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Fig. 5-2, p. 74
Table 5-1, p. 80
Fig. 5-3, p. 74
Exergonic reactions, such asaerobic respiration, end with a netoutput of energy. Such reactionshelp cells access energy storedin chemical bonds of reactants.
glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
energy in energy out
Endergonic reactions, suchas photosynthesis, proceedonly with a net input of energy.Cells can store energy in theproducts of such reactions.
Fig. 5-4, p. 75
ENERGY OUTWith each conversion,there is a one-way flow ofa bit of energy back to theenvironment. Nutrientscycle between producersand consumers.
NUTRIENTCYCLING
producers
consumers
ENERGY OUTEnergy continuallyflows from the sun.
ENERGY INSunlight energy reachesenvironments on Earth.Producers of nearly allecosystems secure someand convert it to storedforms of energy. Theyand all other organismsconvert stored energyto forms that can drivecellular work.
Fig. 5-5, p. 76
ADP + Pi
base(adenine)
ribose
three phosphategroups
reactionsthatrequireenergy
reactionsthatreleaseenergy
ATP
Fig. 5-6, p. 76
activation energywith enzyme
Time
En
erg
y
starting substances:glucose and phosphate
activation energywithout enzyme
product:glucose-6-phosphate
Fig. 5-27, p. 89
Fig. 5-8, p. 78
active site altered,substrate can bind
allosteric activator
allosteric binding site vacant
enzyme active site
substrate cannot bind
X
X
active sitealtered, can’tbind substrate
allostericbindingsite vacant;active sitecan bindsubstrate
allosteric inhibitor
Fig. 5-10, p. 79
Fig. 5-11, p. 79
Fig. 5-12, p. 80
Fig. 5-16, p. 82
waterdye
dye
Fig. 5-17, p. 83
Glucose and other large,polar, water-soluble molecules,and ions (e.g., H+, Na+, K+, Cl–,
Ca++) cannot cross on their own.
lipidbilayer
Oxygen, carbon dioxide,small nonpolar molecules, andsome molecules of water crossa lipid bilayer freely.
Fig. 5-18, p. 84
Fig. 5-18, p. 84
Fig. 5-19, p. 85
Fig. 5-20, p. 86
An ATP molecule bindsto a calcium pump.
higher concentrationof calcium ions outsidecell compared to inside
calcium pump
The shape of the pumpreturns to its resting position.
Fig. 5-20, p. 86
The ATP transfers aphosphate group to pump.The energy input causes thepump’s shape to change.
ADP + Pi
The shape change permitscalcium to be released to oppositeside of membrane. A phosphategroup and ADP are released.
Calcium enters a tunnelthrough the pump, binds tofunctional groups inside.
Fig. 5-21, p. 86
The fluid volume rises in thesecond compartment as waterfollows its concentration gradientand diffuses into it.
hypotonicsolution in firstcompartment
hypertonic solutionin secondcompartment
Initially, the volumes of the twocompartments are equal, but thesolute concentration across themembrane differs.
Fig. 5-22, p. 87
1 liter of 10%sucrose solution
2% sucrosesolution
1 liter ofdistilled water
1 liter of 2%sucrose solution
Fig. 5-23, p. 87