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Figure from Press and Seiver?
From Horowitz et al., 1990; Horowitz, 1991
Sampling MethodArkansas River, Data from Horowitz et al., 1990; figure from Horowitz, 1991
D.I – Depth integrated sampleD-50 – Equal discharge increment vertical taken 50 ft from left bankP – point sample obtained at 20 % depth, 54 ft from left bankB – 65 – Pump sample obtained 20 % of depth, 65 ft from left bankD-75 – Equal discharge increment vertical taken 75 feet from left bank
Spatial Variations in Channel Velocities
Modified from Wolman, 1955;Figure from Ritter et al., 2002
Figure from Press and Seiver?
Horizontal Variations in Suspended Sediment Concentrations
(Arkansas River, Data from Horowitz et al., 1990)
Feet from Left Bank
Figure from Horowitz, 1991
Vertical Variations in Suspended Sediment Concentrations
(Cowlitz River, from Horowitz, 1991)
Horizontal Variations in Trace Metal Concentrations
(Arkansas River, Data from Horowitz et al., 1990)
Feet from Left Bank
Figure from Horowitz, 1991
Vertical Variations in Trace Metal Concentrations
Cowlitz River, From Horowitz, 1991
Temporal Variations at a StationArkansas River, Data from Horowitz et al., 1991; figure from Horowitz, 1991
From Nagano, T., Yanase, N.,. Tsuduki, K., and Nagao, S., 2003. Particulate and dissolved elemental loads in the Kuji River related to discharge rate. Environment International 28:649-658, Fig. 6, p. 654.
Dis
solv
ed
Fo
rmC
once
ntr
atio
n (
ng
/L)
Dis
solv
ed
Fo
rmC
once
ntr
atio
n (
ng
/L)
Water Discharge (m3/sec)Water Discharge (m3/sec)
Na
Li
K
Sr
Mn
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
100
101
102
103
104
10-1
105
100
101
102
103
104
10-1
105
100
101
102
103
104
106
105
108
107
102
103
104
106
105
Ba
As
Co
Cd
Cu
Th
U
Cr
Fe
Types of Hysteresis Effects(adapted from Williams, 1989)
Figure from Ritter et al., 2002
Diagram showing possible transport pathways of solutes within the hillslope hydrological system (modified from Burt, 1996; Buttle, 1994, and Burt and Pinay, 2005).
From Evans, C., and Davies, T.D., 1998. Causes of concentration/discharge hysteresisAnd its potential as a tool for analysis of episode hydrochemistry. Water ResourcesResearch, 34:129-137, fig 2, p. 131, and fig. 4, p. 132.
0 20 40 600 20 40 60
0 20 40 60
Cse - Conc. of Surface Event WaterCso - Conc. of Soil WaterCg - Conc. of Groundwater
Discharge (arbitrary units) Discharge (arbitrary units)
Discharge (arbitrary units) Discharge (arbitrary units) Discharge (arbitrary units)
Discharge (arbitrary units)Discharge (arbitrary units)Discharge (arbitrary units)
Con
c en t
r at io
n(A
r bit r
ary
Un
its)
0 20 40 600 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
0 20 40 600 20 40 60Con
c en t
r at io
n(A
r bit r
ary
Un
its)
Con
c en t
r at io
n(A
r bit r
ary
Un
its)
4050
60
708090
4050
60
708090
405060708090
405060708090
80
100
120
110
130
150
110
130
150
C1 (Cse>Cg>Cso) C2 (Cse>Cso>Cg) C3 (Cg>Cse>Cso)
A1 (Cso>Cg>Cse) A2 (Cso>Cse>Cg) A3 (Cg>Cso>Cse)
(Cse = Cso>Cg) (Cso > Cse = Cg)
70
90
110
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h)
120
120
140
140100
80
90
110
From Shiller A.M., Dissolved trace elements n the Mississippi River: Seasonal, Interannual, and decadal variability. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta61:4321-4330, fig. 1, p. 4322.
