Final Draft Report- Ecological and Financial Gap Analysis of Protected Areas in Pakistan

PAKISTANECOLOGICAL AND FINANCIAL GAP ANALYSIS

OF THE PROTECTED AREASA Step towards Establishing a National System of Protected Areas

June 2012

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IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature

ContentsACKWNOLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................................................................iii

FOREWARD................................................................................................................................................................... iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................vi

I. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................- 1 -

Context...................................................................................................................................................................- 1 -

The Gap Analysis...................................................................................................................................................- 2 -

Methodology...........................................................................................................................................................- 4 -

II. VEGETATION TYPES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND KEY SPECIES..............................................................................- 6 -

Physiographic and Phytogeographic Regions........................................................................................................- 6 -

Vegetation Zones and Ecosystems........................................................................................................................- 6 -

Critical Ecosystems................................................................................................................................................- 7 -

Endemic Flora and Fauna......................................................................................................................................- 8 -

Wild Relatives of Crops..........................................................................................................................................- 9 -

III. ASSESSMENT OF THE GAPS IN THE PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM............................................................- 10 -

Context.................................................................................................................................................................- 10 -

National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Game Reserves and Community Conservation Areas..............................- 11 -

Ecosystem Representation...................................................................................................................................- 13 -

IV. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT...............................................................................................................................- 19 -

Management Effectiveness..................................................................................................................................- 19 -

Governance..........................................................................................................................................................- 21 -

Capacity to Implement Protected Areas System..................................................................................................- 21 -

Legal and Policy Frameworks..............................................................................................................................- 22 -

Institutional Framework........................................................................................................................................- 23 -

Professional Skills................................................................................................................................................- 24 -

Communication, Education and Public Awareness..............................................................................................- 24 -

V. PLAN OF WORK ON PROTECTED AREAS......................................................................................................- 25 -

Pakistan’s Plan of Work on Protected Areas........................................................................................................- 25 -

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................- 29 -

National List of Protected Areas...........................................................................................................................- 29 -

Representation in Protected Area System...........................................................................................................- 29 -

Enabling Environment..........................................................................................................................................- 31 -

VII. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................................- 34 -

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................................- 35 -

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Annex 1.....................................................................................................................................................................- 36 -

Ecosystem Maps of Provinces/Territories.................................................................................................................- 36 -

Annex 2.....................................................................................................................................................................- 40 -

Endemic Mammals of Pakistan.................................................................................................................................- 40 -

Annex 3.....................................................................................................................................................................- 41 -

Endemic Reptiles of Pakistan...................................................................................................................................- 41 -

Annex 4.....................................................................................................................................................................- 43 -

Endemic Amphibians of Pakistan.............................................................................................................................- 43 -

Annex 5.....................................................................................................................................................................- 44 -

Endemic Freshwater Fish of Pakistan......................................................................................................................- 44 -

Annex 6.....................................................................................................................................................................- 46 -

Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in Pakistan.................................................................................................................- 46 -

Annex 7.........................................................................................................................................................................48

List of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Game Reserves & CCAs.........................................................................48

Annex 8.........................................................................................................................................................................76

List of Ecosystems Showing Existing and Proposed Protected Areas..........................................................................76

Annex 9.........................................................................................................................................................................95

Financial Cost Estimates for establishment and management of one PA....................................................................95

Annex 10...................................................................................................................................................................96

Protected Area Management Plan Recommended Elements..................................................................................96

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ACKWNOLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to the Inspector General of Forests, Ministry of Climate Change, and IUCN Pakistan for giving me an opportunity to undertake this important and challenging exercise on gap analysis of the protected system in Pakistan. It was great working for IUCN once again, and was a very pleasant experience. This work would not have been possible without the support of concerned government authorities, and active participation of working and recently retired professionals. I am partciculary indebted to Dr. Abdul Aleem Chaudhry who helped me from the design stage of this exercise through the finalization of the draft. He generously shared information, his views, reviewed the draft and made useful suggestions. I am also thankful to Inam Ullah Khan and Ayaz Saadullah who organized and accompanied me to meetings with government authorities, professionals and key resource persons in provinces, AJK, and Islamabad. A critique of the draft report by Inam Ullah Khan helped a great deal in refining and fine tuning the draft. My special thanks are due to Mohammad Safir Ahmad, Shibly Hamayun and other staff of IUCN Islambad Office for perfect logistics and Hammad Saeed for all the IT help.

Javed Ahmed

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FOREWARD

The concept of “protected areas” is relatively new but Indo-Pakistan subcontinent has a long history of setting aside area for cultural and resource use. Protected areas are established for in-situ conservation where special measures are required to conserve biological diversity (Article 8 (a) of CBD). In addition to conservation of biodiversity, they provide economically valuable goods and services that benefit society, support local livelihoods, and contribute to the achievement of Millennium Development Goals. The protected areas are also a key to buffering against unpredictable impacts of impending climate change. The CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA), adopted in the 7th meeting held in Kuala Lumpur, 9 -20 February 2004, provides a globally-accepted framework for creating comprehensive, effectively managed, and sustainably funded system of protected areas.

The PoWPA includes 92 different activities and required Parties to implement these by 2010 in the context of their nationally determined priorities, capacities and needs. Global assessment of the 2010 CBD targets revealed that the targets had not been met fully and therefore, the CBD in the Conference of the Parties in its 10th meeting held from 18 to 29 October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, for the 2011-2020 period. Some of the examples of Aichi Targets are:

o The rate of loss of natural habitats including forests should be at least reduced to half and, where feasible, brought close to zero.

o The conservation target should be at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas, and 10% of marine and coastal areas.

o The targets for restoration of degraded areas through conservation and habitat improvements should be 15% of the area.

o Extinction of known threatened species should be prevented and their conservation status improved.o Viable populations of wild relatives of crops should be conserved in nature.

In order to take stock of the situation, and plan ahead to meet the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, the Ministry organized a consultative national workshop in July 2010 to review the progress of actions on the PoWPA. The review revealed that while there was some progress, the achievements were rather ad hoc and not part of nationally determined priorities. The Aichi Biodiversity Targets give us a window of opportunity to set our national priorities for catching up and making progress on the targets for the 2010 -2020 period.

The study on the protected area system gap analysis (Activity 1.1.5 PoWPA) was undertaken in an effort to achieve the goal of having representative samples of all species and ecosystems within the protected area network, at a sufficient scale to ensure their long term persistence. The study identified many gaps in ecosystems of high biodiversity value, some of which were included in the Global 200 outstanding Eco regions identified in an analysis commissioned by WWF (2002). In addition, the study also found that not much attention had been paid to the conservation of the threatened species of flora and fauna, wild relatives of crops, and the endemic species.

Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the world’s governments set a goal of protecting 10% of all ecological regions by 2010. The study reveals that while Pakistan has a large number of protected areas spread over about 13.65 percent of area of the country, only a few protected areas are being effectively managed. In addition study has found major gaps in representation of some ecosystems and conservation of endangered species and wild relatives of crops. The study attributes these gaps to inadequate financial and skilled human resources. The situation can be improved through policy and institutional reforms.

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This report – analysis of the representational and management gaps in the protected area system, may be read in conjunction with the report of Workshop on Protected Areas organized by the Ministry of Climate Change in July 2010, which is an activity by activity assessment of progress on the PoWPA. The two reports are meant to provide a guiding tool for the PAs planners and decision makers for taking action on the decisions of the CBD to meet Pakistan’s obligations.

