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Fig. 1.8
Levels of Organization
Cellular Level of Organization
• the basic unit of life
• Cells are semi-autonomous.– increasing differentiation
/ decreasing autonomy
Tissue Level of Organization
• histology = study of tissues
• collection of similar cells and associated extracellular materials
• organization– sheets (e.g., linings of skin, respiratory and
digestive tracts)– masses (e.g., skeletal muscle tissue,
cardiac muscle tissue)– masses of sheets (e.g., liver tissue)
Organ Level of Organization
• 2 or more tissues joined together to perform a specific function or functions– e.g., liver
• liver epithelial tissue• bile duct epithelial tissue• blood vessel epithelial tissue, smooth muscle• connective tissue
– e.g., stomach• glandular epithelial tissue• smooth muscle• connective tissue
• Most organs have a distinct, recognizable shape (including bones), but each major blood vessel is also an organ.
Organ System Level of Organization
• different organs that have a related function– often connected
• e.g., respiratory and digestive systems
– but not always• e.g., endocrine system
Fig. A.1
head
neck
trunkupperlimbs
lower limbs
Major Body Regions
Know terms on Fig. A.5
• Head– caput (Latin), cephal- (Greek)
• skull– cranium – face
• Neck– cervix (Latin)
• Trunk– thorax– abdomen
Fig. A.6
Fig. A.5
Fig. A.18
• Upper Limbs (arms)– shoulder
– axilla (-ae, plural)
– brachium
– elbow • (cubit)
– antebrachium
– hand • (manus) Fig. A.5
• Lower Limbs (legs)– groin
• inguinal region
– thigh– knee– (lower) leg– ankle– foot
• (pes, ped-)Fig. A.5
Body Cavities
Fig. A.7
coelom
BodyPlans
Wallace, et al., Biosphere, The Realm of Life
ectoderm
mesoderm
Tube-within-a-tubeBody Plan
serous serous membranesmembranes
visceralvisceral____________________
parietalparietal____________________
endoderm
The coelom is a potentialspace. Serous fluid provides lubrication.
coelom