarERbRbYleBl evlaGñksMrbsMrYl KW kBaaØ Ny b:uk GñksMrbsMrYlkaredIreFVIRtg;siucKW elak Pum pav:at GñkeróbcM RbtiTinrdUvkalKW elak Fiv vNÑFI enAeBlbBa©b;naéf¶suRkeBllacr)aykarN_EdlRbmUl)anry³ eBl 3éf¶BIRkumBiPakSa nig CamYyGñkpþl;Bt’man KnøwH . Rkumkargar)anbgðajlT§pldl;GñkPUmi edIm,IeGayBYkKat;TTYlsaÁl; Bt’man EdlBYkKat; )anpþl;eyabl; knøgmk nig eGayGñkPUmi pþl; eyabl;bEnßmeTótenABt’manEdlxVHcenøaHRbCaCn)anyl;RBmtamlT§plEdl)ansikSarYcehIyBYkKat;mankarrIkraykñúg karcUlrYmsikSa enH. enA kñúg ]bsm<n½§ TI 5 vanig bgðaj bBaöIr eQaµHrtI ]bsm<n§½ TI 6 GµñkcUlrYmkñúgRkumBiPakSa nig karGnuvtþkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSa ]bsm<n½TI 7 vanig bgðajBIeBlevlanigskmµPaBénRkumsikSa]bsm<n½TI 8 vanigbgðajGMBIEpnTI éntMbn;sikSa ehIynig ]bsm<n½TI 9 vanigbgðaj GMBIrUbPaB kñúgGMLúgeBlsikSa . 10>1 kMNt;bgðaj EpnTIBMukat;TTwgPUmi rW Rtg;siucRbvtiþ³

karedIreFVIRtg;siucKWbnÞab;BIcUlrYmKUsEpnTI CamYyRkummnusS RbmaN 08 nak; sUmemIl karbgðaj kMNt;sMKal;Rtg;siuc kñúgGMeBleFVIkarsikSa RkumsikSanigRbCaCn )anedIrkat;TTwgPUmi

RbEvg 800 m BIliceTAekIt edIm,I BinitüenATidæPaBrYm FnFanFmµCati Edlmankñúg PUmi . -sÞwgeBaFisat;³ manRbPBTwkBIPñMRkva:j Edl)anhUrFaøk;eTAbwg Tenøsab nigmansar sMxan; cMeBaHRbCaCn EdlenAtambeNþaysÞwg dUcCa kareRbIR)as; Twk nig kaensaT RtI CaRbcaM . -pøÚv³ pøÚvmansarsMxan; sMrab;GñkPUmi kñúgkadwkCBaöÚnTMnij eTAkan;TI pSar extþ eBaFisat;manpøÚv1ExSenAkñúgPUmiERBktaKg;manépÞdI1>47hikta Edlman

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440m pÁt;pÁg;GgárBlkmµ edaykmµviFIes, gGaharBiPBelak nig sIla 2001 .

-pÞHedImeQIhUbEpø nig ma:sIunkinRsUv ³

manpÞHRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtamdIkmµsiTi§ehIyCMuvijpÞHRbCaCn daMdMNaMhUb EpømandUg saVy exañr RBmTaMgmanma:sIunkinRsUv enAedImPUmienH. enAxag eRkaypÞHRbCaCndaM edIm saVy dUg bEnßmeTót. RbePTdICadIl,ayxSac; GMLúgeBl rdUvvsSa RbCaCndaMRsUv enAelIdIERskmµsiTehIyenArdUvR)aMg GñkPUmi)andaMbEnø edIm,I ciBa©wmCIvitrYm pSM nigRsUvvsSaehIyBYkKat;)andaM edImeQIhUbEpøenAelIdI xøH dUcCasaVyedImetañtehIyRbePTdImþMúCaRbePT dIkeNþg .

-pÞHedImeQIhUbEpø nig cMkarnenag ³ manpÞHRbCaCnrs;enAelIdIlMenAdaænehIyenACMuvijpÞHmanedImeQIhUb Epø enAxageRkaypÞH mancMkarnenag nigmanma:sIunkinRsUv. RbePTdIl,ay xSac; .

-ERBktaKg; ³ ERBktaKg;KWCaERBkEdlenAkat;TTwgPUmi ehIymanTwk enArdUvvsSa Edl TTYlrbbTwkBIsÞwgeBaFisat; nighUrcak;eTAbwgR)aMgtaeka . enArdUvR)aMg ERBktaKg;rIgs¶Üt KaµnTwk .

-RsUvvsSa edImeQIhUbEpø nigcMkarnenag ³ manRsUvvsSaenACab;bwg nig edImeQIhUbEpøcMkarés< nig cMkarnenag enA xageRkayPUmi . RbePTdIl,ayxSac;nig dIkeNþj .

10>2 kMNt;bgðaj RbtiTinrdUvkal PUmiERBktaKg; ³ kareFVIRbtiTinrdUvkalnigmuxrbrehIynigktaþbrisßaneFVIeLIgedayRkumGñkPUmi16nak;eday

RbCaCndak;CaBinÞúRKab;RKUstUceRbIBinÞú¬010¦dak;kñúgRbGb;RbtiTinRbcaMExnimYy²karsMKal;KWBinÞúEd

12

leRcInbMputKWsMbUrNas;nigkareRbóbeFóbmuxrbrepSgKWeFVItamry³karcMNat;fañk;muxrbrEdlCaBiFIsaRsþRsdagKañkareRbIviFIsaRsþRbtiTinñrdUvkal . ]TahrN_muxrbrnimYyEdlsMxan;Nas;KWcMnYn elxEdlFMCageKxageRkamenHKWCakMNt;sMKal;énkarBnül ;Edl Tak;TgeTA nigktaþ muxrbr Edl )ankt;RtakñúgGMLúgeBlsikSa . -rdUvePøóg ³ ePøógcab;epþImFaøk;CaFmµtaenAkñúg Ex emsa nig ]sPa ehIysMbUrenAePøóg

enAEx sIha kñúgrvagrdUv KW CardUvsMrab;RbCaCneFVIERsvsSa . eRkay BIExTaMgBIePøógFaøk;tictYc .

-rdUvTwkCMnn;³ cab;epþImeLIgenAExkkÁda ehIyeLIglicPUmienAExsIha bNaþlmkBIePøóg Faøk;enAtMbn; CYrPñMRkva:j EdlCatMbn;x<g;rab mkBITwkePøógnigmkBIrbbTwk TenøsabEdlbNaþl[TwkeLIgCMnn;licPUmi

-sItuNPaB³ sItuNðPaBcab;epþImekþAcab;BIEx mkra kumÖH nig FñÚ ehIysItuNðPaBekAþ bMput KW enA Ex mIna ( tamRbtiTinrdUvkalrbs;RkumGñkPUmi ) .

-KuNPaBTwksþwgeBaFisat; ³ TwksÞwgmanKuNPaBl¥enAEx FñÚ mkra kumÖH nig Ex mina ehIyTwkcab;epþIm RkxVkrvag; ExsIha nig kBaØa mUlehtumkBIkarecalkaksMNl;BItMbn;xag elIsÞwg nig RbCaCnrs;CMuvij sÞwgsBVéf¶R bCaCnmankarRBYy)armµN_BIkar rIgrak;bwg nigPaBRkxVk;énTwksÞwg .

-buNüRbéBNI ³ GñkPUmieróbcMbuNüRbéRBNIenAkñúgEx mIna emsa ehIy nigEx sIha buNü PöMúbiNü eFVIenAEx tula buNü GMuTUkeFVIenA tula buNü RbCaCneFVI pÞÞal;enA PUmiKWbuNüeLIgGñktaenAExemsaehIybuNüRbCaCnniymmYyeTótKWBUnPñM RsUv mkra nig kumþH eyagtamRbtiTinnrdUvkalrbs;GñkPUm

-kareFIVERsvsSa³ RbCaCncab; epþIm PöÜr nig eRBaH enA Ex emsadl;ExsIhaehIykñúg GMLúg eBlcab;epþIm sÞÚgRbCaCnrvl;nigkargar .

