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Rrft a.rReportNo. 540 (66/1.0/2)

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Nutritional Intake in India

{T.g.iF. 66Ei dttNSS 66thRound

l go r$2ooe-W2o1o)(JULY 2009 - JLrNE 2010)

flTGT 'T'fiT{Government of India

sifurfr sik firfrq *rqlFETd d'rrtrqMinistry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

T,E^&q giffifq drrddTNational Statistical Organisation

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NSS Report No.540: Nutritional Intake in India

Highlights

The report is based on information collected during 2009-10 from 7428 villages and 5263 urban blocks spread over the entire country. Two different schedules were used to collect information on consumption, the first being canvassed in 100855 households and the second in 100794 households. INTAKE OF DIETARY ENERGY (based on Sch. Type 2)

Average dietary energy intake per person per day was 2147 Kcal for rural India and 2123 Kcal for urban India. All the major States had per capita rural/urban levels of calorie intake within + or -10% of the all-India rural/urban average.

In each sector average calorie intake increased steadily with monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) class. The difference between the bottom decile class (poorest 10% of population ranked by MPCE level) and the next decile class (the next 10%) in per capita calorie intake was as high as 189 Kcal in urban India and 176 Kcal in rural India.

The proportion of households with calorie intake below 2160 Kcal per consumer unit per day (80% of 2700 Kcal, a level used in NSS tabulation for comparisons) was 62% for rural and 63% for urban households in the bottom decile class. The proportion declined progressively with MPCE level. In the next decile class, it was about 42.5% in the rural sector and 45% in the urban sector. The proportion was only about 2.5% for the top 10% of population ranked by MPCE.

The share of energy intake contributed by cereals was about 60% for rural India and about 50% for urban India. The share of cereals varied across the major States from 46-48% (Punjab, Kerala and Haryana) to 70% (Orissa and Assam) in the rural sector and from 43-44% (Punjab, Kerala and Gujarat) to 62-63% (Orissa, Assam and Bihar) in the urban sector.

The contribution of cereals to calorie intake was seen to fall progressively with rise in MPCE level, from 73% in the bottom decile class of population to 47% in the top decile class in rural India, and from 66% to about 35% in urban India.

Non-cereal food contributed about 40% of calorie intake in rural India. The percentage break-up of this part of calorie intake (the part coming from non-cereal food) was: oils and fats: 23%; miscellaneous food, food products and beverages: 20%; milk and milk products: 16%; sugar and honey: 11%; pulses, nuts and oilseeds: 11%; roots and tubers: 9%; vegetables and fruits: 7%; meat, eggs & fish: 3%.

Non-cereal food contributed about 50% of calorie intake in urban India. The percentage break-up of this part of calorie intake was similar to that in rural India, though the share of roots and tubers was noticeably lower at 6%.

The percentage break-up of calorie intake from non-cereal food varied more across the rural sectors of States than across the urban sectors. The share of milk and milk products in calorie intake from non-cereal food was between 9% and 27% in the urban

ii Highlights


sector of all the major States, but ranged from 4% to 37% in the rural sector, being 8% or less in 4 major States, and over 30% in 3 major States.

Sugar and honey generally had a higher contribution to calorie intake from non-cereal food in States with higher average levels of living, while roots and tubers, and also vegetables and fruits, had a larger share in poorer States such as Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, Orissa and West Bengal.

INTAKE OF PROTEIN AND FAT (based on Sch. Type 2)

At the all-India level protein intake per day was about 59g per capita for both rural and urban sectors. Protein intake per consumer unit per day was about 73g in the rural sector and 72g in the urban.

The range of inter-State variation for major States was from 48.8g per capita per day to 71.4g in the rural sector much wider than in the urban sector, where it was between 54.6g and 64.5g.

In some of the poorer States, protein intake per person per day was markedly lower in the rural sector than in the urban sector, as in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar and Assam. On the other hand, in the States with the highest levels of protein intake, viz., Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab, the rural population had higher protein intake than the urban.

Average protein intake per capita per day was seen to rise steadily with MPCE level from 43g in the lowest MPCE decile class to 82g in the top decile class in rural India, and from 44g in the lowest decile class to 78.5g in the highest in urban India.

The share of cereals in protein intake was 60% for rural and 51% for urban India.

The share of milk and milk products in protein intake was 9% in rural India and 13% in urban India. It was noticeably above the national average in Haryana (rural: 25%; urban: 20%), Punjab (rural: 23%; urban: 22%), Rajasthan (rural: 18%; urban: 17%), and Gujarat (rural: 15%; urban: 16%). In all other major States, milk and milk products contributed 10% or less to protein intake in the rural sector and 12% or less in the urban sector.

The share of meat, fish and egg in protein intake was only 6% in rural India and 8% in urban India. The share was 10% or more in only 5 major States: Kerala (24% for both rural and urban), West Bengal (rural: 14%; urban: 18%), Assam (rural: 12%; urban: 16%), Andhra Pradesh (rural: 10%; urban: 11%) and Tamil Nadu (10% for both rural and urban).

The contribution of cereals to protein intake was seen to fall steadily from 73% in the lowest decile class to 47% in the highest in rural India and from 69% to 36% in urban India. On the other hand, the contribution of milk and milk products to protein intake was seen to rise from 3% in the lowest decile class to 15% in the highest in the rural sector and from 5% to 18% in the urban sector.

Average fat intake for the country as a whole was about 43g per person per day in the rural sector and 53g in the urban sector. Considerable inter-State variation existed, especially

Highlights iii


in rural India, where 6 out of 17 major States had an average per capita intake less than 33g per day while 4 other major States had an average intake of more than 60g.

Per capita fat intake in the top decile class of the urban sector was slightly over 83g, more than three times that in the lowest decile class (about 27g), while in the rural sector the intake of the top decile class, at 78.4g, was nearly four times higher that of the bottom class (21.4g).

At all-India level, average urban fat intake was noticeably higher than rural intake in all the decile classes. The difference in per capita fat intake between a rural decile class and the corresponding urban decile class was as much as 10-12.5g in decile classes 4 to 8, and over 15g in the 9th decile class.

TRENDS IN NUTRITIONAL INTAKE (based on Sch. Type 1)

Estimates of average calorie intake for India and the major States from six quinquennial surveys of consumer expenditure including the 66th round show a decline in average calorie intake between 1972-73 and 2009-10. The overall decline is substantially greater for rural than for urban India, and appears to have been sharper in the period since 1993-94 (50th round), especially in the urban sector.

The proportion of households with calorie intake below the level of 2700 Kcal per consumer unit per day has grown more or less steadily since 1993-94: from under 52% in rural India to nearly 62%, and from 57% in urban India to about 63%.

The share of cereals in total calorie intake has declined since 1993-94 by nearly 7 percentage points in the rural sector and about 3 percentage points in the urban. The share of oils and fats has risen by 3 percentage points in both sectors. The share of milk and milk products has grown by about 1.4 percentage points in the urban sector but only 0.6 percentage points in the rural.

At the all-India level protein intake has fallen from 60.2g to 55.0g per person per day in the rural sector and from 57.2g to 53.5g in the urban sector over the period 1993-94 to 2009-10. The decline has taken place in most major States but has been sharpest in rural areas of Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab where intake has fallen by 9-12g.

In case of fat intake, on the other hand, there is a rising trend, with every major State showing an increase, though the extent varies. At all-India level the increase has been from 31.4g per person per day in 1993-94 for the rural population to 38.3g in 2009-10 a rise of 7g over the 16-year period, and from 42.0g to 47.9g for the urban a rise of 6g over the same period.

Between 1993-94 and 2009-10, the contribution of cereals to protein intake has fallen by about 4 percentage points in rural India and by 3 percentage points in urban India. The contribution of pulses appears to have undergone a slight fall in both rural and urban sectors. In the rural sector there has been an increase of about 3 percentage points in the contribution of the other food category, and also a rise of 1 percentage point in the contribution of milk and milk products. In the urban sector, the share of milk and milk products has seen a rise of 2 percentage points.