It is hoped that the provinces/territories will take necessary actions by 2020 to fill in the gaps in the protected area system identified in the report by achieving the targets set by them in the form of Action Plan. The Ministry shall take all actions to materialize the recommendations at the national level. On behalf of the Ministry and the Provinces/Territories, I thank IUCN Pakistan for help in the Ministry to accomplish this important task under the PoWPA. Last but not the least, my special thanks to Dr Javed Ahmed who designed and agreed to undertake this important exercise.

Islamabad: July 30, 2012 Sayed Mahmood Nasir Inspector General of Forest

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. A protected area system includes representative samples of all species and ecosystems at a sufficient scale to ensure their long term persistence. The purpose of gap analysis is to assess the extent to which species and ecosystems are represented in the protected area system. Gap analysis has three essential elements: representation gaps, ecological gaps and management gaps. Representation gaps refer to species, ecosystems and ecological processes that are missed entirely by the protected area system. Ecological gaps relate to biodiversity that exists within protected areas but with insufficient quality or quantity to provide long term protection. Management gaps refer to situations where protected areas exist but are failing to provide adequate protection either because they have the wrong management objectives or because they are not managed properly. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted a Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) in its 7th meeting held in Kuala Lumpur, 9 -20 February 2004. The gap analysis is an important activity of the PoWPA.

2. The methodology to assess gaps in the protected area system was based on the CBD guidelines (2006). The study did not involve any field work and report is based on the secondary sources of documented information and consultations with the key stakeholders. The national lists of the protected areas do not include geographical location, the ecosystem that it represents, land tenure, its governance and whether it has a management plan or not. Therefore, as a first step, the provincial Forestry and Wildlife authorities were requested to add the above mentioned information to the lists. A working paper was also circulated to relevant provincial and national authorities and other key resource persons explaining the scope of the study.

3. Consultative meetings were held with the relevant authorities and key resource persons in provincial capitals, except Gilgit-Baltistan due to non-availability of flights. The initial findings based on the information received and after review of documents were presented at a national level workshop. After the presentation, expert groups comprising of official and key resource persons were constituted for each province to review the initial finding and make suggestions to fill in the gaps in the protected area system. Conclusions and recommendations of the study on gap analysis are summarized hereunder.

4. National List of the Protected Areas: There are 26 National Parks, 91 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 116 Game Reserves, and 116 CCAs covering an area of 109,969 km2 or 13.65 % of the area of Pakistan. The national list of protected areas includes the national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, game reserves, private game reserves and community conservation areas. The lists do not provide information on the geographical location, ecosystem or habitat, land tenure, governance, and whether or not managed under a plan. More than half the number of national parks and all wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves have no management plans. Many sites do not meet the IUCN criteria for protected areas.

Recommendations1. By 2015, implementable management plans should be prepared and periodically updated for all the National

Parks (Action: All Provinces).2. By 2020, management plans should be prepared and periodically updated for all the Wildlife Sanctuaries,

Game Reserves where objective is biodiversity conservation, and Community Conservation Areas (Action: All Provinces).

3. Irrigated plantations that do not have two thirds of the area under natural ecosystems should be excluded from the list of the protected areas (Action: Punjab)

4. Game Reserves that are established for only controlled hunting, should not be included in the list of protected areas (Action: All Provinces)

5. By, 2015, the official provincial and national list of protected areas should include information on geographical location, ecosystem or habitat, key species of fauna, land tenure, governance, and management plan. (Action: IGF Office, All Provinces)

5. Ecosystems: There is no authentic documentation and mapping of the ecosystems of Pakistan. The vegetation types described by Roberts (1991) and the ecosystem maps (IUCN, 2000) prepared from NOAA satellite but not verified on ground for the Protected Area System Review were used as a proxy for ecosystem. Some ecosystems are not represented in the Protected Area System (e. g. marine), , etc) while others are inadequately represented (e. g. Littoral and Mangrove, Riverine, Desert, Sub-Tropical Chir Forest, dry Temperate Semi-evergreen Scrub forest, Sub-tropical

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Mixed Deciduous Forest, Himalayan Dry Coniferous Forest, Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest, Balochistan Dry coniferous Forest).

Recommendations:1. By 2015, prepare updated provincial ecosystem maps using latest satellite imagery and description of their

floristic composition through field work and secondary sources of information (Action: All provinces). 2. By 2012, under a phased plan based on priorities set in Table 8 and Annex 8, establish new protected areas

(as per following summary) to fill in the gaps and improve representation. (Action: All Provinces indicated)

Azad Jammu and Kashmir: Representative sites of Riverine Ecosystem (Mirpur); wetlands (Northern Kashmir); Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen Scrub (Kot Kandhari and Pir Gali area); Sub-Tropical Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest (Thumb Pattni Maloni Areas, Chamairi); and Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Pir Chinassi).

Balochistan: Representative sites of marine and island ecosystem (Arabian sea and Astola Island); Littoral and Mangrove Ecosystems (Ganjabad, Cheer Koh, Sonmiani, Gwathar Bay, Jiwani, Kalmat Hor); wetlands (Wasta Lake, and Zarri Daggar); Tropical Thorn Forest (Chattar Phuliji); Dry Temperate Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest (Tobati Apursi, Dozakh Tangi and Dharnal CCAs); and Balochistan Dry Coniferous Forest (Khilafat, Zargoon, and Ziarat).

Gilgit-Baltistan: Nanga Parbat National Park (Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest, Alpine).

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Representative sites of Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Forest (massar RF); Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Kamal Ban, Mansi, and Kund Forest PAs; Pallas Valley CCA); and Himalayan Dry Coniferous Forest (Kumrat Valley CCA).

Punjab: Representative sites of riverine, Thal Desert, and Dry Temperate Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest in Sulaiman Hills (Fort Monro area).

Sindh: Representative sites of Littoral and Mangrove Ecosystem (Jubho Lagoon, Nurri Lagoon, Hawks Bay – Sandspit Turtle Area ), Riverine Ecosystem; Tropical Thorn Forest (Dadu); Thar Desert (Karoonjhar Hills, Nagarparker).

6. Managed Forests: The managed forests serve a useful purpose in biodiversity conservation, but are not counted as protected areas, except those notified as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves under the wildlife acts. This dual notification has created conflict of interest between the forestry department and the wildlife department. The IUCN guidelines suggest that all managed forests where management objective is biodiversity conservation should be count as category IV Protected Areas.

Recommendations1. By 2015, a Managed Forest Protected Area category should be created through amendment or revision of

the forestry legislation (Action: All Provinces)2. By 2013, a coordination mechanism should be established at provincial level for joint management of forest

protected areas by Forest and Wildlife Departments (Action: All Provinces)

7. Species: Pakistan is endowed with many endemic species of flora and fauna and a large number of relatives of crops found in the wild. Except for a few species (Snow Leopard, Wooly Flying Squirrel, Indus Dolphin, Markhor, Himalayan Ibex, Blue Sheep, Urial, Black buck and Chinkara), no efforts have been made to conserve the species that are threatened with extinction. The migratory species have no fixed staging grounds and their conservation can best be achieved through awareness raising, socio-economic development, and law enforcement.

Recommendation:By 2013, prepare provincial lists of species on CITES appendices, endemic flora and fauna, and wild relatives of crop, and by 2015, make plans for their conservation and recovery of populations of threatened species (Action: All Provinces).

