Final Assessment Aldabra Atoll Seychelles - IUCN · PDF file1 Enhancing Our Heritage Monitoring and Managing for Success in Natural World Heritage Sites Final Assessment Aldabra Atoll

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Enhancing Our Heritage

Monitoring and Managing for Success in Natural World Heritage Sites

Final Assessment Aldabra Atoll Seychelles

August 2007

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INTRODUCTION

Aldabra atoll The Seychelles is an archipelago in the Western Indian Ocean, spread out within an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 1.3 million km2. It consists of some 115 natural islands with a total land area of about 445 km2. The islands are of two types, granite islands in the northern portions and limestone islands in the southern portions. Out of a population of 82,000, 90% lives on the main granitic island of Mahé. Aldabra, which is a raised coral atoll in the south, has a land area of 153 km2, but together with the lagoon and the channels occupies a total area of 346 km2. The atoll measures 34km x 14.5km, and Mahé island would fit inside the lagoon of Aldabra. The distance between Mahé and Aldabra is over 1000km. (See maps) Aldabra became a Special Reserve in 1981 and a World Heritage Site in 1982. It is a prime example of a raised coral atoll and is renowned for the following:

o Giant tortoises (about 100,000 – the largest population in the world) o Relatively rich terrestrial biodiversity for an atoll, with a high proportion of

endemics o Diversity of marine habitats and rich marine biodiversity, especially fish o Huge seabird colonies (red-footed booby and 2 species of frigate bird) and large

numbers of shore birds o Nesting green turtles and juvenile hawksbill turtles o “Mushroom” islets of eroded limestone o Limited human disturbance due to its remoteness

Under current Seychelles legislation, ‘Special Reserve’ with respect to the Aldabra site is defined as “an area set aside, in which characteristic wildlife requires protection, and in which all other interests and activities are subordinated to this end.” It therefore fits IUCN Protected Area Category 1a. However, a limited amount of educational and nature-conservation oriented tourism is allowed, so that in effect it could perhaps be classified as Category 2. Aldabra’s isolation, rough terrain and scarcity of fresh water have been primary factors deterring large human populations from settling. Although Aldabra forms part of a group of raised limestone islands and atolls (the Aldabra group), the other islands are either no longer inhabited or very sparsely so. On Aldabra there is a small Research Station with a small resident population and a varying number of visiting scientists.. About 10 people, mostly Seychellois and employed on contract terms live here, who are responsible for the day-to-day running of the World Heritage Site

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Aldabra’s management The headquarters for Aldabra’s management agency (Seychelles Islands Foundation) is based on Mahé, 1000km away from Aldabra. This distance has profound consequences for management of the World Heritage Site. Seychelles Islands Foundation (SIF) was set up by Presidential Decree in 1979. Management consists of a government-appointed Board of Trustees with 14 members, of which members resident in Seychelles (currently 9 in number) meet once a month throughout the year. All Board of Trustees members are requested to attend the Annual General Meeting. The Chief Executive is also a member of the board. .In addition there is a Scientific Sub-Committee, of currently 11 persons with biological/scientific and/or conservation expertise, which meets regularly to advice on any science and conservation issues. SIF is also responsible for the management of Seychelles’ other World Heritage Site, Vallée de Mai, on the granitic island of Praslin, famous for its Coco-de-mer palms. Funding for Aldabra atoll comes mainly from entrance fees to the Vallée de Mai and SIF raises others funds on its own. This unique arrangement between two World Heritage Sites, one of which is lucrative and one of which is running at a loss, also has consequences for management. Over the last 25 years, Seychelles Islands Foundation has successfully managed the atoll, to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem processes on Aldabra in a good state. It has also achieved many of its management objectives for Aldabra (such as controlling feral goats), maintained long-term monitoring programmes, carried out research, and ensured a limited and controlled visitor education programme. To some extent the flexible, rather ad hoc approach to management has worked reasonably well, but many difficulties and inefficiencies remained, so that ensuring more effective management will surely enhance the value of the site. As a result of Aldabra’s rather unusual characteristics as a World Heritage Site, management may have rather different functions from other sites. Aldabra may need less interventionist management than some World Heritage Sites as it is already in a comparatively outstanding state has no local or indigenous population, and natural processes are given priority. To a major extent management’s focus needs to be caring for the atoll and protecting it, while at the same time ensuring that there are sufficient funds to run the site, conduct research and monitoring, provide protection from human interference and other threats, and if possible restore natural ecosystem functioning by removing alien species. It is noteworthy that the most significant threat to the atoll (global climate change) is out of management’s control.

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Contents Introduction 1

Site assessment details

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Completion of the Tools Tools 1: Identification of Site Values and Management Objectives

Identification of Major Site Values Documentation of Management Objectives and their Relationship to Site Values

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Tool 2: Identification of Threats 22

Tool 3: Relationships with Stakeholders/Partners 30

Tool 4: Review of National Context 34

Tool 5: Assessment of Management Planning Management Planning Information Sheet Adequacy of Primary Planning Document

42 42 44

Tool 6: Design Assessment 54

Tool 7: Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs for Staff Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs for Budget

63 63 69

Tool 8: Assessment of Management Processes

Summary 74

89

Tool 9: Assessment of Management Plan Implementation Summary Assessment of Current Management Plan Implementation

90 94

Tool 10: Assessment Work/Site Output Indicators 102

Tool 11: Assessment of the Outcomes of Management – Ecological Integrity Biodiversity Health Outcomes Data Sheet Ecological Integrity summary for Aldabra Monitoring Plan Template Monitoring Outcomes of Management

111 113 128 130 135

Tool 12: Outcomes of Management – Principal Objectives Conclusions 139

Acknowledgment 141

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SITE NAME: Aldabra Atoll

Assessment Details Comments Dates of previous assessments

Initial Management Effectiveness Assessment

The report of the Initial Management Effectiveness Assessment was submitted in September 2002.

Date this assessment commenced

July 2007 The commencement of the assessment was delayed due to unforeseen staff changes at the Headquarter of the Seychelles Islands Foundation.

Date completed December 2007

How was the assessment completed? e.g. through workshops, external consultants etc.

Internal consultation External consultation in a stakeholder workshop and interviews, Information from the Scientific Review Workshop 2005 AGM Board Meeting November 2007

The consultation included interviews with previous staff e.g. island managers, rangers as well as written contributions by the present Research officer. The Scientific Workshop reviewed the monitoring programmes etc as a recommendation from the first MEE assessment. At the AGM 2007 the EoH final assessment was presented and partly reviewed.

Name of principal assessors

Frauke Fleischer-Dogley Lindsay Chong Seng

Mr. Chong Seng was involved in the EoH project since its inception in Seychelles.

Others involved Katy Beaver Scientific Committee Pierre Pistorius – Research Officer Aldabra With support from Robyn James (central EoH project team)

Mr. Renaud terminated his employment with SIF and Dr. Fleischer-Dogley started employment in July 2007. Administrative staff provided information on budgets and staffing for the review.

Other Comments It is proposed that future assessments should be done in stages so that it does not seem so onerous to do a complete assessment at once. External deadlines for each phase would assist this process. UNESCO should apply this methodology as a compulsory process when assessing the effectiveness of management of World Heritage Sites with externally determined timeframes.

Tool 1: Identifying site values and management objectives

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Context


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Tool 1 Identification of Site Values and Management Objectives

World Heritage Site Values Aldabra is listed as a World Heritage Site based on the following nomination (revised World Heritage criterion numbering in parentheses): Criterion ii (now ix) The atoll is a superlative example of an oceanic island ecosystem in which evolutionary processes are active within a rich biota. The size and morphological diversity of the atoll has permitted the development of a variety of discrete insular communities with a high incidence of endemicity among the constituent species that are typical of island ecosystems. The natural processes take place with minimal human interference and can be clearly demonstrated in their full complexity. Criterion iii (now iiv) Aldabra atoll encompasses a large expanse of relatively untouched natural beauty where a number of important animal species and some plant species thrive, along with remarkable land formations, and its process provides a unique spectacle of natural phenomena. Criterion iv (now x) Aldabra provides a natural laboratory for the study of the process of evolutionary ecology and is a platform for key scientific discovery. The atoll constitutes a refuge harbouring viable populations of a range of rare and endangered species of plants and animals. These include the last Giant Tortoise and flightless bird populations of the Western Indian Ocean, a substantial marine turtle breeding population, and large seabird colonies which number in the tens of thousands. The substantial tortoise population is self-sustaining and all the elements of its inter-relationship with the terrestrial environment are evident. A recent report 1 has suggested minor adjustments to the above statements, including specific mention of Aldabra’s exceptional marine ecosystem. Biodiversity Values It was noted that the key World Heritage values for Aldabra are listed under the revised World Heritage criteria iiv, ix and x, relating to its natural beauty, significant biodiversity and on-going ecological processes, relatively free from human interference. As a result, the final list of site values is dominated by Biodiversity Values. It has been realized for some time that terrestrial targets have been the main focus of research and monitoring (including those marine species that must come to land to breed). The

1 Seychelles Islands Foundation: “State Party Periodic Report 2001” for UNESCO. Page 16


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result is a knowledge gap for the current status of marine and intertidal ecosystems around and within the atoll. This is brought out in the Information Gaps section below. Other Natural Values The inclusion of Other Natural Values in the table raises the issue of Aldabra as a geological example of world significance. At the time of its inscription as a World Heritage Site, Aldabra was not listed under criterion i. It has been suggested 2 that this should be reconsidered on the basis of Aldabra’s significance as a classic atoll formation and arguably the largest raised coral atoll in the world; also on the basis of its on-going geological processes and significant geomorphic features. Cultural and Social Values The value of Aldabra as a site for scientific research and monitoring has long been recognized. Its value for educational purposes, through strictly controlled nature conservation tourism, has also been part of management policy. It has been realized, as a result of this assessment exercise, that perhaps the cultural values of Aldabra have been neglected. Even though the relics of earlier settlement of the atoll are not significant in global terms, at a national level the history of human endeavours on Aldabra is worthy of more attention. Overall management objectives (taken from the Management Plan)

1. To preserve and protect the ecological integrity of Aldabra’s terrestrial and marine ecosystems, including the flora and fauna, biological and genetic diversity, natural ecological and evolutionary processes, physical features, historical and cultural features, and scenic beauty.

2. To advance and facilitate the continuation of scientific research and

environmental monitoring, with priority designated to the conservation, maintenance and restoration of the biological and genetic diversity of Aldabra’ s native species, their communities and ecosystems.

3. To ensure that the primary purpose of the limited tourism on Aldabra is

conservation education, by means of accurate and entertaining interpretation of the natural and cultural features of the atoll.

4. To increase the environmental awareness of all staff on Aldabra, so that they

can contribute actively to bringing about the three goals delineated above.

2 Seychelles Islands Foundation: “State Party Periodic Report 2001” for UNESCO. Page 17


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GAPS • Marine ecosystems require significant research and monitoring to update

information on their status (with the exception of coral reefs, which are already being studied).

• Atoll-a wide terrestrial vegetation survey and monitoring is required. • Intertidal systems require further analysis, and certain features need

monitoring. • Inland water pools need to be re-surveyed. RECOMMENDATIONS • Ensure that the above gaps are filled within the next 10 years. • Ensure that actions recommended in the management plan with respect to

rehabilitation and/or maintenance of the remains of earlier human settlement on the atoll are taken up.


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Identification of Major Site Values

Information Sources The majority of the site values are natural and most of them have been studied at one point in time. However the information available is not necessarily up to date. The literature list compiled below comprises of references which are general since one will find information related to most of the site values in each of the publications. Specific references that relate to mainly one site value are included in table 1. General Amin M., Willets D., Skerrett, A., 1995, Aldabra World Heritage Site, Seychelles Islands Foundation, Camerapix , Nairobi, Kenya Beaver, K. and Gerlach, R. , 1998, A management plan for Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles, Natural World Heritage Site, 1998-2005, Seychelles island Foundation, Seychelles Beaver, K., 2005, Science Programme Review 15-16 March 2005, Seychelles Islands Foundation , Seychelles Dupont, R., 1907, Report on a visit to St. Pierre, Astove, Cosmoledo, Assumption and the Aldabra Group of the Seychelles Islands, Government Printing Office, Seychelles IUCN, 1976, Proceedings of a Regional Meeting on the Creation of a Coordinated System of National Parks and Reserves in Eastern Africa, Seronera Lodge, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania 14-19 October 1974, Nairobi, Kenya Piggott, C., J., 1969, A Report on a visit to the Outer Islands of Seychelles between October and November 1960, Government of Seychelles, Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas Surveys, England Seaton, A.J., Beaver, K., Afif, M., 1991, A Focus on Aldabra, Ministry of Education, Government of Seychelles, Seychelles Stoddart, D.R. and Westoll, F.R.S., 1979, The terrestrial ecology of Aldabra, Biological Science Volume 286, pp 1-263, Number 1011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, UK Stoddart, D.R. (Ed) (1984), Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands Stoddart, D.,R., 1997, Bibliography of Aldabra and nearby Atolls, Third Edition, Seychelles Islands Foundation, Seychelles


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Identification of Major Site Values

Major Site Values

World Heritage Values

Information sources used for determining the values

Biod

iver

sity

Value

s

Giant tortoise population A “Flagship” species and important indicator species for the state of the terrestrial environment. Links with a specialized vegetation type known as Tortoise Turf.

Largest population of giant tortoises in the world (approx. 100,000) (criterion ix)

Aldabra Monitoring Database (monthly data entries of tortoise transects), modeled by David Bourne + R. von Brandis Austin J. J., Arnold N. and Bour R., 2003. Was there a second adaptive radiation of giant tortoises in the Indian Ocean? Using mitochondrial DNA to investigate speciation and biogeography of Aldabrachelys (Reptilia, estudinidae). Molecular Ecology 12, 1415–1424 Bourne D, Gibson, C., Augeri, D., Wilson, C., Church, J., Hay, S., 1997, Aldabra revisited, http://ergodd.zoo.ox.ac.uk/aldbarasum.htm Bourne D, Gibson, C., Augeri, D., Wilson, C., Church, J., Hay, S., 1999, The Rise and Fall of the Aldabran Giant Tortoise Population, Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Biological Sciences: 266, 1091-1100 Bourn D., Coe M.J., 1979. Features of tortoise mortality and decomposition on Aldabra. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 286, 189–193. Coe M.J., Bourn D., Swingland I.R., 1979. The biomass, production and carrying capacity of giant tortoises on Aldabra. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 286, 163–176. Hamilton J. and Coe M., 1982. Feeding, digestion and assimilation of giant tortoises (Geochelone gigantea (Schweigger) on Aldabra Atoll. Journal of Arid Environments, 5, 127–144. Gerlach J., Canning L., 1998a. Taxonomy of Indian Ocean giant tortoises (Dipsochelys). Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 3, 3–19.

http://ergodd.zoo.ox.ac.uk/aldbarasum.htm


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Major Site Values



Gerlach J., Canning L., 1998b. Identification of Seychelles giant tortoises. Linnaeus Fund research project. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 3, 133–135.

Terrestrial habitats Pemphis scrub; Mixed scrub (open, closed & coastal); Tortoise turf; Thespesia / Lumnitzera; Sporobolus grassland Rare and threatened flora e.g. Aldabra lily

Rich biological diversity:- Diversity of habitats / vegetation types for a remote atoll (criterion x) Relatively high proportion of endemic taxa (criterion x)

Brandis v.,R., 2005, Digital Herbarium, Seychelles Islands Foundation

Brandis v., Rainer, 2005, Annual Research Officers Report, Permanent Vegetation Monitoring Plots, Seychelles Island Foundation

ERGO, 1997,. Aldabra revisited: final report on the 1997 Aldabran giant tortoise population and vegetation study. Oxford: Environmental Research Group Oxford Limited. Report to the Seychelles Islands Foundation, Victoria, Mahé: 89pp.

Fosberg, F.R., Renvoize, S.S. & Townsend, C.C., 1980, The flora of Aldabra and neighbouring islands, Kew Bulletin additional series 3, London: Hnatiuk, R.J., Merton, L.F.H., 1979, A Perspective of the vegetation of Aldabra, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Science, Vol 286, 1011, 79-84 Gibson, C.W.D. Phillipson, J. The Vegetation of the Aldabra Atoll: Preliminary Analysis and Explanation of the Vegetation Map, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol 302, No. 1109 ( Jul. 20, 1983), pp.201-235, Great Britain


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Major Site Values



Relatively high proportion of endemic taxa (criterion x)

Avibase – Bird Checklist of the World Aldabra, following Clements 6th edition (udated 2007) www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase/.jsp?region Benson, C.W 1967. The birds of Aldabra and their status. Atoll Res. Bull. 118: 63-111, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC, USA Benson, C.W., 1971, The Land Birds of Aldabra, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 260, 417-527 Penny M. & Diamond, A.W., 1971, The White throated Rail Dryolimnas cuvieri on Aldabra, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 260, 529—548 Penny M.1974. Birds of Seychelles. Collins, London Reville B.J., 1983. Numbers of nesting frigatebirds, Fregata minor and F. ariel, on Aldabra Atoll Nature Reserve, Seychelles. Biological Conservation, 27, 59-76 Ridgway R., 1893. Descriptions of some new birds collected on the islands Aldabra and Assumption northeast of Madagascar by Dr. W. l. Abbott. Proceedings U.S. National Museum 16: 597-600 Rocamora G. and Skerrett A., 2001. Seychelles. Pp751-768 in L.D.C. Fishpool and M.I. Evans, eds. Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands: Priority sites for conservation. Newbury and Cambridge, UK: Pisces Publications and BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No 11). Skerrett A., Bullock, I. and Disley, T., 2001. Birds of Seychelles. Christopher Helms (publishers) Ltd., London UK Wanless, R. M.,2002, The reintroduction of the Adabra Rail Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus on Picard Island, Aldabra Atoll, Master thesis, University of Cape Town Wanless, R.M., 2003, Can the Aldabra White Throated Rail Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus fly? Atoll Res. Bull. 508, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, USA

http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase/.jsp?region


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Major Site Values



Coastal/intertidal habitats Sandy beaches (green turtle); Mangrove (2 species of frigate bird, red-footed booby); Intertidal area in lagoon (significant populations of shorebirds e.g. crab plover); Lagoon islets (various terns and other seabirds)

Important feeding and breeding area for marine turtles, seabirds and shore-birds in the Indian Ocean (criterion x)

Hirth H. and Carr A., 1970. The green turtle in the Gulf of Aden and the Seychelles Islands. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetnshchappen. Afd. Natuurkunde 58(5):1-44.

Last P. and Séret B, 1999. Comparative biogeography of the Chondrichthyan faunas of the tropical south-east Indian and south-west Pacific oceans. In : Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Macnae, W., 1971, Mangroves on Aldabra, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 260,No 836, pp 237-247, Great Britain Mortimer, J.A. 1984. Marine Turtles in the Republic of Seychelles: Status and Management. Publication of the IUCN Conservation Library: Gland, Switzerland. 80 pp.+ 4pl.