Contents

Chapter One 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Nutritional intake and its measurement from NSS survey data 1 1.2 The survey and its objective 1 1.3 Reports of the 66th round CES 2 1.4 Contents of this report 2 1.5 Features of the survey: schedules of enquiry 4 1.6 Features of the survey: scope and coverage 5

Chapter Two 2. Concepts and Definitions 7 2.1 Nutrients and measurement of nutrient intake 7 2.2 Household consumer expenditure 10 2.3 Monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) and its different measures 12 2.4 Different reference periods used for collection of consumption data and

their impact on estimates of nutritional intake 13

- Nutrition Chart 15

Chapter Three 3. Intake of Dietary Energy 19 3.1 Average calorie intake: States and all-India 19 3.2 Average calorie intake: variation with level of living 21 3.3 Distribution of calorie intake: States and all-India 21 3.4 Distribution of calorie intake: variation with level of living 23 3.5 Percentage break-up of calorie intake by food group: States and all-

India 23

3.6 Adjusted vs. unadjusted calorie intake 27

Chapter Four

4. Intake of Protein and Fat 28 4.1 Average protein intake: States and all-India 28 4.2 Average protein intake: variation with level of living 29 4.3 Percentage break-up of protein intake by food category: States and all-

India 30

4.4 Percentage break-up of protein intake by food category: variation with level of living

31

4.5 Average fat intake: States and all-India 32 4.6 Average fat intake: variation with level of living 33

ii Contents


Chapter Five 5. Trends in Nutritional Intake 35 5.1 Trends in average calorie intake: States and all-India 35 5.2 Trends in distribution of persons by calorie intake level: all-India 36 5.3 Trends in percentage break-up of calorie intake by food group: all-

India 37

5.4 Trends in average protein and fat intake: States and all-India 38 5.5 Trends in break-up of protein intake by food category: all-India 39

Chapter Six

6. A Note on the Sources of Meals Consumed 41

Summary Statements

1(A/B/C) Average number of meals consumed per household at home and obtained elsewhere on payment or free from specific sources (as perquisite, from school, etc.) during a period of 30 days for each decile class of MPCE

43-45

2(A/B) Average no. of meals consumed per person at home and obtained elsewhere on payment or free from specific sources (as perquisite, from school, etc.) during a period of 30 days by age and sex

46-47

2S State-wise average no. of meals consumed per person at home and obtained elsewhere on payment or free during a period of 30 days by sex

48

3(A/B/C) Per capita and per consumer unit intake of calorie, protein and fat per day in each decile class of MPCE

49-51

3S State-wise per capita and per consumer unit intake of calorie, protein and fat per day

52

4(A/B/C) Percentage of total intake of calorie and protein derived from different groups of food items for households in each decile class of MPCE

53-55

4S State-wise percentage of total intake of calorie and protein derived from different groups of food items

56

5(A/B) Percentage break-up of calorie intake over different food groups, and average intake of calorie, protein and fat per consumer unit per day, separately for households in different ranges of calorie intake (per consumer unit per day)

57-58

5S State-wise percentage break-up of calorie intake over different food groups, and average intake of calorie, protein and fat per consumer unit per day

59-60

6(A/B/C) Per 1000 break-up of households by level of calorie intake (per consumer unit per day) for each decile class of MPCE

61-63

6S State-wise per 1000 break-up of households by level of calorie intake (per consumer unit per day)

64

7(A/B/C) Per 1000 break-up of persons by level of household calorie intake (per consumer unit) for each decile class of MPCE

65-67

7S State-wise per 1000 break-up of persons by level of household calorie intake (per consumer unit per day)

68

8 Per 1000 break-up of households by adjusted level of calorie intake per consumer unit per day by reported calorie intake level per consumer unit per day

69

9 Changes in average per capita intake of calorie, protein and fat per day over NSS rounds: major States

70-71

Contents iii


Appendix A (in enclosed CD) Detailed Tables

Table 1A-R/U (URP), 1B-R/U (MRP), 1C-R/U (MMRP) Average number of meals consumed per household at home and obtained elsewhere on payment or free from specific sources (as perquisite, from school, etc.) during a period of 30 days for each decile class of MPCE

A- 1

Table 2A-R/U (Schedule Type 1), 2B-R/U (Schedule Type 2) Average no. of meals consumed per person at home and obtained elsewhere on payment or free from specific sources (as perquisite, from school, etc.) during a period of 30 days by age and sex

A- 73

Table 3A-R/U (URP), 3B-R/U (MRP), 3C-R/U (MMRP) Per capita and per consumer unit intake of calorie, protein and fat per day by each decile class of MPCE

A-145

Table 4A-R/U (URP), 4B-R/U (MRP), 4C-R/U (MMRP) Percentage of total intake of calorie and protein derived from different groups of food items for households in each decile class of MPCE

A-217

Table 5A-R/U (Schedule Type 1), 5B-R/U (Schedule Type 2) Percentage break-up of calorie intake over different food groups, and average intake of calorie, protein and fat per consumer unit per day, separately for households in different ranges of calorie intake (per consumer unit per day)

A-289

Table 6A-R/U (URP), 6B-R/U (MRP), 6C-R/U (MMRP) Per 1000 break-up of households by level of calorie intake (per consumer unit per day) for each decile class of MPCE

A-361

Table 7A-R/U (URP), 7B-R/U (MRP), 7C-R/U (MMRP) Per 1000 break-up of persons by level of household calorie intake (per consumer unit per day) for each decile class of MPCE

A-433

Table 8 Per 1000 break-up of households by adjusted level of calorie intake per consumer unit per day by reported calorie intake level per consumer unit per day

A-505

Appendix B Sample Design and Estimation Procedure B-1 B-9

Appendix C Population Projections C-1

Appendix D Schedule 1.0 Type 1 and Type 2 D-1 - D-41

Appendix E Relative Standard Errors of MPCEMMRP Estimates E-1


Chapter One

Introduction 1.1 Nutritional intake and its measurement from NSS survey data

1.1.1 Unlike plants, which can manufacture the foods they need from simple chemicals derived from the soil, from water and from the carbon dioxide in the air, higher organisms, including man, do not possess this capacity to manufacture food from simple chemicals and depend on plants or other animals for obtaining the food that they need. Man, however, has access to a very wide range of foods to choose from in deciding his diet. While satisfaction of hunger and palatability, subject to purchasing power, and guided by cultural traditions, are the usual factors which determine a persons choice of food, not all human beings are able to meet the dietary requirements for sustaining a healthy and active life. It is necessary, therefore, particularly in populations of developing countries that include a sizeable group who are economically deprived, to constantly monitor the nutritional intake of the people. Household surveys on consumption and consumer expenditure which collect quantitative information on the entire range of foods consumed by a household provide an opportunity to study various aspects of the nutritional intake of the population covered by the survey. 1.1.2 The main consumer expenditure surveys of the National Sample Survey Office (see next section) are conducted quinquennially with the principal objective of obtaining estimates of household monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE), its distribution over households and persons, and its break-up by commodity group, at national and State level. In addition to recording consumer expenditure, the schedule of enquiry used for the survey records quantities of various items of consumption, in particular, of each food item consumed by the household during the reference period. This information on quantities of food consumed by different households enables the measurement of energy, protein and fat consumed by each surveyed household, and the estimation of household per capita intake of each of these nutrients and its distribution over households and persons. The tabulation of data on nutritional intake (though restricted to intake of energy, protein and fat) and its release in the form of a special report on nutrition has become a regular feature of the quinquennial consumer expenditure surveys.1 1.1.3 The last three NSS reports on nutritional intake in India have been those based on NSSs 50th round (1993-94), 55th round (1999-2000) and 61st round (2004-05) surveys. The present is based on the consumer expenditure survey of the 66th round (2009-10). 1.2 The survey and its objective 1.2.1 The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) of the National Statistical Organisation, Government of India, conducts nationwide household consumer expenditure surveys at

1 It is worth noting, however, that the survey itself is aimed at obtaining data on household consumer expenditure and is not specially designed to serve the needs of a nutrition survey.

2 Chapter One


regular intervals as part of its rounds, each round normally of a years duration. These surveys are conducted through interviews of a representative sample of households selected randomly through a scientific design and cover almost the entire geographical area of the country. 1.2.2 The household consumer expenditure survey (CES) is generally conducted as one of the main subjects of the NSS survey at quinquennial intervals. This provides a series of CESs. The 66th round survey (July 2009 - June 2010) was the eighth such survey of this quinquennial series, the seventh having been conducted during the 61st round (July 2004 - June 2005). Key indicators on household consumption in India during 2009-10 based on this survey have already been released2. 1.2.3 The NSS consumer expenditure survey (CES) aims at generating estimates of average household monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE), its distribution over households and persons, and its break-up by commodity group, at national and State/UT level, and for different socio-economic groups. These indicators are amongst the most important measures of the level of living of the respective domains of the population, and are used extensively for the study of poverty and inequality. Other uses of the CES include the use of budget shares as revealed by the NSS CES to prepare the weighting diagram for official compilation of consumer price indices (CPIs), and the measurement of elasticity or responsiveness of demand to change in total expenditure. And (as in this report) the data on quantities of consumption of different food items are used to study the level of nutrition in terms of energy, protein and fat intake of population of different regions and disparities therein, and trends in nutritional intake over time. 1.3 Reports of the 66th round CES 1.3.1 The results of NSS rounds are released in reports based on comprehensive tabulation of subject parameters and indicators in various cross-classifications generated from the data. Corresponding to NSS 66th round quinquennial survey on household consumer expenditure, the results are planned for release in seven reports. The tentative titles of these reports are: 1. Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure, 2009-10 2. Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India, 2009-10 3. Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption, 2009-10 4. Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting, 2009-10 5. Nutritional Intake in India, 2009-10 6. Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups, 2009-10 7. Perceived Adequacy of Food Consumption in Indian Households, 2009-10 1.4 Contents of this report 1.4.1 The present report is concerned with the levels of calorie, protein and fat intake in India and their variation across States/UTs and with level of living. Both averages and 2 NSS KI (66/1.0): Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India, 2009-2010, July 2011