8. Cultural and Natural Features: The archaeological sites located in and around natural ecosystems, for example, Sharda Fort and Buddhist University (Neelum Valley), Rohtas Fort and Ketas Temple (Salt Range), Mehrgarh (Kacchi Plains,Balochistan) should be integrated in the management of the protected areas for their conservation and to increase flow of national and international tourists to the protected areas.

Recommendation:

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By 2015, develop joint programs with Archaeological and Tourism Departments to promote tourism in the where cultural, religious and archaeological sites lie within or in close proximity of the protected areas. (Action: All Provinces).

9. Management Effectiveness: Of the 26 National Parks, only about 10 have a management plan. Accept three National Parks (Chitral Gol, Machiara, and Hingol) which were part of a recently completed GEF project, the management of the remaining national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves is mostly limited to enforcement of laws.

Recommendations:1) By 2013, develop and test a model management plan that can be prepared and updated quickly with the available

human, financial, and technical resources (Action: All provinces) 2) By 2015, all National Parks and by 2020, all protected areas should be brought under effective management

(Action: All Provinces)

10. Governance: While there are success stories of conservation by local communities, the top down management by government is the norm. Except in the three protected areas included in GEF PAMP, and to some extent in Khunjerab and Ayubia NPs, no serious effort has been made to involve local communities into collaborative management or providing support to local communities for conservation at a landscape level.

Recommendations:1) By 2020, the successful experiences of collaborative management under the GEF PAMP should be

incorporated, where feasible, in protected area management plans (Action: All Provinces)2) By 2020, assist the local communities to establish and manage Community Conservation Areas on sites with

high biodiversity value (Table 8) of which they are the de facto land owners or users (Action: All Provinces).

11. Capacity to implement Protected Area System Plan: The management of protected areas needs a special focus and dedicated entity with a well-defined plan of work. In the absence of a PoWPA, it is not possible to estimate the financial needs for a protected area system plan.

Recommendation:By 2015, assess the financial needs and develop a strategy to achieve financial sustainability of the protected area system (Action: All Provinces).

12. Legal and Policy Framework: There is no policy instrument, either at national or provincial level for the establishment and management of the protected areas. The protected areas are important not only for conservation of biodiversity they also provide valuable goods and services for the society as a whole and local communities in particular, provide shield against natural calamities (floods and tsunamis), and mitigate the climate change. The wildlife legislations are out dated and need to be updated to meet present and future needs. The forestry departments need to mainstream biodiversity conservation objectives in their mission statement and plans of operation.

Recommendations:1) By 2014, formulate national policy framework and provincial policies for the establishment and management

of protected areas (Action: IGF Office, All Provinces).2) By 2015, all wildlife and forestry laws should be reviewed and either suitably amended or revised to meet the

present and future needs of protected areas (Action: All Provinces).3) By 2015, reorganize the forestry and wildlife departments to strengthen institutional capacity for the

establishment and management of protected areas (Action: All Provinces)

13. Institutions: Many protected areas have been established on lands that are either managed as forests or their legal status is undefined and local communities are de facto owners and users of these lands. Due to conflict of interest, many protected areas remain parks or sanctuaries on paper without any habitat management.

Recommendations:1) By 2013, Round Tables or committees comprised of representatives of forest and wildlife departments, local

communities, and conservation organizations are established to ensure coordination among stakeholders (Action: All Provinces).

2) By 2014, within the Forestry and Wildlife Departments, support mechanisms are established to support conservation NGOs and local organizations managing Community Conservation or Private Protected Areas (Action: All Provinces).

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14. Professional Skills: There is no specialized training on protected area or wildlife management in Pakistan. Recommendations: 1) By 2015, capacity should be developed in at least one University or institute to offer specialization in

protected areas to the interested students (Action: IGF Office)2) By 2013, arrangements should be made at a university or training institute to develop and offer 4-6 week in-

service training course in biodiversity conservation and protected area management (Action: IGF Office)3) By 2015, every province should ensure that a minimum work force of 10 -12 professionals are trained

through in-service training (Action: All Provinces).

15. Awareness and Communications: The protected areas in Pakistan are generally established and managed mainly for conservation purposes, but the value for the ecosystem goods and services they provide have not been amply demonstrated. Generally, people are kept out of the protected areas whereas protected areas provide a great opportunity to link people with nature and inspire popular support for their effective management.

Recommendation: By 2015, design and launch a multi-media strategy to link people with nature and inspire popular support for protected areas utilizing the power of social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.), Television, and print media. (Action: All Provinces)

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I. INTRODUCTION

Context

16. The “Protected areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological and/or cultural values” (Wikipedia). IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature defines Protected Area as “a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values”. The Protected Areas can be of several different kinds depending on the objectives of conservation ranging from strict nature reserves to sustainable use of natural resources without compromising the needs and livelihoods of local and indigenous communities. Protected Areas are essential not only for conservation of natural biological heritage of a country but also provide ecological goods and services for the social and economic wellbeing of the people. The protected areas also provide a buffer against the unpredictable impending climate change and resulting natural catastrophes.

17. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the most important international legal instrument which addresses the protected areas and in Article 8 it encourages Parties to establish a system of protected areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity. The CBD adopted a Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) in its 7th meeting held in Kuala Lumpur, 9 -20 February 2004. The objective of the PoWPA is to establish and maintain a comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national system of protected areas that contributes to achieving the objectives of the Convention. It includes 92 different activities and suggests that Parties should implement the activities of the PoWPA in the context of their nationally determined priorities, capacities and needs.

18. Under the CBD, the world’s governments set a goal of protecting 10% of all ecological regions by 2010. An evaluation of the progress towards that goal was undertaken by Jenkins and Joppa (2009) who found that while total area under legal protection reached 12.9%, only 5.8% had strict protection for biodiversity. The representation of eco-regions ranged from 4% to 25%. The situation in Pakistan with 13.65% area under legal protection is no different when it comes to representation of ecosystems and speciesin the protected area system. A quantitative assessment has not been made, however the results of this study show that while some biomes are not represented at all, many have inadequate representation.

19. In view of the global assessment that 2010 CBD targets had not been met fully, the CBD in its 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties held from 18 to 29 October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, for the 2011-2020 period. Some of the examples of Aichi targets are:

o The rate of loss of natural habitats including forests should be at least reduced to half and, where feasible, brought close to zero.

o The conservation target should be at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas, and 10% of marine and coastal areas.

o The targets for restoration of degraded areas through conservation and habitat improvements should be 15% of the area.

o Extinction of known threatened species should be prevented and their conservation status improved.o Viable populations of wild relatives of crops should be conserved in nature.

20. So far, Pakistan had not taken much action on determining its national priorities, and thus lagged behind in taking action on the PoWPA. However, the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (ABT) provides a window of opportunity to catch up with the PoWPA and achieve the ABTs. In Pakistan, the subject matter of establishing and maintaining a comprehensive and representative system of Protected Areas is the responsibility of the provinces/territories. But as a party to the convention, the Ministry of Climate Change is the focal Ministry for the CBD and is responsible for upstream liaison with the CBD secretariat and downstream coordination with the provinces and two federally

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administered regions – Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, collectively hereinafter referred to as provinces/territories.