Mortimer J.A. 1985. Recovery of green turtles on Aldabra. Oryx 19(3): 146-1 50. Mortimer J.A. 1988. Green turtle nesting at Aldabra atoll: population estimates and trends. Biol. Soc. Wash. 8:116-128 Betts M., Monitoring of islets (seabirds) Burger A. E., 2000. A Census of Red-footed Boobies, Greater Firgatebirds and Lesser Firgatebirds on Aldabra Atoll in March 2000. Report to Birdlife Seychelles, The Second Dutch Trust Fund and Seychelles Island Foundation. Burger A.E. and Betts M., 2000. Population of Red-footed Boobies, Greater Firgatebirds and Lesser Firgatebirds breeding on Aldabra Atoll. Unpublished manuscript. Diamond, A.W., 1971, The ecology of sea birds of Aldabra, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 260, 561- 571, Great Britain


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Major Site Values



Diamond, A.W., 1974, The Red-footed Booby Sula sula on Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean Auk 92: 16-39 Diamond, A., W. & Pryse –Jones, R.P., 1986, The biology of terns nesting at Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean,with particular reference to breeding seasonality, Journal of Zoology, London, 210, 527-549 Diamond, A.W., 1994, Seabirds of Seychelles, Indian Ocean, pp 258-267 In Nettelship, D.N. Burger,J. and Gochfield, M (eds) Seabirds on Islands: Threats, Case Studies and ActionPlasn, Biological Conservation Series No1, BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK Feare C.J., 1978. The decline of the booby (Sulidae) population in the western Indian Ocean. Biological Conservation, 14:295-305 Weimerskirch, H., Le Corre, M., Jaquemet, S., Potier, M., Marsac,F., 2004, Foraging strategy of a top predator in tropical water: great frigatebirds in the Mozambique Channel, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Volume 275, 297-308 Weimerskirch, H., Le Corre, M., Jaquemet, S., Potier, M., Marsac,F., in press, Foraging strategy of a top predator in tropical water: great frigatebirds on Aldabra


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Major Site Values



Aquatic habitats Coral reef and reef flats; Seagrass beds; Mudflats and sand flats; Atoll channels; (also mangroves)

Diversity of marine habitats within the large lagoon and around the atoll rim (criterion x)

Barnes J., Bellamy D.J., Jones D.J., Whitton B., Drew E., Kenyon L., Lythgoe J.N., and Rosen B.R. 1971. Morphology and ecology of the reef front of Aldabra. Symposium Zoological Society London, 28: 87-114 Downing N., Stobart B., Buckley R., LeClair L. and Teleki K.A., 2003. Aldabra Marine Programme Phase IV: The state of the reef, five years after bleaching. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. 83pp Sheppard C. and Obura D., 2005. Corals and reefs of Cosmoledo and Aldabra atolls: Extent of damage, assemblage shifts and recovery following the severee mortality of 1998. Journal of Natural History, 2005; 39(2): 103–121 Stobart B., Buckley R., LeClair L., Teleki K.A., Downing N., Souter D., and Callow M. 2001. Aldabra Marine Programme Phase II: Monitoring the path to recovery. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. Stobart B., Buckley R., Downing N., Callow M., LeClair L. and Teleki K.A., 2002. Aldabra Marine Programme Phase III: Extending the survey eastward. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge Teleki K.A., Downing N., Stobart B. and Buckley R., 1999. Aldabra Marine Programme. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. 31pp Wendling B., Rosine G., Adam P.A., Zialor V. and Louange A., 2003. Status of carnivorous fishes and recent hard coral recruitment rates around outer islands (Seychelles). Technical report to the Seychelles Marine Ecosystem Management Programme, SEYMEMP


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Major Site Values



High fish diversity Breeding ground for many marine species in the Indian Ocean (criterion x)

Cockcroft, V.G., R.V. Salm and T.P. Dutton. 1994. The status of dugongs in the western Indian Ocean. First International Manatee and Dugong Research Conference. March 11-13. Gainesville, Florida. DUGONG Conservation Strategy ~ The Status of Dugongs in the Western Indian Ocean & Priority Conservation Actions. Editors Muir C., Ngusaru A., Mwakema L., WWF Eastern African Marine Ecoregion, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 40-44 Kiszka J.J., Vely M., Bertrand N., Breysse O., Wickel J. and Maleck-Bertrand N., 2003. Le dugong (Dugong dugon, Müller 1776) autour de l’île de Mayotte Langrand O. 1998, Bird of Indian Ocean Marsh H. 2002. Dugong Status Reports and Action Plans for Countries and Territories. Muir C., Ngusaru A., Mwakema L., 2004 (eds).Towards a Western Indian Ocean DUGONG Conservation Strategy ~ The Status of Dugongs in the Western Indian Ocean & Priority Conservation Actions. WWF Eastern African Marine Ecoregion, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 68pp. Wendling B., Rosine G., Adam P.A., Zialor V. and Louange A., 2003. Status of carnivorous fishes and recent hard coral recruitment rates around outer islands (Seychelles). Technical report to the Seychelles Marine Ecosystem Management Programme, SEYMEMP

Flamingo; Ibis nesting sites

Freshwater, brackish and marine pools are unusual and varied (criterion x)

Bergeson M. and Rainbolt R. 1995. Flamingos nesting. Birdwatch 15: 7-10 Whitton, Potts, Donaldson – 1971-1979 – in Seaton, A. Beaver, K. and Afif M. (eds) (1991) A focus on Aldabra, Ministry of Education, Seychelles.


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Major Site Values



Classic raised coral atoll Geomorphology; Sequence and varied types of limestone

Outstanding example of a large elevated coral atoll formation (criterion iiv)

Stoddart, D.R., 1971, Scientific studies at Aldabra and neighbouring islands, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 260, 5-29, Great Britain

Oth

er n

atur

al v

alue

s

Integrity A reptile (the Aldabra giant tortoise) is the dominant herbivore

Relatively undisturbed atoll where ecological and biological processes are on-going and there is natural interaction between marine and terrestrial ecosystems (criterion ix)

Seaton, A.J., Beaver, K., Afif, M., 1991, A Focus on Aldabra, Ministry of Education, Government of Seychelles, Seychelles

Stoddart, D.R. and Westoll, F.R.S., 1979, The terrestrial ecology of Aldabra, Biological Science Volume 286, pp 1-263, Number 1011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, UK Devaux, B., 2007, Giant tortoise of Seychelles, a survivor, Chelonii, Volume 5, Soptom, France

Cultur

al /

So

cial v

alue

s

Relics of old human settlement Buildings, cemetery and settlement history are nationally significant

Esparon Guy, 2007, Interviews with old workers unpublished document Kirkpatrick, M. , collection of old post cards Seychelles Archive,


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Major Site Values



Site for scientific research Opportunities:- Island / atoll ecology and evolution; Marine ecology and evolution; Geology; History of human settlement

Beaver, K., 2000, Aldabra Science Workshop Report, Seychelles Island Foundation , Seychelles Beaver, K., 2005, Science Programme Review 15-16 March 2005, Seychelles Island Foundation , Seychelles Stoddart, D.R. and Westoll, F.R.S., 1979, The terrestrial ecology of Aldabra, Biological Science Volume 286, pp 1-263, Number 1011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, UK Stoddart, D.R. (Ed) (1984), Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands Stoddart, D.,R., 1997, Bibliography of Aldabra and nearby Atolls, Third Edition, Seychelles Islands Foundation, Seychelles

Site for education and for nature-conservation tourism Opportunities:- Local; Commercial; Restoration

Amin M., Willets, D. Skerrett A. and Skerrett J. (1994). Journey through Seychelles. Camerapix Publishers, Nairobi, pp 192. Amin M., (1996). Spectrum Guide to Seychelles. Camerapix Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya Rowatt, D., 2006, Aldabra & Southern Islands Group – Scenarios for protection and conservation management, Seychelles Island Foundation, Seychelles STB www.seychelles.com Numerous films and documentaries have been produced on Aldabra by :

• John Bowl, Claude Pavard, BBC Planet Earth,

One of the latest film is Tides of Aldabra, Guardians of Aldabra by Aldabra Production

http://www.seychelles.com/


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Documentation of Management Objectives and their Relationship to Site Values

List Principal Management Objectives (from park management plan or other source documents)

Major site values that are related to this objective (there may be more than one value related to a principal management objective)

To preserve and protect the ecological integrity of Aldabra’s terrestrial and marine ecosystems, including the flora and fauna, biological and genetic diversity, natural ecological and evolutionary processes, physical features, historical and cultural features, and scenic beauty.

Giant tortoise population (criterion ix) Terrestrial habitats (criterion x) with a relatively high proportion of endemic taxa and richness in diversity of habitats / vegetation types Coastal/intertidal habitats (criterion x) Important feeding and breeding area for marine species Aquatic habitats (criterion x) Diversity of marine habitats High fish diversity(criterion x), Flamingo and Ibis nesting sites (criterion x), Classic raised coral atoll (criterion iiv) Integrity (criterion ix) Relics of old human settlement

To advance and facilitate the continuation of scientific research and environmental monitoring, with priority designated to the conservation, maintenance and restoration of the biological and genetic diversity of Aldabra’ s native species, their communities and ecosystems.

Site for scientific research Giant tortoise population (criterion ix) Terrestrial habitats (criterion x) Coastal/intertidal habitats (criterion x) Aquatic habitats (criterion x) Classic raised coral atoll (criterion iiv) Integrity (criterion ix)


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List Principal Management Objectives (from park management plan or other source documents)

Major site values that are related to this objective (there may be more than one value related to a principal management objective)

To ensure that the primary purpose of the limited tourism on Aldabra is conservation education, by means of accurate and entertaining interpretation of the natural and cultural features of the atoll.

Site for education and for nature-conservation tourism Relics of old human settlement

To increase the environmental awareness of all staff on Aldabra, so that they can contribute actively to bringing about the three goals delineated above.

All major values identified in Table 1 are related to this management objective.

Tool 2: Identification of Threats

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Tool 2 Identification of Threats Current threats There are two main threats affecting the integrity of the natural ecosystems of Aldabra:

1. Interruption to ecological processes It is evident that climate change is having an impact on ecological processes on and around Aldabra. Although current weather data analysis does not support the perception of more severee dry periods, which would have most impact on terrestrial habitats, there is evidence of beach erosion and severee coral bleaching. These appear to be related to global climate change. Rising sea levels and extended dry seasons, however imperceptible, will affect the lagoon by further eroding coral islets and reducing vegetation available for tortoise food. It is possible that competition for food amongst tortoises may lead to loss of vegetation by overgrazing.

It may be difficult to mitigate the effects of climate change. Data collected on Aldabra could be used as a baseline for changes occurring elsewhere in the world.

2. Disturbance to or loss of habitats, species and species integrity This current stress is more obvious than the previous one. The change in species composition and loss of food resources due to alien species may be having an impact beyond those that are obvious to us. Alien species such as cats are predators of tortoise and turtle hatchlings. The coccid Icerya seychellarum has impacted certain plant species severeely. Although goats have been considerably reduced in numbers, they still have an impact on the vegetation. Rats have an un-quantified impact on terrestrial species. Dive boats, yachts and other visiting ships can damage coral with their anchors, although the risks have been minimized by placing mooring buoys in appropriate places. Poorly supervised visitors can have an impact through disturbance or even poaching. Poachers from outside the atoll can impact on fish and marine invertebrate populations. There is always a small risk of fire or an oil spill from a tanker. It is possible to reduce these threats by management action.

Potential threats These are threats which are on the horizon, that are impending but may not currently be taking place. Both current threats are included here because much of what is thought to be happening is based on assumptions.


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1. Interruption to ecological processes If climate change is a reality, damage to all natural processes could be permanent. With the present knowledge it is not possible to predict exactly the changes that would occur on Aldabra but we can assume they would be severee. Examples of probable changes are sea level rise, an increase in extreme weather conditions, sea current changes, salination of the shallow soils, an increase in sea temperatures, further coral bleaching.

It may be difficult to mitigate the effects of climate change. Data collected on Aldabra could be used as a baseline for changes occurring elsewhere in the world.

2. Disturbance to or loss of habitats, ecosystems, species and species integrity

This potential stress could be caused by high tourism disturbance if the tourism policy were to be changed. Other sources include careless trail cutting, fire, oil pollution, poaching. Further unintentional alien species introduction could have severee impacts on all ecosystems, but the risk for terrestrial ecosystems is higher. Management actions now and in the future could significantly reduce the threats.

3. Loss of cultural/social heritage due to fire, theft, cyclones, sea level rise These threats could result in loss of buildings, graves, and records held in the library at the Research Station.

Management action could reduce certain of these threats.

GAPS • Lack of information on the quantitative and qualitative impact of alien

terrestrial species (with the exception of feral goats and the coccid Icerya seychellarum)

• Lack of information on the effects of fire damage and recovery rates on Aldabra.

RECOMMENDATIONS Climate change resulting from global warming is largely out of management control and the effects are difficult to predict. Other threats can be predicted and the risks minimized by forward management, appropriate policies and contingency plans. • Policy on climate change in relation to Aldabra: A policy statement is

required if Aldabra is to be monitored as a natural site (‘living


24

laboratory’) where climate change is allowed to have its full effects. Otherwise a policy statement should state to what extent management would go to mitigate the effects of climate change on the atoll.

• Contingency plans for fire and oil spill should be enhanced. • There should be additional specific proposals for minimizing the risk of

introducing new alien species. • Specific proposals are required for management action in the case of

discovery of a new alien species on Aldabra. • Specific proposals are required for dealing with armed poachers. • Additional specific proposals are required for management / restoration

of cultural and social heritage on Aldabra


25

Identification of Threats Threats to Biodiversity Values (Refer to values identified in Tool 1a)

Impact of threat Management response List

Threats

Is it a Current or Potential Threat?

Identify major sources of threat

Extent Severeity Action Urgency of

action

Interruption to ecological processes

potential

Climate change

Dry period becomes longer, reduced vegetation cover loss of habitat due to over grazing and potential reduction of tortoise population

severe Collection of weather data such as rainfall Installation of reliable automatic weather station

ongoing Urgent


potential

Climate change

Loss of species, habitats and eco-systems

Very severe Collection of weather data such as rainfall Installation of reliable automatic weather station Identification and monitoring of Indicator species

ongoing Urgent


26


potential

Climate change

Loss of turtle nesting beaches, islets and shore bird feeding grounds

Very severe Beach/turtle monitoring

ongoing


current + potential

Climate change

Severe damage to corals & reef integrity. Loss of fish diversity

Very severe Monitoring sea surface temperature

Urgent


current

Alien species

Competition with goats for food resources, loss of habitat due to over grazing and potential reduction of tortoise population

Not severe Successful completion of goat eradication project

Ongoing


potential

Alien species

Species integrity threatened. Changes in species composition and habitats

medium severe Permanent vegetation sample plots, GIS mapping of vegetation

Ongoing Urgent


potential

Alien species

Threats to species composition on islets and in mangrove

Not severe Extent monitoring of seabird on islets and include a plant species check list

Ongoing Not urgent


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potential

Human Disturbance

Little impact on tortoise population but poaching of juveniles could change population structure

Enforcement of existing legislation and policies

Ongoing


current

Human Disturbance

Disturbance and damage to vegetation during visits or research. Introduction of new alien species

Not severe Enforcement of existing legislation and policies Develop protocol for cutting of trails for research purposes

Ongoing Not urgent


potential

Human Disturbance

Damage to reef flats be human traffic. Disturbance by researchers on islets to timid taxa

Not severe Enforcement of existing legislation and policies

Ongoing


potential

Human Disturbance

Damage to coral from boat anchor chains (localised)

Not severe Enforcement of existing legislation and policies, Implementation of management plan moorings provisions and maintenance

Ongoing Urgent need to cater for larger cruise ships (200 pax


28

Threats to Other Natural Values (Refer to values identified in Tool 1a)

Impact of threat Management response

List Threats


Identify major sources of threat Extent Severeity Action Urgency

of action


potential

Climate change

Erosion of edge of atoll

Very severe Beach profile monitoring Partly ongoing urgent


potential

Alien species

Integrity threatened by alien species

Severe Development of a protocol to prevent the introduction as well as to contain alien species on

Urgent

Disturbance to or loss of habitats, ecosystems

current

Traffic by oil tankers

Oil spill along the coast of Aldabra

Very severe Reduce traffic by oil tankers between Assumption and Aldabra extent exclusion zone of ocean going vessels National Oil Spill Contingency Plan,

Very urgent

Disturbance to or loss of habitats, ecosystems

potential

Oil extraction in Madagascar

Oil spill along the coast of Aldabra

Very severe Reduce traffic by oil tankers between Assumption and Aldabra extent exclusion zone of ocean going vessels

Urgent


29

Threats to Cultural, Economic, Educational and Other Social Values (Refer to values identified in Tool 1a)

Impact of threat Management response List

Threats


Identify major sources of threat

Extent Severity Action Urgency of

action


potential

Climate change

Erosion threatening station buildings, old settlement & cemetery

severe Monitoring beach profile

Urgent

Human Disturbance

Alien Species

Introduction of malaria or dengue fever/avian flue or other disease

severe Enforcement of existing legislation

Old age

Less than 20 survivors

will be too late , unless something is done soon

Interview surviving workers – inhabitants, Collection and compilation of old documents, photos…

Very urgent

Loss of institutional memory (especially cultural)

Current

Source(s)

Human Disturbance

potential Terrorism

Research station operation becomes impossible

Very severe Contingency Planning Urgent

Tool 3: Relationships with stakeholders/partners

30

Tool 3 Relationships with Stakeholders/Partners

Factor Tourism Operators Government NGOs IDC Staff/SIF

Name of Stakeholder

Tourism Operators Government NGOs IDC Staff/SIF

Main issues associated with this stakeholder

Aldabra is very attractive but difficult to access and expensive (landing fee and clearance costs).

Access is the main issue. Strategic site – WH site which is good for wrto international environmental recognition. Therefore obligations of government to be involved with policy development etc with SIF. Popularity of Aldabra as a tourism destination- revenue.

Want to be more involved and have more access to Aldabra

Transport of supplies and people by sea and air to Aldabra

Isolation Financial sustainability is a problem

Economic dependency of the stakeholder on Aldabra

Not economically dependant on Aldabra but expenses associated with advertising (brochures etc) if changes this is costly such as fee structures etc. Distance to Aldabra means tour operator gets more funds for time in travel

Legal and policy issues – zonation needs to be enforced and penalties reviewed and possibly increased. As a world famous WH site the Govt receives financial benefits from the tourists it attracts.

Negligible High economic dependency – recently tripled the rates

Very high - wages

Und

erst

andi

ng S

take

holder

s

List negative impacts of stakeholders on site

Want access to restricted areas – staff subject to bribes etc to gain access to these areas. Therefore need to invest in capacity building/ awareness program to address this issue. Potential of tourists and operators to introduce alien species. May need to screen for weed seeds etc before alighting on Aldabra (this is already in the policy/protocols but is not enforced

Immigration/customs/health/security procedures make it difficult for tourists to access (from Mahe) Any policy that is being developed without meaningful input from SIF (includes tourism, oil spills). More private investment - may lead to increased visitation – this again would be a problem if SIF has no input. Current Govt policy may indicate that no land based tourism will be developed on Aldabra (check this policy) and Assumption, Cosmoledo etc

Negligible except for NGOs pushing their own specific agenda/interests rather than the best strategies for overall management of the site

Low – occasional poaching and fishing incidents. Potential introduction of alien species

Capacity building – then rangers leave – maybe addressed with ranger exchange program. Six month rotation


31


List negative impacts of site management on stakeholders

Too restrictive. There are also natural limitations – eg tide, distance away. SIF should not get involved with assisting landing etc.

Not applicable Access restricted None Isolated site – limited social life

List positive impacts of stakeholders on site

Funds and also marketing. Raises the profile of the site. Personal interaction for the staff with the visitors. Tour ships can assist – transport of supplies and medical support etc. This assistance may need to be formalised.

Close connection of SIF with the Govt – then there are opportunities for input into policy dev’t and other decisions. More private investment - may lead to increased visitation – this would be ok if SIF has input.

Widen the level of expertise, knowledge and support for the site. Sharing limited resources

Transport everything – the lifeline for the site. In the past had the most competitive/special rates.

Essential for running of site.

List positive impacts of site management on stakeholders

Site managers give the tourists a positive experience (interpretation and education). Good management means that the natural values are maintained for tourists.

Promote the commitment of the government to conservation due to the large area protected to international partners and locals.