Introduction 3


distributions of calorie intake over households and persons are discussed. The contributions of different food groups to calorie and protein intake is also examined. Following the present introductory chapter, Chapter Two explains the concepts, definitions and procedures of data collection and tabulation that are relevant to the study of nutritional intake. Chapter Three presents the salient findings on intake of dietary energy or calorie intake. Chapter Four presents estimates of protein and fat intake. Trends in calorie, protein and fat intake as revealed by the NSS surveys from 1972-73 onwards are examined in Chapter Five. Chapter Six discusses the sources from which meals were received apart from meals prepared at home. This is followed by some statements generated from the detailed tables for purposes of ready reference, and a statement showing trends in nutrient intake over the years. Appendix A appears in the CD enclosed with the report and gives the detailed tables generated from the survey data. Appendix B explains in detail the sample design and estimation procedure followed. In order to facilitate computation of the absolute figures of aggregate consumption of nutrients by the population, the projected populations at the mid-year reference 1st January 2010 based on the population projections by the Registrar-General of India are provided in Appendix C. (Note that the RGs projection pre-date the release of the provisional results of the 2011 Population Census.) Appendix D consists of the schedules of enquiry (Schedule 1.0, Type 1 and Type 2) that were canvassed in the surveyed households. 1.4.2 The detailed State-sectorwise and all-India-sectorwise tables presented in Appendix A of this report relate to 2009-10. They give

Per capita and per consumer unit calorie, protein and fat per day for different decile classes of MPCE

Distribution of households and persons by level of household calorie intake per consumer unit per day for different decile classes of MPCE

Percentage break-up of calorie intake over different food groups and average intake of calorie, protein and fat per consumer unit per day for households in different ranges of calorie intake per consumer unit per day

Percentage break-up of total intake of calorie and protein over different food groups for different decile classes of MPCE

Distribution of households by adjusted (corrected to exclude intake of non-members and include meals received by members from other households) level of calorie intake, separately for households in each class of unadjusted calorie intake

Break-up of average number of meals consumed per month per household by source of meals, for each decile class of MPCE, and break-up of average number of meals consumed per month per person by source, for different age groups and sexes

1.4.3 Because the survey used two schedule types with different reference period systems, all estimates presented in this report are provided separately for each schedule type. Further, since two different measurements of MPCE (called MPCEURP and MPCEMRP) were made on the basis of Schedule Type 1 for each surveyed household, the tables generated by decile class of MPCE from Schedule Type 1 have, for completeness, been generated twice, once using MPCEURP values, and once using MPCEMRP. (See Chapter Two, Section 2.4.)

4 Chapter One


1.5 Features of the survey: schedules of enquiry 1.5.1 The household consumer expenditure schedule (Schedule 1.0) used for the survey collected information on quantity3 and value of household consumption. To minimise recall errors, a very detailed item classification was, as usual, adopted to collect information, including 142 items of food, 15 items of energy (fuel, light and household appliances), 28 items of clothing, bedding and footwear, 19 items of educational and medical expenses, 51 items of durable goods, and 89 other items. The schedule also collected some other particulars of each household member, such as age, sex and educational level. 1.5.2 The schedules of enquiry used were of two types. The two types had the same item break-up but differed in reference periods used for collection of consumption data. Schedule Type 1, as far as reference periods were concerned, was a repeat of the schedule used in most quinquennial rounds. For certain categories of relatively infrequently purchased items, including clothing and consumer durables, it collected information on consumption during the last 30 days and the last 365 days. For other categories, including all food and fuel and consumer services, it used a 30-days reference period. Schedule Type 2 used last 365 days (only) for the infrequently purchased categories, last 7 days for some categories of food items, as well as pan, tobacco and intoxicants, and last 30 days for other food items, fuel, and the rest. This was in line with the recommendations of an Expert Group that had been formed for the purpose of suggesting the most suitable reference period for each item of consumption4. The differences (in reference period) between Schedule Types 1 and 2 are shown in Table T1.

Table T1: Reference periods used for collection of consumption data in Schedule 1.0, Type 1 and Type 2

Cate-gory

Item groups Reference period for

Schedule Type 1 Schedule Type 2

I Clothing, bedding, footwear, education, medical (institutional), durable goods

Last 30 days and Last 365 days

Last 365 days

II Edible oil; egg, fish & meat; vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages and processed foods; pan, tobacco & intoxicants

Last 30 days Last 7 days

III All other food, fuel and light, miscellaneous goods and services including non-institutional medical; rents and taxes

Last 30 days Last 30 days

1.5.3 Schedule Type 1 and Schedule Type 2 were canvassed in two independent samples of matching size drawn from each stratum/sub-stratum5.

3 For education, medical care, and some goods and services listed in the schedule as miscellaneous goods and services, no data on quantity of consumption are collected in the NSS CESs. 4 See NSS Report no. 475; entitled Results of a Pilot Survey on Suitability of Different Reference Periods for Measuring Household Consumption.5 See Appendix B. Note that there could be a very few cases where in the same household, both Type 1 and Type 2 schedules of Schedule 1.0 were canvassed due to some special situations encountered while actually conducting the survey in the field.

Introduction 5


1.6 Features of the survey: scope and coverage 1.6.1 Geographical coverage: The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year. However, although planned, no sample could actually be surveyed in the districts of Leh (Ladakh), Kargil and Poonch of Jammu & Kashmir by NSSO. 1.6.2 Population coverage: The following rules were followed:

1. Floating population, i.e., persons without any normal residence, was excluded. But persons residing in open space, roadside shelter, under a bridge, etc., more or less regularly in the same place were covered.

2. Foreign nationals were excluded, as well as their domestic servants, if by definition the latter belonged to the foreign national's household (see Chapter Two, paragraph 2.2.1, for definition of household). A foreign national who had become an Indian citizen for all practical purposes was, however, covered.

3. Persons residing in barracks of military and paramilitary forces (like police, BSF etc.) were kept outside the survey coverage. However, the civilian population residing in their neighbourhood, including the family quarters of service personnel, was covered.

4. Orphanages, rescue homes, ashrams and vagrant houses were outside the survey coverage. However, the persons staying in old age homes, the students staying in ashram/hostels and the residential staff (other than monks/nuns) of these ashrams were covered. Although orphans living in orphanages were excluded, the persons looking after them and staying there were covered. Convicted prisoners undergoing sentence were outside the coverage of the survey.

1.6.3.1 Sample size: first-stage units: As is usual in the regular NSS rounds, most States and Union Territories participated in the survey: a State sample was surveyed by State Government officials in addition to the Central sample surveyed by NSSO. For rural India, 7,524 villages formed the Central sample for this round. Of these, 7,428 villages were ultimately surveyed. In the urban sector, the allocation for the Central sample was 5,284 blocks, of which 5,263 were surveyed. This document is based on the estimates obtained from the Central sample only. 1.6.3.2 Sample size: second-stage units: For the consumer expenditure survey, from each sample village and urban block, two samples of 8 households each were selected for canvassing Schedule Type 1 and Schedule Type 2. While selecting the households in each selected first-stage unit, the second-stage stratification of households is in-built in the sample design. The features of the sample design are explained in Appendix B.

1.6.3.3 Table T2 shows the numbers of villages and urban blocks allotted for survey and actually surveyed, and, for each of the two schedule types, the numbers of rural and urban sample households in which the consumer expenditure schedule was canvassed.