-karRbmUlplRsUv ³ RbCaCnrvl;RbmUlplRsUvmmajwkBI Ex vicöika dl;Ex mkrakñúgrvagExTaMg

13

enHRbCaCnrvl;RbmUl plRsUvehIy CIvPaB rbs;GñkPUmi k_)anFUr Fakñúg GMLúgExenH . -dMNaMés< ³ RbCaCndaMés<enAExtula ehIyRbmUlplenAExviciöka.RbCaCnniymdaMés<

CalkN³RKYsarEdrCamux rbrbnÞab;bnSMrbs;Kat;EdlGacrkcMNUl bEnßm kñúgRKYsar. plitplRbCaCndwkykeTAlk;enAextþpSarextþeBaFisat; .

-dMNAMnenag ³ RbCaCncab;epþImdaMnenagBIEx vicöika ehIyRbmUlplExdl; kumÖHEx ]sPa muxrbrenH eFVIeGayGñkPUmirkcMNUl)anbEnßmeTót .

-karRbmUlplEpøeQIhUbEpø ³ RbCaCn)anRbmUlplEpøsaVyenAEx emsanig ]sPa saVy CadMNaMsMxan; sMrab;RbCaCn enA kñúgPUmiehIyrkcMNUl)anRbcaMRKYsar tamrdUv . ehIy rkcMNUl)anCamFüm émþ: mWunerólkñúgmYyrdUv .

-karciBaw©mstV ³ RbCaCnciBaw©m RCUk BIEx ]sPa ehIyGñkPUmiciBaw©mGs;ry³eBl 8 Ex ehIyBYkKat;cab;ykeTAlk;enAEx vicöika ehIy lk;)antMélx<s;bMput enA

Exmkra eRBaHCardUv buNüTankarciBaw©mRCUkCamuxrbrsMxan; sMrab;RbCaCn rkcMNUlkñúgRKYsar .

-karensaT ³ RbCaCnRKb;RKYsarcab;epþImensaTCalkN³RKYsarcab;BIEx]sPa dl;Ex tula EdlCaExRtIeFVI cracrN_BIbwgTenøsab mksÞWgeBaFisat; . -karlk;dUr ³ manRbCaCnEtmYyRKYsar CaGñklk;dUrenAkñúgPUmiCalkN³RTg;RTaytUc

lk;dUrCaGciéRnþ (bEnø cMNIGahar ]’sf>>>>>>>) ebHe)ac³GñkPUmikMBg; . -karciBa©wmCIvit³ RbCaCnmanRsUvhUbRKb;RKan;cab;BIEx mkra dl;Ex mIna ehIymanCIvPaB

xVHxat BIEx kkÁda dl; Ex FñÚ karciBa©wmCIvit GñkPUmiBwgBak;TaMRsugeTAelI RsUvrdUvvsSa nigdMNaMrYmpSM edIm,IbRgÁb;nUvkarxVHxat .

-karkab;Gus ³ RbCaCn cab;epþImkab;GusBIEx mkra dl; Ex ]sPa eRkABIExenaHRbCaCn BMu)an eTArkGuseTedayBYkKat;rkEtry³eBlb:unµanExxagelIenHTuksMrab;

14

duteBj1 qaMñ . BYkKat;eTArkGusenAéRBshKmn_ kñúgmYyRKYsar kab;BI 2-3 reTH kñúgmYyqaMñ TuksMrab;dut .

10>3karvivtþin_énFnFanFmµCatinigktþaénkarERbRbYlbrisßan kMNt;bgðaj karvivtþin_énFnFanFmµCati enAPUmiERBktaKg; kareFVIcMNat;fañk; kar ERbRbYl FnFanFmµCati PUmiERBk taKg;RtYv)aneróbcM eFVICaRkumBiPakSamYyRbCaCnRbmaN Cag 18 nak; RsI 6 nak;edayRbCaCndak;BiinÞúBI ¬0-10¦ cMnYn EdleRcInbMput KW sMbUr rW sMxan;Nas;va CakMNt; sMKal;sMxan;mYyEdleRbóbbeFóbrvageBlevlaepSg ² mineRbóbeFóbrvagktþa epSg ² enaHeT enHmann½yfa ]TahrN_ Ex mkra vamantMél 5 BinÞúsMrab;karlk;dUrnigkardaMbEnøminmann½yfa BinÞúTaMgenaH sMxan;esµIKañkñúgEx mkraenaHeT kEnøg lk;dUrEdlman BinÞú 05 TaMg Ex mkra nig kmÖúH bgðajfa karlk;dUrsMxan;esµIKañ Ex mkra nig kmÖúH ÉlT§pl EdlRkumkargarTTYl)anBIRbCaCn mandUcxageRkam³ . - RbvtþiPUmi³ RbCaCn)anCMelósecjBIPUmienAqañM1975(enArbb:ulBt)nigmankareRCIs erIsT½BenA qaMñ 1970 RbCaCn TTYl rgeRKaH edaysar xül;BüúH kñúg qaMñ

1968 rdæRbhar ln;Nul kñúg 1970 (sm½ylunNul ) . man sRgÁam rvagExµr Rkhm nig rdækm<úCaqaMñ 1980. enAqaMñ 1993Guntak; eróbcM kar e)aHeqañt enAkm<úCa . enA qaMñ 1995 PUmiCYbRbTH nig eRKaHTwkCMnn; CMgWstV eKa RkbI RBmTaMgmunsS . qaMñ 1998 eróbcM kar e)aHeqañt eRCIs erIstMNagrasaRsþ ehIynigmanCYbRbTH TwkCMnn; CMgWmnusS nig stV minEtb:ueNaHCYbeRKaHTuriPkS enAqaMñ 1999 . enAPUmiERBktaKg;manpøúÚvlM 1ExSRbEvg 440m Edl]btßmþ GgÁkares,ógGaharBiPBelaknigsIla 2001 qaMñ 2002 mankare)aHeqañteRCIserIs RkumRBwkSa XMu .

-RbCaCn³ kalBImun qaMñ 1990 RbCaCnmancMnYn tic EtbnÞab;BI qaMñ 1990 rhUtdl; GnaKtRbCaCnnig ekIneLIgCalMdab; GRtakMeNItekµgEdlekItenAkñúgPUmi CamFüm 5 nak;kñúg 1qaMñ .

15

-TwkCMnn; ³ munqaMñ 1990 TwkCMnn;mantictYcbnÞab;BI qaMñ 1990 -95 TwkCMnn;)anekIn eLIg GñkPUmiKitfa karekIneLIgénTwkCMnn;enHbNaþlmkBIkar)at;bg; éRB eQIkarduHdI sÞwgeBaFisat; nig bwgR)aMgtaeka kaøyeTA CarIgrak; nigkarERb RbYlénGakasFatu GnaKtTwkCMnn;kan;Etliclg;EfmeTót bNaþlmkBI )at;bgéRBeQImYycMnYnFM EdlCa r)aMgkarBar BüúH nigTb;TwkCMnn; .

-KuNPaBTwk ³ munqaMñ 1990-95 TwkmanKuNPaBl¥bNaþmkBIsm½yenaHRbCaCnrs;enA tamdg sÞwgeBaFisat; mancMnYntic ehIyKµankaksMNl;e)aH ecaleTAkñúg sÞwg . BIqaMñ 1990 KuNPaBTwk )anfycuH TwkERbRbYleTACa RkxVk;eday sar kMeNInRbCaCn RBmTaMg karecalkak sMNl;eTAkñúg Twk nigkarkab; bMpaøj;éRBeQIenAtMbn;PñMxagelI GnaKt Twknigkan;EtmanPaBRkxVk; .

-éRBeQI ³ munqañM1990éRBeQIsMbUredayeBlenaHmanc,ab;karBaréRBeQI BIsMNak; raCrdæaPi)al eRkayqaµMñ 1990 rhUtdl;GnaKt éRBeQIfybrimaN kaøy eTAvalrehadæan edaysarkarkab;bMpaøj BIsMNak; mnusS xVH karGnuvtþn_ c,ab; karBaréRB .