Increase experience and use of Aldabra as a baseline to compare to other sites.

Make money from the site. Been able to keep Assumption airstrip functioning

With willing staff there are opportunities to gain excellent experience with international researchers etc. Therefore can be training experience Site management need to encourage/stipulate that they need to present research and provide training to staff.

Willingness/capacity of stakeholders to engage with site management

Most tour operators realise that unless there is close cooperation they cannot land etc because of the changing tides.

Much willingness to engage with the site. Eg Govt always informs SIF of funding opportunities and projects

Exists but is limited by access to the site

Willingness is increasing due to better understanding of environmental protection of outer islands

General willingness


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Willingness/capacity of site management to engage with stakeholders

Very willing because SIF want them to return

Essential SIF has in the past been perceived to be very selective in NGO engagement – difficult for locals to be involved

Essential Essential or staff turnover is too high

Political/Social influence

Tour operators some have significant influence (eg on the Board of T).

Very high – President nominates the Board Trustees

Some on the Board Of T and the Scientific Committee

High influence – control access and supplies

Limited

Organisation of stakeholders

Most consultation with stakeholders is informal as one on one rather than with an organised group.

Well organised In general the environmental NGOs collectively are not well organised

One – well organised

Not organised as a group

What opportunities do stakeholders have to contribute to management?

Represented on the BOT.

Many opportunities as mentioned Good – via the Board and the Science Committee

Limited – not applicable

Have opportunities but this should be improved. For eg – with better communication opportunities can increase.

Ass

essm

ent

of S

take

holder

En

gage

men

t

What is the level of engagement of the stakeholder?

Fair - some are well engaged (offers of assistance) and some do not engage at all

Government is fairly well engaged with the site – Aldabra is very good as promotion for the government etc. Need to follow up with government on what is happening. Decree (1979) needs to be reviewed.

Varies depending on the NGO

Fair – as needs arise, issue based

Depends on the individual staff – wide range of engagement but there is a fair minimum level.


33


Summar

y

Describe the overall adequacy of stakeholder engagement

There are opportunities to better engage tour operators for eg to improve awareness and education for Aldabra – needs to be further investigated. Need to review Tourism Policy with these operators to jointly develop itineraries etc. For eg Interpretation programs on the cruise ships (which are also tied to fund raising programs)

Government recognise the national and international importance of Aldabra and support management through funding opportunities and general engagement.

Can be improved – currently done on a personal basis – apart from the Science Committee there is no formal structure for engagement – this may need addressing

Frequency of supply trips needs to be addressed. 1 every 2 months recently it was 5 months between trips

Essential – room for improvement esp. now with better communications

Rating

Rate the overall adequacy of stakeholder engagement, as either very good; good; fair or poor

FAIR – ideas discussed for limited improvement.

GOOD GOOD Science Workshop Review – is a good opportunity to get local NGOs involved. has worked well and should continue.

FAIR frequency of trips and increasing rates needs to be addressed

FAIR/GOOD

General Discussion Values

• Cultural and spiritual values of Aldabra to local people should also be recognised.

Tool 4: Review of National Context

34

Tool 4 REVIEW OF NATIONAL CONTEXT Seychelles has a good environment conservation reputation. Approximately 47% of Seychelles land area is set-aside as Protected Area (just under 20,000 hectares). In addition, there is 23,000 hectares of protected coral reef and other marine habitats. These Protected Areas include 4 Special Reserves (of which Aldabra is one), 7 National Parks (of which 4 are marine), 9 Nature Reserves, 4 Shell Reserves, 1 area of outstanding beauty and 2 protected areas. Legislation The problem of enforcement of legislation is a countrywide problem and measures to improve the situation are already being taken up by the Ministry of Environment. New environmental laws are being drafted, which will help to bring together the currently fragmented legislation. At the moment illegal actions on Aldabra are relatively few and far between, but international poaching could become a serious problem in the future as boats become better equipped with satellite navigation, and if fish stocks are depleted and regional countries are unable to significantly improve their economic situation. Some kind of regional cooperation could help to reduce the risks. Broad government policy As shown in the table below, Seychelles has signed numerous international conservation conventions, and also other agreements regarding marine pollution, fisheries and climate change. There is much regional cooperation on environmental issues and Seychelles is active on the global environment scene. The Environment Management Plan of Seychelles (EMPS) 2000-2010 is a major instrument in the planning and management of the whole of the Seychelles environment. Sustainable development is the overall goal of the EMPS. Aldabra comes under the Support Programme for Outer Islands Biodiversity, which includes other islands in the Aldabra group. There may be options for giving broader protection to some of these outer islands. Government support There is much support for the site, as detailed in the table on the next page. The Ministry of Environment is in effect overseeing most national protected areas (or can influence decisions through Board membership), even though it may not have direct influence over Protected Areas that are managed by independent agencies. The Patron of the Foundation is the President and this demonstrates the political will to protect Aldabra at highest level GAPS • Absence of enforcement mechanism for international poaching on Aldabra.


35

Review of National Context

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses World Heritage Site and protected area legislation

Legislation protecting Aldabra is adequate (Aldabra is designated as a Special Reserve - Order S/I 86/1981 – for which there are Aldabra Special Reserve Regulations – S/I 87/1981). In addition, there is a plethora of government legislation on various aspects of the environment. SIF was set up by decree (Seychelles Island Foundation Decree – Chapter 217) as a corporate body to manage and conserve the natural life of Aldabra and to initiate and control scientific research into such natural life (thus enabling the major WHS criteria to be fulfilled).

There is actually no lease paper for Aldabra – there is only an informal lease arrangement (this issue is currently being addressed) (=GAP). Legislation pertaining to biodiversity and other aspects of environmental protection is extremely fragmented. Enforcement of much biodiversity legislation has been historically weak on Aldabra or in general. Attempts by the coastguard and police to enforce legislation with respect to Aldabra are often thwarted (=PROBLEM). Aldabra staff are concerned about their inability to deal with illegal fishing or vessels coming within the exclusion zone (=PROBLEM). The enforcement mechanism for international poaching on Aldabra is extremely limited (= GAP). SIF should be offered the same incentives that any other operation benefits from under the Investment Promotion Act.

Conservation within broader government policy

There is a Ministry of Environment, headed by a Minister, with a Principal Secretary, Director Generals, and with several major subdivisions, each headed by a Director. The government has prepared a second

At times there are too many processes and consultation ongoing in parallel and being limited in technical capacity SIF cannot always meaningful contribute and needs to stretch resources. At its own expenses


36

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses Environment Management Plan of Seychelles (EMPS) for the period 2000-2010, which serves to guide policy and action with respect to the management of the environment. The emphasis is on sustainable development in Seychelles and it encompasses all major and emerging environmental issues. (The previous EMPS covered the period 1990-2000.) Aldabra is regarded as a prime example of the nature conservation in Seychelles SIF is a members of the Steering Committee responsible for the implementation and monitoring of Environment Management Plan of Seychelles as well a whole consortium of other committees set up in relation to environment protection

International conservation conventions and treaties

Seychelles was instrumental in setting up the Indian Ocean Marine Mammal Sanctuary in the early 80s. Seychelles has also ratified several international conventions of significance to Aldabra: • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

(1994) (Seychelles is currently implementing a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action

Due to the lack of resources and at times capacity government can not always keep up with the enforcement and compliance of Multi Environmental Agreements


37

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses Plan).

• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)(1973) (This is generally complied with).

• African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1968)

• Nairobi Convention for the Protection of the Marine Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region (1985) (Seychelles hosts the regional coordinating unit)

• Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972)

• Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)(1973/78)

• Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989)

• Convention to Combat Desertification • Framework Convention on Climate Change

(1992) (Seychelles has submitted its first national communication to the Conference of Parties and the second is in preparation)

• Ramsar (Convention on WetlandsAldabra has extensive mangrove areas, a variety of freshwater and brackish water pools and many marine shallow water habitats, which


38

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses are included in the Ramsar definition of wetlands

• Convention on Migratory • Seychelles is participating in ICRAN/ICRI

and CORDIO programmes relating to coral reefs.

Seychelles keeps a very high profile on the international scene and has led a lead in negotiation process such as in the development of the technical ABS guidelines under the CBD to name only one

Government support for the World Heritage Site

Government’s commitment to Aldabra as a WHS is strong. The President is designated as the patron of SIF in the Decree. The Chairman of the local management board is the Chair/CEO of the Seychelles Tourism Board; several government officials also sit on this board. IDC (Islands Development Company), which is a parastatal organization responsible for other outer islands of Seychelles, is the main transporter of goods to Aldabra. All proceeds from Vallée de Mai entrance fees are retained by SIF (rather than going into general government revenue).

National civil society has little opportunity to influence decisions within SIF. Government is influenced by politics e.g.it is possible with a change of government that the commitment to Aldabra as a World Heritage Site changes. IDC boat and plane schedules to the outer islands often change, and Aldabra has to fit in with these, which can be very awkward for research scientists on a tight schedule (= RECOGNISED PROBLEM). The recommendation of a fully operational and manned coast guard vessel at Assumption to be presented has not been implemented. Although SIF is by law exempted from Trade Tax ,


39

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses SIF gets tax-free fuel for Aldabra. There is currently a total waiver of trade tax on necessary imports for Aldabra. Government allows 100% tax rebate on all donations from the private sector and other local taxpayers. There is at times some exchange of rangers between, the Ministry of Environment, other Government organizations and SIF. There are permanent efforts to ensure that SIF is included in all environment related consultations and other related processes. It is ensured that Aldabra is included in the negotiation with international donors as well as project formulations e.g. under the GEF

there is a need to claim and process trade tax on a case by case basis. SIF needs to process all requests related to the

Foreign Exchange Control Act Gainful Occupational Permits (for volunteers)

on a case by case which is very time consuming It pays full social Security Contributions etc The amount of mileage government gets from the fact that Aldabra is a World Heritage Site is not totally reflected by the financial support given.

National protected area agency and the World Heritage Site + SIF and the World Heritage Site

Note that there is no national protected area agency in Seychelles – different PAs are managed by different agencies, e.g. Ministry of Environment, SCMRT -Marine Parks Authority, Nature Seychelles. This allows for a concentration of finance, expertise and effort into specific PAs. It also allows for a certain amount of necessary

The Ministry of Environment has a vast mandate, and stretched resources and technical expertise. To take on the “umbrella” role of national agency would require extra funding and personnel. The networking between the different protected areas is very limited and not institutionalized. It always depends on the good will of the PA management


40

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses independence and diversity of approaches. Aldabra is managed by a specially established agency (SIF). The only other site managed by SIF is Vallée de Mai (which is a much smaller World Heritage Site). Approximately 60% of the SIF budget goes to field operations on Aldabra. SIF staff visit Aldabra usually once or twice a year. There is regular communication between SIF HQ and Aldabra through VSAT which has fastly improved the situation compared to the time when communication was limited to telephone, fax, email or radiotelephone only

Although SIF only manages two sites, Aldabra is very reliant on Vallée de Mai entrance fees for revenue (= RECOGNISED PROBLEM). Distance between HQ and Aldabra continues to be a difficulty in terms of supplies, personnel problems, emergencies, etc. Although much improved in recent years. Constraints (see other sections of this assessment) within SIF and outside of SIF have resulted in:- too much time spent on day-to-day running, and sorting out problems resulting from Aldabra’s distance from Mahe; less research being carried out than desirable; and a tendency for coping strategies to predominate rather than being proactive (The EoH process has assisted in the identification of problems and solutions. )


41

Planning Process

Tool 5: Assessment of Management Planning

42

Tool 5 Assessment of Management Planning

Worksheet 5a for Tool 5: Management Planning Information Sheet

Name of plan

Level of approval of the plan (L,G,A,

S/A,D)*

Year of preparation,

likely completion or most recent

review

Year specified for next review of

plan

Comments (comments should concentrate on the adequacy, currency, and integration of the plan with other planning instruments)

Management Plan

A/G

1998

2005

The management plan is scheduled for review in 2008 – using ParkPlan as a guide

Operations Manual Proceedings of Scientific Workshop Science Programme Review

A/G A A/G

1998 2002 2005

2005 2005

Generally it must be said that the integration of all plans within the organisation is very high. Most of the sectorial planning documents were developed after the management plan

Key

L = plan has force of law (usually has been approved by parliament or legal instrument G = plan has been approved at government level but is not a legal instrument A = plan has been approved at Head of Agency level S/A = plan has been approved at a senior level within the Agency D = plan is a draft and has not been formally approved

Tool 5a: Management Planning Information Sheet

43

Notes 1. Level of approval is given as A/G to reflect that the plan has been approved

at Agency level, by the Board of Trustees of Seychelles Islands Foundation, since the President appoints the Board government maintains a strong influence over the affairs of the Foundation.

2. Policies on zonation, tourism, research, etc. are to be found within the Management Plan.

Adequacy of the Management Plan for Aldabra In general the Management Plan (including an Operations Manual) for Aldabra is good. It runs for 7 years (1998-2005) and provides most of the directions needed for management of the site. However, some weaknesses were identified: • The “desired future” for Aldabra has perhaps been considered so obvious

(protection of the existing natural situation) that it has not been stated more specifically in terms of “desired outcomes” (although the goals and objectives define them further). This may be because Aldabra is isolated and it has no indigenous of local population, and therefore has fewer anthropogenic environmental problems than many other World Heritage Sites.

• The Plan does not take into account the needs of certain stakeholders and they were not involved in the production of the Plan. The workshop recently organized to consult stakeholders during the final assessment was much appreciated by management and participants and it was underlined that the process will be continued

• Although research priorities are listed, other actions required by Management may not be so clearly prioritised from the point of view of decision makers with respect to allocation of resources.

• Financial management has highly improved as previously pointed out and a Finance Committee does monitor finance management at the board level

One of the major findings of the assessment was the lack of awareness of the contents of the Management Plan by many key players, who seemed insufficiently aware of the important role it should be playing in ensuring effective management of Aldabra. There has been little reference to the Plan during management meetings. It is planned that the review of the management plan is built in the reporting mechanism which is evaluated by the board. The staff on Aldabra, on the other hand, were found to be using the Management Plan and the Operations Manual frequently to guide their actions. GAPs • Certain additional relevant environmental information is required to guide

future management (see other sections). The marine sector is partly addressed under the AMP however the vegetation mapping has not attracted donor funding up to now. A vegetation monitoring programme has been newly introduced.

Tool 5a: Management Planning Information Sheet

44

• It is recognised that a better system is required for monitoring, reviewing and adjusting the Plan during its lifetime.

RECOMMENDATIONS • The implementation of the reviewed management plan should be part of

reporting mechanism to the Board • Specific objectives should be more clearly identified in the Plan (unless

they can instead be stated each year in an Annual Work Plan). • Certain policies should be updated, particularly for Tourism (see also

other sections). • The policy is sufficient but needs implementation across the board • When the Management Plan is due for review, ensure that stakeholders

are included in the process. First Attempt has been made in the preparation of the Final Assessment

• Ensure that a better system is introduced for reviewing and adjusting the Plan.

• The Annual work plan needs to cross reference to the management plan as much as the work reports.

Tool 5b: Adequacy of Primary Planning Document

45

Worksheet 5b for Tool 5: Adequacy of Primary Planning Document

Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Decision making framework

Desired future is explicitly articulated as a decision making reference point

VG

Desired future is reasonably articulated

G

1. Does the plan establish a clear understanding of the desired future for the site? (i.e. describes the desired outcomes of management in terms that provides a guide to management and decision making by site managers)

Desired future is not clearly articulated but is implied or can be inferred from plan objectives

F

Although the Management Plan does not generally describe the desired outcomes of management in terms that provides a guide to management and decision-making by site managers, it is considered that this is heavily implied. A section headed “Major Policies For Aldabra” covers protection, conservation, research and monitoring, restoration and other priorities. Also, while a desired future for tourism is not articulated, there is an appendix to the Management Plan headed “Alternative Scenarios for the Future of Aldabra”. There is also

This will be addressed in the management plan review


46

Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Plan focuses more on present issues and actions and doesn’t indicate a desired future for the site

P a SWOT analysis within the Plan

Desired future is expressed in a way that provides clear guidance for addressing new issues and opportunities

VG

Desired future is expressed in a way that gives some guidance for addressing new issues and opportunities

G

Desired future is not clearly articulated and provides only limited guidance for addressing new threats and opportunities

F

2. Does the plan express the desired future for the site so that it can assist management of new issues and opportunities that arise during the life of the plan?

The plan focuses more on present issues and actions and doesn’t indicate any desired future for the site

P

The desired future for Aldabra may not be expressed in a way that provides clear guidance for addressing current or new issues and opportunities. However, the desired future is clearly expressed in terms of maintaining the ecological integrity of Aldabra. There is a need for a redefined Tourism Policy. The Management Plan gives guidelines for tourists but this market has the capacity to evolve beyond the present limits and is in need of review.

The policy is sufficient but needs implementation across the board

3. Does the plan provide for a process of

Plan provides a clear, explicit and appropriate process for monitoring, review and adjustment

VG The need for monitoring, review and adjustment is

An additional AGM agenda item


47

Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Provisions for monitoring, review and adjustment of the plan are present but are incomplete, unclear or inappropriate in some minor respects

G

Need for monitoring, review and adjustment is recognised but is not dealt with in sufficient detail

F

monitoring, review and adjustment during the life of the plan?

Plan does not address the need for monitoring, review and adjustment

P

recognised, but it is not dealt with in any detail. The Plan contains a summary table of Strategies and Actions, which is intended as a tool for the annual review of performance and progress during the AGM of SIF, following which a summary of policy changes and amendments relating to this Management Plan should be produced.

will be created to ensure an annual review.

Planning context Policy requirements for the site are identified and adequate and appropriate policies are established with clear linkages to the desired future for the site

VG

Policy requirements for the site are identified and policies are largely adequate and appropriate although there are gaps

G

4. Does the plan provide an adequate and appropriate policy environment for management of the World Heritage site?

Policies in the plan are inadequate or incomplete in many respects

F

The plan is based on different management zones and which was analysed as the best approach to manage the site under the existing challenges

To explicitly state the desired future for the site


48

Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Plan either doesn’t establish policies for the area or the policies are inadequate or inappropriate in major respects

P

Relevant national, regional and sectoral plans that affect the site are identified and specific mechanisms are included to provide for integration or linkage now and in the future

VG

Relevant national, regional and sectoral plans that affect the site are identified, their influence on the site is taken into account but there is little attempt at integration

G

Some relevant national, regional and sectoral plans are identified but there is no attempt at integration

F

5. Is the plan integrated/linked to other significant national/regional/sectoral plans that influence management of the World Heritage site?

No account is taken of other plans affecting the site

P

Although most of the relevant national, regional and sectoral plans are not specifically identified in the plan, their influence on the site is taken into account by SIF management, because personnel are aware of such plans.

To be stated in the Management Plan revision in 2008. Good number of such plans did not exist when the plan was prepared.

Plan Content The information base for the plan is up to date and adequate in scope and depth and is matched to the major decisions, policies and issues addressed in the plan

VG 6. Is the plan based on an adequate and relevant information base?

The information base is adequate in scope and depth but maybe a little out dated and/or contain irrelevant information (i.e. a broad compilation of data rather than matching information to the decisions, policies and issues addressed in the plan)

G

The information base is generally adequate but it is recognised that more information is needed on marine ecosystems, terrestrial vegetation and the impact of alien species on the terrestrial ecosystem.

The marine programme has been considerable extended as well as a basic vegetation monitoring programme has been set up to address this. The next step is to revamp the science programme


49

Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps The information base is out of date and/or has inadequacies in scope or depth so that some issues, decisions or policies cannot be placed into context

F

Very little information relevant to plan decisions is presented

P

The site values have been clearly identified and linked to well defined management objectives and desired outcomes for the site.