6 Chapter One


Table T2: Number of villages/blocks surveyed and number of households surveyed for Schedule 1.0 Type 1 and Type 2: NSS 66th round, Central sample

State/UT

no. of fsus (villages/blocks)

surveyed

no. of sample households

Sch. Type 1 Sch. Type 2

rural urban rural urban rural + urban rural urban rural + urban

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)Andhra Pradesh 492 372 3928 2964 6892 3924 2951 6875 Arunachal Pradesh 140 76 1041 600 1641 1041 600 1641 Assam 328 104 2616 832 3448 2616 832 3448 Bihar 413 159 3299 1272 4571 3294 1270 4564 Chhattisgarh 188 92 1496 736 2232 1495 736 2231

Delhi 8 120 59 842 901 57 808 865 Goa 20 36 159 285 444 160 287 447 Gujarat 216 216 1719 1705 3424 1720 1698 3418 Haryana 180 148 1440 1180 2620 1440 1180 2620 Himachal Pradesh 208 48 1660 381 2041 1660 382 2042

Jammu & Kashmir 183 160 1445 1268 2713 1446 1269 2715 Jharkhand 220 124 1758 989 2747 1758 990 2748 Karnataka 256 256 2036 2034 4070 2038 2037 4075 Kerala 328 232 2606 1846 4452 2606 1845 4451 Madhya Pradesh 344 248 2731 1966 4697 2734 1973 4707

Maharashtra 504 504 4015 3980 7995 4012 3984 7996 Manipur 172 148 1376 1182 2558 1376 1182 2558 Meghalaya 108 52 864 408 1272 864 408 1272 Mizoram 80 112 632 896 1528 632 896 1528 Nagaland 88 40 704 320 1024 704 320 1024 Orissa 372 132 2975 1055 4030 2974 1055 4029 Punjab 196 196 1560 1555 3115 1558 1557 3115 Rajasthan 324 196 2583 1553 4136 2575 1551 4126 Sikkim 76 20 608 160 768 608 160 768 Tamil Nadu 416 416 3320 3318 6638 3319 3320 6639

Tripura 164 68 1312 544 1856 1311 544 1855 Uttar Pradesh 740 388 5906 3087 8993 5908 3086 8994 Uttarakhand 132 92 1048 731 1779 1045 730 1775 West Bengal 448 344 3576 2750 6326 3575 2749 6324 A & N Islands 36 36 272 288 560 272 288 560

Chandigarh 4 36 32 273 305 32 273 305 Dadra & N. Haveli 12 12 96 96 192 96 96 192 Daman & Diu 8 8 64 64 128 64 64 128 Lakshadweep 8 16 55 128 183 55 128 183 Puducherry 16 56 128 448 576 128 448 576 All-India 7428 5263 59119 41736 100855 59097 41697 100794


Chapter Two

Concepts, Definitions and Procedures 2.1 Nutrients and measurement of nutrient intake

2.1.1 Nutrients: Man needs a wide range of nutrients to perform various functions of the body and to lead a healthy life. The nutrients include proteins, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. These are chemical substances which are present in the food we eat daily. Most foods contain all the nutrients, but in proportions which vary from food to food. Some foods are rich in one or more nutrients. Thus there are protein-rich foods, fat-rich foods, foods rich in Vitamin A, and so on. Some foods contain only a single nutrient sugars are a source of only carbohydrates while oils and ghee provide only fats. 2.1.2 Energy intake: A living being has to expend a certain amount of energy even when at rest, to carry out essential functions such as respiration, blood circulation, digestion, etc. Activity involving manual work, light or heavy, requires additional amounts of energy. All this energy has to be supplied through food. The three components of food which provide this energy are carbohydrates, fat and proteins. Proteins normally supply 10-12% of energy in most diets; energy that carbohydrate and fat contribute may vary from diet to diet. Quantitative food requirements are usually set in terms of energy. The unit of measuring energy is kilocalorie (Kcal) which is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one kg of water by 1oC from 14.5oC to 15.5oC. This is also called 1 Calorie and equals 1000 calories the calorie being the heat required to raise 1 g of water through the same temperature. In discussions on nutrition, the word calorie is often used interchangeably with the term energy, as in calorie intake. Also, in reporting quantities of energy intake, the unit Calorie is often used without the capital letter as there is little chance of confusion with the much smaller unit calorie. 2.1.3 Protein: Proteins are among the most important nutrients required by the body and should be available in adequate amounts in the diet. The protein needed by the body has to be supplied through the diet we consume. All foods except refined sugar, oil and fats contain protein in varying degrees. Some foods contain high amounts of protein and can be classified as protein-rich foods. Examples of such foods are animal foods like meat, fish and egg, and plant foods like pulses, oilseeds and nuts. Milk, too, can be classified in this category if due allowance is made for the large amount of water in it. These foods contain over 20% protein and soyabean is the richest source containing over 40% of protein. Cereals are a moderate source of protein as they contain about 10% protein. Rice contains less protein (7%) than wheat (approximately 10%) and other cereals. Leafy vegetables, fruits, roots, tubers are generally poor sources of protein as they contain less than 2% protein. 2.1.4 Fat: Fat is an important component of diet and serves a number of functions in the body. Fat is a concentrated source of energy and per unit weight, it supplies more than twice the energy furnished by either proteins or carbohydrates. It also imparts palatability to a diet and

8 Chapter Two


retards the pace of emptying of the stomach. Presence of fat in the diet is important for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins like Vitamin A and carotene. Apart from these functions, some fats, particularly those derived from vegetable sources, provide what are known as "essential fatty acids" (EFA) which have vitamin-like functions in the body. 2.1.5 Consumer unit: Consumer unit is a unit used as an indicator of the energy requirement of a group of persons of different sexes and ages. Taking the calorie requirement of an average male in the age group 20-39 doing sedentary work as the norm, the average calorie requirements of males and females of other age groups are expressed as a ratio to this norm (see table below). Thus a household consisting of two men aged 35 and 65 has 1.8 consumer units while a household with one woman aged 28 and a child aged 3 has only 1.25 consumer units.

sex no. of consumer units assigned to a person

age in completed years

Concepts, Definitions and Procedures 9


2.1.7 Adjusted calorie intake: The calorie intake of a household, so derived, may not necessarily represent the true level of intake of a household for two reasons. Firstly, there may be members of the household who might have been served meals as guests in other households. According to NSS practice (see HOUSEHOLD CONSUMER EXPENDITURE), these meals would not be recorded as consumption of the household as they would be considered part of the consumption of the meal-serving households. Hence their nutrient content would be omitted from the consumer expenditure of the recipient households. Secondly, meals served by the household to non-household-members get included in the consumer expenditure of the household. While the former phenomenon is likely to depress the reported per capita level of calorie intake of the household, the latter will have a tendency to inflate it. Hence, to bring the estimate of calorie intake level closer to true intake, the following adjustment procedure is used. 2.1.7.1 Let C be the calorie intake of the household as derived from the data on quantities of food recorded in the schedule, and let (i) number of meals consumed by the household members in the household or received through

purchase or as assistance or payment (excluding meals received from other households)= Mh (ii) number of meals consumed by non-members (guests, employees, etc.) = Mg (iii) number of meals received free from other households by household members = Mf

2.1.7.2 Then the adjusted calorie intake of the household is defined as

h fah g

+M M= CC +M M

2.1.7.3 Notice that the adjustment factor would exceed unity for the poor households who would generally be recipients from free meals much more than servers of food to guests and employees. It would be less than unity for richer households who would generally serve more meals to outsiders than receive them. 2.1.8 Meal: A meal is composed of one or more readily eatable (generally cooked) items of food, the usually major constituent of which is cereals. The meals consumed by a person twice or thrice a day provide him/her the required energy (calorie) and other nutrients for living and for pursuing his/her normal avocations. A meal, as opposed to snacks, nashta or high tea, contains a larger quantum and variety of food. In rare cases, a full meal may contain a larger quantity of non-cereal food. Even then, if the quantum of food in a plate is as heavy as a usual meal, the contents of the food plate is considered as a meal. 2.1.8.1 A person rendering domestic service (like cleaning utensils, dusting and cleaning of rooms, washing linen, carrying water from outside, etc.) to a number of households during the daytime gets some food from each of the households he/she serves. Although the quantum of food received from a single household may, by quantity, be far less than a full meal, the total quantity of food received from all the households taken together would often, if not more, be at least equivalent to a full meal. In this particular situation, the person is considered to be consuming one meal every day under meal taken away from home.