21. As a first step towards establishing a comprehensive Protected Area System, the Government of Pakistan, under a grant from GEF for enabling activities, commissioned this study on the protected areas gap analysis, awareness needs and setting up of priorities for action, – important activities under the PoWPA. The study was done in collaboration with the provinces/territories, consultations with key resource persons, and a review of secondary sources of information. The gap analysis involves comparing the distribution of biodiversity with the distribution of protected areas and finding where species and ecosystems are left unprotected or under-protected.

22. This study on the protected area gap analysis builds on the Protected Area System Review of Pakistan undertaken in year 2000. The system review in 2000 reclassified the protected areas according to IUCN Protected Area Category System (Box 1) and identified areas that did not conform to internationally accepted standards. It also identified Ecologically Sensitive Areas and suggested a framework for action.

23. The activities undertaken in gap analysis include expansion of the national list of protected areas to include information on their geographical location, the ecosystem that these represented, land tenure, management authority, and absence or presence of management plans. The Gap Analysis, also for the first time under took a complete listing of the ecosystems in different vegetation types, based on the Forest and Vegetation Types (Roberts, 1991) and the ecosystem maps based on NOAA satellite data developed during protected area system review of 2000 review. Sites included in the national lists were then assigned to the ecosystems, gaps identified, and promising protected area sites identified to fill in the gaps. It also identified gaps pertaining to enabling environment for effective management of protected areas, and prepared a prioritized plan of action.

The Gap Analysis

24. In simplest terms, gap analysis is an assessment of the extent to which biodiversity protection goals are met at the level of a protected area or a nation or a region. A gap analyses can vary from simple exercises based on a spatial comparison of biodiversity within the existing protected areas to more complex studies that need detailed data gathering and analysis. Gap analysis has three essential elements: representation gaps, ecological gaps and management gaps. Representation gaps refer to species, ecosystems and ecological processes that are missed entirely by the protected area system. Ecological gaps relate to biodiversity that exists within protected areas but with insufficient quality or quantity to provide long term protection. Management gaps refer to situations where protected areas exist but are failing to provide adequate protection either because they have the wrong management objectives or because they are not managed properly.

25. The goal of full representation, as identified in the Programme of Work, is to have representative samples of all species and ecosystems within the protected area network, at a sufficient scale to ensure their long term persistence. The first objective of the PoWPA is to establish and maintain a comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national system of protected areas that contributes to achieving the objectives of the Convention. The second important objective of the PoWPA is the effective management of the protected areas. The aim of the program is to encourage Parties to complete ecologically representative networks of protected areas, both on land and at sea, providing basic protection for all national biodiversity, with a particular emphasis on threatened and endemic species.

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Box 1. IUCN Protected Areas Categories System

Ia Strict Nature ReserveCategory Ia are strictly protected areas set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphical features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring.

Ib Wilderness AreaCategory Ib protected areas are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition.

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Methodology

26. The methodology to assess gaps in the protected areas system was based on the CBD guidelines (Dudley and Parish, 2006). The step by step process followed in the gap analysis is outlined below:

1) Identification of focal biodiversity and setting the key targets: Representation of the full range of ecosystems in the protected areas system was the major focus of the study. The target was to have at least 10 percent of the area of land or water for protection as per the recommendation of The World Parks Congress held in 1992. However, in the absence of data on the assessment of ecosystems and habitats, the extent of their representation was subjectively assessed as adequate or inadequate.

2) Evaluation and mapping the occurrence and status of critical biodiversity: The occurrence and status of biodiversity, or ecological needs of species and ecosystems, has not so far been assessed in Pakistan. Therefore, existing information from reputable sources on data was gathered. It included: (a) vegetation types and ecosystems, (b) a few well-known species of concern; (c) species on the CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SOPECIES (CITES) appendix 1 and 2, (d) endemic species, and (e) wild relatives of crops.

3) Analysis and mapping the occurrence and status of protected areas: The basic available data on protected areas was used to develop a matrix of ecosystems as a proxy for mapping their occurrence. In addition, gaps in the status of protected areas in terms of governance and management effectiveness were also identified.

4) Use of the information to identify gaps: The entries of existing protected areas in the matrix of ecosystems identified the gaps. The ecosystem maps were then used to identify promising sites based on the knowledge of the resource persons and proposed for inclusion in the protected area system. Most of the existing protected areas are failing to provide adequate protection either because they have the wrong management objectives or because they are being poorly managed. Important sites were identified for bringing them under effective management on priority basis (Table 8).

5) Prioritization of gaps to be filled: Developed priorities on the basis of conservation status and viability of the targets, threats, opportunities and capacity; and balanced with stakeholder needs and societal interests.

6) Agreed strategy for action: Made proposals on how to fill the gaps, e. g., new protected areas, enlarge existing protected areas, ecological corridors, buffer zones, and introduction of sustainable management approaches.

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Box 1. IUCN Protected Areas Categories System

Ia Strict Nature ReserveCategory Ia are strictly protected areas set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphical features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring.

Ib Wilderness AreaCategory Ib protected areas are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition.

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Figure 1. Physical map of Pakistan. (Source: http://www.magazine.com.pk/travel/Pakistan/maps/)

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II. VEGETATION TYPES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND KEY SPECIES

Physiographic and Phytogeographic Regions

27. Pakistan is bestowed with a rich natural heritage of biodiversity which is the result of diverse physiography, soil types and the climate. The two major physiographic regions are (a) mountainous north and (b) the Indus Plains. The mountains cover the northern and western parts of Pakistan and comprise parallel ranges intervened by narrow and deep river valleys. The mountain ranges on the eastern side of the Indus River in general run from east to west -The Himalaya, The Karakorum and Hindu Kush. The mountain ranges west of Indus River (Koh-e-Safaid, Waziristan Hills, Sulaiman Hills, and Khirthar Mountains) run from north to south. The mountains also encompass the Balochistan and Pothwar Plateau regions. The Balochistan Plateau lies to the west of the Sulaiman-Khirthar Mountains and includes the Makran Coast Range and the Central Makran Range in its western part. The Pothwar Plateau and its associated hilly ranges Salt Range, Kala Chitta Range and Margalla lie to the south of the Himalayan Mountains. The Indus plains lie to the east of river Indus and South of the Potwar Plateau. A map showing the physiographic regions is given in Figure 1.

28. Four phytogeographic regions are recognized in Pakistan. The regions and percentage of species of flora that are found in these regions are: the Irano- Turanian element is the most common (46%), followed by the Sino-Japanese (10%), Saharo-Sindian (9.5%) and Indian (4.5%) elements (Ali & Qaiser, 1986).

Vegetation Zones and Ecosystems

29. The vegetation zones and ecosystems of Pakistan defined by T. J. Roberts (1991) remain the most authentic published documentation to date. In order to prepare a baseline for reprsetation gap analysis, the vegetation types and ecosystems described by Roberts (1991) the ecosystems maps prepared in the year 2002 from NOAA satellite imagery of 1992 for use with Protected Area System Review, and in consultations with key resource persons, a list of vegetation types and ecosystems was prepared (Table 1). There are 17 distinct vegetation types based on physiognomy and 34 distinct ecosystems. Some degraded areas that appear as distinct vegetation type in the satellite maps, were not taken into consideration.