VG

The site values have been reasonably identified and linked to management objectives and desired outcomes for the site.

G

The site values have not been clearly identified or linked to management objectives and desired outcomes for the site.

F

7. Have the values for the site been identified in the plan and linked to the management objectives and desired outcomes for the site?

The site values have not been identified.

P

Although the desired outcomes are not explicitly stated

To address this in the review

Plan identifies primary issues for the site and deals with them within the context of the desired future for the site (i.e. plan is outcome rather than issues driven)

VG 8. Does the plan address the primary issues facing management of the World Heritage Area within the context of the desired future of the site?

Plan identifies primary issues for the site but tends to deal with them in isolation or out of context of the desired future for the site

G

The Plan identifies the main issues, both in terms of policies and in the equivalent of Focal Management Targets. The outcome or desired future is assumed rather than specifically stated.



50

Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Some significant issues for the site are not addressed in the plan or the issues are not adequately addressed

F

Many significant issues are not addressed or are inadequately dealt with in the plan

P

A SWOT analysis is included in the Plan, which helps to identify some of the issues that still need to be tackled.

Objectives and actions are adequate and appropriate for all issues

VG

Objectives and actions are adequate and appropriate for most issues

G

Objectives and actions are frequently inadequate or inappropriate

F

9. Are the objectives and actions specified in the plan represented as adequate and appropriate response to the issues?

Objectives and actions in the plan do not represent an adequate or appropriate response to the primary issues

P

Tourism, habitat restoration, and response to climate change are perhaps the main exceptions at the moment. Specific objectives have to be more clearly defined.


Local and indigenous communities living in or around the WHS were meaningfully and fully involved in developing the management plan and setting direction for the WHS

VG

Local and indigenous communities living in or around the WHS were fairly meaningfully and partly involved in developing the management plan and setting direction for the WHS

G

10. “Were local and indigenous communities living in or around the WHS involved in developing the management plan and setting direction for the management of the WHS?

Local and indigenous communities living in or around the WHS were only minimally involved in developing the management plan and setting direction for the WHS

F

Not fully applicable There is no local or indigenous population on Aldabra. The wider Seychellois community, most of whom have never visited Aldabra, is taken into consideration in the Plan through the Education Policy.


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Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Local and indigenous communities living in or around the WHS were not involved in developing the management plan and setting direction for the WHS

P

Plan identifies the needs and interests of local and indigenous communities and has taken these into account in decision making

VG

Plan identifies the needs and interests of local and indigenous communities but it is not apparent that these have been into account in decision making

G

There is limited attention given to the needs and interests of local and indigenous communities and little account taken of these in decision making

F

11. Does the plan take account of the needs and interests of local and indigenous communities living in or around the World Heritage site?

No apparent attention has been given to the needs and interests of local and indigenous communities

P

Not fully applicable There is no local or indigenous population on Aldabra. The wider Seychellois community, most of whom have never visited Aldabra, is taken into consideration in the Plan through the Education Policy.

Plan identifies the needs and interests of other stakeholders and has taken these into account in decision making

VG 12. Does the plan take account of the needs and interests of other stakeholders involved in the World Heritage site?

Plan identifies the needs and interests of other stakeholders but it is not apparent that these have been into account in decision making

G

Little is identified in the plan, except for the composition of the Board of Trustees and the Scientific Sub-Committee, and guidelines for tourism management.

Fully recognised that there is possibility to increase involvement and a first workshop during the final assessment was conducted, Provisions will be made for stakeholder


52

Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps There is limited attention given to the needs and interests of other stakeholders and little account taken of these in decision making

F

No apparent attention has been given to the needs and interests of other stakeholders

P

However, there are relatively few such stakeholders. Further thought needs to be given to this area as there is potential for further involvement of other stakeholders such as NGOs and civil society.

consultation when the plan will be updated

Management actions specified in the plan can be clearly understood and provide a useful basis for developing operational plans such as work programmes and budgets

VG

Management actions specified in the plan can generally be clearly understood and provide an adequate basis for developing operational plans such as work programmes and budgets

G

Management actions are sometimes unclear or lacking in specificity making it difficult to use the plan as a basis for developing operational plans such as work programmes and budgets

F

13. Does the plan provide adequate direction on management actions that should be undertaken in the World Heritage site?

Management actions are unclear or lacking in specificity making it very difficult to use the plan as a basis for developing operational plans such as work programmes and budgets

P

The Plan provides adequate direction, and is used by staff on Aldabra to guide their actions (as also is the Operations Manual).

The format of the present plan will be adopted for the updated version


53

Question Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Clear priorities are indicated within the plan in a way that supports work programming and allocation of resources

VG

Priorities are generally indicated making their use for work programming and resource allocation adequate most of the time

G

Priorities are not clearly indicated but may be inferred for work programming and resource allocation

F

14. Does the plan identify the priorities amongst strategies and actions in a way that facilitates work programming and allocation of resources?

There is no indication of priorities in the plan so that the plan cannot be used for work programming and resource allocation

P

Research priorities are identified. Also the Plan contains a summary Management Strategy and Action Plan, which identifies priority actions.

Tool 6: Design Assessment

54

Tool 6: Design Assessment The whole of Aldabra atoll is protected, including a distance of 1km all around the rim. This is a sufficient size to protect all species and habitats within the atoll. As there is no indigenous community, no areas are set aside for anything other than conservation in its broad sense. The major factor affecting management of the atoll lies less in its design than in its great distance (1000km) from the main island of Mahé, which is where SIF management headquarters is. Most of the relevant points are summarized in the data sheet, and in the text below. Zonation Policy A feature of the design of Aldabra is a zonation policy, the details of which are given in the Management Plan. In summary the zones are as follows:

1. Restricted Zone – Ecologically sensitive areas, activities limited to non-

manipulative research and monitoring, alien species removals, and limited controlled photography etc.

2. Protected Zone – The major part of Aldabra, providing opportunities for research and monitoring, photography and filming, and authorized visitors; also alien species removal.

3. Tourist Access Zone – Areas designated for limited educational and nature-conservation tourism; includes the Research Station and Old Settlement (where the cultural heritage is mostly situated).

Certain difficulties with this zonation have become apparent, with tour operators and tourists demanding to enter areas that were accessible before the zonation policy was put in place. Extent of Marine Boundary Aldabra’s protected area extends 1km offshore, which is sufficient to protect the coral reef ecosystem. There is a larger exclusion zone for oil tankers (see table below). Management has not been consulted in the establishment of such maritime regulations and is not aware of the logic of the limits chosen, which may or may not be ecologically sound. International traffic between Assumption and Aldabra External interactions and Connectivity Aldabra may act as a source for marine larvae (e.g. corals, prawns, fish) for the whole region. In addition it is a protected refuge for seabirds, turtles, whales and other migratory species. At present there is little information as to how important Aldabra may be in this respect. Although there are no unnatural limitations to marine species and migratory species as a result of site design, such species will be affected by conditions away from Aldabra. Changing the design of the Aldabra site will not improve this. However, a case could be made for including all four islands and atolls of the Aldabra group in some kind of multiple-


55

use protected area (see note below). It might even be possible to envision an even larger clustering, to include Comores and Madagascar, (perhaps Mozambique and Tanzania as well) in order to harmonise certain policies on protected areas, fishing, poaching, etc. through regional co-operation (which is already in place). Both of these possibilities would have political implications. GAP • There is a need to establish a system for measuring the effectiveness of

the zonation policy and reviewing it if necessary. OPPORTUNITIES • Consider the possibility of including all four islands and atolls of the

Aldabra group in one cluster with some kind of multiple-use protected status.

o Scenarios for protection and conservation management undertaken, awaiting board decision

• Enhance the current regional co-operation initiatives so that protection for the whole region can be coordinated.

o Possibly to be explored under the COI regional network of marine parks an ongoing project and first contacts have been established

Note on the Other Islands of the Aldabra group These other islands are managed by the Islands Development Company (IDC), a government parastatal.

1. Assumption. This island has a viable airstrip. A small group of IDC employees live there. It is used as an access point to Aldabra – visitors, staff and SIF Board of Trustees members fly by IDC plane to Assumption before transferring by boat to Aldabra. Assumption was mined in the past for guano and consequently lost much of its vegetation and most of its birds. There is potential for rehabilitation, in which SIF and Aldabra would have a vital role. Another concern for SIF is that Assumption has four alien species of land bird that could threaten the integrity of the avifauna of Aldabra, where there are no introduced bird species.

2. Cosmoledo. This atoll is presently uninhabited and has been subject to recent poaching. A project is being developed by a recently formed NGO (Islands Conservation Society) to protect and rehabilitate the atoll. The Board of Trustees of this NGO includes the Chairman of IDC. There is no doubt that SIF would play a vital role in rehabilitation plans. For example, Cosmoledo five species of land birds that still survive on Aldabra were formerly resident on Cosmoledo. Reintroduction to their former range is ecologically desirable. It could also act as an insurance policy for these species and perhaps relieve tourism pressure on Aldabra.

3. Astove. This atoll was once used for agriculture and is now an excellent dive site for experienced divers. Marine scientists have highlighted the importance of the reef ecosystem, which is worthy of protected area


56

status. Again the case for rehabilitation is strong, and species extinct on Astove survive on Aldabra.

It should be noted that a GEF project has recently been initiated by the Seychelles Government, a component of which focuses on an ecosystem assessment of the outer islands, followed by an assessment of an integrated ecosystem management for the Aldabra group, with particular emphasis on Cosmoledo atoll.


57

Worksheet for Tool 6: Design Assessment Design aspect

Strengths of reserve design in relation to this

aspect

Weaknesses of reserve design in relation to this aspect

Comments and management action

A. Ecological integrity Key habitats The majority of key

species are either confined to Aldabra or have their stronghold on Aldabra atoll. For a number of species, such as turtles, fish and shorebirds, Aldabra represents a breeding site,nursery and feeding area. The isolation and protection of the atoll enhances this aspect.

Absence of other islands of the Aldabra group within the protected area inhibits opportunities to reintroduce species from Aldabra that once occurred on these other islands (e.g. five land birds restricted to Aldabra once also occurred on Cosmoledo.

,Formulate a protocol regarding such eventualities following IUCN guidelines for reintroduction of species

Size The site is the world’s largest raised atoll. The whole atoll and marine habitats to a distance of 1km around the atoll are protected. Populations of all key species are currently considered viable. Other islands of the Aldabra group are currently under the control of IDC (Islands

Some species are migratory and will be affected by conditions away from Aldabra, but changing the design of the site will not improve this. Some species could be vulnerable to environmental extremes or human induced catastrophe. Inclusion of other islands in the Aldabra group within a larger protected area (though perhaps difficult to

A study to explore possible scenarios for protection and conservation management undertaken. Board decision awaited


58

Design aspect


aspect



Development Company), are underutilized and could perhaps be included in a larger multiple-use protected area.

achieve) would increase opportunities to reintroduce Aldabran species, as an insurance policy for those species.

External interactions

There is an exclusion zone around the atoll measuring 61 nautical miles from north to south for oil tankers. Isolation of the atoll acts as a buffer to many human influences, such as pollution.

Human error could result in an oil spill, in spite of the exclusion zone, with possible catastrophic consequences. Intensive tuna fisheries in the area could impact species affected by their removal, e.g. sea birds relying on tuna to bring small fish to the sea surface. Further development of tourism in the area increases the risk of introducing new alien species, including diseases.

A scientific study carried out on sea birds as bio-indicator and the results are being awaited The National Oil Spill Contingency plan needs to be complimented with a site specific contingency plan for Aldabra

Connectivity There are no unnatural limitations to marine species and migratory species as a result of site design.

Climate change is likely to affect all islands of the Aldabra group.

Identify opportunities in regional/global projects to include Aldabra as a study site to collect information and data to this regard which can not be financed by SIF on its own


59

Design aspect


aspect



B. Community well-being Key areas The distance of Aldabra

from the population centres of Seychelles means that key resources have not been readily available to the general Seychelles population, particularly since the site became a Special Reserve.

Previous exploitation by temporary workers (19th and early 20th centuries) had significant effects on giant tortoise, turtle and probably fish populations. Their populations are still recovering. Currently there are few opportunities for Seychellois to visit the atoll for educational purposes.

Continue the annual visit by the school children, eco school prize winners and Christmas lottery Eventually build an Aldabra House to recreate small parts of Aldabra for the general public to experience Aldabra. Set up a club Friends of Aldabra

Size The small size of the community resident on this atoll means that the provision of ecological services is on a small scale and currently sustainable.

Explore the installation of alternative technologies for various service especially with regards to composting toilets

External interactions

Aldabra’s isolation and difficult terrain has protected it to a large extent from human exploitation.

The distance of Aldabra from Mahé (about 1000km) means that management remains troublesome and a real challenge, in spite of improved communication systems. The isolation of the atoll means that medical evacuation is

Explore the possibility of bilateral cooperation with France in the field of fishery patrol, supplies, surveillance and medical evacuation


60

Design aspect


aspect



difficult and expensive. The relative isolation and large size of the atoll makes poaching hard to police.

Legal status Legal status is clear and generally well respected.

Seychellois fishermen may regard it their right to take natural resources from Aldabra.

To ensure the enforcement of law there is a need to be beef up the monitoring system at the station and to invest in modern technology

C. Management factors Legal status Legal status is clear. The large size of Aldabra, the

small number of staff and the distance from Mahé make enforcement a problem.

Same as above

Access points

Access is controlled by SIF, the Port Authority and Immigration Control on Mahé.

Aldabra’s distance from Mahé creates problems for would-be visitors from other countries, who may break laws in order to gain access far from the Research Station.

Suggestion has been made to place one coast guard vessel at Assumption on a full time basis however modalities still need to be worked out.

Neighbours There are no boundary issues. Good relations with IDC, which controls the nearby island of Assumption, should allow for future

Some charter boats based in Mayotte and Nossy Be are often solicited for illegal charters. Identify and implement strong deterrent measures


61

Design aspect


aspect



cooperation on issues such as alien bird eradication, action on poachers, management of shipping movements, etc.

Tool 7a: Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs for Staff

62

Inputs


63

Tool 7: Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs for Staff

Staff numbers Seychelles Islands Foundation has a small staff: Headquarters on Mahé - Six persons (CEO, Science Programme Coordinator, Executive Officer, Accountant, Accountant Assistant, Office Assistant and one support staff). Aldabra atoll - The number of staff fluctuates around 12 people (Island Manger , Research Officer, Assistant Research Officer, Senior ranger , 2 or 3 Rangers, trainee ranger, 1 or 2 Boatmen, Engineer/Mechanic, 1 cook/field workers, 1 House keeper + a number of occasional staff such as a Mason, Electrician , Carpenter), together with visiting Scientists or Volunteers. Vallée de Mai (the other WHS managed by SIF) – 18 workers The number of staff currently appears to be more or less adequate, although if there are shortages for one reason or another, this puts additional pressure on the existing staff. This is true for all three Aldabra, Vallée de Mai and HQ. During the EoH process it became very clear that there is a need for an accounting unit which was set up and is today manned by one accountant and one account assistant. A peach tree accounting software was purchased and is now fully operational. Further assessments of the situation revealed additional requirements on Aldabra. This resulted in the creation of posts of an assistant research officer, one more fulltime ranger as well as a trainee ranger and one more boatman. For HQ it has been suggested that a part-time worker is necessary to assist the office assistant when the supply boat is due to leave for Aldabra. Staff skills and training Recruiting well-qualified local staff for Aldabra has never been easy. Some foreign nationals are still contracted for specialized posts that cannot be readily filled locally. The level of skills of staff varies considerably because of the short contracts (6 months to 2 years) made necessary by the extreme isolation of the atoll. Consequently it was analyzed that is very important to invest in local capacity. The Head Ranger has now enrolled in a BSc programme in Port Elisabeth fully funded by SIF. In addition dive training has routinely be provided between contracts for returning rangers, boatman and mechanic. Mechanics are often given specific training in air conditioning and outboard engines maintenance. The Aldabra shop account is now managed via an especially designed web based application which allows for in real time stock control and stock taking and greatly facilitates purchases and stock management.


64

The partner of the Research Officer is a computer professional and her being present full time has resulted in a well maintained IT system and tailor made training of Aldabra staff. Due to the 24 hour of internet access even online training facilities exists but have not been explored so far. Opportunistically Aldabra staff have also participated in various training courses such as a bird ringing course, Earthwatch Reef Monitoring, as well as in house training under the Aldabra Marine Programme in fish counts, coral identification and monitoring. Short-term staff exchanges and an enhanced volunteer programme can improve skill levels to some extent and increase the dedication of workers. Capacity building can be carried out on the atoll through skill-sharing as well as by means of specific training courses. Perhaps there is also some way in which personal skills could be enhanced, to reduce the likelihood of conflicts. A multiple-skilled work force is to be encouraged. In the AGM 2006 the board pointed out the perceived necessity to have a paramedic full time on the island. There is a need for capacity building in HQ on Mahé. Administration skills need to be improved by outside training. Under the EoH the peach tree accounts software was bought and is now fully operational. Two additional staff have been trained in house in peach tree and the whole accounts are on the system. Furthermore all computers at HQ were networked, the network is fully functioning and all newly recruited staff have been added to the network. Through assistance from a consultant with a broad and flexible approach to administration training in work planning was conducted and as a result an annual work plan plus a 3 year rolling plan developed. However implementation has been very limited mainly because there was not the creation of ownership in the process and the direct involvement of HQ management was quite limited. A different approach was adopted when working together with Shell to develop the Business Plan. SIF was selected to be the pilot project by the EoH project management. Despite certain minor constraints the out come was very positive and especially the process was much appreciated. The whole exercise became an eye opener and the approach of the Shell team worked very well. Unfortunately the hope for further involvement by Shell especially in the field of renewable energy and health safety aspect of fuel transportation did not materialise. It is much hoped that this can be revived and followed up. In addition the need to further train HQ staff was taken up and the Executive Officer enrolled in a 2 year part time Diploma Course in Human Resource


65

Development offered by the Seychelles Institute of Management. She will complete the training in one year. Also the Purchase Officer just completed a short training in Store Keeping other short term trainings completed are Project Planning and Microsoft Office Funds The Seychelles Government gave apart from the last three years an annual grant of SR100,000 and the Royal Society of London gives an annual grant of £5,000. Aldabra is able to raise few funds of its own (approximately SR 600,000 annually). Most of the revenue for SIF comes from entrance fees for Vallée de Mai, the other World Heritage site managed by SIF. This must be a unique arrangement, whereby one lucrative WHS subsidises another which is very remote and which basically is a scientific site. As long as tourism numbers are stable in Seychelles, this arrangement can work well. However, tourism is a fickle industry and Vallée de Mai requires some major financial input. An investment of 2.5 SR Mill is earmarked in a new visitor facility for 2007/2008 and works have already started. SIF needs to diversify its revenue stream. At present there is too much reliance on the entrance fee and as per the Shell Business Plan it was decided to earn an extra 10 US per visitor at the Vallée de Mai to compensate for a drop in visitor numbers. So it would be much better for SIF to have a more independent source of funds. There was a proposal to develop tourism on Aldabra in order to raise significant funds for the WHS, which was not further developed. A Trust Fund of US Mill 20. is to be set up in the next 7 years. This will require outside expertise and assistance to this effect the Aldabra Foundation was created (3 years ago). It is estimated that a sum of $500,000/750000needs to be raised annually for Aldabra. The setting up a sustainable finance mechanism with the expertise of Carlos Quintera did not materialize Budget For the past years, funding and income has covered the costs of running Aldabra. The waiving of trade taxes, and subsidies for some transport costs, have assisted in this process although a new regulation requires that trade tax claims are done on a case by case basis. Consequently the work load of the administration/account staff will increase. Also, the introduction of 12.5 % Good and Service Tax has considerably increased operation costs. Up to date there has been collaboration with the IDC for provisioning and supply but with the expansion of the tourism industry on the outer islands the logistics to supply the same is severely stretched and there is an emerging need to find alternatives which will be a lot more costly. It is only 2 years that a detailed annual budget is being worked on and more fine tuning is needed. However apart from emergency purchases costs are now much better monitored and the finance management has highly improved


66

compared to previous years when finance were managed without following a budget. Also there is a maintenance schedule in place and it is easier to plan ahead for capital expenditure and supply of spare parts. An annual audit is carried out by a licensed external auditor. Equipment and Infrastructure Detailed lists exist for all equipment and infrastructure on Aldabra however there is still the need to set up a Fix Asset register. The Research Station buildings were renovated in 1996. Communication equipment has been significantly improved especially with the installation of the previously mentioned VSAT system. The Management Plan requirement to adopt environmentally friendly technologies when possible is still not taken up and again Shells experience in the could be of much assistance. Current infrastructure and equipment is sufficient for the everyday running of the site, and the computer and internet facilities were considerable improved to a 24 hour internet access. Tourism facilities are inadequate in terms of educational material and the lack of a proper visitor center, but the number of visitors is under 500 per year and the number of visiting cruise ships has not been consistent in the past years, so facility improvement was only partly addressed. Although one volunteer has assisted with some station staff in converting an old house into makeshift a visitor facility. Very recently the rangers developed interpretation material mainly in the form of posters under the supervision of the Research Officer which are in print and shall be soon mounted to allow for the visitors to source more information when visiting Aldabra Allocation of resources The Science Review workshop undertaken in 2005 identified priorities in the monitoring programme as well as pointed out gaps and implementation of the recommendation of the workshop has started. GAPS Addressed • There is not a good system for identifying input requirements, for

prioritizing them and then obtaining the most appropriate equipment etc. within the budget range.

