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Filets for France Fish-heads for the Philippines. International fish trade, tariff reduction and sustainability. Prepared by Marc Allain for Greenpeace International WTO Public Forum September 26, 2006. World Fisheries Production. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Filets for France
Fish-heads for the Philippines
Prepared by Marc Allain for Greenpeace International
WTO Public ForumSeptember 26, 2006
International fish trade, tariff reduction and sustainability
World Fisheries Production
Source: FAO, Review of the state of world marine fishery resources (2005)
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
All countries
World Fish Trade Export Value
- in 1000 US$ -
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Developing countries orareas
Developed countries orareas
World Fish Trade Export Value
- in 1000 US$ -
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Developed countriesor areasDeveloping countriesor areas
World Fish Trade Export Volume
- in MT -
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
US
$
Developed countries orareas
Developing countries orareas
World Fish Trade Value per ton
US$
Import value distribution Main markets (% 2004)
EU39%
US16%
Japan19%
Dev'ing12%
Dev'ed14%
Trade flows(2002 Export values %)
High value species/products flow North
(shrimp, salmon, tuna, grounfish, lobster, octopus)
North ↦ North ↤ South
(42 %) (43%)
Low value species/products flow South(pelagics/fishmeal & oil)
North ↦ South ↤ South
(6.5%) (8.5%)
Trade flows
High net surplus in fish trade for Developing countries (20 Billion US$ - 2004)– LIFDC:
9 billion US$ net surplus (2003)
– Helps reduce balance of payments problem
Tariff overview main markets
EU– MFN average for seafood 12%– Lots of tariff peaks and tariff escalation
US– Seafood tariffs much lower than EU– Anti-dumping levies very high (shrimp/catfish)
Japan– Seafood tariffs higher than US lower than EU– Some tariff escalation & peaks – Import quotas
Theory of fish trade liberalization
Tariff cuts change price– Consumers pay less– Producers get paid more
Price change increases supply
In fisheries supply can only increase up to maximum sustainable levels
Theory of fish trade liberalization
Ineffective management leads to overfishing and depletion.
Fish trade liberalization can only bring sustainable benefits if effective fisheries management exists in both exporting and importing countries.
State of the World’s stocks
Long term stock trends
UNEP case studies
Mauritania, Argentina & Senegal
Duty free access to EU for fish exports in exchange for EU access to stocks
Mauritania
Duty free access to EU in 1987 Majority of demersal species now over-exploited.
– Shark and ray stocks heading towards extinction– Previously plentiful species have disapeared from
Mauritanian waters– Discards and dumping so voluminous creating marine
polution problems– Food security worsening
Government under IFI pressure to sell off fisheries resources to meet minimal economic growth targets.
Argentina
Duty free access to EU 1994 Fish production & exports increased
rapidly in a context of “enormous deficiencies” in fisheries management.
In 97 TAC exceeded by 111%. By 2002 – 6 Argentine stocks endangered
Externalizing the costs
Cost benefit analysis of argentine hake fishery:– Private fish companies: + 1.6 billion US$– Fishworkers: + 1.4 billion US$– Argentine state: + .05 billion US$– Future generations -3.5 billion US$
“The market is short sighted with respect to any concern for future generations and a sustainable environment.”
Senegal
Duty free access to EU has created a conservation crisis & undermined food security.– Catch rates falling for all species but export species
especially high/some threatened with extinction.– Export species being fished before they reach sexual
maturity– Dragging in offshore areas has destroyed & changed
habitat, eroded biodiversity & induced ecological replacement.
– Quantity & quality of domestic supply diminished & costs to consumers increasing.
Conclusions
Senegal, Mauritania, Argentina are not exceptions in fisheries management.
Developing countries– Can’t afford fisheries management.– Squeezed by IFIs to increase exports.– Preyed upon by fishing nations.
Conclusions
Only handful of fish exporting developed countries will benefit longterm from tariff cuts: Canada, Norway, Island, New Zealand.
Short/medium term gains for Thailand.
All others will lose.
Conclusions
Tariff cuts in this context will only accelerate resource depletion, loss of biodiversity, undermine food security, livelihoods and employment in LDCs.
When this happens we all lose.
Conclusions
Fundamental incoherence of Doha.
If Doha is about sustainable trade & development for LDCs then it can’t be about fisheries.