-KuNPaBdI ³ GMLúgmunqaMñ 1990 dImanCIvCati l¥edaysarsøwkeQInig éRBenAeRcIneBl éRBenaHlicTwksøwkeQI s¥úyrlYy ehIyGENþtmkFaøk;elI dI bnÞab;BIqaMñ 1990mkdl;bc©úb,nñ dImanKuNPaBfycuH BIeRBaHéRB stV søab RtUv)an mnusS bMpaj eRBaHstVTaMgenH )anpþl; CIlamk FmµCati EdlGa ceFVI[dI ERsmanCIvCati .

-kaensaT³ mun qaMñ 1990sMbUr RtI enAkñúg sÞwg eBaFisat; eday kñúg GMLg; eBlenaH RbCaCn eRbI ]bkrN_ ensaTRsb c,ab; ehIy RbCaCn Edl rs;enAtam beNaþy sÞwg eBaFisat ;mancMnYntic ehIymanéRBlicTwkeRcInTwkenAman CMerA bnÞab;BIqaMñ 1990 rhUtdl; bc©úb,nñ brimaNénRtI)anRtUvfycuHeday sarTwkrak; éRBenAmanbrimaNtic ehIykareRbI]bkrN_ ensaT xusc,ab;

RBmTaMgkMeNInRbCaCn .

16

-cMnYneKaRkbI³ munqaMñ 1990 eKaRkbI mancMnYneRcIn enAkñúgPUmi edaysarGñkPUmiciBa©wmeKa RkbIBI10-20k,al kñúg 1RKYsar bnÞab;BIqaMñ 1990 mkdl;bc©úb,nñenH cMnYneKaRkbI)ancuHfyticTYc BIeRBaHfa eKaRkbI xøHRbCaCn)anlk;eTAGñk PUmiEdlenACitxag . ehIyenAeBlGnaKtGñkPUmiKitfa eKaRkbIGacekIn

eLIg edaysarRbCaCn ciBaw©m eKa RkbI jI PaKeRcIn . -karciBaw©mCIvit³ mun qaMñ 1990 karrs; enARbCaCn man kMrit CIvPaBx<s; edaysar FnFan

FmµCati enAmanPaBsMbUrCa Biess dIksikmµmanTMhMFM ehIyenAkñúgGMLúg eBlenaHenAmancMnYntic . bnÞab;BIqaMñ 1990 mkdl;bc©úb,nñ kMritCIvPaB rbs; RbCaCn )anfy cuH edaysarkarxVH dIsMrab;eFVIERsvsSa eRBaHkMekIn RbCaCnCa erógral;qaMñ enAeBlGnaKt kMritCIvPaBnigRtUvFaøk;cuHedaysar FnFanFmµCati BMu)anekIneLIg dUcCakMeNInmnusSeLIy .

-dIksikmµ ³ munqaMñ 1990 dIksikmµmanTMhMFM edaysareBlenaH RbCaCnmancMnYntic ehIyTTYl)andIkmµsiT§sMrab;eFVIERsvsSamanTMhMFM b:uEnþ bnÞab;BIqaMñ 1990 mkdl;bc©úb,nñenHRbCaCn)anekIneLIgeFVI[GaCaJFr )anEbgEckdI eTA[ RKYsarEdleTIbnigeróbkar fµI dUecñH GñkPUmiRtUvEbgEckdIkmµsiT§ sMrab;eFVI ksikmµenaH eTA[ GñkEdlenAkñúgbnÞúkCamYy EdleTIbnigeróbkar .

12> karBiPakSaénkarsikSa ³ Canic©Cakal EtgmanPaB lMeGógxøH kñúgGMLúgeBlsikSa k¾dUcCa r)aykarN_ Edl manrYc ehIyeRBaHenHCaelIkTI 02 énkarsikSarbs;Rkum KMerag (hVÚthVIn ) eTaHCa ya:gNak¾ smaCikRkum

sikSamanbTBiesaFn_BI P R A EdlCaviFIsaRsþ kñúgkarRbmUlBt’man ehIy nig )anbNþúHbNaþl smaCikRkumkargarrYcehIy . enAkñúg eBlsMPasn_ CamYyGñk PUmiRkumsikSa )aneróbcM CaRkum Gñk PUmiedIm,IRbmUlBt’manRkumGñkPUmisMrab;BiPakSanigGnuvtþKWeRCIserIsedayRbFanPUmiedayeyaleTA tamEpnkarnigsMNUmBrrbs;RkumsikSaRbCaCnmkBIRKb;ePTGayuRsIRbusksikrGñk ensaT Ca lT§ plsmasPaBRkumk_)an eróbcM RkumeLIg edayRbFanPUmi cUlcitþRkum bJ mnusS EdlKat; eBj cit RkumenH KW mintMNag TUTaMg enaHeT edaysareBlevla nig karepþateTAelImux rbr ehIynigkareRbI

17

R)as;FnFanFmµCatiRkumenHRtUv)aneróbcMcMruHGñkmanmuxrbrehIyRkumenHk_minpaøs;bþÚrry³eBl3éf¶ cab;taMgBIkarepþImkarGnuvtþ rhUtdl;bgðajlT§pl eBlevlasMrab;karsikSa enAkñúgPUmi ¬ KWticCag 4éf¶¦ dUecñH karRbmUlBt’man BMu)anlMGit ehIyeBlevla rbs; RbCaCn PUmi EdlcUlrYm sikSa man kMNt;RbCaCn EtgEtmankarlM)ak enAeBlEdlCYbRbTH nUvsMNYr cMELk ² EteTaH Caya:gNaBYk Kat;enAEt ¬rIkray nig pþl;KMnit sMrab; eqøIyrbs;Rkumkargar ¦ . eBlcUleTAdl;PUmimankar lM)ak

xøHsMrab;Rkumkargar TMnak;TMng eRBaHsmasPaBRkum 05 nak;CamRnþIrdæaPi)al 1 Ca CnCatibreTs ehIymRnþITaMg 04 nak; enHmanxøH Bi)ak niyay GMBITidæPaBénkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCatiCalT§pl

sMxan; KWbBaðakar eRbIR)as;FnFan xus c,ab; edayBMumankarBiPakSa eGayRKb;RCugeRCay.cMENk kareFVI ( Rangking )RtUvTak;TgeBlevla . RbCaCn)ancUlrYmya:g skmµkarpþl; Bt’man PUmi kar ERbRbYlnigGVIEdlekIteLIgenHKitbBa©ÚlTaMgRbtiTin nig cMNat;fañk;énkarERbRbYlFnFan.RbtiTin rdUvkal enArdUvR)aMgTTYl)an KYr[kt; sMKal;xaøMg CagrdUvepSg² eTót RBmTaMg cMNat;fañk;énkar ERbRbYlFnFan FmµCati k¾RbCaCncUlrYmya:g skmµ Edr . enARtg;BinÞ úEdlkMNt;kñúg Rbti Tin nig cMNat;fañk;ERbRbYlFnFaneFVIeGaydwgenAmuxrbrrbs; GñkPUmi nigkarERbRbYlbrisaßnbwgTenøsab. taMgBIviFIsaRsþ nigkarcg¥úlbgðajsMrab;karsikSaKWCaEpnkaredImrbs;( hVÚt hVIn )CaPasarGg;eKøs eRkaymkEksMrYl eTACaPasar Exµr dUecñHkarman lT§PaBkñúgkaryl;xus nig EksMrYlxustictYc. cMENkr)aykarN_BIkarsikSasresrCaPasar Exµr ehIybnÞab;mkEksMrYl CaPasar Gg;eKøs dUecñH Canic©CakalEtgmankarEksMrYlxusqÁg . kar eRCIserIs EpñkelIBt’man BI r)aykarN_ epSg ²nig EpnTI nigsmaCikRkumEdlenAkñúgextþdUecñHBt’manxøHlMeGügpgEdr.sUm,Itamry³kareRbIviFIsaRsþ cUlrYmTsSn³ rYménkarsikSaGac mankarriHKn; pgEdr .edaybEnßmeTAelIkar min cUl rYm nigpþl; ]ikasminRKb;RKan; edayFmµCati énkarGegát lT§plénkarsikSaKWeRbIR)as; edIm,ITTYl)an nUvkar yl;dwgdl;tMbn;sikSaminedIm,IGPivDÆn_PUmienaHeT. dUecñH vaGac sYrfa GVIeTACaplRbeyaCn_rbs; GñkPUmi BIkarsikSa enHehIymUlehtu GVI EdlBYk eKcUlrYm . eTaH Cay:agNa GñkPUmi ERBktaKg;