Table 1. Vegetation Zones and Ecosystems of Pakistan

Vegetation Type EcosystemMarine and Island Astola Island, Arabian SeaLittoral and Mangrove Avicenna – Ceriops (Balochistan, Sindh)Salt Marshes Cressa – Juncus - Cyperus (Sindh)Riverain Dalbergia sissoo – Saccharum spp (AJK)

Dalbergia sissoo – Populus euphratica (Punjab)

Acacia nilotica– Populus euphratica (Sindh)Wetlands, swamps and seasonal inuundations

Tamarix dioica, Phragmites karka, Typha angustata, Paspalum distichum, Imperata cylindrical, Nelumbium muciferum, and in water pools Vallisneria spirais, and Hydrilla verticellata

Tropical Thorn Forest Prosospis cineraria – Capparis decidua (Indus Plain)Sand Dune Desert Prosopis cineraria – Zizyphus mauritiana (Thal and D. I. Khan)

Tamarix aphylla – Propsopis cineraria (Greater Cholistan)Calligonum polygonoides – Haloxylon spp. (Lesser Cholistan)Calligonum polygonoides – Haloxylon spp. – Indigofera cordifolia (Nara Desert)Propospis cineraria – Tamarix aphylla (Thar)Commiphora wightii – Acacia Senegal (Karoonjar Hills, Sindh)

Capparis decidua – Sueda fruticosa (Sibi Desert)

Haloxylon ammodendron – Rhazya stricta (Chagai)

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Dry Sub Tropical Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest

Acacia spp. – Commiphora wightii ( Makran Range, Lakkhi and Pabb Hills, Khirthar Range)Olea ferruginia - Acacia modesta – Justacia adhatoda (Salt Range, Kalachitta Hills, parts of D. I. Khan, southern Waziristan along eastern flank of hills)

Dry Temperate Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest

Olea ferruginia– Pistacia mutica (Chaman, Maslakh, Hazar Ganji, Harboi Hills, Surkhab Valley, southernBalochistan)Olea ferruginea – Acacia modesta – Artemesia maritima (North Waziristan, Khyber and Mohmand Agency, Bannu and Kohat)Olea ferruginea – Acacia modesta – Monotheca buxifolia (lower slopes and main valleys in southern part of Chitral, Dir, Malakand Agency, Indus Kohistan, Amb, and Buner)

Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Forest

Pinus roxburghii – Quercus incana (AJK, Punjab, KP)

Tropical Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest

Acacia modesta – Bauhinia variegata (Karot valley,AJK), Lehtrar Valley (Punjab), Margalla Hills (Islamabad)Acacia modesta – Butea monosperma – Acaica nilotica var. cuppressiformis (Salt Range)

Balochistan Dry Coniferous Forest

Juniperus excelsa – Fraxinus xanthoxyloides (Khilafat, Takatu, Zargoon, Ziarat)

Himalayan Moist TemperateForest

Pinus wallichiana – Abies pindrow (AJK, GB,KP, Punjab)

Himalayan Dry Coniferous Forest

Cedrus deodara– Pinus wallichiana- Quercus baloot (Lower Indus Kohistan, Swat Kohistan, northern Dir, parts of Chitral, and inner valleys of Hazara)Picea smithiana – Pinus wallichiana (Naltar Valley, Astore, and Takht-i-Suleiman)Pinus gerardiana – Pinus wallichiana- Quercus baloot (Chilas, Dir, Gilgit Agency, Safed Koh slopes of intermediate elevation, Takh- i-Suleiman,and higher ranges of Malakand Agency)Abies pindrow – Picea smithiana (Neelum Valley, Salkhalla, and Machiara in AJK)

Northern Montane Steppe or Cold Desert

Juniperus spp – Artemesia spp. (northern Gilgit, Baltistan, Ghizer, northern Chitral)

Dry Alpine Zone Hippophae rhamnoides –Myricaria sp., Salix denticulata (northern region of Chitral, Gilgit Hunza and all of Baltistan)Carex cruneata – Sibbaldia sp (Deosai, Skardu)

Himalayan Moist Alpine Zone

Betula utilis – Juniperus squamata (Higher slopes of Kaghan, AJK, and parts of Swat, Dir, and Indus Kohistan)

Critical Ecosystems

30. Critical Ecosystems may be defined as the biologically most significant and threatened areas of the biome that require special management. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was called for by the Secretary General of the UN in the year 2000. The global ecosystems were divided into 238 eco-regions, of which 200 were picked up for priority action. The global eco-regions that occur in Pakistan are as shown in Table 2 (Olson and Dinerstein, 2002).

Table 2. The Global Priority 200 Eco regions represented in Pakistan.

Global 200 Eco-region Conservation Status Representation in PA System

Western Himalayan Temperate Forests Critical or endangered AdequateRan of Kutch Flooded Grasslands Critical or endangered AdequateTibetan Plateau Steppe Vulnerable AdequateIndus River Delta Critical or endangered In adequate Arabian Sea Critical or endangered No representation

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31. Roberts (1991) identified 10 critically endangered ecosystems in Pakistan. These are listed in Table 3.

Table 3. Critically Threatened Ecosystems in Pakistan (Roberts, 1991)

Ecosystem Characteristics Significance

1 Indus delta and coastal wetlands

Extensive mangroves and mudflats

Rich avian and marine fauna; mangrove habitat; marine turtle habitat

2 Indus river and wetlands Extensive wetlands Migratory flyway of global importance; habitat for Indus river dolphin

3 Chagai desert A desert of great antiquity Many endemic and unique species

4 Balochistan juniper forest Huge and ancient junipers Largest remaining juniper forest in the world; Unique flora and fauna

5 Chilghoza forest (Suleiman Range)

Rock outcrops with shallow mountain soils

Important wildlife habitat for several species at risk

6 Balochistan subtropical forests

Mid-altitude forests with sparse canopy but rich associated flora

Important wildlife habitat

7 Balochistan rivers Not connected with the Indus River System

Unique aquatic fauna and flora with high levels of endemism

8 Sub Tropical deciduous forests (Himalayan foothills)

Extend from the Margalla Hills NP east to Azad Kashmir

Perhaps the most floristically rich ecosystems of Pakistan

9 Moist and dry temperate Himalayan forests

Important forest tracts now becoming increasingly fragmented

Global hotspot for avian diversity; important wildlife habitat

10 Trans-Himalayan alps and plateaux

Spectacular mountain scenery Unique flora and fauna; centre of endemism

Endemic Flora and Fauna

32. There are a large number of species of flora and fauna that are restricted to Pakistan and not found anywhere else in the world. It is estimated that five monotypic endemic plant genera (Douepia, Sulaimania, Kurramiana, Wendelboa and Spiroseris) and 400 species belonging to 169 genera and 45 families are endemic to Pakistan (Ali, 2008). These species are restricted to northern and western mountains. Unfortunately a list of the endemic flowering plants was not readily available with the Flora of Pakistan Project, and therefore could not be included in this report.

33. Endemic mammals found only in Pakistan include the Indus River Dolphin (EDGE), the Balochistan Forest Dormouse (ZFMK pdf file), and the Pale Gray Shrew (IUCN Red List). The Balochistan Pygmy Jerboa (Rodent-Info.net) represents an endemic genus. The Woolly Flying Squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus (WWF Pakistan), the sole member of its genus, may survive only in Pakistan. The Punjab Urial (WWF Pakistan) has recently been elevated to a full species, while the Chiltan Wild Goat Capra aegagrus chialtanensis (Wildlife of Pakistan) is an endemic subspecies. There are also many unique reptiles and amphibians in Pakistan. A list of endemic mammals, reptiles and amphibians is given in Annexes 2-4. Similarly there are many Freshwater fish that are unique to Pakistan (Annex 5.).

