Running head: HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

Health Perspectives of Finland and the United States on the Effects of Youth

Incarceration

Kimberly Anderson, Mikaeyla Kliethermes, Jennifer Kruse, Linnea Osterman

Missouri State University

HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

Health Perspectives of Finland and the United States on the Effects of Youth

Incarceration

According to the World Health Organization [WHO] (2015), adolescents are from

ages 10 to 19 years old. Depending on the crime, an adolescent can be incarcerated in a

juvenile detention center or in a jail. Incarnation for adolescents “include the temporary

and safe custody of juveniles whose alleged conduct is subject to court jurisdiction who

require a restricted environment for their own and the community’s protection while

pending legal action” (Bear, n.d.). An incarcerated adolescent is considered a vulnerable

population because the majority of them have barriers to their medical needs. These

barriers include lack of: health insurance, parent involvement, knowledge of medical

needs, and also low socioeconomic status. Many adolescents arrive to incarceration with

communicable diseases, bone fractures, gunshot wounds, and STIs (Morris, 2004).

Health may be less of a priority due to the psychological and physiological stress

of incarceration or the environment leading up to incarceration. Custody may increase

care for an individual’s health by providing an initial screening and evaluation upon

entering the facility, which they may not have had otherwise (Morris, 2004). In

comparison to the less vulnerable population, health is not simply an absence of disease.

According to the World Health Organization, health is defined as “a complete state of

physical, mental and social well-being (WHO, 2015).” This meaning that all aspects of a

person’s mental and physical status, are considered into their state of health. From a

healthcare worker’s prospective, health is very complex and can involve many

characteristics. Overall, health is a balance and is specific to an individual and their

limitations, as well as how they define fulfillment and well-being.

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Concerns for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

One of the first steps to promoting health is to identify a problem. For youth

who have been incarcerated, homelessness is a common struggle.  For example, 30

percent of the population at a large youth shelter in New York had been incarcerated or

arrested at least once previously (Toro et al., 2007). A large portion of the youth that

leave juvenile detention do not have a stable home to return, which may put them at risk

for committing more crimes such as panhandling, sleeping in public, or loitering. Also, it

is evident that some adolescents cannot return home simply due to their crime. For

example, if they live in Section 8 housing and have been charged with crimes such as

domestic violence, they may not legally be allowed to return. For this reason, the US

Department of Housing and Urban Services (HUD) created the Continuum of Care

program to quickly rehouse people affected by homelessness. To further help youth

affected by homelessness, the government created the federal McKinney-Vento

Education of Homeless Children and Youth Assistance Act It provides students

immediate enrollment into schools, even if they do not have the normally required

documents like proof of residence or immunizations and provides transportation to and

from school (National Center for Homeless Education, 2011). In Finland, the government

has approved a national program called Housing First to reduce homelessness in the

youth population and created a goal to eliminate long-term homelessness by 2015. The

main objective of this project is to increase the number of apartments, availability, and

quality of housing guidance, advice, and support housing (Tuuteri, n.d.).

Homelessness is a key to health; it is estimated that the life expectancy of

someone in the homeless population is between 42 and 52, which is far less than the

HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

average of 78 years of age of the general population (O’Connell, 2005). It appears that

the United States is more focused on rapid re-housing, but Finland has an approach to

find permanent housing quickly for homeless youth. Permanent solutions are a better

option, if possible. Finland will also work with adolescents who have bad credit, but there

is not a concrete plan to get the adolescent out of poverty, which created the

homelessness. In the United States, the McKinney-Vento Education of Homeless

Children and Youth Assistance Act helps to get the adolescent an education, which, in

turn, should help decrease poverty and thus decrease homelessness. Finland’s rate of

youth homelessness has been increasing in recent years, while the United States’ has

relatively the same rate (U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, 2012).

Another problem facing adolescents who have been incarcerated is

recidivism. Recidivism is the recurrence of criminality in the future. It has been found

that juvenile incarceration increases the probability of incarceration later in life (Juvenile

Justice Center [JJC], 2015). This relates to health in that it has been found that if there is

an increase in time spent in incarceration as an adolescent, it has been found to make the

mentally ill youth worse and create a greater risk for self-harm. These statistics are varied

greatly between America and Finland, because America has a much greater proportion of

the adolescent population incarcerated (JJC, 2015).