18

mankarcab;GarmµN_ enAeBlRbmUlpþúMcMeNHdwg én karGnuvtþn_karsikSa kñúgPUmi rbs;BYk Kat; ehIyenaHpg EdlBYkKat; yl;dwg GMBIkareRbIR)as;FnFan nig FnFanFmµCati lMnaMedIménkar Gnuvtþn_ manEpnTI manRbtiTin nig karvivtn_þFnFanFmµCati KWTukCUnGñkPUmiTaMgGs; rYmCamYy RbFanbTepSg²EdlGñkPUmik_)ancUlrYmeFVIEpnkarehIyeRkaymk)anviPaKnigGnuvtþéndMNak; kalsikSa RBmTaMgsikSarYm énesdækic©sgÁm . dUecñHbBaða énkarcUlrYm KUrkMNt; nig sMLwg emIl[manPaBRbesIreLIgRKb;dMNak;kalénkarsikSa .

13-snñidæan³ r)aykarN_Edl)ancgRkgehIyenH)an bgðajfa RbCaCnenAPUmiERBktaKg;KW CaGñk

RkehIynigBwgBak;eTAelIERsvsSa ehIy nigmuxrbr bnÞab;bnSMdUcCadaMbEnø ensaT ciBaW©m stV rYmpSM.RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmiekIntictYc ehIy kMrit CIvPaB GñkPUm fycuHcMeNHdwgTUeTAk_enAman kMritTabehIybBaaðepSg² EdlTak;Tg nigsuxPaB k_enAmankMrit RbCaCnRBYy)armµN_ BIkarfycuH én KuNPaBdI ehIy dIksikmµticRbCaCnmankMeNIn. enAsl;tictYc sÞwgkøayeTA Carak; bwgR)aMgtaeka esÞIrEtkaøyeTACaTMnabFmµta rhUtdl;sBVéf¶ enH .

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Table of contents

1. Introduction........................................................................21

2. Objective of the study ..........................................................21

3. Methodology .......................................................................21

4. Field study team..................................................................22

5. Location of the field study .....................................................23

6. Itinerary.............................................................................23

7. Meeting with provincial line agencies and NGOs .......................24

8. Findings from key informant interview ....................................24

8.1 Village location and boundaries ...........................................248.2 Village history ..................................................................258.3 Administrative structure.....................................................258.4 Organisations working in the village.....................................258.5 Religion, education, health and infrastructure........................268.6 Means of livelihood............................................................26

9. Findings from group discussion ..............................................27

9.1. Occupation of villagers......................................................279.1.1. Cultivation of wet season rice .......................................279.1.2. Other occupations.......................................................27

9.2. Migration and seasonal variation of occupations ...................279.3. Natural resource use ........................................................28

10. Participatory exercises and final discussion..............................28

10.1. Remarks to transect walk map .........................................2910.2. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occup preference ranking 2910.3. Remarks to time ranking .................................................32

11. Requests ............................................................................33

12. Discussion ..........................................................................33

13. Conclusions ........................................................................35

Annexes

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1. Introduction Tonle Sap Modelling Project (WUP-FIN) aims to model the flow regime and water quality of Tonle Sap Lake. Main objective is to create a water model of Tonle Sap in order to better understand the interaction between the physical and biological features of the lake and their changes that may occur due to human activities. Socio-economical issues form an important part of the project. They will be taken into account in the baseline studies, in the development of management tools and in guidelines to be produced. One of the aims of the project is that with the help of the outcomes of the project the utilisation and protection of the Tonle Sap could be socio-culturally acceptable. The main aim of the socio-economic analysis is to achieve basic understanding of the interconnections of the socio-economic and environmental impacts and factors in Tonle Sap area. Socio-economic analysis consists of literature and database reviews, expert interviews, field study, modelling and final analysis of gathered information. Socio-economic field study is based on different rapid and participatory appraisal (RRA/PRA) methods and its focus is on village level. Aim of the study is to collect information on certain socio-economic factors, focusing on different occupations and their seasonal variation, use of natural resources and access to them as well as environmental changes. Study will also give better practical level understanding of local circumstances as well as of different RRA/PRA-methods. During the spring 2002 Tonle Sap Modelling Project conducts three socio-economic field studies in the villages situated along Tonle Sap in the provinces of Kampong Chhanng, Pursat and Battambang. Since all field studies use similar approach, reports are also written using similar structure, making them thus easier comparable with each other. Moreover, some of the more overall chapters in each report (like this one) are partly or exactly the same.

2. Objective of the study Main aim of the field study is to collect complementary village level information to support socio-economic information derived from different databases, literature reviews and expert interviews. Main indicators of the field study are related to the living condition, occupations, natural resources and environmental change.

3. Methodology

Field study team used different methods in information gathering. Methods used were (in chronological order)

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- Key informant interview (semi-structured interview) - Group discussion (semi-structured interview) - Participatory mapping - Transect walk and observation - Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking - Time ranking - Final discussion and analysis of the study

The idea is first to collect more overall information on socio-economic situation through key informant interview. Following group discussion deals especially with issues of livelihood, occupations, natural resources and environmental problems. With the help of this data and information derived from participatory mapping and transect walk, study is then focused especially on issues of seasonality and recent changes in environment, natural resources and livelihood. This is done using two different ranking exercises: seasonal calendar and time ranking. In final discussion all derived information is put together and then analysed together with villagers. In this meeting, villagers’ comments on the field study and its results are achieved as well. Different visualisation exercises (mapping and rankings) do not only create a useful final product (map, matrix) but also act as tools for further discussion about the issues of seasonality, environmental changes and causes behind them. Discussion evolved during the exercises is recorded in this report under the remarks for different methods. This report presents information chronologically according to methods used, not according to indicators and factors. This is done in order to see the differences in the nature and quality of information gathered with different methods and also to enable comparison and crosschecking between methods. Certain level of repetition could not therefore be avoided.

4. Field study team Field study team consisted of two WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts, two local team members and two WUP-FIN socio-economists:

• Mr Yim Sambo, Team Coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUP-FIN

• Miss Noi Pok, Officer of Fisheries Department / WUP-FIN • Mr Phum Phavat, Director of Buddhist Development Association and

Supporting Environment BDASE, Pursat • Mr Tiv Vanthy, Officer of Department of Agronomy, Pursat • Mr Marko Keskinen, Socio-economist, WUP-FIN • Mr Olli Varis, Socio-economist, WUP-FI

In the exercises two members of field study team acted as main facilitators and two members were taking notes on discussions and progress of exercise. Practise of two note-

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takers allows crosschecking of gathered information and ensures that all important information emerging during the exercise will also be written down. Tasks were rotated among the team members in each exercise. WUP-FIN socio-economists acted as observers in every exercise. The field study report was written by WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts and socio-economist.

5. Location of the field study WUP-FIN’s second field study took place in Prek Ta Kong village, Anlong Viel commune. Prek Ta Kong is situated on the banks of Pursat River (Stung Pursat) and all the houses in the village are built on stilts. Villagers’ livelihoods depend primarily on agriculture and related activities and only two families were involved full-timely in fishing. The structure of livelihoods may change in the future due to its proximity to provincial capital (Pursat is only 7 kilometres away). Local members of field study knew the area beforehand, making practical arrangements in the commune and village easier.