Wild Relatives of Crops

34. There are around 500 wild relatives of cultivated crops, most of which are found in the Gilgit-Baltistan (in BAP 2000). As a matter of fact, northern and western Pakistan comprises one of the world centers on the origin and diversity of cultivated plants. A list of some of the prominent wild relatives of crops in the country is given in Annex 6.

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III. ASSESSMENT OF THE GAPS IN THE PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM

Context

35. There is no systematic basis or rationale for the national list of protected areas. It includes only the National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and the Game Reserves while giving no consideration to the managed forests, most of which were establishment during the British India was to conserve various ecosystems and manage them on sustainable basis for production of ecosystem goods like timber and fuel wood. Many of the sites included in the list do not meet IUCN definition of a protected area and are not established and managed according to the internationally recognized criteria (Box 2). In order to be part of the global system of protected areas, it is imperative that the sites included in the national list of protected areas meet IUCN’s definition of a protected area and meet the globally recognized criteria for their establishment and management. One of the main reasons for these anomalies is the lack of a national policy for the protected areas and lack of institutional capacity at national and provincial levels for the management of protected areas. .

36. In view of the above, the present gap analysis takes into consideration only those areas that are currently included in the national list of protected areas. However it is important to mention here that the Protected Area Review undertaken in the year2000 opined that Game Reserves did not meet the globally accepted criteria for a protected area. Similarly the barrages and dams that were constructed for irrigation and power generation and irrigated plantations notified as wildlife sanctuaries, were not considered protected areas.

37. While some Game Reserves, though small, are part of the natural ecosystems set aside and protected for hunting, others such as Thal and Cholistan comprise of vast landscapes where only hunting is prohibited, and include villages, towns and agriculture fields. These areas do not serve the objectives of the protected areas, therefore should not be included in the national list of protected areas. The issue of game reserves became very contentious at the time of the review in year 2000 on the grounds that some Game Reserves did meet the objectives of protected areas but were wrongfully designated as Game Reserves. Therefore, after a case by case review a few game reserves were considered to qualify to be included in the list of protected areas. The issue was hotly contested again during the gap analysis exercise and majority opined to keep the list intact. In view of the above, it was decided to keep the integrity of the national list, but because many Game Reserves are small in size, are widely scattered, and without any conservation corridors, only the game reserves that were larger than 1,000 ha and represented natural habitats were considered as protected areas for the purpose of representation in the protected area system.

38. Barrages and Dams: Pakistan has large number of small and large dams and barrages to divert the river water to canals. The ponding of the water creates a wetland that becomes a staging ground and winter habitat for waterfowl and other migratory birds and thus serves a useful purpose for conservation of species in addition to serving the

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Box 2. Protected Area Definition and Criteria

IUCN’s Definition of a Protected AreaA protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.

Criteria1. The primary objective for establishment is the protection of biodiversity and

associated natural and cultural resources.2. The area of the PA is usually very large, except strict nature conservation areas,

and habitats of key species.3. It has legally defined boundaries4. Managed under an active conservation regime.5. It has a defined tenure.6. At least two thirds of the area is a natural ecosystem.

primary purpose of storing water for irrigation and or power generation. The Protected Area system Review (2000) did not consider these sites as protected areas since the primary purpose of their establishment was not conservation. Some of these are also Ramsar sites, and therefore it is recommended that these be considered wetland protected areas.

39. Managed ForestsCan the managed forests be considered Protected Areas? There is no simple answer to this question because a distinction needs to be made between “protection” and “management”. The Vth World Parks Congress in Durban in 2003 recommended that WCPA should promote “…the use of the categories for protected areas in forests ….”. In response, IUCN (2006) published guidelines on how to apply IUCN protected areas management categories to managed forests. The guidelines suggest that all managed forests where management objective is biodiversity conservation, except for planted industrial wood forests, and natural forests with main objective other than biodiversity conservation should be count as category IV Protected Areas. However, the guidelines suggest that multiple-use areas that do not fully maintain natural ecosystems will not qualify as Forest Protected Areas.

40. Irrigated Plantations: At the time of colonization of the Indus plains some areas were set aside as canal irrigated plantations to meet the timber and fuel needs. These plantations provide refuge to many species of wildlife and created a micro-environment for under story vegetation not normally found in the natural ecosystems of the Indus Plains. Many irrigated plantations have been wrongfully notified as Wildlife Sanctuaries, while some others were notified as Game Reserves. Since the irrigated plantations are not part of natural ecosystems, therefore the Protected Areas System Review (2000) did not consider them as protected areas. However, in this gap analysis, the irrigated plantations that include at least two thirds of the area that are high lying and cannot be irrigated and have natural vegetation have been retained in the national list.

National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Game Reserves and Community Conservation Areas

41. National Parks: Wildlife related legislations in Pakistan describe a National Park as “with a view to the protection and preservation of flora and fauna in the natural state, Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, declare any area which is the property of the government or over which Government has proprietary rights to be declared a national park and may demarcate it in such manner as prescribed”. The names and areas of all the National Parks in different provinces/territories are included in the lists in Annex 7. A summary of the total National Parks and their area in various provinces/territories is summarized in the Table 4.

Table 4. Summary of National Parks in Pakistan

Province / Territory Total Area (km2)

National Parks

Number Area (ha) PercentAzad Jammu and Kashmir 12,431 7 90,159 7.25Gilgit – Baltistan 347,190 5 2,016,745 5.81Balochistan 68,879 2 643,539 9.34Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 74,521 6 196,649 2.63Punjab 205,345 4 217,648 1.06Sindh 140,914 1 308,733 2.19Islamabad 906 1 17,386 19.19FATA 27,220 0 0 0

Total for Pakistan 877,406 2626 1383955 3.98

42. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Wildlife Sanctuary or Game Sanctuary represent the same management category except difference in their nomenclature as used in the wildlife laws of different provinces/territories, hereinafter referred to

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simply as Wildlife Sanctuary. The wildlife related legislations in Pakistan describe a wildlife sanctuary as “ (1) Government may by notification in the official Gazette, declare any area which is the property of the Government or over which Government has proprietary rights to be declared a wildlife sanctuary and may demarcate it in such manner as prescribed. (2) The wild life sanctuary shall be set aside as undisturbed breeding ground for the production of wildlife and access thereto for public shall, except in accordance with the rules, be prohibited and no exploitation of forest therein shall be allowed except for reducing fire hazards, epidemics, or insect attacks, or other natural calamities”. There is not a single site in Pakistan that comes close to the description. The list of notified Wildlife Sanctuaries in different provinces/territories is in Annex 7, and summary is given Table 5.

Table 5. Summary of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Pakistan.


Wildlife SanctuariesNumber Area (ha) Percent

Azad Jammu and Kashmir 12,431 0 0 0.00Gilgit – Baltistan 347,190 3 164,100 0.47Balochistan 68,879 14 1,192,335 17.31Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 74,521 3 34,212 0.46Punjab 205,345 37 851,609Sindh 140,914 33 875,223 6.21Islamabad 906 1 7,000 7.73FATA 27,220 0 0 0


43. Game Reserves: Wild life related legislations in Pakistan describe a Game Reserve as “Government may declare any area to be a game reserve where hunting and shooting of wild animals shall not be allowed, except under special permit, which may specify the maximum number of animals or birds that may be killed or captured and the area and duration for such permit which shall be valid”. The legal requirements of a Game Reserve do not require any habitat management, therefore in terms of legal definition; the protected areas do not meet the objectives of a protected area. However, other than the management category of private game reserve, there are no legal options for the establishment of a protected area based on the principle of sustainable use. Therefore a distinction must be made between a Game Reserve where the objective is to regulate hunting only and those Game Reserves where the management objectives include habitat conservation. Also there should be a minimum size requirement for a Game Reserve to be considered a Protected Area and for this purpose a minimum size of 1,000 ha is proposed. The list of notified Game Reserves in different provinces/territories is in Annex 7, and summary is given Table 6.