                In America, up to 62% of the youth released from juvenile custody are re-

incarcerated again within three years (Larson, 2013). Comparatively, Finnish prisons

have recidivism rates around 20-30% for three years. Both of the effects of incarceration

on adolescents (worsening mentally illness and self-harm) fall under assessing and

promoting mental health. For Greene County, according to the Juvenile Justice Center,

HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

incarcerated youth are assessed for medical and mental health within one hour of arrival

to the facility. Within 48 hours, the youth is cleared by a psychology counsellor.

Throughout their incarceration, counselling services and Cognitive Behavior Therapy are

available (JJC, 2015). Finland has mental health housing units available for incarcerated

youth to learn to live alone with some support (Larson, 2013).

Since incarceration in youth and recidivism rates are higher in America than in

Finland, the American adolescents are at a greater risk of mental health issues, including

self-harm. The prevalence of self-harm of adolescents in America is approximately 15%

of teens (Hawton, Rodham, & Evans, 2006.). In Finland, a study of adolescents aged 13

to 18 years old found a prevalence of self-injury at 1.8% (Larson, 2013). According to the

statistics on recidivism and self-harm, Finland’s health promotion for incarcerated youth

is more effective than America’s.

Rehabilitation

According to Merriam-Webster, rehabilitation means to restore back to a healthy

condition after an event or illness (2015). In the community, rehabilitation may include

access to education, employment, and health services (World Health Organization

[WHO], 2015). Some of the general vulnerable populations may view rehabilitation as

getting financial services, such Woman Infant Children (WIC) to help with finical

disparities. Social services, such as family support, child care, health care, and temporary

assistance; could also be considered rehabilitation because it is helping people get back to

a healthy level of living (Missouri Department of Social Services, 2015). According to

the WHO, 15% of the world’s population has a disability that limits their activities in life

HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

(2015). These individuals may view rehabilitation as attaining visual, hearing, and

mobility aids through the community to increase their quality of life.

The incarceration of adolescents hopes to give opportunity to the youth to become

constructive citizens in the community, which can be accomplished by rehabilitation

(Amen & Lee, 2012). Many rehabilitation centers are used after incarceration, but it is

important to begin this process during incarceration for adolescents. This should begin

during incarceration because it gives the youth a chance to learn social norms before

going back to an environment that could be promoting criminal behavior. Some

beneficial programs for rehabilitation are vocational training programs and career

education programs. Vocational training allows the teens to learn hands on skills for a

possible career, promote social connectedness in the community, and decrease the

homeless adolescent population. This is valuable because it can influence possible career

paths, how to live independently, and how to earn a living without doing criminal

activities (Amen & Lee, 2012). This is to hopefully give the youth skills and resources to

decrease homelessness upon that population.

In the United States, juvenile justice centers focus on rehabilitation as the primary

goal (Juvenile Law Center, 2015). However, there is much confrontation about whether

juvenile delinquents should be incarnated in a jail as a punishment or if they should

attend a rehabilitation program instead. Recently in several states, the Juvenile Detention

Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) has been put into place (Teitelman & Linhares, 2013). The

JDAI has a goal to limit the amount of time that teens spend incarcerated and to hopefully

become productive adults during their transition in stages of life. Greene County has had

improved statistical results for juveniles with the implementation of new reforms. These

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statistics include a 35% decrease in juvenile admissions and a 30% decrease in the length

of overall length of stay (Teitelman & Linhares, 2013). Greene County is also one of the

first counties in Missouri to establish a Reporting Center, which can be considered a

rehabilitation center. It provides a place for previous juvenile delinquents to come after

school for counseling, activities, and supervision (Teitelman & Linhares, 2013). In the

United States, it is also very common to see rehabilitation programs for drugs, alcohol,

and violence in our youth population.