10 Chapter Two


2.1.9 Reference period: The consumption of any good or service by a household or person occurs in the form of a flow over time. A survey may need to record the volume of consumption over a short period such as a day, or a long period such as a year. The time period for which consumption is recorded is called the reference period. It may vary from item to item. Because the respondents are asked to recall and report the volume of consumption, the reference period is also called the recall period. Reference periods used in this survey are discussed in detail in Chapter One, paragraph 1.5.2. 2.2 Household consumer expenditure

2.2.1 Household: A group of person normally living together and taking food from a common kitchen constitutes a household. The word "normally" means that temporary visitors are excluded but temporary stay-aways are included. Thus, a son or daughter residing in a hostel for studies is excluded from the household of his/her parents, but a resident employee or resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in the house) is included in the employer/host's household. "Living together" is usually given more importance than "sharing food from a common kitchen" in drawing the boundaries of a household; however, in the special case of a person taking food with his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different house) due to space shortage, the household formed by such a person's family members is taken to include that person also. Each inmate of a mess, hotel, boarding and lodging house, hostel, etc., is considered as a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say) is considered as one household only; the same applies to residential staff of such establishments. Under-trial prisoners in jails and indoor patients of hospitals, nursing homes, etc., are considered as members of the households to which they last belonged. 2.2.2 Household size: The size of a household is the total number of persons in the household. 2.2.3 Household consumer expenditure: The expenditure incurred by a household on domestic consumption during the reference period is the household's consumer expenditure. Expenditure incurred towards productive enterprises of households is excluded from household consumer expenditure. Also excluded are expenditure on purchase and construction of residential land and building, interest payments, insurance premium payments, payments of fines and penalties, and expenditure on gambling including lottery tickets. Money given as remittance, charity, gift, etc. is not consumer expenditure. However, self-consumed produce of own farm or other household enterprise is valued and included in household consumer expenditure. So are goods and services received as payment in kind or free from employer, such as accommodation and medical care, and travelling allowance excluding allowance for business trips. 2.2.3.1 For articles of food (including pan, tobacco and intoxicants) and fuel, household consumption is measured by the quantity of the article actually used by the household during



the reference period, irrespective of the expenditure incurred on it. For articles of clothing and footwear, consumption by a household is considered to occur at the moment when the article is brought into maiden or first use by any household member. The consumption may be out of (a) purchases made in cash or credit during the reference period or earlier; (b) home-grown stock; (c) receipts in exchange of goods and services; (d) any other receipt like gift, charity, borrowing and (e) free collection. Home produce is evaluated at the ex farm or ex factory rate. 2.2.3.2 For evaluating household consumption of all other items, a different approach is followed: the expenditure made by the household during the reference period for the purchase or acquisition of goods and services, regardless of when the goods and services are used and by whom, is considered as household consumption. 2.2.3.3 It is pertinent to mention here that consumption of food items by a household, as recorded by the survey, relates to the actual consumption by the members of the household and also consumption of meals prepared in the household and served to non-members during the reference period. Normally, transfers of food, fuel, clothing and footwear made by a household as charity, loan advance, etc. are not considered as consumption of that household but as consumption of the recipient households. However, meals prepared in a household and served to non-household-members are an exception to this rule. There is a practical difficulty of estimating the quantities and values of individual items used for preparing the meals served to employees or others. Therefore, meals prepared in the household kitchen and provided to guests, employees or others are, to simplify field work, included in the domestic consumption of the household serving the meals. Thus, to avoid double counting, cooked meals received as perquisites from employer household or as gift or charity are not recorded in the recipient household. As a general principle, cooked meals purchased from the market for consumption of the members and for guests are also recorded in the purchaser household. 2.2.3.4 This procedure of recording cooked meals served to others in the expenditure of the serving households only leads to bias-free estimates of per capita and total consumer expenditure, and also of per capita or per consumer intake of nutrients for the population as a whole. However, donors of free cooked meals are likely to be concentrated at the upper end of the per capita expenditure range and the corresponding recipients at the lower end of the same scale. Consequently, the derived nutrition intakes may get inflated for the rich (net donors) and understated for the poor (net recipients). This point has to be kept in mind while interpreting the NSS consumer expenditure data for any studies relating to the nutritional status of households. (See also ADJUSTED CALORIE INTAKE.) 2.2.3.5 To simplify data collection, consumption of food processed in the home from one item into another, such as milk converted into curd or butter, vegetables converted into pickles, and rice converted into liquor are recorded in the survey against the primary or ingredient item(s), such as milk, instead of the item in which form it is consumed (e.g. curd). For some item groups such as intoxicants, this procedure leads to an underestimation of consumption with a corresponding overestimation of the item groups of the major ingredients, such as cereals.

12 Chapter Two


2.2.3.6 Value of consumption: For items of food, pan, tobacco, intoxicants, fuel, clothing and footwear, this term is not synonymous with expenditure incurred by the household on the item, and the following rules of valuation are specified. Consumption out of purchase is evaluated at the purchase price. Consumption out of home produce is evaluated at ex farm or ex factory rate. Value of consumption out of gifts, loans, free collections, and goods received in exchange of goods and services is imputed at the rate of average local retail prices prevailing during the reference period. 2.3 Monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) and its different measures 2.3.1 The NSS concept of MPCE is defined first at the household level (household monthly consumer expenditure household size). This measure serves as the indicator of the households level of living. 2.3.2 Next, each individuals MPCE is defined as the MPCE of the household to which the person (man, woman or child) belongs. This assigns to each person a number representing his or her level of living. The distribution of persons by their MPCE (i.e., their household MPCE) can then be built up, giving a picture of the population classified by economic level. Further, the population can be classified into different segments each representing a particular range of MPCE, and hence ordered, as it were, by level of living. (See paragraph 2.3.7 below.) 2.3.3 In brief, the three measures of MPCE may be defined as follows.

2.3.4 Uniform Reference Period MPCE (or MPCEURP): This is the measure of MPCE obtained by the NSS consumer expenditure survey (CES) when household consumer expenditure on each item is recorded for a reference period of last 30 days (preceding the date of survey). 2.3.5 Mixed Reference Period MPCE (or MPCEMRP) This is the measure of MPCE obtained by the CES when household consumer expenditure on items of clothing and bedding, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods is recorded for a reference period of last 365 days, and expenditure on all other items is recorded with a reference period of last 30 days. 2.3.6 Modified Mixed Reference Period MPCE (or MPCEMMRP) This is the measure of MPCE obtained by the CES when household consumer expenditure on edible oil, egg, fish and meat, vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages, refreshments, processed food, pan, tobacco and intoxicants is recorded for a reference period of last 7 days, and for all other items, the reference periods used are the same as in case of Mixed Reference Period MPCE (MPCEMRP). 2.3.7 Deciles and decile classes of MPCE: The first decile of the distribution of MPCE over the population of any region or domain is the level of MPCE below which 10% of the population lie, the second decile, the level below which 20% of the population lie, and so on.



Thus the population can be divided into 10 decile classes of MPCE as follows: those with MPCE below the 1st decile of the MPCE distribution (the bottom 10% of the population ranked by MPCE), from the 1st decile to the 2nd decile (the next 10%), from the 2nd decile to the 3rd decile (the next 10%), and so on. Averages of other variables of interest, computed separately for the 10 decile classes, help to portray the variation of such variables with variation in MPCE. In line with usual NSS practice, decile classes of MPCE are formed separately for the rural and the urban sector, both for India as a whole and for the States. However, the availability of two different measures of MPCE (MPCEURP and MPCEMRP) for households surveyed through Schedule Type 1 means that decile classes of MPCE formed on the basis of Schedule Type 1 can be of two kinds decile classes of the distribution of MPCEURP, or the distribution of MPCEMRP. 2.4 Different reference periods used for collection of consumption data and their impact

on estimates of nutritional intake 2.4.1 For the study of many socio-economic variables measurable at the household level, including health- and nutrition-related variables, it is of interest to investigate the behaviour of the variable with rise in living standards. Answers to questions such as Does a households intake of dietary energy rise or fall, on average, with economic level? or Does the share of milk in protein intake of a household rise or fall, on average, with economic level? can then be attempted. The NSS consumer expenditure survey, because it measures household MPCE in addition to collecting data on food consumption, is suitable for such analysis of data. 2.4.2 A complexity, however, is introduced by the fact that for one half of the surveyed households, the 66th round survey generated two different measures of MPCE based on two methods of data collection used to collect a part of the non-food data for each surveyed household (see Chapter One, Table T1). This means that the classification of these households by MPCE might differ a little depending on which measure of MPCE is used. Although the difference in classification is not expected to substantially change the answers to any of the questions that users of the data are likely to ask, the tables cross-classifying nutrition data by MPCE levels of households have, for the sake of completeness, been generated in two sets, one set using the first measure of MPCE (called MPCEURP), and the other using the other measure (called MPCEMRP). 2.4.3 A more important aspect of the survey as far as nutrition is concerned is that in the other half of the sample, a schedule (called Schedule Type 2) was used with a last 7 days reference period for some food items and last 30 days for the rest, while in the first half of the sample of households surveyed, the schedule canvassed (called Schedule Type 1) had the usual reference period of last 30 days for all food items. (See Chapter One, Table T1.) The combination of reference periods used for food in Schedule Type 2 was expected to result in better recall and reporting, while Schedule Type 1 performed the function of providing a dataset to maintain continuity with the past series. It was fully anticipated that the average monthly quantity of a food item consumed by households, when calculated from 7 days data, would be different from that calculated from the same households data, had 30 days data

14 Chapter Two


been sought from them, because the reporting errors or biases associated wsith the two reference periods were different. This implies that the estimates of food quantities, and therefore, of nutritional intake, from Schedule Type 2 would be different from those derived from Schedule Type 1 not only due to sampling variability but because of differentials in (non-sampling) reporting errors. 2.4.4 Bearing this in mind, tabulation of all data on nutrition has been done separately for Schedule Type 1 and Schedule Type 2. The discussion in the text on nutritional intake during 2009-10 has been based on the estimates from Schedule Type 2, in view of the fact that Schedule Type 2 was so designed because it was expected to address the problem of recall errors in data on food and allied items better than the (traditional) Schedule Type 1. The discussion on trends in nutritional intake has, on the other hand, used the Schedule Type 1 data of 2009-10 for better comparability with the past.