0
2
4
6
0
20
40
60
80
0
0
0
1
2
10
20
20
40
40
3060
80
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00 0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Oct. 91
Jan. 92Apr. 92
Jul. 92Oct. 92
Jan. 93
Apr. 93Jul. 93
Oct. 93
Lead
Zinc
Iron
Manganese
Dis
solv
ed C
once
ntra
tion
(nM
)
Pa
rtic
ula
te C
onc
entr
atio
n (um
ol/g
)
uM
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Particulate Dissolved
uM
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
uM
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
uM
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8.2
8.4pH
8.6
uM D
.O.
550
1100
3300
2250
2200
1150
pH
D.O.
8.0
8.89.0
Cu
Mn
Zn
12:00 12:00 18:0018:00 00:0000:00 6:006:007/21/94 7/22/94 7/23/94
From Brick, C.M, and Moore, J.N., 1996. Diel variation of trace metals In the Upper Clark Fork River, Montana. Environmental Science and Technology, 30:1953-1960, fig. 2 and fig. 3, pg. 1955.
From Sullivan, A.B., Drever, J.I., and McKnight, D.M., 1998. Diel variationin element concentrations, Peru Creek, Summit County, Colorado. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 64:141-145, fig. 6, p. 144.
Time of Day
UV
Ra
diat
ion
(uW
/Cm
2 )
3000
0
6000
9000
0
6000
9000
12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:000.34
0.37
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.49
0.520.00
UV
Ra
diat
ion
(uW
/Cm
2 )0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Fe
(p
pm
)F
e (
pp
m)
Fe
UV
3000
From Brick, C.M, and Moore, J.N., 1996. Diel variation of trace metalsIn the Upper Clark Fork River, Montana. Environmental Science and Technology, 30:1953-1960, fig. 8, pg. 1958.
Aquatic life chronic toxicitylimit
Cu
(mic
r om
ola
r)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:007/21/94 7/22/94 7/23/94
Variations in Suspended Sediment
Concentration with Discharge
Types of Hysteresis Effects(adapted from Williams, 1989)
Figure from Ritter et al., 2002
1941 Flood, San Juan River(data from Leopold and Maddaock, 1953)
Figure from Ritter et al., 2002
Controls on Suspended Sediment Concentration-Discharge
Relationships• Intensity and areal distribution of precipitation event;
• The amount and rate of runoff;
• Distance of the sampling site from sources of water and sediment production (upland areas);
• Differences in the transport rates between water and sediment;
• The amount of sediment stored within and along the channel; and
• The depletion of easily eroded debris within the channel or the surrounding uplands
Figure from Salomons, W. and Eysink, Q., 1981. Pathways of mud and particulate trace metals from rivers to the southern North Sea Basin. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentology 5:429-450.
0 2000 4000m3/s
Cdmg/kg
0 2000 4000m3/s
mg/kg Cr2000
1500
1000
500
0
100
75
50
25
0
Rel
ativ
e M
ass
Tra
nsp
ort
of M
n,
Cr,
Ni,
Cu
, an
d F
e (x
102 )
Mn
Fe
Co
Cr
Ni
Cu
0.10
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Amazon River
Particle Diameter (mm)1.0 10 100 250
Particle Diameter (mm)
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36 1800
1600
000
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0.1 1.0 10 100 250
Rel
ativ
e M
ass
Tra
nspo
rt o
f Mn,
Cr,
Ni,
and
Cu
Rel
ativ
e M
a ss
Tra
nspo
rt o
f Fe
Yukon River
Mn
Fe
Cu
Co
Cr
Ni
Figure modified from from Gibbs, 1977
Flu
x
Time
Load
Figure modified from Richards 2001
Figure from Richards, R.P., 2001. Estimation of pollutant loads in rivers and streams. A guidance document for NPS programs. Report to the USEPA, Region VIII, Grant No. X998397-01-0, fig. 2a, p. 8 (government doc., no permission needed).
100 200 30000
200
400
600
800
1000
00
200
400
600
800
1000
00
200
400
600
800
1000100 200 300
100 200 300
Time (days)
Load
(x
103 m
etric
tons
)
Beale Ratio Estimator