According to the WHO, 80% of the world’s population lives in low and middle-

income countries (WHO, 2015). This means that it is very difficult for rehabilitation to

occur globally. Many people in underdeveloped countries cannot afford rehabilitation

services, which make it hard to attain assistive devices or beneficial programs. Globally

for incarcerated adolescents, rehabilitation is making a troubled teen into a law-abiding

citizen. The hopes of rehabilitation is to prevent teens from committing further crimes

and give them the skills to make choices that do not provide threat to themselves or the

community. Rehabilitation may look different in different countries, but they all want the

same outcome, which is for their youth to become productive citizens.

The design of rehabilitation can be challenging in the case of a young person who

has sustained as a result of the offense the prison. Often the young may not be willing to

accept help and rehabilitation work to do need to see a special effort of a young inspiring.

A closed institution, to bring also become a problem in the provision of services. All

services may not be possible to provide prison. In addition, it must be noted that patients

need for rehabilitation of the Territory of life, which are self-evident.

HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

Young people seek to invest in the rest of the prison if the offense is sufficiently

small. In many cases, a young person may survive a first offense by a fine alone. If the

pursuit of crime, take a look at the persistence of the young may be placed in prison

instead of school at home. There is continuous monitoring so that any criminal intentions

young can possibly be prevented. In addition, he will be offered a social worker services

and tarviettassa services in a psychiatric unit. Together with the young person seeks to

determine what his behavior is due, and if he could somehow change it.

In addition to ordinary prisons, there is also a prison hospital, where prisoners are

placed with serious health deficiencies or they need hospital-level care. Each in an

ordinary prison is a nurse on the spot and at least once a week the opportunity to get a

doctor's appointment. We also have a prison mental hospital which placed severe mental

disorder prisoners. In addition, ordinary prison notified every time a prison mental

hospital when one of the prisoners forced insulation.

Governmental and Nongovernmental Structures that Address Health Concerns

The community health concerns in the United States is addressed through the U.S

Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] and the Centers for Disease

Control [CDC]. The USDHHS also established Healthy People 2020, which provides

public health goals for our nation (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016). Community health

concerns are addressed through these programs because many of the goals deal with

problems that occur in the community setting and not just the acute setting. Adolescent

health is one of the new focus areas of Health People 2020. This goal states that

adolescents should have improved health, healthy development, well-being, and safety

(U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2014).

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The United States’ health care system works primarily from privately owned

health insurance companies (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016, p. 31). Publically funded

agencies such as Medicare, Medicaid, and the Veteran’s Health Administration are

exceptions and help with the many Americans that struggle to pay for health care. Over

15% of Americans are completely uninsured, while 35% are underinsured and unable to

pay for appropriate health care (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016, p. 31). The United States is

the highest spending country in the entire world when it comes to health care and health

care services. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) provide support and promote

health for the American people through their services provided by volunteer and private

donations (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016, p.31). The health care system model that best fits

the United States, is the out-of-pocket model due to our industrialization and our lack of

mass medical care. The model discusses that the United States has the technologies and

the resources to see a doctor at any time as long as you can afford some sort of out-of-

pocket cost (Physicians for a National Health Program [PNHP], 2009). A major challenge

that this country is facing is the controversial argument on whether or not health care is a

right or a privilege. The Affordable Care Act was the first step towards having universal

care for all Americans and was put in to place to allow more affordable care to the

American people by lowering premiums and out-of-pocket costs. This reform has faced

many challenges since it was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2012. Many states have

opted out of its services which has left gaps in the vulnerability groups in certain parts of

the country (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015).

The health care system in Finland differs greatly from the United States in many

ways. Finland provides universal health care for all permanent residents, private

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insurance can also be purchased if needed (Kela, 2015). Funding for health care is

through taxation, including state funding, municipal taxation, National Health Insurance,

employer contributions, and patient fees which are of low and reasonable cost (Kela,

2015). The National Health Insurance Model represents this health care system since the

citizens pay into a government-run insurance program that pays for their universal health

care. The model describes benefit of this type of system due to the reduced cost and a less

complicated administrative involvement, unlike the United States. Since the insurance

companies in Finland do not sell for profit, there is no financial motives to deny patient’s

claims (PNHP, 2009).