Nutrition Chart

Nutrient contents of different items are largely based on Nutritive Values of Indian

Foods by C. Gopalan, B.V. Ramasastry and S.C. Balasubramanian, revised and updated by B.S. Narasinga, Y.G. Deosthale and K.C. Pant, 1991.

Generally, the total intake of calorie, protein and fat from an item is derived from the quantities reported as consumed by the sample households. The nutrient contents of each item per unit of quantity (as specified in the schedule) are shown in the table below.

For some items having variable food content, average nutrient contents per rupee are given in the table instead of per unit of quantity. For such items the unit has been shown as Re. These figures multiplied by the value of consumption give the total quantities of nutrients derived from that item.

The chart of nutrient contents remains practically the same as for the 61st round of NSS. For items for which the unit (as explained above) is Re, the fall in value of the rupee since the 61st round (2004-2005) has been adjusted for by deflating the nutrient contents by the appropriate consumer price index (CPI for Agricultural Labourers for rural and CPI for Urban Non-Manual Employees for urban areas). Thus for these items, there are two sets of nutrient content coefficients one for rural and the other for urban households.

item code item unit

calories per unit (Kcal)

protein per unit (gm)

fat per unit (gm)

food group

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 101 rice PDS kg 3460 75 5 I 102 rice other sources kg 3460 75 5 I 103 chira kg 3460 66 12 I 104 khoi, lawa kg 3250 75 1 I 105 muri kg 3250 75 1 I 106 other rice products kg 3460 75 5 I 107 wheat/atta PDS kg 3410 121 17 I 108 wheat/atta other sources kg 3410 121 17 I 110 maida kg 3480 110 9 I 111 suji, rawa kg 3480 104 8 I 112 sewai, noodles kg 3520 87 4 I 113 bread (bakery) kg 2450 78 7 I 114 other wheat products kg 3460 118 15 I 115 jowar & products kg 3490 104 19 I 116 bajra & products kg 3032 97 42 I 117 maize & products kg 3420 111 36 I118 barley & products kg 3360 115 13 I120 small millets & products kg 2615 97 34 I 121 ragi & products kg 3280 73 13 I 122 other cereals kg 2615 97 34 I 139 cereal substitutes (tapioca, jackfruit

seed, etc.) kg 2090 28 3 II 140 arhar, tur kg 3350 223 17 IV 141 gram (split) kg 3720 208 56 IV 142 gram (whole) kg 3720 208 56 IV 143 moong kg 3480 245 12 IV 144 masur kg 3430 251 7 IV 145 urd kg 3470 240 14 IV 146 peas kg 3150 197 11 IV 147 khesari kg 3450 282 6 IV

16 Chapter Two


item code item unit



fat per unit (gm)

food group

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 148 other pulses kg 3400 220 12 IV 150 gram products kg 3600 171 53 IV 151 besan kg 3400 220 12 IV 152 other pulse products kg 3400 220 12 IV 160 milk: liquid litre 1000 40 70 VII 161 baby food kg 3570 380 1 VII 162 milk : condensed/ powder kg 4960 258 267 VII 163 curd kg 600 31 40 VII164 ghee kg 9000 - 1000 VIII 165 butter kg 7290 - 810 VIII 166 ice-cream (rural) Re 7.2 0.43 1.19 IX 166 ice-cream (urban) Re 6.7 0.41 1.12 IX 167 other milk products (rural) Re 36.4 1.19 2.38 VII 167 other milk products (urban) Re 34.1 1.12 2.24 VII170 sugar PDS kg 3980 1 0 III 171 sugar other sources kg 3980 1 0 III 172 gur kg 3830 4 1 III 173 candy, misri kg 3980 1 0 III 174 honey kg 3190 3 0 III 190 vanaspati, margarine kg 9000 - 1000 VIII191 mustard oil kg 9000 - 1000 VIII 192 groundnut oil kg 9000 - 1000 VIII 193 coconut oil kg 9000 - 1000 VIII 194 edible oil: others kg 9000 - 1000 VIII 200 eggs no. 100 8 8 VI 201 fish, prawn kg 1050 140 20 VI202 goat meat/mutton kg 1180 214 36 VI 203 beef/ buffalo meat kg 1140 226 26 VI 204 pork kg 1140 187 44 VI 205 chicken kg 1090 259 6 VI 206 others: birds, crab, oyster, tortoise, etc. kg 900 180 10 VI 210 potato kg 970 16 1 II 211 onion kg 550 15 1 II 212 radish kg 170 7 1 II 213 carrot kg 480 9 2 II 214 turnip kg 290 5 2 II 215 beet kg 430 17 1 II 216 sweet potato kg 1200 12 3 II 217 arum kg 970 30 1 II 218 pumpkin kg 250 14 1 V 220 gourd kg 120 2 1 V 221 bitter gourd kg 400 18 6 V 222 cucumber kg 130 4 1 V 223 parwal, patal kg 200 20 3 V 224 jhinga, torai kg 170 5 1 V 225 snake gourd kg 180 5 3 V 226 papaya: green kg 270 7 2 V 227 cauliflower kg 300 26 4 V 228 cabbage kg 270 18 1 V 230 brinjal kg 240 14 3 V 231 ladys finger kg 350 19 2 V 232 palak/other leafy vegetables kg 260 20 7 V 233 french beans, barbati kg 244 16 1 V 234 tomato kg 200 9 2 V 235 peas kg 930 72 1 V



item code item unit



fat per unit (gm)

food group

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 236 chillis: green kg 290 29 6 V 237 capsicum kg 240 13 3 V 238 plantain: green kg 640 14 2 V 240 jackfruit: green kg 510 26 3 V 241 lemon no. 10 0.2 0.2 V 242 other vegetables (rural) Re 46.5 1.19 0.24 V 242 other vegetables (urban) Re 43.7 1.12 0.23 V 250 banana no. 116 1.2 0.3 V251 jackfruit kg 880 19 1 V 252 watermelon kg 160 2 2 V 253 pineapple no. 460 4 1 V 254 coconut no. 660 6.7 62.4 IV 255 coconut: green no. 60 3.5 0.25 V 256 guava kg 510 9 3 V257 singara kg 1150 47 3 V 258 orange, mausami no. 50 1 1 V 260 papaya kg 320 6 1 V 261 mango kg 740 6 4 V 262 kharbooza kg 170 3 2 V 263 pears, naspati kg 520 6 2 V264 berries kg 530 18 2 V 265 leechi kg 610 11 2 V 266 apple kg 590 2 5 V 267 grapes kg 710 5 3 V 268 other fresh fruits (rural) Re 5.9 0.24 0.06 V 268 other fresh fruits (urban) Re 5.6 0.23 0.05 V270 coconut, copra kg 6620 68 623 IV 271 groundnut kg 5670 253 401 IV 272 dates kg 3170 25 4 V 273 cashewnut kg 5690 212 469 IV 274 walnut kg 6870 156 645 IV 275 other nuts kg 4100 108 300 IV 276 raisin, kishmish, monacca, etc. kg 3080 18 3 V 277 other dry fruits kg 3060 16 7 V 280 garlic gm 1.45 0.06 0 IX 281 ginger gm 0.67 0.02 0.01 IX 282 turmeric gm 3.49 0.06 0.05 IX 283 black pepper gm 3.04 0.11 0.07 IX 284 dry chillies gm 2.46 0.16 0.06 IX 285 tamarind gm 2.83 0.03 0 IX 286 curry powder gm 0.8 0.08 0.02 IX 287 oilseeds gm 4.5 0.2 0.4 IX 288 other spices gm 3.6 0.14 0.19 IX 290 tea : cups no. 27 0.3 0.04 IX 291 tea : leaf gm 0 0 0 IX 292 coffee : cups no. 40 0.8 0.08 IX 293 coffee: powder gm 0 0 0 IX 295 cold beverages: bottled/canned litre 320 2.0 0 IX 296 fruit juice and shake litre 250 15 4.0 V 297 other beverages: cocoa, etc. (rural) Re 12.5 0.1 0.5 IX 297 other beverages: cocoa, etc. (urban) Re 11.7 0.1 0.4 IX 298 biscuits (rural) Re 35.2 0.5 0.2 IX 298 biscuits (urban) Re 33.0 0.4 0.2 IX 300 cake, pastry kg 5000 65 24 IX 301 prepared sweets (rural) Re 23.3 0.2 1.2 IX