This has been fully addressed with the peach tree software and finance management is up to standard. The budget is monitored on a permanently basis. Actually the draft budget of 2008 has already been submitted to the board • More forward planning is required in all areas (financial/budget/staff

requirements).


67

Over the last two years an annual budget has been prepared and an administrative audit to address staff requirements was undertaken and has been reinitiated with the arrival of the CEO. It is now necessary to address the annual work planning.

• Staff skills need to be charted more usefully Standards and procedures for the recruitment of staff have been established and are followed. A training budget has been prepared for 2008 and more networking to ensure staff exchange or work attachments in other organization is being done but still needs further enhancement.

RECOMMENDATIONS Staffing • Capacity is being built at both HQ on Mahé and on Aldabra. • Although a review of the staffing needs was undertaken there is a necessity

to continuously monitor human resource and a human resource development exercise which will also include the drafting of the plan is scheduled for 2008 under the supervision of the Seychelles Institute for Management.

Finance • A proper financial strategy should be developed. A Financial Plan was

developed with Shell and implementation of the same needs monitoring the same applies for the Annual Work plan 3 year rolling plan

• Alternative financing proposals for Aldabra should be pursued. As identified in the Business Plan the redevelopment of the entrance infrastructure plus shop to earn an additional 10 US is being implemented and the Aldabra Foundation has been registered in Switzerland and started to work. A first major exhibition to promote Aldabra was mounted in 2005 in The Hague Museum, the next one is planned for Paris. It is meant to be a traveling exhibition which will feature in major World Museums

• Due to the new communication facilities on Aldabra the finance management has much improved and consultation on permanent basis are possible.

General • It would be valuable to share information and experience with another

remote World Heritage Site or Protected Area with respect to administrative and staff issues. This happened to some extent during the EoH project and there should be a mechanism which allows this kind of exchange to continue. This year a fact finding mission was undertaken to Cocos island to investigate the benefits of a twinning programme and a draft MoU was submitted in October 2007 to the Cocos island Foundation for consideration.


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Worksheet 7a for Tool 7: Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs for Staff

Research

Aldabra 2 2 2 Research Officer (PhD) Assistant Research Officer (MSc)

VG The RO and ARO are fully qualified, however there is the need to localise these posts

Research Technical level

Aldabra 4 4 4 Head Ranger Senior Ranger Ranger Trainee Ranger

BSc in Marine Science/Conservation Management Environment, health and safety training GPS handling, plant identification, reef monitoring techniques , scuba diving FIB pilot licence ,

A BSc course is being financed for the head ranger.

Support Aldabra 5 4 1 (cook, long Boat man 60 km navigation F

Level of Training Staff

category Location

Required no. of staff

Current no. of

staff

No. of trained staff

Type of training required

Poor

Fair

Good

Very good

Comments/ Responses

Management HQ 2 2 2 (PhD, BSc )

Diploma in Management to compliment the science training

VG Management Skills need to be acquired + skills in project management

Management

Aldabra 1 1 1 on the job To be identified upon recruitment of the new islands manager is being finlised

F The present Island Manager is acting and recruitment procedures for a new islands manger have started


69

Boat man, mechanic cook, cleaner,

experienced mechanic )

qualification (coxswain) Mechanic some specialised training in 4 stroke outboard engines

Administration HQ 4 4 2 (Accountant technician and Certificate in Human Resource Development

ACCA Diploma Diploma in Human Resource Development Course in store management Microsoft Office

G Provisions have been made in the budget 2008 and the candidates for training identified

General Comments Aldabra is an outpost station and the biggest challenge is to retain good staff and reduce staff turnover. The remoteness of Aldabra requires for the staff to have a break period. Consequently the investment in the training is inordinately high. It must be noted that all staff at HQ are also involved in the management of Valleé de Mai and not solely available for Aldabra only.

Tool 7b: Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs for Budget

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Worksheet 7b for Tool 7: Assessment of Management Needs and Inputs for Budget

Expenditure category Budget spent

since Jan- August 2007

Budget 2007 Budget 2008

Aldabra Revenues Grants 163,938.90 124,750.00 50,000.00 Aldabra - Grant from GOS Aldabra - Grant Royal Society 59,427.50 54,000.00 50,000.00 Aladbra - Grant Other Sources 5,500.00 Aldabra - Landing Fees 171,741.28 412,500.00 200,000.00 Aldabra - Film/Photographic fees 61,499.12 25,000.00 25,000.00 Aldabra - Accomodation/Transpt 96,783.08 65,000.00 75,000.00 Aldabra -Souvenir sales 66,651.68 106,750.00 138,100.00 Sales of Clothings 32,054.75 62,100.00 50,000.00 Books & Video Sales 14,331.50 26,600.00 25,000.00 Aldabra Foundation Books 14,253.54 21,300.00 Cards & Paintings 3,898.89 5,800.00 CD & DVD Sales 1,993.00 2,950.00 6,000.00 Calenders 2006 3,100.00 First Day Covers 30,000.00 Others souvenir 120.00 12,000.00 Aldabra - Turtles Tags/Aplicators sales

3,555.25 25,270.00 20,000.00

Aldabra - Shop Income 155,163.08 247,500.00 250,000.00 Aldabra - Telephone Income 17,835.50 36,700.00 25,000.00 Aldabra - Other Income 6,235.00 35,500.00 20,000.00

Aldabra Total Revenues 743,402.89 1,078,970.00 803,100.00 Aldabra Cost of Sale Aldabra - Shop Purchases 209,335.40 315,000.00 400,000.00 Ald - Printing of T Shirts 61,395.89 0.00 92,000.00 Ald - Purch Books/Videos, etc 25,045.50 25,000.00 37,500.00 Ald - Purch Cards/Calenders 42,550.32 20,000.00 35,000.00 Ald - Purch CD & DVD 840.00 20,000.00 Ald - First Day Covers 25.00 60,000.00 Ald - Turtle Tags / Applicators 16,708.00 42,000.00 25,000.00

Aldabra Total Cost of Sales 355,900.11 402,000.00 669,500.00

Aldabra Gross Profit 387,502.78 676,970.00 133,600.00


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Aldabra Expenditure Aldabra - Accomodation 24,619.73 17,900.00 25,000.00 Aldabra - Camp Visit Issues 10,937.43 23,100.00 25,000.00 Aldabra - Fuel & Gas 361,816.73 241,870.00 600,000.00 Aldabra Patrol/Surveillance (Issues+Fuel)

47.00 10,000.00 150,000.00

Aldabra - Repairs & Maintence 149,448.22 188,200.00 496,000.00 General mtce/Workshop 51,038.64 71,200.00 76,000.00 Boats & Engines 52,649.16 35,000.00 65,000.00 Electricity Generator 22,068.09 40,000.00 35,000.00 Desalinator maintenance 22,691.53 15,000.00 Field Camps 75.80 300,000.00 Computer Hardwares & Accessories 925.00 42,000.00 5,000.00 Station maintenance & Upgrade 750,000.00 Aldabra - Fishing Gears 720.00 7,900.00 1,500.00 Aldabra - Diving Gears 3,260.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 Aldabra - Kitchen Wares 3,282.13 5,000.00 Aldabra - Staff costs 983,466.68 1,182,170.00 1,318,050.00 Staff Salaries/ Wages 766,348.38 863,500.00 950,000.00 SS Contribution 161,722.98 216,150.00 242,500.00 Employer Pension Contribution 3,700.00 5,520.00 5,550.00 Training Of Staff 38,125.70 60,000.00 80,000.00 Other Staff Costs 8,535.83 7,000.00 10,000.00 Volenteer Costs 5,033.79 30,000.00 30,000.00 Aldabra -Capital Exp Below SR5,000

21,680.75 40,800.00 40,500.00

Aldabra - Project 203,100.00 Computer hardwares & accessories 9,276.90 28,000.00 Outboard engines 70,000.00 Aircon & freezers 12,000.00 Field Huts VSAT 4,500.00 Aircon Freezers 1,000.00 Enhancing Our Heritage 9,276.90 87,600.00 Goat Eradication Marine Reaseach Bird Reseach Aldabra - Cleaning Materials 2,704.70 3,200.00 5,000.00 Aldabra - Consumable Items 69.54 1,200.00 1,200.00 Aldabra - Office Running Cost 3,319.75 4,000.00 4,900.00 Aldabra - Printing/Stationery 4,332.60 12,200.00 15,000.00


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Aldabra - Telecom & Internet 63,368.54 68,370.00 91,000.00 Iridium Charges 3,671.74 1,400.00 6,000.00 VSAT - RBGan Charges 6,258.02 3,600.00 9,500.00 VSAT - Bandwidth Charges 42,193.40 46,870.00 58,000.00 VSAT - Mgmt Fees 11,245.38 16,500.00 17,500.00 Aldabra - Transportation 319,957.85 282,600.00 575,500.00 Land 19,265.00 16,800.00 25,000.00 Sea 233,645.25 216,000.00 450,000.00 Air 67,047.60 49,800.00 100,500.00 Aldabra - Donation 303.08 500.00 Aldabra - Research 13,519.08 250,000.00 250,000.00 Aldabra - Advertising 2,100.00 4,655.00 3,000.00 Sundries 10,712.65 33,125.00 16,000.00 Write-Off of Goods 9,712.65 12,125.00 15,000.00 Ald - Other charges 1,000.00 21,000.00 1,000.00 Ald - Science Review Workshop Aldabra Total Expenses 1,989,443.36 2,579,390.00 3,622,650.00 Aldabra Net Profit -1,601,940.58 -1,902,420.00 -3,489,050.00 For all expenditure categories the funding source is from own funds. Due to the unique arrangement of twinning the two world heritage sites in Seychelles. Valleé de Mai is earning sufficient revenues to finance the operation of Aldabra.

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Processes

Tool 8a: Assessment of Management Processes

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Tool 8: Assessment of Management Processes

Worksheet 8a for Tool 8: Assessment of Management Processes Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Management Structures and Systems

The World Heritage site has agreed and documented values and the management objectives fully reflect them

Very good

The World Heritage site has agreed and documented values, but these are only partially reflected in the management objectives

Good

The World Heritage site has agreed and documented values, but these are not reflected in the management objectives

Fair

1. World Heritage values Have values been identified and are these linked to management objectives?

No values have been agreed for the World Heritage site

Poor

VG, a case could be made to include all 4 criterion for natural heritage nominations instead of just three

To liaise with the WH Centre how to proceed

An approved management plan exists and is being fully implemented

Very good

An approved management plan exists but it is only being partially implemented because of funding constraints or other problems (please state)

Good

2. Management planning Is there a plan and is it being implemented? A plan is being prepared or has been prepared but is

not being implemented Fair

G The management plan is partially being implemented due o limited capacity in good management practice

Update the management plan


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps There is no plan for managing the World Heritage site

Poor

Planning and decision making processes are excellent Very good

There are some planning and decision making processes in place but they could be better, either in terms of improved processes or actions completed

Good

There are some planning and decision making processes in place but they are either inadequate or they are not carried out

Fair

3. Planning systems Are the planning systems appropriate i.e. participation, consultation, review and updating? Planning and decision making processes are deficient in

most aspects Poor

Good The isolation of Aldabra has to some point not allowed for complete consultation

To make full use of new communication system

Regular work plans exist, actions are monitored against planned targets and most or all prescribed activities are completed

Very good

Regular work plans exist and actions are monitored against planned targets, but many activities are not completed

Good

Regular work plans exist but activities are not monitored against the plan’s targets

Fair

4. Regular work plans Are there annual work plans or other planning tools?

No regular work plans exist Poor

Good compared to the initial assessment there has been hugh improvement in financial planning and management and development other management tools. However there is still room for improvement in the implementation and in review mechanism

Annual work planning will be improved and develop a built in report mechanism Same as above

5. Monitoring and evaluation

A good monitoring and evaluation system exists, is well implemented and used for adaptive management

Very good

Fair with regards to the annual work plan and

To be addressed in the update of the


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps There is an agreed and implemented monitoring and evaluation system of management activities but results are not systematically used for management

Good

There is some ad hoc monitoring and evaluation of management activities, but no overall strategy and/or no regular collection of results

Fair

Are management activities monitored against performance?

There is no monitoring and evaluation of management activities in the World Heritage site

Poor

executed in monthly board meetings Very good with regards to financial management and monitored in monthly board meetings and in addition by a Finance Subcommittee

Management Plan

Site managers can fully comply with all reporting needs and have all the necessary information for full and informative reporting

Very good

Site managers can fully comply with all reporting needs but do not have all the necessary information for full and informative reporting

Good

There is some reporting, but all reporting needs are not fulfilled and managers do not have all the necessary information on the site to allow full and informative reporting

Fair

6. Reporting Are all the reporting requirements of the World Heritage site fulfilled?

There is no reporting on the World Heritage site Poor

Good The last periodic report was completed

The next periodic report is due in 2008

7. Maintenance of equipment

Equipment and facilities are well maintained and an equipment maintenance plan is being implemented

Very good

Good , training is being conducted to ensure ability of staff to undertaken necessary

Ensure a proactive approach in general maintenance


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps There is basic maintenance of equipment and facilities. If a maintenance plan exists it is not fully implemented.

Good maintenance. All equipments are in adequate conditions

There is some ad hoc maintenance but a maintenance plan does not exist or is not implemented

Fair

Is equipment adequately maintained?

There is little or no maintenance of equipment and facilities, and no maintenance plan

Poor

Management infrastructure is excellent and appropriate for managing the site

Very good

Management infrastructure is adequate and generally appropriate for the site

Good

Management infrastructure is often inadequate and/or inappropriate for the site

Fair

8. Management Infrastructure Is management infrastructure (eg fire trails and fire towers) adequate for the needs of the site?

Management infrastructure is inadequate and/or inappropriate for the site

Poor

Very Good and highly improved with the new communication system

Field camps renovation is planned for 2008 Repeater station to increase coverage of radio communication within the atoll

Staff facilities at the World Heritage site are good and aid the achievement of the objectives of the site

Very good

9. Staff facilities Staff facilities are not significantly constraining

achievement of major objectives Good

Good, generally all facilities are well maintained

Housing of the support staff needs upgrading


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Inadequate staff facilities constrain achievement of some management objectives

Fair Are the available facilities suitable for the management requirements of the site?

Inadequate staff facilities mean that achievement of major objectives is constrained

Poor

Staff directly participate in making decisions relating to management of the site at both site and management authority level

Very good

Staff directly contribute to some decisions relating to management

Good

Staff have some input into discussions relating to management but no direct involvement in the resulting decisions

Fair

10. Staff/ management communication Do staff have the opportunity to feed into management decisions?

There are no mechanisms for staff to have input into decisions relating to the management of the World Heritage site

Poor

Good

Make better use of communication system and broaden labour pool

Provisions to ensure good personnel management are in place

Very good

11. Personnel management Although some provisions for personnel management

are in place these could be improved Good

Good Small communities are notorious for infighting

The process to draft a human resource development plan


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps There are minimal provisions for good personnel management

Fair How well are staff managed?

There are no provisions to ensure good personnel management (e.g. staff appraisals, grievance procedures, promotion plans, insurance)

Poor

Due to the isolation/remoteness of Aldabra personnel management is done from long distance.

has started

Staff training and skills are appropriate for the management needs of the site, and with anticipated future needs

Very good

Staff training and skills are adequate, but could be further improved to fully achieve the objectives of management

Good

Staff training and skills are low relative to the management needs of the site

Fair

12. Staff training Is staff adequately trained?

Staff lack the skills/training needed for effective site management

Poor

Good we have managed to replace a lot of older workers by younger ones with better educational background

Intensive networking and staff exchange – work attachments with other organisations

The staff have excellent capacity/resources to enforce legislation and regulations

Very good

The staff have acceptable capacity/resources to enforce legislation and regulations but some deficiencies remain

Good

13. Law enforcement Does staff have the capacity to enforce legislation?

There are major deficiencies in staff capacity/resources to enforce legislation and regulations (e.g. lack of skills, no patrol budget, staff management problems)

Fair

Poor Law enforcement with regards to poaching unauthorised visits and illegal fishing limited to raising the allert Good

Negotiate for a full time presence of coast guards at Assumption


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps The staff have no effective capacity/resources to

enforce legislation and regulations Poor With regards to

enforcement of policies related to tourism activities

Financial management is excellent and contributes to effective management of the site

Very good

Financial management is adequate but could be improved

Good

Financial management is poor and constrains effectiveness

Fair

14. Financial management Does the financial management system meet the critical management needs?

Financial management is poor and significantly undermines effectiveness of the World Heritage site (eg late release of funds for the financial year)

Poor

Up to now very good Pressure to make Aldabra less dependent on Valleé de Mai

Diversification of revenue source by setting up a 20 Mill Trust Fund

Resource Management Mechanisms for controlling inappropriate land use and activities in the protected area exist and are being effectively implemented

Very good

Mechanisms for controlling inappropriate land use and activities in the protected area exist but there are some problems in effectively implementing them

Good

15. Managing resources Are there management mechanisms in place to control inappropriate land uses and activities (e.g.

Mechanisms for controlling inappropriate land use and activities in the protected area exist but there are major problems in implementing them effectively

Fair

Inappropriate land use is not an issue on Aldabra. There is a policy to address inappropriate land uses inherited (abandoned sisal plant)

The focus will be on illegal fishing activities Up to now the pressure has been light however this can change with change in


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps poaching)? There are no management mechanisms for controlling

inappropriate land use and activities in the World Heritage site

Poor management on Cosmoledo (Poachers paradise because of no presence

Information on the critical habitats, species and cultural values of the World Heritage site is sufficient to support planning and decision making and is being updated

Very good

Information on the critical habitats, species and cultural values of the protected area is sufficient for some areas of planning/decision making but further data gathering is not being carried out

Good

Some information is available on the critical habitats, species and cultural values of the WH site, but this is insufficient to support planning and decision making

Fair

16. Resource inventory Is there enough information to manage the World Heritage site?

There is little or no information available on the critical habitats, species and cultural values of the World Heritage site

Poor

Very Good/good The gaps are connectivity of coral larvae especially after the major events Monitoring of the coastal erosion is ongoing but the processes involved not yet understood

Further eradication of alien species such as rats, cats need to be further addressed A project is being designed to further collect historical information

There is a comprehensive, integrated programme of surveys and research, which is relevant to management needs

Very good

17. Research Is there a programme of management-

There is considerable survey and research work but it is not directed towards the needs of World Heritage site management

Good

Very good A comprehensive monitoring programme is ongoing. Partially addressed marine

Analysis of collected data and further promote scientific research on Aldabra


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps There is some ad hoc survey and research work but it is not directed towards the needs of World Heritage site management.