“Youth who are detained or incarcerated in correctional facilities represent a

medically underserved population at high risk for a variety of medical and emotional

disorders” (National Commission on Correctional Health Care [NCCHC], 2015). After

1984, all federal funding for health care of incarcerated youth was stopped and shifted to

local governments in the United States. Due to the decline of federal funding the quality

of health care provided to this population has decreased considerably (NCCHC, 2015).

Adolescents who are incarcerated are usually among the most poor and socially

disadvantaged which causes them to be more vulnerable due to their lack of access to

care (NCCHC, 2015). Allen Criger, a Workforce Development Specialist and a Police

Services Representative who works with this population at the Evening Reporting Center

of Greene County, informed me that in the state of Missouri, every adolescent is granted

Medicaid services once they have become incarcerated. This allows them to have easier

access to health care and treatments when needed. He also explained that usually if there

is anything wrong they will go to the Emergency Department due to the availability and

HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

affordability of the ED with Medicaid services, unless their parents are covered and can

afford doctors visits. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has opened doors for incarcerated

youth by expanding such Medicaid services and establishing insurance exchanges to low-

income families (NCCH, 2015). Medicaid is a governmental organization that aids in the

health promotion of incarcerated youths in America, there are also non-governmental

organizations that provide their services to this vulnerability group. The Evening

Reporting Center (ERC) is a local governmental organization for Greene County. It is an

after school program where previously incarcerated youth are court ordered while they

await their court dates. It is a four-week program where the youth are required to go

through classes that are designed to be therapeutic, educational, and allow for character

building for at-risk teens that will hopefully impact them in a positive way. Health

education is taught by the Greene County Health Department, or nursing students from

Missouri State University. This health education includes, sex education, over the counter

medications, substance abuse, first aid, nutrition, and other important subjects. The ERC

is a very important resource to many juveniles who are in a very vulnerable point in their

lives, and empowerment to make smart choices is essential and necessary. This

organization strives to help them with these decisions and hopefully keep them out of

incarceration in the future. The challenges that these organizations have in providing

these services, is their inability to access them once in the system. To solve this problem,

the justice system should work more closely with non-profit, non-governmental

organizations to provide services to juveniles while incarcerated. This could hopefully

provide support and knowledge for when they are released into the world.

HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

Once juveniles are released from detention their health disparities still exist, and

due to court costs and legal fees, may be even more prevalent. A non-governmental

organization that can aid in the support of this group is the Adolescent Health Working

Group. This American organization is guided towards advocating for policies and

reforms that will allow for adolescents to access health care more easily (Adolescent

Health Working Group [AHWG], 2015). They also have events and training for health

care providers, so that they can more effectively serve the youth in their community.

Other non-profit organizations such as the Salvation Army can help this population by

providing them with clothes, food, rehabilitation and much more. They work specifically

with youth in their afterschool programs that can facilitate a safe place for youth to learn

in a constructive environment (The Salvation Army, 2015). This program provides

recreational activities along with educational programs to stimulate and learning and

rehabilitation. This is especially important for adolescents who have been incarcerated

because they are easily influenced by their peers and environment. Providing a secure and

nurturing environment is essential to their progress.

In Finland, health care services are primarily the responsibility of the state

and run by the social services. If necessary, a municipal entity to purchase services from

the private sector. Of course, there is a need to work very comprehensive private sector,

but the prisons are in Finland, maintained by the state, so they are mainly used for

operating under the authority of the State health care services. In Finland, the same model

as the other Nordic countries followed. All health care services are available to everyone

in Finland. General health care funded by tax-funded. The patient becomes payable only

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really a small proportion of treatment. Everyone is entitled to public health care services,

both at work and dig in the vast majority of the prison population.

Finnish health care has received much praise from well-functioning organization.

Many other countries verrataren, so Finland is doing relatively well. Abroad, many

people may be left without care because it is expensive. In Finland, for this practice is not

possible. Everyone is entitled to receive the best possible care regardless of income or

status. Every patient is equally valuable and entitled to receive the necessary care.

The purpose of KASTE is to promote and develop the Finnish health care.