6. Itinerary May 6, 2002: Travel from Phnom Penh to Pursat

Meeting with government's provincial line agencies and NGOs Training with provincial members of field study team

May 7, 2002 Meeting with government's provincial line agencies and NGOs

Training with provincial members of field study team Travel to the village, meeting with commune and village chiefs Team meeting, staying overnight in the village

May 8, 2002 Field study with Prek Ta Kong villagers:

Key informant interview and group discussion Team meeting, staying overnight in the village May 9, 2002 Field study with Prek Ta Kong villagers:

Participatory mapping, transect walk and seasonal calendar Team meeting, staying overnight in the village

May 10, 2002 Field study with Prek Ta Kong villagers:

Time ranking and final discussion and analysis of the field study Leaving from the village

May 11, 2002 Leaving from Pursat to Phnom Penh For more detailed information on itinerary have a look on Annex 6.

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7. Meeting with provincial line agencies and NGOs Before leaving to the village, the field study team visited different governmental line agencies (Department of Agronomy, Department of Fisheries, Department of Rural Development and Seila Programme) and various different NGOs (BDASE, CFDS, Concern, AARR, EPDO, Adra). In these meetings team informed line agencies and NGOs about the project, its socio-economic study and coming field study. One person from a local NGO as well as from Department of Agriculture was invited to join the team as local team members. Team also got great deal of information about related activities of provincial line agencies and NGOs. There are various different projects going on related also to socio-economy and consequently to WUP-FIN’s socio-economic study. Furthermore, several PRA-studies of varying focus and implementation have been carried out in the area, but unfortunately most of the reports were not available. During the field study it was found out that in 2001 EPDO had carried out a PRA-study in Prek Ta Kong village. However, this study focused on community forestry and was carried out together with only very small groups of villagers (village chief and couple of other representatives).

8. Findings from key informant interview Key informant interview was conducted with chief of village Mr. Phun Phal, chief of village development committee Mr. Eng Ly, two village elders Mr. Ham Hourn, Mr. Leng Lim and representative of Commune Development Committee (CDC) Mr. Pring Touch. Interview was conducted in the village hall and Mr. Yim Sambo acted as main facilitator of the interview.

8.1 Village location and boundaries Prek Ta Kong village is situated in Anlong Viel commune, Kandieng district in Pursat Province. Village boundaries are as follow:

- Eastern boundary against Koh Krasang village - Western boundary against Anlong Viel village - Southern boundary against Keo Mony village and Brang Takao Lake - Northern boundary against Pursat River

In Prek Ta Kong village there are 45 families and 258 inhabitants (162 females). Village is situated along Pursat River and it is two kilometres from commune headquarter, half kilometres from district headquarter across the river, and seven kilometres from provincial headquarter. In 1986 the government gave the ownership of the land for every family in the village. As a result each family owns the residential land they are living as well as some

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agricultural land. The total land area in the village is 185,47 hectares and it consists of following land types:

- Agricultural land 122 hectares - Residential land 25 hectares - Orchard land 3 hectares - Forest 32 hectares - Lake / water bodies 2 hectares - Road 1,47 hectares 8.2 Village history

Prek Ta Kong village was founded in 1928. At that there were 8 families living in the village. Between 1970-1975 two new families moved to the village as people got married in this village and were offered separate house to live. During the Pol Pot regime (1975-1979) villagers were evacuated from the village to live in other areas. After 1979 villagers returned to the village. Many new families arrived also raising the number of households to 45 families. Most of the new families came from Keo Mony village, Kampong Por commune and Ka Guang village. Prek Ta Kong village has totally 45 houses; 14 houses are with zinc-roof and 31 houses with palm leaf roof. All the houses are built on stilts and the residential area is flooded during the high flood.

8.3 Administrative structure Prek Ta Kong village has a village chief and a deputy chief. For administrative purposes village is divided in to four groups: each group has chief and deputy chief. There are 11 families in each group except in Group 2 that has 12 families. Village also has village development committee (VDC) where there are five members, three males and two females. VDC was elected in 1999 in the elections supported by government’s Seila-programme

8.4 Organisations working in the village

There are various organizations working in the area and village. AgriSud offers support and training for the villagers on animal husbandry, rice crop and other agricultural products. PSP supports village in terms of training on the natural fertilisers and maintenance of water CEDAC supports Prek Ta Kong village through training on pesticide use reduction and Adra in terms of training on health and sanitation issues. EPDO (Environmental Protection and Development Organization) provides training on community forestry and environmental protection. EPDO has also conducted PRA-related study in the village, but the information was collected mainly from village chief only.

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8.5 Religion, education, health and infrastructure

All villagers are Buddhists. Prek Ta Kong village doesn’t have pagoda and during traditional festival they visit pagodas that are located near the village such as Keo Chey pagoda or Por pagoda. There is no school in Prek Ta Kong village. Children attend the primary school of Anlong Viel that is situated one kilometre from the village. There are 50 children in the school attending grades from first grade till fourth. After finishing Anlong Viel’s primary school children can go to study to college in Kandieng. There is one health centre in Anlong Vil commune that is situated in Prek Tavong village and it is build up by government. In Prek Ta Kong village there is a small drug store. Families in the village use also traditional medicines. ADRA has trained villagers about health care and arranges vaccinations to the children in the village. Prek Ta Kong village has no electricity. Some families in the village have their own latrine but there is only one public latrine in the village. So most of the people stool to forest behind their house or in the rice field. Since the only well in the village has broken down, villagers use water from Pursat River in both dry and wet season. There is new rural road (440m) in the village that was built in 2001 and supported by Seila-programme and World Food Programme. The expense of transportation to Pursat market by moto taxi is 2000 Riels and to Kandieng market by boat 200 Riels. Many of the villagers travel to Pursat market because it is easily accessible and they transport their products to sell in the market.

8.6 Means of livelihood There are only five rich families in Prek Ta Kong village. Most of them cultivate rice and have bought agriculture land from villagers. Therefore they have enough land for agriculture and livestock raising There are approximately 40 poor families in the village and almost all of them are farmers. There are two families that don’t own agricultural land because they have sold their land to other villagers. These families are living with subsistent occupations like fishing and paid labour. Livelihood of Prek Ta Kong villagers depends mostly on rice cultivation and subsistent crop. Villagers grow rice only wet season rice and harvest it seasonally. Average yield from the rice field is 1 tonnes per hectare. After finishing rice cultivation, they continue to grow vegetables such as cabbage and gourd.

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9. Findings from group discussion Information presented next was collected in group discussion with 18 villagers (16 villagers, village chief and commune representative). Group discussion took place in the village hall and main facilitator was Miss Noi Pok. Besides group discussion, also participatory exercises and their explanations and remarks (Chapter 10) provide information on different occupations and natural resources. In all of these exercises all participants were actively involved in discussions and rankings. Also, the responsibility of drawing maps and writing down the factors and results of ranking exercises was rotated among different participants.

9.1. Occupation of villagers Majority of the people in Prek Ta Kong village have cultivation of wet season rice as their main occupation. Most important subsistent occupations include vegetable cultivation, livestock raising and small-scale fishing.

9.1.1. Cultivation of wet season rice Basically all villagers grow wet season rice for their livelihood. Rice cultivation depends on rains. There are 122 hectares of wet season rice fields in the village. Villagers prefer to use traditional Khmer seeds such as Sor Guork. Some people use manure because they feel that manure makes their land fertile. Villagers told that they have never use pesticides while cultivating wet season rice.

9.1.2. Other occupations There are 43 families involved in cultivation of wet reason rice and orchard. Most of the families are also involved in livestock raising and vegetable cultivation which are also important income for the villagers. Families can earn 450 000 Riels per season through these occupations. Most of the vegetables and livestock are sold at Pursat market There is only one family involved in fishing. This family had to sell their agricultural land due to illness in the family. There is one family involved in commerce and trade all year around.