Fair orientated survey and research work? There is no research taking place in the World

Heritage site Poor

ecosystem gapsl

Requirements for management of critical ecosystems and species are being fully implemented

Very good

Requirements for management of critical ecosystems and species are only being partially implemented

Good

Requirements for management of critical ecosystems and species are known but are not being implemented

Fair

18. Ecosystems and species Is the biodiversity of the World Heritage site adequately managed?

Requirements for management of critical ecosystems and species have not been assessed

Poor

Very Good Some extremely rare plant species still need to be inventoried

Finalize the setting up if the GIS system and introduce remote sensing

Requirements for management of cultural/ historical values are being substantially or fully implemented

Very good

Many requirements for management of cultural/ historical values are being implemented but some key issues may not be addressed

Good

19. Cultural/ historical resource management Are the site’s cultural resources

Requirements for management of cultural/ historical values are known but very few are being implemented

Fair

Poor Mainly because of the important biodiversity values of Aldabra the cultural values have been overlooked

Project is being initiated to collect the information available from early island residents. There is an urgency because the survivors are elderly and coastal erosion at the main


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps adequately managed?

Requirements for management of cultural/ historical values have not been assessed and/or active management is not being undertaken

Poor settlement severely threatens the cemetery and other buildings

Management and Tourism Visitor facilities and services are excellent for current levels of visitation

Very good

Visitor facilities and services are adequate for current levels of visitation but could be improved

Good

Visitor facilities and services are inappropriate for current levels of visitation

Fair

20. Visitor facilities Are visitor facilities (for tourists, pilgrims etc) adequate?

There are no visitor facilities and services despite an identified need

Poor

Poor Because of the limited amount of visitors

A project has been initiated and a house is being converted into a information centre. First interpretation material is in print.

There is good co-operation between managers and tourism operators to enhance visitor experiences, and protect site values

Very good

There is limited co-operation between managers and tourism operators to enhance visitor experiences and maintain site values

Good

There is contact between managers and tourism operators but this is largely confined to administrative or regulatory matters

Fair

21. Commercial tourism Do commercial tour operators contribute to protected area management?

There is little or no contact between managers and tourism operators using the protected area

Poor

Very good Assistances with supply and staff movement is routinely provided by tour operators as well as visitors

Increase dialog with tour operators beef up the supplied mooring buoys


84

Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Implementation of visitor management policies and programmes is based on research into visitors’ needs and wants and the carrying capacity of the World Heritage site

Very good

Consideration has been given to the provision of visitor opportunities and policies and programmes to enhance visitor opportunities are being implemented

Good

Consideration has been given to the provision of visitor opportunities in terms of access to the World Heritage site or the diversity of available experiences but little or no action has been taken

Fair

22. Visitor opportunities Have plans been developed to provide visitors with the most appropriate access and diversity of experience when visiting the World Heritage site?

No consideration has been given to the provision of visitor opportunities in terms of access to the World Heritage site or the diversity of available experiences

Poor

Very good Only repeating cruise directors are insisting on being given access to out of bound areas

Make more use of web technology and set up a post visit link Revive the animal adoption programme

There is a planned, implemented and effective education and awareness programme fully linked to the objectives and needs of the World Heritage site

Very good

There is a planned education and awareness programme but there are still serious gaps either in the plan or in implementation

Good

23. Education and awareness programme Is there a planned education programme?

There is a limited and ad hoc education and awareness programme, but no overall planning for this

Fair

Good Due to the remoteness of the site only very few Seychellois and other visitors have been to Aldabra. The clamour for access to Aldabra by locals is partly being addressed with a Christmas lottery where the star prize is a trip for 2 to Aldabra.

A full programme has been prepared to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Aldabra as a WHS including commemorative postage stamps, art competition for school children, presidential visit etc, etc


85

Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps There is no education and awareness programme

Poor The revenues from the lottery are used to finance an annual trip for around 16 -18 children including teachers. The children selected are the prize winners of the ecoschool competition. SIF sponsors the annual prize for the best A-level graduating student in Geography and Biology Most of the education and awarness was done on Cruise Ships however a substantial amount of documentaries and videos have been produced 2 coffee table books , post cards etc

A more strategic approach will be adopted

Protection systems are largely or wholly effective in controlling access to the site in accordance with objectives

Very good

24. Access Is visitor access sufficiently controlled?

Protection systems are moderately effective in controlling access to the site in accordance with objectives

Good

Very good Maintain present policies and explore new itineraries such as canoe excursions in mangroves


86

Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Protection systems are only partially effective in controlling access to the site in accordance with objectives

Fair

Protection systems (patrols, permits etc) are ineffective in controlling access to the site in accordance with objectives

Poor

Restore some of the historical buildings

Management and Communities/Neighbours Local communities directly participate in all relevant management decisions for the site

Very good

Local communities directly contribute to some relevant management decisions but their involvement could be improved

Good

Local communities have some input into discussions relating to management but no direct involvement in decision-making

Fair

25. Local communities Do local communities resident in or near the World Heritage site have input to management decisions?

Local communities have no input into decisions relating to the management of the World Heritage site

Poor

Not applicable due to remoteness

Increase communication

Indigenous and traditional peoples directly participate in all relevant management decisions for the site

Very good

26. Indigenous people Do indigenous

Indigenous and traditional peoples directly contribute to making some relevant management decisions but their involvement could be improved

Good

Not applicable Not applicable


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Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps Indigenous and traditional peoples have some input into discussions relating to management but no direct involvement in decision-making

Fair and traditional peoples resident in or regularly using the site have input to management decisions?

Indigenous and traditional peoples have no input into decisions relating to the management of the site

Poor

Programmes to enhance local, indigenous and/or traditional peoples welfare, while conserving World Heritage site resources, are being implemented successfully

Very good

Programmes to enhance local, indigenous and/or traditional peoples welfare, while conserving World Heritage site resources, are being implemented but could be improved

Good

Programmes to enhance local, indigenous and/or traditional peoples welfare, while conserving World Heritage site resources, exist but are either inadequate or are not being implemented

Fair

27. Local, peoples welfare Are there programmes developed by the World Heritage managers which consider local people’s welfare whilst conserving the sites resources?

There are no programmes in place which aim to enhance local, indigenous and/or traditional peoples welfare

Poor

Not applicable

Not applicable

There is regular contact between managers and neighbouring official or corporate land/sea users, and substantial co-operation on management

Very good

28. State and commercial neighbours Is there co-

There is contact between managers and neighbouring official or corporate land/sea users, but only some co-operation

Good

Good Cooperation with Island Development Cooperation and ICS


88

Issue Criteria Rating Explanation/Comment Next steps There is contact between managers and neighbouring official or corporate land/sea users but little or no cooperation

Fair operation with neighbouring land/sea owners and users?

There is no contact between managers and neighbouring official or corporate land/sea users

Poor

Conflict resolutions mechanisms exist and are used whenever conflicts arise

Very good

Conflict resolutions mechanisms exist but are only partially effective

Good

Conflict resolution mechanisms exist, but are largely ineffective

Fair

29. Conflict resolution If conflicts between the World Heritage site and stakeholders arise, are mechanisms in place to help find solutions?

No conflict resolution mechanisms exist Poor

Pressure from fly fisherman to allow access to Aldabra. Illegal charters from Nosi Be and Mayotte have to be prevented.

Negotiating to have coastguard vessel based fulltime at neighboring Assumption

Tool 8b: Assessment of Management Processes Summary

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Worksheet 8b for Tool 8: Assessment of Management Processes - Summary

Management area Issue and rating Distribution of rating

Management structures and systems

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

VG

G

G

G

F to VG

VG

G

VG

G

G

G

G

P

VG

Resource management

15 16 17 18 19

Not Applicable

VG / G

VG

VG

P

Management and Tourism

20 21 22 23 24

P

VG

VG

G

VG

Management and Communities /Neighbours

25 26 27

Not Applicable

Not Applicable

Not Applicable

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Outputs

Tool 9: Assessment of Management Plan Implementation

91

Tool: 9: Assessment of Management Plan Implementation

Current system of assessing implementation of Management Plan As noted in the Management Plan Assessment, there is already a table summarizing the Management Strategy and Action Plan within the Management Plan for Aldabra. However, at the Annual General Meeting of SIF, this has been used only in a general way to guide decisions about actions for positive change, rather than as a tool for monitoring annual performance and progress. It groups Management Actions as follows:

1. Administration a. SIF Annual General Meeting b. SIF on Mahé c. SIF on Aldabra

2. Policy Development 3. Finance 4. Staffing 5. Tourism 6. Research 7. Monitoring 8. Environmental Protection Measures

As shown in the example below, actions are listed in the table, with priority Management Actions highlighted in bold. References are made to the appropriate section of the Management Plan containing further information.

Example of current implementation review tool from the Aldabra Management Plan 7. MONITORING Management objective: to improve the quality of the monitoring programme.

Actions 1998-1999 2000-2001 2002-2005

• Reassess the value of each monitoring programme and review the methodology (Operations Manual Part 6 & 7)

++

+

+

• Improve the standard of entry and capacity of the Rangers (see above, No. 4)

+

+

+

• Re-activate the beach erosion and accretion monitoring programme (3.2.3(d))

++

+

+

• Establish a vegetation monitoring system (3.1.1c(a)) ++ + ++ Initiation of action + Continuation of action Priority actions are in bold


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It is felt that this approach is a useful basis for developing a future assessment system for Management Plan Implementation, but a major requirement is for SIF to develop annual work plans, with targets where appropriate, so that more specific information regarding progress can be demonstrated. Assessment of Management Plan Implementation (2002) A brief assessment of the present situation is shown in the tables which follow. They show that four years into the current Management Plan (1998-2005), 60% of the actions have reached at least the planning stage. Of these, 15% have been completed (or the policy or action has become part of normal management practice), and 17% have made substantial progress in all areas. 40% of actions have not yet commenced or response to the action has been ad hoc rather than to a set plan. Assessment of Management Plan Implementation (2007) Obviously substantial progress has been made in the implementation of the Management Plan since the Initial Assessment. At present 59% of all necessary actions across the plan are completed or make substantial progress in all areas. Only 8% of the necessary actions have not commenced. Most advanced are the actions related to Administration such as SIF on Aldabra and Finance. Areas in which actions have proceeded less than satisfactorily are tourism and application of environmental technology. Lack of progress on some actions may be resulted due to the difficulty of allocating extra staff time because there are other pressing management needs. This is acknowledged as an area of concern.

Note - Status Codes are as follows: 1. Action has been completed or policy is in place and adhered to. 2. Action is making substantial progress in all areas. 3. Some work has commenced in all or some areas. 4. Policy and/or planning stages are complete but have not been implemented. 5. Planning is in progress. 6. Work is only reactive and not to a set plan. 7. Action has not commenced.

Overall Implementation 2007

34%

25%

18%

7%3%

5% 8% 1234567


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GAPS • Annual work planning has started however there is a lack of implementation. With

hindsight this has been an error and shall be addressed hopefully • Absence of a quantitative reporting system (database) for progress on

implementation of the Management Plan. Not yet addressed but to be entrenched in the updated plan and operations

RECOMMENDATIONS • Somehow find/allocate time for planning for the future (it may be necessary to

look into staffing issues as well as time management issues) The financial planning is already being undertaken and annual budgets prepared, however as pointed out above annual work planning still to be addressed.

• Set up a system for annual assessment of progress on implementation of the Management Plan (a possible method is shown in the database on the next page, but it will need reviewing).Set up a mechanism which will ensure monitoring of implementation with the update of the management plan


94

Summary Assessment of Current Management Plan Implementation

The management actions summarized below are taken from the “Management Strategy and Action Plan” in the Management Plan for Aldabra. 1. ADMINISTRATION a) SIF Annual General Meeting Management Objective: to improve the effectiveness of the AGM in directing the future of Aldabra

Actions 2007 • Annually assess progress on the whole of this Action Plan (see

Introduction) 3

• At or directly after the AGM, produce a summary of policy changes and amendments relating to this Management Plan. This should be appended to the Management Plan and also circulated to all Trustees and senior staff on Aldabra.

1

b) SIF on Mahé Management Objective: to improve the management structure and efficiency of SIF on Mahé

Actions 2007

• Develop policies on those issues which are not already covered in this Management Plan (See No. 2 below)

• Each member of the office staff should be given a copy of their particular responsibilities and duties (5.2)

2

• Report distribution and communication should be improved (5.1.2 and 5.2.1a)

1

• Ensure that action is taken on matters which arise from the bimonthly reports which are sent from Aldabra (5.7)

1

• Ensure that any additional relevant legislation, e.g. additions to the Environment Protection Act, is appended to this Management Plan (2.6 and Appendix 3)

7


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c) SIF on Aldabra Management Objective: to improve the management structure on Aldabra

Actions 2007 • Implement changes in the management structure (5.3) 2 • Improve the communications system between Aldabra and the Mahé

office (5.3.1) 1

• Conduct regular staff meetings (5.4) 1 • Ensure that all Bi-monthly Reports are written and submitted to SIF (5.7) 1 • Each member of staff should be given a copy of:

∗ his or her particular responsibilities and duties (see 5.3.1 to 5.3.12) ∗ the “Working Conditions” for staff on Aldabra (5.5 and Appendix

Four) ∗ SIF Tourism Guidelines for Staff (6.4.4)

• This can be replaced at a later date by a Code of Conduct which should be given to all staff.

1 1 1 7

Evaluation of Management Actions - Administration

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Action has been completed or policy is in place andadhered to

Some work has commenced in all or some areas

Planning is in progress

Action has not commenced

20072002

2. POLICY DEVELOPMENT Management objective: to develop policies on important issues which are not currently addressed in the Management Plan.

Actions 2007 • Develop financial policies and strategies for SIF 2 • Develop policies on communications systems between Mahé and

Aldabra, on the atoll itself, and on the control and usage of these systems; within Aldabra still some gaps (repeater station)

1

• Develop sustainable environmentally friendly policies for future energy and power production, sewage disposal, water supplies, etc.

4

• Affirm the proposed policy on workers’ gardens (3.1.1c(b)) 1


96

• Update the management policies on tortoises (3.1.2c(a)) 1 • Develop policies or devise contingency plans for natural emergencies on

Aldabra (e.g. fire, oil spill, alien species introduction) (3.1b(g), 3.2.3(h), 3.1.2c(f))

5

• Review the use of plant species on the atoll and devise policies for utilisation, e.g. coconuts, wood (3.1.1c(c))

1

• Devise policy on use (or non-use) of toxic chemicals on Aldabra (3.1b(h)) 2

Evaluation of Management Actions - Policy

0 1 2 3 4 5

Action has been completed or policy isin place and adhered to.

Some work has commenced in all orsome areas



20072002

3. FINANCE Management objective: to expand SIF’s financial support base and make it more secure.

Actions 2007

• Financial policy and strategy for SIF to be devised (See No.2 above) 2 • Fund Raising Sub-Committee to be activated (5.1.2d and 7.1) 2 • Budget to be prepared and presented annually (7.1 and 7.2) 1

Evaluation of Management Actions - Finance

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Action has been completed or policy is in placeand adhered to.

Some work has commenced in all or some areas



20072002


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4. STAFFING Management objective: to improve the quality of all staff (including improving staff attitudes to working for an environmental organisation)

Actions 2007 • Upgrade the quality of recruits for all posts (5.2, 5.3) 2 • Activate the mandatory Orientation Programme for all new staff

(3.5.1, 3.5.3, 5.5 and 5.6.1) 2

• Activate the local Ranger Training Programme (3.5.2 and 5.6.1) 2

• Activate the Ranger Rotation Programme (3.5.2 and 5.6.2) 4

• Ensure that advertisements, interviews, reference checks and police checks are conducted for all local staff recruitments (5.3)

2

• Introduce a programme of volunteer Scientific Assistants (5.3.5) 1 • Locate possible overseas training programmes for rangers (3.5.2 and 5.6.1) 1

Evaluation of Management Actions - Staffing

0 1 2 3 4 5

Action has been completed or policy isin place and adhered to.

Some work has commenced in all orsome areas



20072002

5. TOURISM Management objective: to prepare for an increased (but strictly limited) level of nature conservation tourism.

Actions 2007 • Develop a sensitive marketing programme for limited nature conservation

and nature education tourism (6.2) 5


98

• Ensure that all tourism guidelines are followed on Aldabra, including zonation policies (6.3, 6.4.3 and 6.4.4 and Operations Manual Part 2) HQ is expectin g compliance and enforcement

1

• Prepare interpretative materials for visitors (3.5.4) 3 • Set up a Visitor Information Centre on the atoll (3.5.4) 3 • Tour operator guidelines should be sent to all current tour operators (6.3,

6.4.1 and 6.4.2) 5

• Devise Monitoring Programmes for: ∗ tourism’s effects on the natural systems of Aldabra ∗ tourists’ satisfaction with their experience on Aldabra (6.5)

6 7

Evaluation of Management Actions - Tourism

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Action has been completed orpolicy is in place and adhered to.

Some work has commenced in allor some areas



20072002

6. RESEARCH Management objective: to revamp the research programme on Aldabra, and to provide better information to scientists.

Actions 2007 • Actively promote and market Aldabra’s research potential (4.5) 3 • Ensure that all research guidelines are followed (Part 4) 3 • Ensure that research priorities are followed and reassessed when

necessary (4.2) 2

• Prepare a handbook for researchers and scientific visitors (3.5.3 and 4.5) needs updating

3

• Create a computerised Data Base for all scientific records (4.2.1) 1 • Ensure that work on the GIS (Geographical Information System) for 4


99

Aldabra is continued (4.2.1) • Strengthen marine research (3.3.2d) 2

Evaluation of Implementation of Research Programme

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5


Policy and/or planning stages arecomplete but have not been


20072002

7. MONITORING Management objective: to improve the quality of the monitoring programme.

Actions 2007 • Reassess the value of each monitoring programme and review the

methodology (Operations Manual Part 6 & 7)

1++ • Improve the standard of entry and capacity of the Rangers (see above,

No.4)

2+ • Re-activate the beach erosion and accretion monitoring programme

(3.2.3(d)) 3 ++

• Establish a vegetation monitoring system (3.1.1c(a)) 2+

Evaluation of Implementation of Monitoring

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5


Some work has commenced in allor some areas



20072002


100

8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES Management objective: a) to improve the environmental protection and conservation measures on Aldabra, b) to ensure that environmentally friendly technology is used as far as possible.