Table 6. Summary of Game Reserves in Pakistan

44. Community Conservation Areas. The local community initiatives for conservation and sustainable use emerged long after the wildlife legislations were made and therefore are not a legal management category. However, many local communities have set aside areas for conservation under management plans and are now recognized as Community Conservation Areas (CCA). The concept of CCAs was introduced through GEF pilot project in G-B and KP during the mid 1990s and extended to conservancy level under MACP. In KP, the CCAs are called Community Controlled Hunting Areas (CCHAs). The CCAs and CCHAs are included in the lists in Annex 7, but chances are that not all sites are in the list, which needs to be updated. Even before the GEF PRIF project, community based conservation and sustainable use was being successfully practiced inTorghar. A summary of the CCAs by provinces/territories is given in Table 7.

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Game ReservesNumber Area (ha) Percent

Azad Jammu and Kashmir 12,431 11 13,664 1.10Gilgit – Baltistan 347,190 9 124,099 0.36Balochistan 68,879 6 511,214 7.42Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 74,521 54 376,906 5.06Punjab 205,345 23 2,521,797 12.28Sindh 140,914 13 578,034 4.10Islamabad 906 0 0 0FATA 27,220 0 0 0


Table 7. Summary of Community Conservation Areas in Pakistan


Community Conservation or Controlled Hunting Area

Number Area (ha) Percent

Azad Jammu and Kashmir 12,431 0 0 0.00Gilgit – Baltistan 347,190 24 447,000 1.29Balochistan 68,879 2 358,299 2.61Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 74,521 89 432,668 5.81Punjab 205,345 2 0 0.00Sindh 140,914 0 0 0.00Islamabad 906 0 0 0FATA 27,220 0 0 0


Ecosystem Representation 45. The list of National Parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, Game Reserves and Community Conservation Areas in Pakistan

normally include only the name of the site and its area. The lists do not contain information on geographical location, the ecosystem type, the land ownership and its governance type and management status. New lists with all of the above mentioned information were developed with the help of key resource persons and validated with the vegetation maps. The province/territory wise lists are given in Annex 7.

46. The NPs, WSs, GRs, and CCAs were then assigned to the corresponding vegetation types and ecosystem matrix (Annex 8). As a result, many gaps appeared in the Protected Area System of Pakistan. For lack of province/territory wise data on the total area under different vegetation types, it was not possible to objectively assess whether 10 percent representation requirement is being met or not. Therefore a subjective assessment was made whether the representation is adequate or inadequate. The results of gap analysis at vegetation type level, province/territory wise are given in Annex 8 and for the country as a whole are summarized in Table 8.

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Table 8. Representation of Vegetation types of Pakistan in the Protected Area System and proposals to fill the gapsVegetation Type Ecosystem Representation Proposed Sites Priority

Marine and Island Astola Island, Arabian Sea

None A suite site in Arabian Sea including Astola Island to be identified for PA

High

Littoral and Mangrove

Avicenna – Ceriops Inadequate Site selection for PAs in Ganjabad, Cheer Koh, Sonmiani, Gwathar Bay, Jiwani, Kalmat (Balochstan)Management Plan for Darran Beach WS (Balochistan)Management Plans for Keti Bunder North and South WSs (Sindh)Protected Area to be established at Jubho Lagoon, Nurri Lagoon, Hawks Bay – Sandspit Turtle Area (Sindh)

Medium

High

High

High

Salt Marshes Cressa – Juncus - Cyperus

Adequate Management Plan for Runn of Kutch WS (Sindh) High

Riverain Dalbergia sissoo – Saccharum spp

Inadequate Bela PA to be established in Mirpur, AJK Medium

Dalbergia sissoo – Populus euphratica

X Suitable site for PA to be identified (Punjab) High

Acacia nilotica– Populus euphratica

X Management Plan of Doung BlockAdditional suitable site to be identified (Sindh)

HighHigh

Wetlands, swamps and seasonal inuundations

Tamarix dioica-Typha angustata,

Adequate Management plans to be prepared for all wetland PAs (AJK, Balochistan, KP, Punjab, and Sindh)Northern Kashmir wetland complex to be notified as PAsWasta Lake, and Zarri Daggar to be made PAs (Zhob, Balochistan)

High

High

HighHigh

Tropical Thorn Forest

Prosospis cineraria – Capparis decidua

Adequate PA Managmenet Plans for high lying areas of slected IPs (Punjab)Chattar Phuliji (Balochistan)Management Plan for Sheikh Buddin NP (KP)PA site to be identified in Dadu (Sindh)

High

Medium

HighSand Dune Desert Prosopis cineraria –

Zizyphus mauritianaX PA to be established Thal (Punjab) High

Tamarix aphylla – Propsopis cineraria

Adequate Management Plan for Cholistan GR (Punjab) High

Calligonum polygonoides – Haloxylon spp.

Adequate Management plan of Lal Sunhara NP to be updated, Management Plan of Cholistan WS, and Chaupalia GR (Punjab)

High

Calligonum polygonoides – Haloxylon spp. – Indigofera cordifolia

Adequate Management Plan for Nara WS High

Prosopis cineraria – Tamarix aphylla

X Suitable site for PA to be identified in Thar Medium

Commiphora wightii – Acacia Senegal

X WS in Karronjar Hills to be declared a PA High

Capparis decidua – Sueda fruticosa

X Suitable site for PA to be identified in Sibi Medium

Haloxylon ammodendron – Rhazya stricta

X Management Plan for Zangi Nawar GR, and Ghut and Ras Koh WSs (Balochistan)Establish Kachao (Sandak) and Dak CCAs (Balochistan

High

Low

Dry Sub Tropical Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest

Acacia spp. – Commiphora wightii

Adequate Effective management of Hingol NP, and Durreji CCA (Balochistan);Management Plan for Chorani WS (Balochistan)Effective management of Khirthar NP (Sindh)

High

High

High12

Effective management of Mahal Kohistan WS/GRs (Sindh) High

Olea ferruginea - Acacia modesta – Justicia adhatoda

Adequate PAs to be established at Kot Kandhari and Pir Gali area (AJK)Management plan for Deva Vatala (AJK))Management Plans for 14 GRs, and 3 CCAs in Abottabad, Haripur,Mardan and Swabi (KP)Management Plan for Chinji and Kala Chitta NPs (Punjab)Management Plans for chumbi Surla, Loi Bher, and Sodhi WSs (Punjab)Management Plans for Diljaba-Domeli, Tilla Jogian, Kalabagh, and Kheri Murat GRs (Punjab)

Medium

MediumHigh

Medium

High

High


Olea ferruginea– Pistacia mutica

Effective management of Hazar Ganji NPManagement Plan for Duzdara & Koh-e-Sukh GRs (Balochistan)Establish Tobati Apursi, and Dozakh Tangi CCAs(Balochistan)