9.2. Migration and seasonal variation of occupations Population in Prek Ta Kong Village increases slowly because some people have got married in the village forming new families. Average birth rate in the village is 5 children a year. There are no people migrating to the village from outside. Occupation of the villagers does not change much between different seasons. Most of them are farmers all year around, cultivating rice in wet season and vegetables in dry

28

season. Villagers do some fishing in both wet and dry season. They also collect plants from the forest and lake but only for home consumption, not for sale.

9.3. Natural resource use Water is important natural resource for Prek Ta Kong village. Villagers use water from Pursat River for consumption and bathing. They also catch fish from the river all year around. During the wet season villagers use Pren Takao Lake for fishing and as source of drinking water for animals. During the dry season lake dries up. There are two types of soil in the village, Dei Kandieng and Dei Lbay. Quality of soil depends from water and consequently from flood regime: soil that has flooded for long time is good for agriculture. Average rice yield is one tonne per hectare. Before 1979 there was lot of forest around the village. After 1979 there has been decrease of the forest caused by the people living in and around the forests. People collect firewood from the forest and cut trees for making of poles for vegetable crop, constructing fence around the house or building shelter. Total are of forest is at the moment approximately 32 hectares. Villagers say that they nowadays understand better the importance of forest. Forest gives protection from the storm and waves during the flooding and also offers shelter for birds and other animals. EPDO has organised training for community forestry in the village. Objective of the EPDO is to promote participatory management and maintenance of forest for their children. Community forest provides villagers important products such as vegetables, firewood, fruits and traditional medicine.

10. Participatory exercises and final discussion Products of different participatory exercises (participatory mapping, transect walk, seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking, time ranking) carried out during the field study can be found from the Annexes 1, 2, 3 and 4. Explanations for different methods and factors used as well as discussion and remarks written down during each exercise can be found from this chapter. All exercises except participatory mapping (that was done on the ground in front of the village hall) took place in the village hall. Main facilitator for participatory mapping was Mr. Yim Sambo, for transect walk Mr. Phum Phavat, for seasonal calendar Mr. Tiv Vanthy and for time ranking Miss Noi Pok. In final group meeting on Friday afternoon the products of different exercises together with preliminary report of the study were presented to the villagers for further discussion and analysis. This discussion allowed final crosschecking and verification of the derived information as well as opportunity to hear villagers’ comments on the field study. During the meeting villagers made comments and corrected information from some exercises. After that villagers agreed to the result of the study and told that it was useful also for them to participate in the field study and the exercises.

29

10.1. Remarks to transect walk map Transect walk was done after participatory mapping with the small group of villagers (approximately 8) and final transect walk map was drawn by Mr. Tiv Vanthy.

1. Pursat River Pursat River has its source in Kravang Mountains and flows into the Tonle Sap Lake. River is very important as water and fish source all year around.

2. Road This 440 metres long road was built (upgraded) in 2001 with support from Seila-programme and WFP. Road is important for villagers since it offers easy way to transport their products for sale to the Pursat market.

3. Houses and fruit trees Most of the houses in the village are situated in this zone. Around the houses they are growing fruit trees and there is also one rice mill in this zone.

4. Rice fields, fruit trees and orchard During the wet season villagers cultivate rice in their fields. During the dry season people grow different kind of vegetables like cabbage and gourd. Some villagers grow also fruit trees like mango and palm tree. Type of soil in this zone is Dei Kandieng.

5. Houses and fruit trees Like in zone 3 also here is some residential land and houses. Around the houses villagers are growing fruit trees and also vegetables.

6. Lake This small lake fills up during the wet season and dries up during the dry season. Lake is useful especially for the animals as source of drinking water

7. Rice field, fruit and orchard In this zone there are fields for growing wet season rice and vegetables during the dry season. There are also some fruit trees in the area.

10.2. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking The seasonal calendar of occupations and environmental factors was done with a group of 18 villagers. Markers (stones) using the scale 0-10 were placed in each of the boxes, i.e. villagers decided together which value between 0 and 10 each box gets. Markers indicate abundance or importance of different factors in different months: the bigger the number, the more important / abundant the factor. Factors used were decided and agreed together with villagers. Actual exercise started from April (following traditional Khmer calendar). In order to make comparison easier with earlier report, calendar presented in this report is starting from January.

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It is important to notice that the values are comparable only between different months, not between different factors. This means that for example January’s value of 10 for both rice harvesting and livestock does not mean that they are equally important in January, whereas livestock’s value of 10 for both January and May indicates that it is equally important in January and May. After seasonal calendar ranking, comparison between different occupations was done through occupational preference ranking. This ranking was carried out in a similar way than actual seasonal calendar i.e. placing markers for each occupation to indicate the importance of the occupation. Numbers in parenthesis after each occupation show results from the preference ranking: the bigger the number, the more important the occupation. From the occupational preference ranking it can be seen that cultivation and harvesting of wet season rice is the most important occupation in the village. After wet season rice comes cultivation of dry season vegetables, mainly of cabbage and gourd as well as livestock and collection of fruits (mangos). The importance of fishing, commerce and firewood collection is remarkably lower. Following remarks and explanations related to different factors were written down during the exercise by field study team.

- Rainfall Rainfall starts normally between April and May and continues till October. Month with heaviest rainfall is August.

- Flooding Flooding starts to get heavier in June-July. Prek Ta Kong village gets flooded in August when flooding is caused together by rainfall, floods from Tonle Sap Lake and flooding of Pursat River which are caused by heavy rains in upland (Kravang Mountain)

- Temperature Weather starts to warm December-January with warmest month being March.

- Water quality Water quality in Pursat River is good from December to March and lowest between August and October. Villagers are worried of the river getting shallower and water coming too polluted to be used for consumption.

- Level of livelihood Villagers’ level of livelihood depends mostly on cultivation of wet season rice. Villagers cultivate rice between April and August and harvest it in November and January. As a result their level of livelihood is highest at the beginning of year i.e. from January till March. The villagers have shortage of rice from July until December when level of livelihood is also lowest.

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- Festivals Villagers organize important traditional festivals in March, April, August and October. In October takes place Pchum Ben as well as water festival.

- Cultivation of wet season rice Villagers cultivate rice from April until August, when most of their time goes into rice cultivation. Involvement in cultivation starts in April when they plough the land.

- Harvesting of wet season rice Villagers harvest rice normally from November till January.

- Cultivation of cabbage People in the village start to grow cabbage in October and November and harvest the products already in November. After harvesting they transport their products to the Pursat market for sale but also keep some cabbage for own consumption.

- Cultivation of gourd Villagers start usually to grow gourd in November and harvest from February until May. After harvesting they transport some of their products to the Pursat Market and keep some for own consumption.

- Fruit harvesting / mangos Villagers pick mangos between April and May. Harvesting of mangos is therefore seasonal and can increase income in the family about 200 000 Riels per season. Mangos are harvested both for sale and own consumption - Livestock / pig raising Families involved in pig raising start to raise pigs in May. Pigs are normally sold in November (6 months old) and in January (8 months old). Villagers sell their pigs because during these months the price is highest. Some villagers sell their pigs to the middleman in the village, while others sell their pigs in the Pursat Market. Villagers sell all the pigs they raise; they don’t keep pigs for own use (food).

- Fishing People in the village catch fish for their own consumption from Pursat River all year around, best months being from May to October. Fish catch in May and October is especially good because during these months a lot of fish migrates to and from Tonle Sap Lake. Fish that is not used for own consumption is sold in Kandieng Market. - Commerce There is one family in the village involved permanently in commerce and trade. In their shop they are selling mainly vegetables, food and medicine.

- Collecting firewood Villagers collect firewood mostly from January till May. They collect firewood from the community forestry approximately five kilometres from the village. One family collects

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two to three oxcarts per season for their own consumption. During these months they collect firewood enough for whole year. Villagers collect firewood only for own consumption, not for sale.