18 Chapter Two


item code item unit



fat per unit (gm)

food group

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 301 prepared sweets (urban) Re 21.8 0.2 1.1 IX 302 cooked meals received as assistance or

payment no. 1200 25 20 IX 303 cooked meals purchased no. 1200 25 20 IX 304 salted refreshments (rural) Re 30.4 0.8 1.2 IX304 salted refreshments (urban) Re 28.6 0.8 1.1 IX 305 pickles gm 4 0.1 0.3 IX 306 sauce gm 0.6 0.03 0 IX 307 jam, jelly gm 2.5 0.01 0 IX 308 other processed food (rural) Re 30.4 0.8 1.2 IX 308 other processed food (urban) Re 28.6 0.8 1.1 IX 310 pan : leaf no. 2.2 0.16 0.04 IX 311 pan : finished no. 3.7 0.2 0.07 IX 312 ingredients for pan gm 6.55 0.21 0.59 IX 331 toddy litre 380 1 3 IX 332 country liquor litre 380 1 3 IX 333 beer litre 380 1 3 IX 334 foreign/ refined liquor or wine litre 380 1 3 IX


Chapter Three

Intake of Dietary Energy

3.0.1 Intake of dietary energy per person continues to be the most widely used indicator of the level of nutrition of a population. Levels of calorie intake are used, in particular, as indicators of adequacy of nourishment of populations of the developing countries and of economically deprived or geographically isolated segments considered to be at risk of under-nourishment. This chapter presents estimates of various aspects of dietary energy intake its average, its distribution over households and persons, the contributions of different food categories, etc., for India and the major States. 3.0.2 In examining the estimates of distribution of calorie intake over persons, it needs to be borne in mind that data on food consumption was collected for households as a whole and no break-up over individual household members is available. Accordingly, in line with NSS practice, the distribution of calorie intake over persons is derived by assigning to each person in a surveyed household the per capita calorie intake of the household. The true range of variation of calorie intake over persons would naturally be wider than the data reveals for instance, an infant would have a lower intake than the per capita intake of its household. However, for the purpose of studying adequacy of dietary energy intake, household per capita calorie intake is expected to be a useful and illuminating tool of analysis. 3.0.3 The findings presented in this chapter are, as explained in paragraph 2.4.4 of Chapter Two, based on Schedule 1.0, Type 2. Detailed estimates are given in Appendix A. Further, the Statements at the end of Chapter Six give State-level estimates not disaggregated by MPCE class and all-India estimates by decile class of MPCE. The findings may be grouped as follows:

(a) Average calorie intake: States and all-India (b) Average calorie intake: variation with level of living (c) Distribution of calorie intake: States and all-India (d) Distribution of calorie intake: variation with level of living (e) Percentage break-up of calorie intake by food group: States and all-India 3.1 Average calorie intake: States and all-India

3.1.1 As explained in Chapter Two, estimates of calorie intake are often given in this report per consumer unit as well as per capita. Expressing calorie intake per consumer unit is aimed at adjusting for difference in calorie requirements among persons on account of age and sex differences, and thereby obtaining a sharper indicator of adequacy of intake than the per capita figures provide.

3.1.2 The per capita estimates and per consumer unit estimates of average calorie intake usually stand in a fixed proportion to one another, determined by the number of consumer

20 Chapter Three


units per 1000 (say) of population, though this is subject to age-sex composition and the changes therein over time and space. 3.1.3 For individual households, the ratio of the measure of per consumer unit calorie intake to the measure of per capita calorie intake may vary widely because of inter-household difference in age-sex composition. Thus, for a household with no children, the two measures will be much closer than for a household with a large proportion of children and babies (see table of consumer units on page 8). Hence, the per consumer unit calorie intake gives a much better idea of adequacy of calorie intake at the level of the individual household. Studies of distribution of calorie intake over households or persons will thus benefit from the use of per consumer unit calorie intake as the study variable rather than per capita calorie intake. For this report, distributions of calorie intake over households and persons have been generated using per consumer unit calorie intake.

Table T3: Average calorie intake per capita and per consumer unit in 2009-10: major States

State

calorie intake (Kcal) per day per

capita

calorie intake (Kcal) per day per

consumer unit rural urban rural urban

(1) (2) (4) (6) (8) Andhra Pradesh 2204 2223 2731 2721 Assam 2120 2176 2579 2640 Bihar 2036 2213 2481 2687 Chhattisgarh 2025 2096 2484 2583 Gujarat 2046 2096 2519 2582 Haryana 2310 2202 2842 2674 Jharkhand 2051 2226 2509 2705 Karnataka 2026 2115 2514 2600 Kerala 2110 2118 2666 2666 Madhya Pradesh 2087 2045 2553 2500 Maharashtra 2179 2099 2714 2572 Orissa 2271 2259 2796 2759 Punjab 2308 2260 2851 2759 Rajasthan 2350 2144 2884 2651 Tamil Nadu 2046 2135 2532 2649 Uttar Pradesh 2181 2072 2710 2526 West Bengal 2060 2027 2516 2493 all-India 2147 2123 2647 2604

3.1.4 Table T3 shows that all the major States had average levels of calorie intake in 2009-10 within + or -10% of the all-India average for the sector (2147 Kcal per capita for rural and 2123 for urban). Though the overall magnitudes of deviation of average calorie intake of the States from the all-India average do not tend to change substantially when per consumer unit estimates are used instead of per capita estimates, there are situations where State averages do shift from below national average to above, and vice versa. This suggests that there is some inter-State difference due to difference in age-sex composition between States. Deviations from the all-India average are a little wider in the rural sector than in the urban. At the all-India level, in both rural and urban sectors, calorie intake per consumer unit is about 23% higher than that per capita. Detailed estimates for all States and UTs (based on Schedule Type

Intake of Dietary Energy 21


2) are available in Table 3C of Appendix A. Detailed estimates based on Schedule Type 1 are given in Tables 3A and 3B for purposes of comparison with data from earlier rounds.

Table T4: Average calorie intake per capita and per consumer unit across MPCE decile classes in 2009-10

MPCE decile class

calorie intake (Kcal) per day per capita

calorie intake (Kcal) per day per consumer unit

rural urban rural urban (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1# 1619 1584 2007 1969 2 1795 1773 2229 2184 3 1901 1872 2351 2305 4 1994 1964 2454 2410 5 2072 2029 2555 2491 6 2131 2134 2625 2609 7 2247 2195 2756 2686 8 2315 2311 2847 2819 9 2473 2511 3043 3065

10$ 2922 2855 3591 3482 #poorest 10% population ranked by per capita expenditure level $richest 10%

3.2 Average calorie intake: variation with level of living

3.2.1 At all-India level, average calorie intake across decile classes (formed separately for rural and urban sectors) of the distribution of population by MPCEMMRP is shown in Table T4. In each sector average calorie intake (per capita or per consumer unit) is seen to be a monotonically increasing function of MPCE class. The difference between the bottom decile class (poorest 10% of population ranked by per capita expenditure level) and the next decile class (the next 10%) in per capita calorie intake is seen to be as high as 189 in urban India and 176 in rural India. The difference between successive decile classes then falls to less than 100 but rises to much higher levels for the highest decile classes. The relatively large increase of calorie intake for the top decile class may be because it is open-ended. It is also to be borne in mind that households in the top decile class are often net donors of cooked meals, which are accounted in the serving household even if served to non-household members. This is likely to inflate the calorie intake of many households belonging to the top decile class. In a typical decile class for rural India, the average calorie intake is slightly higher than that of the corresponding decile class in urban India. For State-level estimates by decile class of MPCE, please see Table 3 of Appendix A. 3.3 Distribution of calorie intake: States and all-India

3.3.1 The distribution of rural and urban households over 8 classes of per consumer unit calorie intake is given for the major States and all-India in Statement 6S and the corresponding distribution for persons (considering a persons per consumer unit calorie intake to be the per consumer unit calorie intake of his or her household) in Statement 7S. In Table T5, the distributions of households are shown using only 4 broad calorie intake classes. In all tables of distribution of calorie intake, calorie intake per consumer unit is expressed as a percentage of a level of 2700 Kcal per day per consumer unit (see Chapter Two, paragraph 2.1.5.1). Thus the calorie intake classes used in Table T5 are:

22 Chapter Three


(i) 0-80, which means 0 to 80% of 2700 Kcal, that is, 0-2160 Kcal (ii) 80-100, which means 80% of 2700 Kcal to 2700 Kcal, that is, 2160-2700 Kcal (iii) 100-120, which means 2700 Kcal to 120% of 2700 Kcal, that is, 2700-3240 Kcal (iv) >120, which means >120% of 2700 Kcal, that is, >3240 Kcal.

