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4 5

IntRoductIon

Football refereeing requires various skills and abilities, including endurance, agility, speed, and a technical and tactical un-derstanding of the game. All of these as-pects will be taught and improved during specific training sessions, but officiating also entails a certain risk of injury (trau-matic injury and moreover of an overuse nature). thus, an optimal training session should also include exercises to reduce the injury risk.

the “FIFA 11+ FoR REFEREEs” injury pre-vention programme has been developed by an international group of experts based on the specific injury profile of referees and on the “FIFA 11+” injury prevention programme. It is a complete warm-up package and should replace the usual warm-up prior to training.

In a scientific study, it was shown that youth football teams using the p(+(#|�� q�CU�C�UVCPFCTF�YCTO�WR�JCF�a significantly lower risk of injury than teams that warmed up as usual. teams that performed the “FIFA 11+” regularly at least twice a week had 37% fewer training injuries and 29% fewer match injuries. severe injuries were reduced by almost 50%. this study was published in the renowned british Medical journal in 2008.

with football referees, the implementa-tion of a basic injury prevention pro-gramme showed a reduced incidence of non-contact match injuries sustained by the male and female FIFA referees selected for the most recent world cups (2010 and 2011) when compared to the previous world cups (2006 and 2007).

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KEY ElEMEnts oF InjuRY pREvEntIon

the key elements of effective injury pre-vention programmes for football referees and assistant referees are core stability, neuromuscular control and balance, eccentric training of the hamstrings, plyometrics and agility.

Core training: the “core” represents a functional unit, which not only includes muscles of the trunk (abdominals, back extensors), but also of the pelvic-hip region. the preservation of core stability is one of the keys for optimal functioning of the lower extremities (especially the knee). Football referees must possess sufficient strength and neuromuscular control in their hip and trunk muscles to provide core stability. there is growing scientific evidence that core stability has an important role in injury prevention.

Neuromuscular control and balance: neuromuscular control does not repre-sent a single entity, but complex interact-ing systems integrating different aspects of muscle actions (static, dynamic, reac-tive), muscle activations (eccentric more than concentric), coordination (multi-joint muscles), stabilisation, body posture, balance and anticipation ability. there is strong empirical and growing scientific evidence that sport-specific neuromuscu-lar training programmes can effectively prevent knee and ankle injuries.

Plyometrics and agility: plyometrics are defined as exercises that enable a muscle to reach maximum strength in as short a time as possible. Eccentric muscle contractions are rapidly followed by concentric contractions in many sport skills. consequently, specific function-al exercises that emphasise this rapid change in muscle action must be used to prepare athletes for their sport-specific activities. the aim of plyometric train-ing is to decrease the amount of time required between the yielding eccentric muscle contraction and the initiation of the impending concentric contraction. plyometrics provide the ability to train specific movement patterns in a bio-mechanically correct manner, thereby strengthening the muscle, tendon and ligament more functionally. plyometrics and agility drills were the important com-ponents of the programme which were shown to be effective in the prevention of knee and ankle injuries, and in particu-lar Acl injuries.

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10 11

Start with highlighting the im-

portance of injury prevention: all

referees should clearly understand

this message. only then should the

explanation and instruction of the

exercises begin.

the key for efficient teaching is to start at level 1 and to focus on the correct performance of the exercises. carefully correct all mistakes. good body posi-tioning is crucial. this allows for better neuromuscular work and more efficient training. when the referees are able to perform the exercises correctly, the du-ration and the number of repetitions can be raised to the proposed intensity.

the following steps are helpful in teach-ing an exercise:

- explain briefly and demonstrate one exercise

- instruct the referees to practise the exercise and give general feedback/corrections

- discuss some of the problems with all of the referees, and re-demonstrate the exercise (maybe with one referee who performs it well)

- instruct the referees to perform the exercise again, and give individual

feedback/corrections

this method is particularly recommended for the exercises in part 2. the running exercises in parts 1 and 3 may need shorter explanations and consequently less learning time. usually, it may take a minimum of two or three training sessions until the referees are able to perform all exercises of the “FIFA 11+ FoR REFEREEs” (level 1) correctly.

how to tEAch thE “FIFA 11+ FoR REFEREEs”

10 11

Referees should begin with level 1. only when an exercise can be performed without difficulty for the specified du-ration and number of repetitions should the referee/assistant referee progress to the next level of this exercise.

Ideally, progression to the next level is individually determined for each referee. If training in a group, for simplicity, all referees can progress to the next level of all exercises after three or four weeks.

Important: for all exercises, correct performance is of great importance. therefore, the coach should supervise the programme and correct the referees if necessary.

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REFEREncEs

bizzini M, junge A, bahr R, helsen w, dvorak j. Injuries and musculoskeletal complaints in referees and assistant referees selected for the 2006 FIFA world cup: retrospec-tive and prospective survey. br j sports Med. 2009 jul;43(7):490-7. Epub 2008 jul 4.

bizzini M, junge A, bahr R, dvorak j.Female soccer referees selected for the FIFA women’s world cup 2007: survey of injuries and musculoskeletal problems.br j sports Med. 2009 dec;43(12):936-42. Epub 2008 oct 16.

soligard t, Myklebust g, steffen K, holme I, silvers h, bizzini M, junge A, dvorak j, bahr R, Andersen tE. comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footbal-lers: cluster randomised controlled trial. bMj. 2008 dec 9;337:a2469. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2469.

soligard t, nilstad A, steffen K, Mykle-bust g, holme I, dvorak j, et al. compliance with a comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in youth football. br j sports Med 2010;44(11):787-793.

castagna c, Abt g, d’ottavio s. physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. sports Med. 2007;37(7):625-46. Review.

weston M, castagna c, Impellizzeri FM, bizzini M, williams AM, gregson w.science and Medicine Applied to soccer Refereeing: An update. sports Med. 2012 jul 1;42(7):615-31. doi: 10.2165/11632360-000000000-00000. Review.

bizzini M, junge A, dvorak. the FIFA 11+ Manual. FIFA, Zürich, 2011

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the “FIFA 11+ FoR REFEREEs” is a complete warm-up programme aimed at reducing injuries among male and female referees and assistant referees.

the programme has been developed by an international group of experts based on the specific injury profile of referees and on the “FIFA 11+” injury preven-tion programme. teams that perform the “FIFA 11+” at least twice a week have 30 – 50% fewer injured players (as demonstrated in research studies).

the programme should be performed, as a standard warm-up, at the start of each training session at least twice a week and it takes around 20 minutes to complete. prior to matches, only the running exercises (parts 1 and 3) should be performed.

For all exercises, correct performance is of great importance. therefore, the coach should supervise the programme and correct the referees if necessary.

suMMARY

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Documents

FIFA 11+ Referee Edition Manual - fifamedicinediploma.com · 4 5 IntRoductIon Football refereeing requires various skills and abilities, including endurance, agility, speed, and a