10.3. Remarks to time ranking Time ranking (historical change) of environmental and demographical factors was done with the group of 18 villagers. As in seasonal calendar, markers using the scale 0-10 were placed in each of the boxes. Markers indicate abundance or importance of different factors in different time periods: the bigger the number, the more important / abundant the factor. Moreover, it is important to notice that as in the seasonal calendar, also in time ranking the values are comparable only between different time periods, not between different factors. Factors used in the exercise were decided and agreed together with villagers. Following remarks and explanations related to different factors were written down during the exercise by field study team.

- Population

Population in the village has increased steadily from the year 1990 because more children have born. Average rate of birth is five children per year. There has been no migration in the village (to or from) after 1990.

- Flooding After year 1990 flooding in the area has increased Villagers think that reason behind this are loss of forest area, sedimentation (Pursat River and Preng Takor Lake becoming shallower) and variation of weather.

- Water quality Before year 1990-1995 water quality was fairly good because these were not too many people living along Pursat River. River was also deeper and area of forest larger. After 1995 water has got dirtier because river is shallower and people dispose more waste in to the river.

- Soil quality Before 1990 soil quality was good, but has decreased quite steadily after that. This is due to reducing forest cover and loss of birds and wild life: both forest (trees) and animals produce natural manure that improves soil quality.

- Forest cover Before 1990 forest area was large because villagers cut forest only for own consumption. After 1995 forest cover decreased due to anarchic cutting of forest. Now villagers have organized community forestry for their own village to take part in management and conservation of the forest.

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- Area of agricultural land During past 15 years the area of agricultural land per family has decreased. This is due to population growth in the village: authorities have distributed land for new-married families so that area of agricultural land (wet season rice) of each family has decreased. Total area of agricultural land has not changed remarkably.

- Fish catch Before 1990 there is plenty of fish in Pursat River because during that time people used reasonable fishing tools, population living (and fishing) along the river was less, forest cover was larger and water in the river deeper. After 1990 both quality and quantity of fish has decreased due to the shallow water, decrease of forest, and use illegal fishing gear and increased of population.

- Number of cattle Before 1990 there were more cattle in the village and families raising cattle had 10-20 animals per family. After 1990 up to present the quantity of the cattle has varied but also decreased little bit. This is because villagers have sold some of the cattle to other villages. In the future villagers think that the number of cattle in the village could increase because at the moment many families have started to raise cattle.

- Level of livelihood Level of livelihood was earlier higher because there were more natural resources around the village (especially agricultural land) and population was less. Consequently, level of livelihood has decreased steadily due to increased population and lack of land for cultivation of wet season rice.

11. Requests In the final discussion villagers requested government and NGOs to pay attention on health and sanitation issues, provide skills for change of occupation in order to improve standard of living in the village and take action against use of illegal fishing gears.

12. Discussion There is always a possibility that some biases or even mistakes in the field study and report exist. This chapter brings forward some issues that may have caused biases in the study. Some of them are similar to earlier field study in Kampong Chhnang while others emerged only during this particular study. Group of villagers for discussions and exercises was selected and gathered by the village chief according to wishes and advices of field study team (people from different gender, wealth, age, ethnic and occupational groups). As a result, the composition of the group was heterogeneous (except gender-wise). However, there is always possibility that village chief prefers some people and that the group does not thus actually present representative sample of the whole village.

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Due to time constraints and focus in occupations and natural resource use, important groups of gender, age and ethnicity were not dealt separately. On the other hand they were taken into account in the group composition and thus integrated to the overall results of the study. However, since only five out of total 18 participants were females, group was clearly dominated by males. This could be also seen in actual exercises and discussions that were mostly controlled by men. Therefore study cannot be regarded to represent well both males and females. Time reserved for the study (less than four full days in the village) was minimal and schedule of the exercises quite tight. Even though there did not appear to be hurrying, time reserved for relaxed and more informal discussions were limited. Moreover, when strangers (however friendly and open-minded) enter to the village there always exist certain inconvenience and suspicion, which makes relaxed and totally truthful communication more difficult. “Governmental” composition of the study team (i.e. three members out of six were governmental officials) might also have resulted in some difficulties to speak freely about a issues like for example illegal use of natural resources were most probably not discussed and highlighted enough. In addition, the composition of the field study team is gender-biased; only one member out of five is female (it seems to be difficult to find female members to join the team from provincial level line agencies and organisations). This might have resulted in some biases as well, especially when the group was dominated by males as well. The presence of ‘barang’ (foreigner) in the field study might also have caused some disturbance to the fluent progress of the exercises. It must also be remembered that while doing different kind of rankings related to time, people tend to emphasize and even exaggerate recent happenings and changes. This is most probably the case in both seasonal calendar and time ranking. In seasonal calendar activities taking place during the time of the study (dry season) get more emphasis than activities in other seasons, and in time ranking recent changes seem to be more radical than similar changes happened long time ago. However, when these points are noticed and remembered, both of these methods offer valuable tool for better understanding seasonal variation of natural resources and occupations as well as recent environmental changes. Since the methods and indicators for the study were originally planned by WUP-FIN socio-economist in English and translated later into Khmer, there is always a possibility for misunderstandings and mistranslations. And vice versa: since the field study was conducted and original report written in Khmer and then translated into English, there is always a possibility for small differences in this report as well. However, since the whole team was present during every exercise and two of the team members know both Khmer and English, bigger differences are not likely.

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Applying the results of the field study to wider area demands always simplifications, resulting to potential biases and even errors. Even though Prek Ta Kong village was selected to be as representative as possible, every village is unique and could thus never be selected as ‘representative’. Even though using participatory methods, the whole concept of this field study can be criticized for being too extractive and not participatory and empowering enough. Due to the nature of the whole survey, the results of the study are used to get better understanding of entire study area, not for development of that specific village. Therefore it might be asked what do villagers benefit from the study and why they would even bother to take part in it. However, like in first field study village, also in Prek Ta Kong villagers were sincerely interested in to take part in the exercises to share their knowledge. Original products of different exercises (maps, tables of ranking etc.) were naturally left to the village and further discussion around the subjects encouraged. Moreover, villagers’ participation in both earlier (planning) and later (analysis, report writing and implementation) phases of the field study as well as of the whole socio-economic survey is practically non-existent. Therefore, the issue of participation should ll aspects of natural resource use. As a result, some important and especially sensitive definitely be addressed and taken better into account in the all phases of the socio-economic

13. Conclusions Field study in Prek Ta Kong village pointed out the livelihood of villagers depends on agriculture and particularly on cultivation of wet season rice. Moreover, cultivation of vegetables forms important income especially during the dry season. Villagers thus depend significantly on availability and ownership of agricultural land. However, the area of agricultural land per family (and consequently level of livelihood) has decreased due to population increase. Villagers are also involved in other occupations like livestock, fishing, harvesting of fruits and firewood collection, but they are clearly smaller scale and add only as supplement income. Villagers are concerned about the decrease of natural resources. Main environmental problems in the village are related to decrease of the area of agricultural land and decreasing soil quality.