Actions 2007 • Establish permanent mooring buoys or other anchoring facilities

(3.3.2c(f)) 3

• Ensure that all breaches of Aldabra Conservation Policy are dealt with appropriately

2

• Carry out the last phase of goat eradication programme (3.1.1c(b)) 1 • Assess the possibilities for alien species extermination on Assumption

and submit recommendations (2.3, 3.1.2b(e), 3.1.2c(f)) 6

• Establish a patrol and surveillance system (Operations Manual 5.4) 4 • Reassess the procedure for fuel/oil transport and storage (3.2.3 (h)) 6 • Ensure waste management policy is carried out (Operations Manual Part 4) 3 • Review freshwater storage and use and make changes where necessary

(Operations Manual 3.2.1) 3

• Assess the possibilities for ex-situ conservation of rare species and make recommendations (3.1.1c(c))

3

• Assess the feasibility of re-establishing shade trees in certain areas and make recommendations (3.1.1c(d))

7

• Ensure that necessary policies for environmental protection are developed (see No. 2 above)

7

Evaluation of Implementation of Environment Protection Mechanism

0 1 2 3 4 5


Policy and/or planning stages arecomplete but have not been


20072002


101

Evalationof Overall Implementation

0 5 10 15 20 25

Action has been completed orpolicy is in place and adhered

Some work has commencedin all or some areas



Overall 2007Overall 2002

Note - Status Codes are as follows:

1. Action has been completed or policy is in place and adhered to. 2. Action is making substantial progress in all areas. 3. Some work has commenced in all or some areas. 4. Policy and/or planning stages are complete but have not been implemented. 5. Planning is in progress. 6. Work is only reactive and not to a set plan. 7. Action has not commenced.

The general overview reveals that when analyzing the management implementation the plan was implemented at a mean of 4.24 in 2002 which indicates that majority of actions were at a policy and planning stage. In 2007 the mean has hanged to 2.5 there has been substantial progress in all areas and action have been completed or if not completed work has commenced.

Tool 10: Assessment Work/Site Output Indicators

102

Tool 10 ASSESSMENT WORK/SITE OUTPUT INDICATORS

Monthly reports and annual reports from management and research staff on Aldabra currently give some indication of outputs, but these are mostly descriptive rather than specifically quantified (see examples given below). There is currently no system of annual work programme targets for Aldabra. This was identified as a significant gap in the initial EoH assessment in 2002 and although limited progress has been made on this issue it is planned to introduce annual work programming in 2008. This process is beginning. In 2005 the process of drawing up decision lists at the AGM was instigated. It was recommended that a quarterly review of this list be undertaken at the Board Meetings. At the 2007 AGM Board meeting the implementation of the Decision List of the AGM 2006 was reviewed. The following table includes an edited version of this list including outputs relating to the management of Aldabra. Once structured work programming is introduced in 2008, review of outputs will be more comprehensive. In the first assessment Performance Indicators for assessing outputs were suggested. These will be considered when developing work programming and methods of assessment in 2008. They have been reviewed for this assessment and the general indictors are included here. They will be finalised according to the following criteria: • They reflect the overall objectives for Aldabra, • They involve considerable management time and/or expense, • They are specific, measurable and consistent, • They become part of the annual reporting requirements (if they are not already).

It will also be necessary to create tables or some other format for recording output indicators annually. GAP • Absence of Annual Work Plans for Aldabra, including targets for work output.

These would help to define Output Indicators that are measurable. RECOMMENDATION • Devise an Annual Work Plan for Aldabra (and for HQ) for 2008. • Review the suggested Performance Indicators given on the next page, set up a

system for recording results, and trial them during 2008.


103

SUGGESTED OUTPUT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS These proposed indicators are grouped according to the four major policies for Aldabra, followed by other relevant management areas. They are based to some extent on what is being reported on a regular basis already, together with additional indicators. 1. PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION • Number of patrol boat trips per month. • Number of major infringements of Aldabra protection/zonation policy (see Operations Manual)

– details + action taken. • Outcomes of any prosecutions. • Conservation – once Biodiversity Health monitoring programmes for all major site values are

decided (part of the Outcomes Assessment), then the performance indicator will be whether these programmes have been monitored fully and all analyses carried out (e.g. whether ALL tortoise transects are done each year + their analysis for various purposes).

2. RESEARCH AND MONITORING • Number of significant research projects + state of progress – staff briefed and included in

research; report received and presented. • Number of visiting scientific individuals or groups –whether training provided report

received/presented if appropriate. • Amount of staff time spent/data on each of the monitoring programmes.

3. RESTORATION • Numbers of specific alien species killed (e.g. goats shot, cats shot or trapped, rats trapped) +

details. • Areas of specific alien plant species cleared (e.g. sisal, ‘zepi ble’) + details. GAP: At present SIF has no detailed restoration policy for Aldabra. The creation of such a policy might highlight other useful indicators. 4. EDUCATION • Numbers of film crews/journalists/etc. visiting - copies of film or articles received. • Number of tourists on educational visits + details + time spent on Aldabra. • Number of Seychellois on educational visits + details + time spent on Aldabra. • Number of local staff undergoing training + details + length of training. • Percentage of targets met for newsletter production, website updates, media items, new

publications, etc. • Level of visitor satisfaction.

5. ADMINISTRATION • Number and level of staff on Aldabra and on Mahé. • Number of Aldabra staff changeovers + length of stay.


104

• Number of staff exchanges (e.g. rangers) with Government or partner organisations + details + length of stay.

• Percentage of required reports written and circulated within SIF. • Extent to which budget expenditure is within defined acceptable limits.

Note: these indicators are mostly linked with the Input Assessment. 6. SITE MANAGEMENT • Percentage of targets met for maintenance of Research Station facilities. • Percentage of targets met for maintenance of Camp facilities and Trails. • Percentage of targets met for maintenance of cultural sites (buildings, etc.). • Amounts of natural resources used/stored for subsistence needs (e.g. water, fish, coconuts,

mangrove poles, sand). Note: Would it be worth recording personnel figures such as numbers of accidents, illnesses, conflicts, to help monitor the human situation on Aldabra?


105

Review and Implementation of Decision List of 28th Annual General Meeting AGM 2006 DECISION REVIEW

ALDABRA Deadline Action Status Administration

Review and introduce new management structure for Aldabra.

November 2006

RR Completed Draft Employment Policy compiled post of Logistics manager abolished, tendency to go for multitask workforce

Review the employment contracts and redefine the roles and responsibilities of employee on Aldabra

November 2006

RR Partly completed, ongoing

Develop a training program for SIF Rangers in data analysis

November 2006

RR Ongoing

Review and introduce a system of rotation for staff between Aldabra, Vallée De Mai and external organizations

November 2006

RR Completed Rotation system initiated, but implementation not visible due to the logistics involved

Undertake a housing assessment for Aldabra with the view of improving the living conditions for staff.

November 2006

RR Initiated

Review the alcohol policy for Aldabra. November 2006

RR Completed 2 beers/working day zero tolerance for lapire, baka

Upgrade the medical facility on Aldabra and consider having a Paramedic at the Research Station at all times

November 2006

RR Outstanding

Implement a system that enables the SIF to have November RR Outstanding


106

at least 2 research projects on-going on Aldabra that leads to publications every year

2006

Revision of the Aldabra Management Plan Update the management strategy and action plan

July 2006 RR/LCS Review of Management plan scheduled for 2008

Tourism Bring to the attention of government potential threats of tourism developments in the Aldabra group to the Aldabra atoll.

November 2006

RR Scenario paper submitted to board Recommendation by the Science Committee is to maintain present limited access

Review the protocol for tourism on Aldabra and explore the possibility of undertaking a tourism impact assessment on Aldabra.

December 2006

LCS Science Committee

Scenario paper submitted to board Recommendation is to maintain present limited access

Review and update the set of rules, regulations, and procedures for granting authorization to yachts and cruise ships visiting Aldabra.

November 2006

RR Completed Initiated the compilation of all existing documents in one

UNESCO - Enhancing Our Heritage Sent a letter to express the disappointment of the Board and strongly protest against the decision taken by Shell

May 2006 RR Completed

Nominate a committee to ensure effective implementation of the Business Plan

MLL Outstanding

Request a Project Manager with to oversee the conceptualization and implementation of the project

RR/Sachin

Formal request made but not considered

Boat incident at Aldabra Warning letters are to be issued to staff found responsible for the

Immediate RR Completed


107

negligence Take steps in order to avoid a repeat of the situation such as the need to clear with the Executive Management. Projects Project A Local weather station Installation of automatic weather stations on Aldabra. A project to be submitted to the Met Office for consideration.

October 2006

LCS Contacts established Up to date no funds have been secured for the purchase of automatic weather stations

Project B Goat eradication The project was considered high priority and approved. A statement to this effect is to be sent to CV and LK seeking financial support.

July 2006 RR Project near completion and fully financed by SIF seeking financial support?

Project C: GIS/Vegetation Mapping for Aldabra The project is differed until the SIF is able to secure external funding for the project.

N/A LCS No funding secured Living Oceans Foundation cancelled Darwin Initiative unsuccessful

Project D: Frigate Bird research Proceed with implementing the project on Frigate birds study. CV will assist with getting some funding for Mr Francis Marsac to get the project rolling.

July 2006 LCS Completed, awaiting final report and scientific publications

HEAD OFFICE

Review the Statutes of the SIF and make recommendation for updating with to the Terms of Reference of the Board members

6 months RR and LCS

?

Produce Annual Reports covering separately, the Business Operations and the Research & Monitoring activities of the Foundation

Annually RR/LCS Outstanding


108

Produce quarterly reports for the respective areas of responsibilities

Quarterly RR/LCS Outstanding

The Executive Management in collaboration with Mr Carlos Vejarano shall develop and implement the following management elements for Aldabra and the SIF as a whole:

A new management structure is established

Need for a new human resource development plan

Have a career development plan for staff

Immediate CV/RR/LCS

Ongoing

Review the situation of HR requirements at the Head Office that takes into account the additional demands on staff and make recommendations to the Board .

June 2006 RR/LCS Employed one Accounts assistant

Implement a system of audio and visual communications using SKYPE to enable overseas Board Members to participate monthly meetings

4 months RR Computer + internet connection available

Prepare drafts of MOU’s between SIF and other organizations and submit to the Board for review. There shall be different MOU’s for local and international organizations

July 2006 October 2006

RR AMP MoU completed Draft MoU Cocos Island submitted MoU with DoE commenced

FINANCE

Revise and present the final 2006 SIF budget for approval at the monthly Board meeting.

June 2006 RR

Monthly SIF financial reports in the format approved by the FC.

6 months AC/RR Completed


109

Provide report on bank statements for all SIF foreign accounts

Quarterly RR Completed

Open new Euro and Great Britain Pounds forex Accounts for SIF

July 2006 RR Euro account opened October 2007

Aldabra Foundation: Present audited report of the Foundation’s accounts to the Board of Trustees of the SIF and report on how much the Aldabra Foundation has spent on the Hague exhibition.

next AF meeting

Carlos Vejarano/Maurice Loustau-Lalanne

Tool 11 Assessment of the Outcomes of Management – Ecological Integrity

110

Outcomes


111


A comprehensive assessment of the biodiversity health/values for Aldabra was undertaken as part of the first EoH management effectiveness evaluation conducted in 2002. This assessment has been revised for this report and is presented in the original format which concentrates on the biodiversity health. The revised 2007 Tool 11 on Monitoring outcome and associated worksheet has also been attempted for the 2007 assessment s of management and is also presented here. It should be noted that the major goal of management is to protect and conserve the existing excellent natural ecological situation of Aldabra. Many of the factors (threats) affecting Aldabra are out of management control. As a result, it was felt that the “Acceptable Range of Variation or Acceptable State” of the various Focal Management Targets was not easily applied because most Targets already have a Very Good status. For those targets that only have a Good status, the intention of management is often that natural processes of recovery should be allowed to operate. So instead, a different measure of variation was used - “Indicators of Key Changes to the Focal Management Target” by which it would be possible to perceive any deterioration of the Focal Management Target. However, it is true that there are some Focal Management Targets where management actions could have a significant impact on a recovery processes. Some of the proposed monitoring methods are still open to debate, because within the Seychelles there is a lack of technical expertise and also there is no institute of higher learning (such as a university) and no proper research institute. Links will have to be made with suitable institutions in order to improve this situation. The main biodiversity assessment tables give an indication of the value of current monitoring and highlight some serious gaps where new monitoring programmes will need to be introduced (most of these are underlined in the tables). It should be noted that the current Coccid monitoring programme has been omitted from the tables because it has become of questionable value and perhaps should be discontinued, unless there are significant signs of further deterioration of the plant species affected or new species become affected. The Monitoring Plan Template Table is very incomplete because there are many gaps to fill with respect to proposed monitoring techniques and financing of the programmes. Note: The importance of Aldabra is as a natural ecosystem with which to compare others. Therefore if important changes that are out of management control (e.g. rainfall, temperature, sea level rise) occur on Aldabra, the atoll can be used as a “control” site, with respect to measuring the effects of these changes in other areas of the world.


112

GAPS • There is a lack of information on most marine and some coastal habitats on the atoll. • This is partly being addressed with the AMP • Vegetation monitoring is insufficient to use as a proper base for decision-making. • A monitoring programme has been initiated and needs to be sustained , Presently a projct

to eradicate sisal is being considered • There remains a lack of expertise on the most suitable monitoring techniques for the atoll. • Partly being addressed further collaboration with regional bodies to be explored • There is no well-defined policy on restoration of Aldabra habitats that may be affected

for example by the presence of alien species. This still needs to be addressed. RECOMMENDATIONS • Some assistance may be required in prioritising proposed monitoring programmes. Review of

Science Programme done in 2005 (refer to Appendix 1) • Major assistance is needed to set up and finance monitoring programmes, particularly for:

o Marine monitoring o Long-term monitoring of changes related to climate change.

• Links should be made with organisations and agencies that could assist with this. Partly commenced

• Devise a policy on climate change in relation to Aldabra: A policy statement is required if Aldabra is to be monitored as a natural site (‘living laboratory’) where climate change is allowed to have its full effects. Otherwise a policy statement should state to what extent management would go to mitigate the effects of climate change on the atoll, e.g. coral reef restoration.

• There is a need for capacity building in scientific monitoring within SIF. Efforts are made to addressed this

• The staffing implications and financial implications of an increased monitoring programme must be properly assessed. the challenge is staff retention

• There should be a complete review of the environmental conditions and ecological state of Aldabra over the last 25 years, since the management came into the hands of Seychelles Islands Foundation.


113

Biodiversity Health Outcomes Data Sheets Biodiversity value: Giant tortoise population

Key factor

[Acceptable Range of Variation or

Acceptable State (describe)]

Indicators of key

changes to the Focal Management Target

Monitoring Indicator Used for Measurement

(underlined are proposed indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

)

Rest

orab

le?

(y/n

)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

sta

tus?

(y

/n)

Overall Biodiversity

Health Rank

Size

Population has been recovering since c.1870 on Grande Terre, and since some time later on Picard and Malabar. Natural recovery process is ongoing. (Bourn et al. 1997)

Currently numbers tend to be density dependent. 1997 figures: Grande Terre 94,000, decreasing; Malabar 4,000, increasing; Picard 2,000, increasing. Preferred state – more stable populations on all three islands, at highest theoretical carrying capacity. Warning sign: persistent downward trend in population.

Regular tortoise transects + analysis of data to show population trends; periodic census (20-40 years)

Y

-

N

GOOD


114

Key factor



Indicators of key




Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

)

Rest

orab

le?

(y/n

)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

sta

tus?

(y

/n)


Health Rank

Population structure: Proportion of males/ females/unsexed + recruitment + mortality

Warning signs for changing conditions: Any major change from current island population structure figures; Absence or paucity of recruits; Increase in mortality rate.

Regular tortoise transects + regular analysis of population structure (size classes, sex, recruits, deaths) model

Y

-

Y? (ex. GT)

Cond

itio

n

Size of individuals Depends on growth rate – currently largest tortoises are found on Malabar, smallest at S.E. Grande Terre. Preferred state = increased size of Grande Terre individuals.

Regular tortoise transects (third scute width + analysis of growth rate) model

Y

-

Y

(ex. GT)

GOOD


115

Key factor



Indicators of key




Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

)

Rest

orab

le?

(y/n

)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

sta

tus?

(y

/n)


Health Rank

Nesting sites (soil of at least 25cm depth + some shade)

No exact records of extent of areas. Shortage of nest sites will affect recruitment. = GAP

Incidental recording of flooding or other changes in known nest sites. Recording of possible nesting sites with GPS special nest markers

Y

-

Y

Minimum competition from goats

Preferred status = total eradication of goats from Aldabra. Failing eradication on Grande Terre, continued opportunistic culling of goats will be necessary.

Monitor all sightings + number of individuals seen. Record all goats killed. Goat eradication Programme in implementation

Y

-

Y

(ex. GT)


116

Key factor



Indicators of key




Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

)

Rest

orab

le?

(y/n

)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

sta

tus?

(y

/n)


Health Rank

Sufficient suitable vegetation to provide food and shade.

Warning signs: Major changes in vegetation cover, e,g, tortoise turf, Sporobolus grass, open and closed mixed scrub, spread of non-food species; Major loss of shade trees/shrubs.

Assessment of changes to vegetation distribution since 1960 (using aerial photos and new GIS information); Re-sampling of vegetation transects in S.E. Grande Terre in rainy season. Set up more permanent exclusion plots

Y

-

y

Land

scap

e Co

ntex

t

Rainfall (affecting primary productivity and availability of drinking water)

Rainfall is critical for the survival of both vegetation and tortoises. Protracted periods of below average rainfall, or extended dry seasons, will have cumulative and potentially catastrophic impacts.

Regular monthly rainfall data throughout the atoll. Highlight any major deviations from long-term means. bigger rain gauge and re-look at site options

Y

-

Y

GOOD


117

Focal Management Target: Terrestrial habitats

Key factor

[Acceptable Range of Variation or Acceptable State (describe)]

Indicators of key changes to the

Focal Management Target


(underlined are proposed

indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)

Overall Biodiversity Health Rank

The atoll has a fixed size and natural ecological processes are ongoing.

There is no likelihood of change in size of the terrestrial area (except through sea level rise).

None Make use of Google Earth images to calculate exact size

Vegetation, and therefore habitat types, are affected by rainfall, dispersal, herbivory, alien species.

Cover by various vegetation types could change in area. Warning signs: noticeable expansion of e.g. casuarina, sisal, coconut areas; noticeable reduction in area of any specific vegetation type, especially Tortoise Turf and other herbaceous types.

Aerial survey data, in conjunction with ground truthing and vegetation transects. Monitoring of key species Make use of aerial survey footage to be obtained in 2008

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD

Size

Endemic taxa (especially fauna) rely ultimately on the state of the vegetation. (Rainfall is important).

Loss or reduction of minor habitats might result in loss of associated endemic species. Warning signs: significant reduction in population size of any vertebrate species.

Same status Bat census + monitoring for all species especially for the insectivorous species

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD


118

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Cond

itio

n

Vegetation, and therefore habitat quality, are related to rainfall, dispersal, pollination, herbivory, alien species.

Warning signs: major changes within a vegetation type (e.g. loss of key species within a habitat); noticeable increase in alien species population, e.g. rats; presence of new alien plant species, pest or disease. Land crabs play a key role……

Satellite imagery for primary productivity on Aldabra? Vegetation surveys of key habitats? USD 10 000 to obtain Quickbird satellite imagery Started a database of dead mangrove trees Should we be monitoring land crabs? Robber crab monitoring project initiated Incidental reporting of unusual disease, etc. Recent survey by Prof Richard Barnes shows all crab species still being present

Y

Y?

N

GOOD


119

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Endemic faunal taxa are affected by rainfall, habitat types, food supply, alien competitors and predators.

Warning signs: Any detected decline or sudden increase in indigenous or endemic taxa resulting from e.g. vegetation / habitat degradation or removal of medicinal species; poor breeding success in key bird species; appearance of any new alien species (e.g. crazy ants) ? are there rapid assessment methods for inverts? Note that there are no rails on Grande Terre.

Reporting of any unusual sightings (that could be a new alien species). Should we be monitoring key bird species e.g. insectivore, fructivore, seed eater, predator? ?Key insect or other invert species? (e.g. leaf litter invertebrates, butterflies) set up an early warning system to identify arrival of alien invasive species

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD

Land

scap

e Co

ntex

t

Rainfall is the major factor affecting terrestrial habitats. Dispersal/migration of all land species, given unfavorable conditions, is difficult because of the isolation of the atoll.