At the all-India level, about 19.4% of rural households and 20.5% of urban households had a calorie intake level in the



consequence of the fact that the lower calorie intake classes contain, in general, poorer households, which, on the average, have more members than the upper calorie intake classes.

3.3.3 The distribution of rural and urban households over 8 classes of per consumer unit calorie intake, as estimated from Schedule Type 2 data, is given for each decile class of households in each State/UT and all-India in Table 6C of Appendix A and the corresponding distribution for persons in Table 7C of Appendix A. Estimates based on Schedule Type 1 data are given in Tables 6A/6B and 7A/7B for purposes of comparison with earlier rounds. 3.4 Distribution of calorie intake: variation with level of living

3.4.1 The variation in calorie intake across different levels of living is brought out sharply in Table T6, which shows distribution of all-India rural and urban households in different decile classes of per capita expenditure over 4 broad classes of calorie intake per consumer unit. In particular, the proportion of households with calorie intake below 80% of the level of 2700 Kcal per consumer unit per day is 62% for rural and 63% for urban households in the bottom decile class (poorest 10% of population ranked by per capita expenditure level), falls to 42-45% in the next decile class (next 10%), and so on, progressively declining until it drops to only about 2.5% for the top 10% of population.

Table T6: Per 1000 distribution of hhs in different decile classes of MPCE by level of calorie intake per consumer unit per day in 2009-10: all-India

decile class of MPCE

per 1000 no. of RURAL hhs with calorie intake per consumer unit per day*

per 1000 no. of URBAN hhs with calorie intake per consumer unit per day*

24 Chapter Three


(Punjab, Kerala and Haryana) to 70% (Orissa and Assam) in the rural sector and from 43-44% (Punjab, Kerala and Gujarat) to 62-63% (Orissa, Assam and Bihar) in the urban sector. 3.5.2 The other columns of Table T7 show the share of cereals and of all food in household consumer expenditure (MMRP).9 For India as a whole the share of cereals in household consumer expenditure is 13.7% for the rural sector and 8.1% for the urban. Inter-State variation in share of cereals is quite pronounced (more than variation in share of all food), especially in the rural sector, where the highest share of cereals among the major States (Bihar, 21.3%) is about three times the share for Punjab and Haryana (around 7%). In general, States with a large proportion of expenditure on cereals are seen to be more dependent on cereals for their calorie intake. 3.5.3 Table T8 shows the percentage contribution of cereals to calorie intake, as well as the percentage shares of cereals and food in total consumer expenditure, across decile classes of the MPCE distribution. With each successive MPCE class, the contribution of cereals to calorie intake is seen to fall progressively. In rural India it falls from 73% in the bottom decile class of population to 47% in the top decile class, and in urban India from 66% to about 35%. The share of food in total expenditure, too, declines steadily with rise in MPCE level, and the share of cereals plunges to 7.4% in the top rural decile class and 3.6% in the top urban decile class.

Table T7: Percentage share of food and cereals in total household consumer expenditure, and percentage contribution of cereals to calorie consumption: major States, 2009-10

State % expenditure

on food % expenditure

on cereals % of calories

from cereals rural urban rural urban rural urban

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Andhra Pradesh 58.1 44.8 13.6 9.6 60.0 52.2 Assam 64.4 52.9 20.7 12.8 70.0 62.3 Bihar 64.7 52.9 21.3 14.8 68.8 62.1 Chhattisgarh 58.2 43.7 15.4 10.4 69.0 58.6 Gujarat 57.7 46.2 10.7 7.6 50.3 44.2 Haryana 54.0 43.1 7.3 5.8 48.2 45.9 Jharkhand 60.9 51.5 19.2 11.9 65.9 57.8 Karnataka 56.5 42.3 12.3 9.0 56.6 49.7 Kerala 45.9 40.2 8.0 6.3 47.4 43.8 Madhya Pradesh 55.8 41.7 13.6 7.6 61.6 52.4 Maharashtra 54.0 41.0 11.3 6.6 53.6 44.9 Orissa 61.9 48.4 18.6 11.8 70.3 62.9 Punjab 48.2 44.3 6.9 6.2 46.1 43.0 Rajasthan 54.8 48.0 12.0 8.4 56.1 52.5 Tamil Nadu 54.7 45.0 9.0 7.7 56.1 50.1 Uttar Pradesh 57.9 46.3 15.2 9.3 63.0 55.5 West Bengal 63.4 46.2 18.3 9.1 63.7 53.2 All-India 57.0 44.4 13.7 8.1 60.4 50.4

9 Estimates of these shares based on URP, MRP and MMRP data are given in Table 3A/3B/3C (R&U), separately for each decile class of MPCE.



Table T8: Percentage expenditure on food and on cereals, and percentage

contribution of cereals to calorie consumption across MPCE classes

MPCE decile class

% expenditure on food

% expenditure on cereals

% of calories from cereals

rural urban rural urban rural urban (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1 64.9 61.8 23.6 18.5 72.7 66.4 2 64.3 59.1 21.0 15.5 68.6 61.6 3 63.4 57.6 19.1 13.7 66.5 58.3 4 63.1 55.1 18.1 12.2 65.1 56.2 5 62.1 53.0 16.5 11.0 62.5 53.8 6 60.7 51.1 15.3 10.2 61.4 51.8 7 59.8 48.6 14.3 8.9 59.5 48.0 8 57.7 45.5 12.8 8.1 57.3 46.2 9 56.3 42.1 11.4 6.4 54.3 41.7 10 46.0 31.5 7.4 3.6 47.4 34.6

3.5.4 The itemwise data on household food consumption collected in the NSS survey is grouped into nine broad food categories as follows:

(i) cereals and cereal substitutes (vi) meat, eggs and fish (ii) roots and tubers (vii) milk and milk products (iii) sugar and honey (viii) oils and fats (iv) pulses and nuts (ix) miscellaneous food, food products (v) vegetables and fruits and beverages

Accordingly, the total calorie intake of the households is also segregated into these nine categories, enabling the study of their respective shares in total calorie intake.

3.5.5 Now, with cereals accounting for over 50% of calorie intake for many States, especially in rural areas, the percentage contributions of most of the categories (ii) to (ix) for any State-sector are usually smaller than 10 and frequently as low as 0-3. For easier exposition of the relative importance of the contributions of categories (ii) to (ix), Table T9 shows the percentage break-up of calorie intake from non-cereals over the non-cereal food categories. 3.5.6 On the whole, the pattern of calorie intake from non-cereal food was similar in rural and urban areas. Oils and fats accounted for 23% of such calorie intake in rural areas and 25% in urban areas. The group next in importance was miscellaneous food, food products and beverages (misc. food, etc. in Table T9) with a share of 20% in calorie intake from non-cereal food in rural India and 19% in urban areas. Next came milk and milk products, contributing 16% to calorie intake from non-cereal food at all-India level in the rural sector and 17% in the urban. The shares of sugar and honey and pulses, nuts and oilseeds were around 10-12% each in both rural and urban areas. The share of roots and tubers was noticeably higher in rural areas (9%) than in urban (6%). The share of meat, eggs & fish was only 3% in both sectors.

26 Chapter Three


Table T9: Percentage break-up of calorie consumption from non-cereal food over eight non-cereal

food groups: major States, 2009-10

State

% share of non-cereals in calorie

intake

% share of calorie intake from non-cereals contributed by food group

roots & tubers

sugar & honey

pulses, nuts &

oilseeds

veg. & fruits

meat, eggs &

fish

milk & milk

products

oils & fats

misc. food, etc.

all

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Rural

Andhra Pradesh 40.0 4 7 12 9 4 13 24 26 100 Assam 30.0 11 10 10 13 7 9 22 19 100 Bihar 31.2 18 7 11 10 3 14 24 14 100 Chhattisgarh 31.0 8 11 12 11 3 4 27 24 100 Gujarat 49.7 6 13 8 6 1 20 30 16 100 Haryana 51.8 7 16 7 6 0 37 16 11 100 Jharkhand 34.1 13 7 9 8 3 8 22 30 100 Karnataka 43.4 3 11 17 6 3 14 22 24 100 Kerala 52.6 7 10 16 9 9 9 14 25 100 Madhya Pradesh 38.4 7 13 12 6 1 17 23 21 100 Maharashtra 46.5 5 13 18 6 2 10 28 19 100 Orissa 29.7 12 8 11 10 4 6 20 29 100 Punjab 54.0 6 18 9 5 0 31 21 10 100 Rajasthan 43.9 5 15 5 5 0 32 23 15 100 Tamil Nadu 43.9 4 9 16 7 4 12 20 29 100 Uttar Pradesh 37.0 13 12 11 7 1 19 22 15 100 West Bengal 36.3 15 8 6 10 7 6

Documents

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