Services are expected to be the most customer-oriented and thus each product to ensure

the best possible treatment. According to the current kompens have focused on the

following: I. Risk groups inclusion, well-being and health; II. Reform of children, young

people and families with services; III. Reform of services for the elderly; IV. The service

and regeneration of basic services; V. Information and Information Systems; and VI.

Management support service structure and well-being (Occupational Health).

Each inmate will be made within two weeks of health mapping out his basic state

of health. In addition, long-term prisoners is carried out every two years to the Health

Check. Prisons are trying to keep each prisoner's state of health care and all information

entered in the prison register your patient information.

Youth inmates are entitled to all the same health care services as ordinary citizens.

They use basic health services, and if applicable to them, can also be arranged specialist

services. Long-term prisoners (length of pre-trial detention for more than half a year) will

also receive dental care. In dental care, to treat ailments that are considered essential to

basic health. Prisoners also have the opportunity to mental health services. Each of the

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prison health care professional is trained in mental health for the detection of problems.

Inmates also have the right to access substance abuse treatment if it is deemed necessary.

Prisoners also get glasses if they need to states on medical grounds. All of these services

are funded by the government and are free of charge to prisoners.

Nursing Theory Related to Incarcerated Youth

Incarcerated youth are at a high risk for many diseases and health disparities. To

promote optimal health in these individuals it is in great importance for the nurse to

preform primary, secondary and tertiary prevention techniques. Betty Neuman’s Systems

Model focuses on the three levels of prevention. She believed that this system allowed for

the retention, attainment, and maintenance of patient’s wellness (Petiprin, 2015). Primary

prevention is focused on education; providing information to this vulnerability group

about ways to prevent illness is the number one way to empower them to take control of

their own health. Important education topics for this vulnerability group would be effects

of substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and the importance of nutrition and

exercise. The ERC provides all of these educational services and much more to juveniles

in their program. It is important for them to understand the effects of their choices and the

choices of their peers; this health education may even deter them from preforming

criminal acts in the future, therefore reducing their risk for injury and disease.

Secondary prevention is focused on screening, early detection, and early

treatment. It is defined as an effort to diminish the effects of illness or injury once it has

begun (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016, p.90). This effort is usually carried out in psychiatric

screenings in juvenile detentions to determine high-risk behaviors such as aggression and

violence, which may indicate that they will offend again. Studies show that 70% of

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juveniles in detention centers are suffering from at least one mental disorder (Children’s

Defense Fund [CDF], 2012). The importance of secondary prevention in these cases are

extreme; the earlier the detection and treatment of a mental disorder, the sooner a child

can gain control of their life. The Children’s Defense Fund is an NGO that supports this

level of prevention a great deal by providing programs to needy children that fund health

screenings to detect disease, mental illness, neglect, and abuse of all kinds to children of

all kinds. Their mission is to ensure the health and safety of children across the United

States, especially those in poverty, minorities, and with disabilities (CDF, 2012).

The third and final level of prevention is tertiary prevention. This level is focused

on treatment and rehabilitation. This level is important for juvenile’s struggling with

long-term health problems such as addiction, hepatitis, or HIV/AIDS. Most likely

juveniles will not have a lot of knowledge about these diseases and the effects of their

decisions on their bodies, so certain therapies should be provided. In a sense, juvenile

facilities are a form of rehabilitation for criminal action. This rehabilitation needs to be

continued outside of the detention center to ensure progress is made and health is

encouraged. For example, if an adolescent is arrested for abusing drugs and serves his

time, that addiction will probably continue as soon as they are returned to their original

environment. Tertiary prevention is necessary to try and prevent re-offense and further

harm to the health and body. Since youths are still developing and maturing rehabilitation

is key to their growth, it can provide them with what they need to make more empowered

and knowledgeable choices in their lives.

When contrasting the two countries, Finland has an increased access to healthcare

and decreased percentage of youth incarcerated. Both Finland and the United States are

HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

striving toward better outcomes through government and nongovernmental organizations

for this vulnerable population through health promotion and prevention. Based on the

statistics provided, the effects of incarceration is less detrimental to the youth in Finland

in comparison to the United States.

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