If there are changes in rainfall patterns, all habitats and species may be affected to some extent, but this is out of management control. The atoll should be big enough for normal dispersal, barring a major catastrophe affecting more or less the whole atoll.

Monthly rainfall measurements at all stations on Aldabra.

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD


120

Focal Management Target: Coastal / Intertidal habitats

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Geographical coverage of habitat types affected by sea level, salinity, weather patterns.

These factors are out of our control. Satellite imagery (1999) of lagoon habitats needs ground-truthing, to give better baseline data for biotopes.

Aerial maps and GIS info – could be looked at regularly (biennially?) Not yet tested

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD

Breeding turtle populations affected by numbers caught outside of Aldabra, beach availability, and predation by feral cats.

Numbers caught outside of Aldabra are out of our control. Number of nesting turtles hasn’t reached maximum capacity yet. Warning signs: long-term trends over 5-10 years show decline rather than increase; loss of beaches through erosion

Regular monitoring of nesting turtles + analysis of population trends. Monitor beach area available for turtle nesting. ongoing

Y

-

Y/N

GOOD

Size

Breeding seabirds affected by food availability and predation-free nest site availability (e.g. lagoon islets).

Most food is caught outside of Aldabra in the open sea and would reflect conditions there. Warning signs: reduction in area of mangrove; decreasing nesting success (this is difficult to measure because of the disturbance factor)

Occasional population surveys of breeding sea birds. Initiate methods from the new locally produced Seabird Monitoring Handbook ongoing

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD


121

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Migrant birds affected by weather conditions, food supply

Numbers arriving reflect environmental conditions outside of Aldabra. Food supply on the atoll should remain OK if intertidal habitats OK.

Incidental observations ?possible inclusion in the African waterbird census programme (2x per year)

ongoing

-

-

-

-

All intertidal habitat types are affected by sea level, salinity, weather patterns.

Condition is mainly out of our control. Note: sea current patterns in the region are being monitored by NOAA.

GAP: proper tide tables for Aldabra itself. Tide gauge and monitoring programme urgently needed. Still outstanding, proposed project by University of Hawaii still not materialized

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD

Cond

itio

n an

d La

ndsc

ape

Cont

ext

Mangrove species distribution depends on substrate factors, salinity and sea level

Condition is out of our control (affects breeding seabirds)

To be monitored as part of a general vegetation survey - using satellite imagery, FIB (flying inflatable boat) and/or transects.

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD


122

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Beaches affected by presence/absence of fringe vegetation, weather conditions, and sea current patterns.

Except for maintaining beach fringe vegetation if possible, these things are out of our control. Warning signs: severe erosion of any beaches (affects turtle nesting)

Monitoring of beach profiles (improved methodology needed).

Y

-

Y

GOOD

(may be worsening)

Lagoon islets affected by rainfall and presence/absence of rats

Condition is mostly out of our control, except for rats and maybe alien plant species

Incidental observation (and as part of vegetation monitoring?); rat study and ?control programme; occasional seabird nesting surveys.

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD

Intertidal habitats such as mud flats affected by sea level, salinity, sea current patterns, substrate deposition.

Condition is out of our control (affects migratory waterbird feeding.

mudflat changes monitored, e.g. using FIB (flying inflatable boat) – also useful for mangrove habitat changes.

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD

Harmonistion and Continuation are the basics of a good monitoring programme


123

Focal Management Target: Aquatic habitats

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Marine habitats: Tide levels, salinity, sea temperature, weather patterns, sea current patterns

GAP! We do not know enough about the extent of different habitats, but they are natural. Warning signs: changes in distribution and size of specific habitat types, particularly coral reef; Factors are basically out of our control.

Satellite imagery (1999) needs ground-truthing to give better baseline data; then regularly updated every x years (and/or transects?) GAP: Should be monitoring more of the key factors. (See Intertidal Habitats for some proposals) Recent discovery of Caulerpa sp. Should be monitored? Observed in zone 5 of AMP project

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD

Size

Pools: Rainfall, evaporation rate, tide levels

Out of our control. Natural variation to be allowed.

Incidental observation + meteorology records

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD


124

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Coral reefs:- Warning signs: further coral bleaching events (GAP: a protocol is needed for follow-up action)

Aldabra Marine Programme currently measures coral recruitment annually; maybe should be monitoring re-growth as well; perhaps set up regular monitoring of permanent transects in lagoon and inner reef, using COI regional methodology, with special protocol for Aldabra Ongoing

Y

-

Y

(except

coral reef

s)

GOOD

Cond

itio

n

Marine habitats: All the factors mentioned above under ‘Size’ + nutrient supply + larval supply + inter-action between habitats (especially coral reefs and the rest)

Fish diversity:- Warning signs: change in species diversity, distribution; changes in population age structure could be useful.

Aldabra Marine Programme currently monitors diversity. ?Fish otoliths sampled from regular subsistence fishing could be sent to SFA for analysis Otoliths collected and sent to SFA however not analysed yet ongoing

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD


125

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Seagrass communities:- Warning signs: changes in species distribution or biodiversity.

Growth of juvenile turtles?; Are there rapid assessment methods being used in the region?

Y

-

Y

PRESUMED VERY GOOD

Marine mammals:- Out of our control, but warning sign could be lack of sightings or beachings

Incidental monitoring only? Maybe scope for more organized monitoring. NB 2002 cetacean study in region Started to built a photo id base on Humpback whales A database set up for marine mammal monitoring exists, Volunteer monitored dolphins and pilot whales

-

-

-

UNKNOWN


126

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Pools: All the factors mentioned above under ‘Size’ + surrounding vegetation + bottom substrate

Out of our control Warning signs could be changes in individual pools, especially increase in salinity

Monitoring of representative pools of each of the 3/5 main types – e.g. depth, salinity, temperature, nutrient levels, surrounding vegetation, bottom substrate, key species? Not started

Y

-

Y

VERY GOOD


127

Key factor






indicators)

Wit

hin

its

acce

ptab

le

rang

e of

Var

iati

on?

(y/n

) Re

stor

able

? (y

/n)

Mee

ts p

refe

rred

st

atus

? (y

/n)


Marine habitats: All the above + Population levels of organisms outside of Aldabra; tidal flows in and out of the lagoon

Out of our control – reflecting climate change An interesting research project might be looking at productivity outside lagoon and inside lagoon (unusual because of high bird faecal deposition)

Sea temperature loggers; maybe need CTD (conductivity /temperature/depth) monitoring; ?internet/satellite info. on regional current speeds, sea temp., sea level, plankton levels; but would need ground-truthing, and would only be useful as an overview; ?tidal flow? AMP partially started the monitoring one yead of data lost due to technical difficulties Micromollusc? Seamounts?

-

-

-

Assumed GOOD /

VERY GOOD

Land

scap

e Co

ntex

t

Pools: Underground connections through the porous limestone

Out of our control – reflecting climate change

-

-

-

Assumed GOOD /

VERY GOOD


128

Ecological Integrity Summary for Aldabra

Major Biodiversity Values

Size rating Condition rating Landscape context rating

Overall Biodiversity Health Rating

Giant tortoise population

Good Good Good Good

Terrestrial habitats

Very good Good Very good Very good

Coastal / Intertidal habitats

Very good, except turtles, which are good

(improving)

Very good, except beaches, which my be worsening

Very good (with the exception

of turtles and beaches)

Aquatic habitats Very good Very good, except coral reefs which have been affected by

coral bleaching

Compared to the granitics the recovery has been

more significant and has suffered less impacts

Assumed to be Good or Very Good at present (but another El Nino event is forecast)

Up to the present date

no other El Nino reorded however there

have been very localized bleaching events in the region

Probably Very good (except coral reefs)


129

MONITORING PLAN TEMPLATE (tentative only)

Major Biodiversity

Value

Indicator to be

Measured

Key Factor / Biodiversity

Health Category Informed

Methods to be Employed

Frequency Timing Who will Measure

Cost Funding Source

Tortoise transects

Population structure and trends, growth rates, etc.

Transect sampling (x12) + measuring

1 x month Before 9am

SIF rangers

SIF

Flooding or other changes

Nest site changes

Incidental recording

- - SIF rangers

SIF

Goat numbers Eradication Project implement

Competition Monitoring of Judas Goats

1 x month - SIF staff SIF

Vegetation changes

Sufficient food and shade

Vegetation transects

Sif staff SIF

Giant tortoise population

Rainfall Primary productivity

13 rain gauges 1 x month - SIF staff SIF


130

Major Biodiversity

Value

Indicator to be

Measured





Cost Funding Source

Vegetation area changes

Vegetation cover

Aerial maps + ground truthing

Co financing

to be sought

Key species Endemic taxa integrity

Regular surveys of key species (which ones still to be decided)

Rails: 1 x month, Butterflies 1 x week, Bird nesting, etc.

Rails after 4pm,

SIF rangers

SIF

Alien species

Ecosystem integrity

To be decided Co-financing

Terrestrial habitats

Rainfall Primary productivity

13 rain gauges 1 x month - SIF staff SIF

Lagoon intertidal habitat areas

Vegetation cover/ ecosystem integrity

Aerial maps + ground truthing + vegetation transects

Co-financing

Coastal / Intertidal habitats

Key data relating to the sea

Changing habitat conditions

Tide gauges, salinity and temperature


131

Major Biodiversity

Value

Indicator to be

Measured





Cost Funding Source

Turtle nesting

Turtle population trends

Beach track counts + tagging

1 x month + 4 x month for some

Tracks: am, Tagging: night

SIF rangers

SIF

Beach area Turtle nest sites, habitat integrity

Beach area & profiles

SIF rangers

SIF

Juvenile turtles

Turtle population trends and growth rates

Tagging and measuring

SIF rangers

SIF

Sea birds Population trends

Population survey of breeding birds

Occasional

Migrant birds

Population trends?

To be decided

Aquatic habitat areas

Ecosystem changes

Aerial maps + ground truthing + transects

Aquatic habitats

Coral reefs Changes in coral reef ecology

Coral recruitment, others to be decided

1 x year Aldabra Marine Programme + SIF

AMP/ SIF


132

Major Biodiversity

Value

Indicator to be

Measured





Cost Funding Source

Fish diversity

Ecological changes

Coral reef fish diversity, fish catches + fish otoliths?

Aldabra Marine Programme + SIF

Seagrass community

Ecological changes

To be decided SIF

Marine mammals including Dugong

Ecosystem changes

To be decided 6 month/year July to October Opportunistic linked with field trips/patrols

Submit project for funding

SIF/COI

Key data relating to the sea

Changing habitat conditions

Tide gauge, salinity and temperature (CTD)

Significant character-istics of pools

Inland pool ecological changes

To be decided

Tool 11: Monitoring Outcomes of Management

133

Tool 11: Monitoring Outcomes of Management It was recognised upon reviewing the comprehensive biodiversity health assessment and monitoring recommendations above (from the first assessment in 2002) that the monitoring programme for Aldabra may need to be simplified and revised to ensure it is useful for management of the site. Although still in progress, the following table (Worksheet 11) represents the initial attempt to develop a more manageable set of indicators. This was undertaken after review of recommendations from the Scientific Committee Review undertaken in 2005 (Refer to Appendix 1). It is the first draft and will be further refined and developed in 2008.


134


Objective Indicator(s) Targets Source of information

Status of indicator

Trend of indicator

Opportunities, recommendations and follow-up actions

Monitor and analyse the status and trends for all the indicators

List the major values to be measured in a monitoring system

List one or two indicators for each value, drawing on objectives and targets where possible

Agree targets for each indicators to help assess success or failure with respect indicators

Give details about exactly what information will be collected and how this will be done

Is the status of significant concern; developing concern or fine?

Is the condition improving, unchanged or deteriorating?

Identify any specific actions needed in response to information collected in the monitoring and assessment of objectives

Giant Tortoise population

Population trends – establish an optimal carrying capacity for the islands.

Identify the carrying capacity of tortoises for all four islands – using population model which will be verified.

Regular tortoise transects examining population structure are ongoing. Two population modelling programmes are being applied regularly. Need to apply population census to verify models.

Good – populations are healthy where the islands have lower populations (Picard, Malabar) and the populations are decreasing where there is overpopulation (Grande Terre) No transects on Polymnie.

⇑ Monitoring of tortoise numbers has been ongoing since 1976 – however it is still not clear what the optimal population is on the islands. Some islands have been obviously overpopulated eg: on Grande Terre. The data needs to analysed further to develop the measurable targets


135

Extent of each habitat type

Utilise remote sensing mapping from the Cambridge project as a baseline. This could also be compared to the vegetation mapping in the 1960-70s. Casuarina invasion should be identified from this remote sensing mapping project beginning in 2008 Regular vegetation monitoring through plots and transects. These need to be established -combine with existing tortoise transects. Use existing transects on Picard. Measuring rainfall

Good – will be verified with Cambridge remote sensing mapping project

⇔ Terrestrial

vegetation types

Health and diversity of each vegetation type – extent of regeneration and invasion of weed species

Too early in study to identify specific targets

Phenology study commenced in 2006 mainly on Picard – twice monthly checking status of representative species (approx 30 spp). Conducted by rangers – ongoing. Should be compared to previous studies where possible.

Good – verified when the study is more progressed ⇔

This is assumed and will be verified when the study is more progressed


136

Endemic Fauna Flightless Rail population on Picard

Sustainable population of rails on Picard to ca 1,000 pairs (Wanless, 2002)

Increase population on Picard since 18 were reintroduced in 1999 (total population for Aldabra was approx 8,500 on Malabar (2000)) to the sustainable carrying capacity. Wanless predicted exponential growth on Picard to carrying capacity of approx. 1000 pairs by 2007-9. Population estimate initiated – project for student etc. Sound recording methods have been used in the past but has limitations – may be used in conjunction with transects and areas of suitable habitat.

Good – Population is increasing – exact numbers needs to be verified by study

⇑ Population is increasing


137

Insectivorous bird (eg coucal, drongo) population on Picard

Develop targets after baseline data has been collected

Initiate an external study on the population of a key insectivorous species. This will be used as an indicator of the health of insect populations etc. Existing studies of drongos (eg 2004) could be used as background for this.

Good – no obvious problem needs to be verified by study

Will be verified in recommended study

Shorebird monitoring

Project continues Good – counts are stable

Analyse data This monitoring programme should be reviewed at the next MEE assessment to determine value and usefulness

Sea bird monitoring

Apply the seabird monitoring Handbook for the Seychelles

Coastal/intertidal habitats

Numbers of nesting turtles (Green)

Full green turtle monitoring programme plus analysis of population trends.

Good – population is healthy and increasing ⇑

Marine ecosystems

AMP conducts these monitoring programmes via annual surveys. If they cannot continue, alternatives need to be found

Although data is collected it is difficult to obtain. An MOU has been developed to expedite the sharing of data.

Size and abundance of preferred eating species

No significant decline in the frequency and size of fish caught

Subsistence fishing – species, weight and length are recorded by staff

Data has been analysed and presented as two papers and identification poster.


138

Comments and explanation

The main aim of most of the monitoring on Aldabra is to examine change – no management action will necessarily be possible, for eg with respect to coral bleaching due to climate change. To a large extent the impacts on Aldabra are due to indirect human and other impacts but nevertheless it is important to be aware of changes. Aldabra has the potential to provide important comparisons with other more disturbed sites. This potential is currently not utilised.

Analysis and conclusions

It is much necessary that this potential is promoted to the scientific world to attract more research to not only fill identified knowledge gaps but also to better understand environmental changes globally

Gaps and challenges Baseline Studies – rats, flightless rail (population reassessed on Picard), insectivorous birds eg coucals, drongos, weed species – especially Stachytarpheta which has invaded the tortoise turf. Seabirds – important breeding site by many sea birds.

Analysis and conclusions The remoteness and difficult logistics of Aldabra do not allow for an ad hoc approach to environmental research and at the same time increase dramatically project costs. It will be necessary to identify a combination of finance mechanism to ensure a vivid research program

Conclusions

139

Conclusions The project has been very beneficial for SIF and has not only looked at Aldabra but addressed major issues related to the management of the whole organisation including the second World Heritage Site managed by SIF the Vallée de Mai. This was the first time that a holistic approach was applied when evaluating the operation of Aldabra. The whole management cycle was analysed thoroughly and the tools developed under the project assisted not only to assess current activities but identified and addressed major gaps. Following the assessment of relationships with stakeholders and partners a completely new understanding of the inter-linkages in the management of a remote site with no indigenous or local population was developed. The following lessons were learnt

• The methodology of the management effectiveness assessment is an objective way to define SIF’s strengths and weaknesses.

• It does not necessary require large sums of money to address major gaps and build capacity.

• The design of the assessment provides for a built in mechanism to ensure follow up that enhance management effectiveness.

• The Shell business planning exercise provided for a significant and critical inside as well as experience in strategic planning and budgeting using a totally different and tailor made approach. This exercise was much more effective and successful compared to what the participation in a workshop/training with similar aims would have been .

• The project results underline the importance and contributed to the urgent management plan update. The information now available will certainly facilitate the update process.

• The documentation necessary under the assessment ensures and provides for the first time institutional memory in SIF.

• The software Park Plan could be a very powerful tool for the management of both protected areas Aldabra + Valleé de Mai.

It is recommended to

• Undertake an assessment to analyse the effectiveness of the management of the Vallée de Mai applying the same methodology

• Update the Aldabra Management Plan and adopt Park Plan software • Adopt Park Plan when reviewing management plan of Vallée de Mai

Conclusions

140

• Develop and set up a sustainable finance mechanism to ensure effective management of both UNESCO World Heritage Sites

• Support the UNSECO World Heritage Centre to adopt the process for periodic reporting from WHS

• Share this experience with other protected areas in Seychelles and in the region as well as promote the application and possible adoption of similar assessments in regional and international processes including the Convention of Biological Diversity in the implementation the programme of work on protected areas.

• Use the capacity built to timely submit the next periodic report to UNESCO In conclusion it must be emphasized that the process of the project in it’s totality is of much significance to the SIF. It is with this increased capacity that the organisation will be able to address identified gaps and in addition be prepared for the challenges ahead. It is much urgent and appropriate that SIF takes advantage of this prestigious initiative to attract strategic partners in any relevant field. These future partnerships will be essential to enhance the effectiveness of the management of the Aldabra Atoll aimed at protecting and preserving the major values of this UNSECO World Heritage Site.

Acknowledgments

141

Acknowledgments The SIF would like to thank Sue Wells for promoting the project to the board of trustees and proposing Aldabra Atoll as one of the nine pilot sites to the project team, without her initiative the atoll would not have been part of the Enhancing our Heritage project. Special thanks go to Marc Hockings and his team especially Robyn James who have with much determination guided the process. Their support which also involved going out of their way and finding innovative ways to ensure completion of the final assessment is much appreciated. Furthermore we would like to express our gratitude to the managers and management teams of the different sites involved in the project for their friendship when exchanging enthusiastically experiences. In addition the engagement and commitment of our lead local consultant Katy Beaver when taking on the initial assessment has much facilitated the process of the final assessment. Her support to SIF has been fundamental for the successful participation and completion of the whole process and is much appreciated. We also thank all board members, local stakeholders and Seychellois who made time to get in what ever way involved in the final assessment. Finally we wish to acknowledge the financial support of all funding agencies donors and international organisation that ensured the materialisation of the project. This also includes the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in Paris and IUCN who supported the project implementation.

Documents

Final Assessment Aldabra Atoll Seychelles - IUCN · PDF file1 Enhancing Our Heritage Monitoring and Managing for Success in Natural World Heritage Sites Final Assessment Aldabra Atoll