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]bsm<n§½TI1 ³ karcUlrYmKUsEpnTI ]bsm<n§½TI2 ³ karedIreFVIRtg;siuc ]bsm<n§½TI03 ³ RbtiTinñtamrdUvkalnigcMNat;fañk;muxrbr ]bsm<n§½TI04 ³ kMNt;bga<jkarERbRbYFnFanFmµCatinigkarvivtþIn_éneBlevla ]bsm<n§½TI06 ³ eQaµHGµkcUlrYmsikSa ]bsm<n§½TI06 ³ tarageBlevlaénkarcuHsikSaenAextþkMBg;qañMg ]bsm<n§½TI07 ³ TItaMgénkarsikSatamPUmi ]bsm<n§½TI08 ³ rUbPaBBIkarsikSa

Annexes Annex 1: Participatory map

Annex 2: Map from transect walk

Annex 3: Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking

Annex 4: Time ranking

Annex 5: List of participants

Annex 6: Itinerary

Annex 7. Location of field study villages Annex 8: Pictures from the field study

Annex 3. Seasonal calendar and occupational preferece ranking

RbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fañk;muxrbrPUmiERBktaKg; ]bsm<n§½ TI 03

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

maX plÁún ecRt BisaF eCsææ GasaF RsaBN_ PRTbT GsSúC kkþik miKsir busSJan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

ePøógFaøk; Rainfall 2 5 5 2 6 10 5 3 2

TwkCMnn; Flooding 1 1 2 7 10 6 3 1

sItuNPaBbriyakas Temperature 3 5 10 1 1 1 1 2

KuNPaBTwksÞwgeBaFisat; Water quality 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 9 10

karciBa©wmCIvit Level of livelihood 10 10 10 5 5 5 2 1 1 1 1 1

buNüRbéBNIyPUmi Festivals 3 10 10 8 10 10

eFVIERsvsSa (dk sÞÚg) Cultivation of wet season rice (10) 10 10 10 10 7

RbmUlplRsUv Harvesting of wet season rice (10) 10 6 8

dMNaMés< Cultivation of cabbage (8) 10 10

dMNaMnenag Cultivation of gourd (5) 2 5 10 10 10

karRbmUlpl saVy Fruit harvesting / mangos (4) 10 10

karciBa©wmstV Livestock / pig raising (3) 10 10 5

karensaT Fishing (2) 5 2 2 2 2 10

karlk;dUr Commerce (1) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

karkab;Gus Collecting firewood (1) 1 1 1 1 1

Annex 4. Time ranking karvivtþinigkarERbRbYleBlevlaPUmiERBktaKg; ]bsm<n§½ TI 04

munqaMñ 1990 1990-95 1995-2000 2000-2001 2002 GnaKtBefore 1990 1990-95 1995-2000 2000-2001 2002 Future

RbvtþiEdlekIt man Historical happenings -1970 mankareRCIserIs T½B -1993 UNTAC -1998 e)aHeqañteRCIserIs -2000 TwkCMnn;licPUmi -2002 kñúgPUmi -1975 CMelósecjBIPUmi eróbcMkare)aHeqañt naykrdæmRnþI -2001 ksagpøÚvfñl; eRCIserIs Rkum

-1980 sRgÁamT½BExµr nig -1995 TwkCMnn;xaøMglicPUmi -99 TwkCMnn; manCMgW RBwkSa XMu saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa naM [saøb;eKa RkbI eRcIn

- 1970 selection of army force - 1993 UNTAC elections - 1998 elections for - 2001 new road - 2002 commune election

(Lon Nol regime) national assembly (supported by Seila and WFP)

- 1975 villagers evacuated - 1995 big flood in the village - 1999 shortage of rice

by Pol Pot regime

- 1980 government fighting

against Khmer Rouge

RbCaCn Population 3 5 6 7 9 10

TwkCMnn; Flooding 3 10 10 6

KuNPaBTwk Water quality 10 8 4 2 1 1

KuNPaBdI Soil quality 10 7 4 3 2 1

éRBeQIcTwk Forest cover 10 6 3 2 1 1

cMnYnépÞdIksikmµ Area of agricultural land 10 7 5 2 1 1

ensaTRtI Fish catch 10 8 4 2 1

cMnYneKaRkbI Number of cattle 10 6 5 6 9 10

karciBwa©mCIvit Level of livelihood 10 5 6 4 1 1

Annex 5. List of Participants ]bsm<n½ TI 5 eQaµHGñkcUlrYmsikSa

xageRkayKWeQaµHGñkPUmiEdl)ancUlrYmsikSa cMnYn 19 nak eróbcMCaRkumBiPakSa nig cUlrYmKUsEpnTIPUmi RbtiTinrdUvkal karvivtþFnFanFmµCati nigkarERbRbYl . kñúgkarcUlrYmenH manRFanPUmi cas;RBwTacarüRBmTaMgKN³ KmaµFikarGPivDn_ PUmik_)ancUlrYmRKb;karGnuvtþkargar . eRkABIGkeróbrab;xagelIkmanRbCaCnxøHcUlrYmpgEdr . Following 18 villagers took part in the field study in Prek Ta Kon village. Unlike in first field study, same group of villagers participated in all exercises. Village chief, village elder and members of both community and village development committees (CDC and VDC) were also present in key informant interview. Mr. Peun Pal elak Pn pl Village chief RbFanPUmi Mr. Pring Touc elak RBIg TUc Chief of CDC RbFan CDC Mr. Eng Ly elake Gg lI Chief of VDC RbFan VDC

Mr. Leng Lim elak lag lIm Elder cas;RBWTacarü Mr. Kin Chit elak Kin Xit Villager GñkPUmi Mr. Dim Bun teun elak Dwm bun eFOn Villager GñkPUmi Mr. Sos Ka Ran elak sus Kara:n; Farmer ksikr Mr. Chaim Dit elak Ecm Dit Farmer ksikr Mr. Tear Lon elak Fa ln Villager GñkPUmi Mr. Seit Chhan elak Est Gn Villager GñkPUmi Mr. Brak Bi elak R)ak; bI Villager GñkPUmi Mr. Haim Heuan elak Ehm ehOn Villager GñkPUmi Mr. Hour Soa elak eha esA Villager GñkPUmi Mrs. Sean Bunly GñkRsI esón bunlI Farmer ksikr Mrs. Cheng Hun GñkRsI qwg hun Farmer ksikr Mrs. Tuk Than GñkRsI twk fn Farmer ksikr Mrs. Sen Yo GñkRsIsWun yU Farmer ksikr Mrs. Kuch Chhan GñkRsI Kuc qn Farmer ksikr

Annex 6. Itinerary of the field study

Morning

Afternoon Evening

Monday 6th May

Arrival to Pursat, visits to different line agencies and NGOs

Visits to different line agencies and NGOs - presentation of the field study and

information gathering

Meeting and training with local members of field study team

Tuesday 7th May

Visits to different line agencies and NGOs

Meeting and training with local members of field study team

Leaving to the village

Meeting with commune representative, village chief and village development

committee - presentation of the field study

- preparations for the study (place, timetable, composition of the group etc.)

Final preparations - methods and indicators - tasks of team members

- practical level arrangements; accommodation etc.

Wednesday 8th May

Key informant interview (village chief / development committee)

- information on basic socio-economic factors (population, infrastructure, occupations etc.)

and natural resources

Group discussion - introduction to the field study for villagers - gathering of background information on village, occupations, natural resources and

environmental change

Team meeting - evaluation of the day

-report writing - preparations for next day’s

exercises

Thursday 9th May

Participatory mapping and transect walk -village and its surroundings

- use of different natural resources - micro-ecological zones

Seasonal calendar - seasonal variation of occupations and

environmental factors

Team meeting - evaluation of the day

-report writing - preparations for next day’s exercises and final meeting

Friday 10th May

Time ranking - changes of environmental factors, natural

resources, population and level of livelihood

Group discussion - presentation of the findings

- villagers’ verification for the results - possible changes and comments

Leaving from the village

Team meeting - evaluation of the field study

-report writing

Annex 7. Location of field study villages

Annex 8. Pictures from the field study ]bsm<½n§TI 8³ rUbPaBEdl)anmkBIkarsikSa

Pursat River during the dry season. TenøreBaFisat;enAeBlrdUvekþA Houses built on stilts. pÞ³sg;enAelIssr

Coconuts. dUg House with fruit trees. pÞ³manedImEpøeQI

dImetñat

Cows

Rice fields behind the houses. ERscMkarenABIxageRkaypÞ³ Rice fields and palm trees. ERscMkar nig e

Vegetable growing. karlUtlas;rbs;bEnø bathing in the river. eKagUtTwkenAkñúgTenør

TIenAelIdI

Seasonal

Participatory exercise going on. karcUlrYmeFVIlMhat;bnþ Drawing map on the ground. karcUlrYmKUsEpn

Group discussing about the map. RkumBiPakSaGMBIEpnTI calendar. RbtiTinrdUvkal

Documents

Field Study in Prek Ta Kong Village, Pursat RsUvvsSa nig … · 2011. 11. 14. · WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 2 WET SEASON RICE AND VEGETABLES Field Study in Prek