HighMedium

Medium

Olea ferruginea – Acacia modesta – Artemesia maritima

Select site for Fort Munro PA (Punjab)Establish Dharnal CCA (Balochistan)Management Plans for 1 WS, 18 GRs, 8CCAs in Kohat, Bannu, Karak, Hungu,and Nowshehra (KP)

HighMediumHigh

Olea ferruginea – Acacia modesta – Monotheca buxifolia

Inadequate Selection of site for PA in Indus Kohistan (GB)Management Plans for 3 GRs, and 2 CCAs in Buner, Malakand, and Kohistan (KP)

Medium

HighSub-Tropical Chir Pine Forest

Pinus roxburghii – Quercus incana

Inadequate Management plan for Pir Lasohra NP (Kotli, AJK)Establish Forest PA at Massar RF (KP)Management Plan for GRs and CCAs in lower Dir, Mansehra lowr Swat, and Malakand (KP)Management Plan for Murre, Kotli Sattian Kahuta NP (Punjab)

High

High

Medium

HighSub-Tropical Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest

Acacia modesta – Bauhinia variegata

X Establish PAs at Thumb Pattni Maloni Areas, Chamairi (AJK)Establish PA at Garam thum RF (KP)Effective management of Margalla Hills NP and WS (Islamabad)Management Plan for Kathar GR (Punjab)

High

HighHigh

HighAcacia modesta – Butea monosperma – Acaica nilotica var. cuppressiformis

Salt Range to be declared a NP (Punjab) High

Balochistan Dry Coniferous Forest

Juniperus excelsa – Fraxinus xanthoxyloides

Inadequate Management Plan for Takatu GR and Sasanamma WSPAs to be established at Khalifat, Zargoon, and Ziarat

High

High

Himalayan Moist TemperateForest

Pinus wallichiana – Abies pindrow

Inadequate Pir Chinassi to be notified as a PA (AJK)Effective management of Ayubia NP (KP)Kamal Ban, Manshi, and Kund Forest PAs to be established (KP)Pallas Valley to be managed as a CCA (KP)Management Plan for Toli Pir NP (Poonch)

HighHigh

High

Himalayan Dry Coniferous Forest

Cedrus deodara– Pinus wallichiana- Quercus baloot

X Establish CCA in Kumrat Valley (KP) High

Picea smithiana – Pinus wallichiana

Inadequate Nanga Parbat NP to be established (Astore, GB)Management Plan for Naltar WS (GB)Existing CCAs to be supported

High

HighMedium

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Pinus gerardiana – Pinus wallichiana- Quercus baloot

X Establish CCA in Shishi Valley ( KP)Establish CCA in Takhat –i-Suleiman (Balochistan)Management Plan for Tangir GR (GB)

HighHigh

HighAbies pindrow – Picea smithiana

Adequate Effective management of Machiara NP and Salkhalla GR

High

Northern Montane Steppe or Cold Desert

Juniperus spp – Artemesia maritima

Adequate Effective management of Khunjerab NP (GB)Management palns for all WSs and GRs(GB)Effective management of Chitral Gol NP (KP)Management Plans for Agram Basti WS and 5 GRs in Chitral (KP)Support to 7 CCAs in Chitral (KP)

High

Medium

High

High

HighDry Alpine Zone Hippophae

rhamnoides –Salix denticulate, Myricaria sp.

Adequate Effective management of CKNP (GB)Management Plan for Broghil NP (KP)

High

Carex cruneata – Sibbaldia sp

Effective management of Deosai NP (GB) High

Himalayan Moist Alpine Zone

Betula utilis – Juniperus squamata

Adequate Management Plan for Ghamot NP (AJK)Shounthar Valley, Jargan, and Ratti Galli, and Noori Nar Area to be notified as PAs (AJK))Management Plans for Lulusar-Dodipath, and Saiful Maluk NPs (KP)

HighHigh

High

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IV. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

Management Effectiveness

47. The purpose of gap analysis in the management effectiveness is to highlight problems and to set priorities for action. The gaps in the effective management of the protected area system in Pakistan are organized around three main ‘themes’: (a) design issues relating to both individual sites and protected area system; (b) adequacy and appropriateness of management systems and processes; and (c)delivery of protected area objectives including conservation of values.

48. Design issues. The first serious action to conserve the key ecosystems and habitats in Pakistan was made when a large number of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Game Reserves were established under the West Pakistan Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1959 in late 1960s and early 1970s. When protected areas started receiving attention of the global conservation community and data on protected areas were gathered from the countries, Pakistan listed all of its national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves as protected areas. While a couple of reviews of the protected area system were undertaken, no follow up action was taken to plan a protected area system in Pakistan. Vast areas of natural ecosystems, except those managed as forests by the government, have undefined land tenure and are generally degraded. Thus the managed forests offer a great opportunity to conserve biodiversity in Pakistan, but unfortunately only a small percentage have included in the protected area system.

49. Management Issues. Until recently, the thrust of protected area management had been on enforcement of the wildlife acts with little or no effort to manage the habitats, and assess and monitor biodiversity. There are 26 national parks and only 11 have management plans (Table 9). The first serious effort to effectively manage protected areas was made with the initiation of GEF project “Strengthening Protected Area Management in Pakistan” (PAMP). Three National Parks (Chitral Gol, Machiara, and Hingol) were selected under the project and major investment was made in management planning, buffer zone development and habitat improvement and management. In addition, Ayubia NP was managed under Environmental Rehabilitation Project. Management plans of four other national parks (Ayubia, Khunjerab, Khirthar, and Lal Sunhara) were prepared and were partially implemented. Though management plans for Margalla Hills, Chiltan-Hazar Gangi, and Deosai NPs were prepared, but were never implemented due to financial constraints. Management plan of Central Karakorum is in final stages of completion.

50. Unfortunately Pakistan is faced with serious social development issues and conservation agenda has never received priority in the national planning processes. With the preparation of the Biodiversity Action Plan, awareness about biodiversity conservation increased among the professionals, and many new sites for protected areas were notified. In many cases establishment of the protected areas did not follow the globally agreed criteria, probably due to financial and human resource constraints. Strict enforcement of laws in Khirthar, Khunjerab, and Chiltan-Hazar Ganji NPs and protected area management in Chitral Gol, Machiara, and Hingol has resulted in significant improvement in the habitat and wildlife.

51. Vast areas of Pakistan are de facto owned and used by local communities who had no incentives for conservation.

Consequently the ecosystems were being degraded through overgrazing, cutting of vegetation for fuel, and key wildlife species had dwindled due to over hunting and killing by the predators. However, there are three success stories of conservation of wildlife in Pakistan by the local communities: Torghar, Kalabagh, and Durreji. The islands of success were based on sustainable sport hunting. At the back of these initiatives were influential persons who had international connections for marketing the hunts and work through the system to get permission for export of trophies.

52. In order to bring the communities into mainstream of conservation, a pilot GEF project tested the concept of conservation at valley level by local communities, and their empowerment for sustainable trophy hunting. Community conservation initiatives proved a big success and Pakistan was able to get CITES quota for Markhor.

Table 9. List of National Parks in Pakistan showing their management status.

National Park ManagementPlan

Status

Islamabd Capital Territory1 Margalla Hills Yes Not implemented

Azad Jammu & Kashmir

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2 Machiara Yes Under implementation3 Ghamot No4 Pir Lasorha No5 Toli Pir No6 Gurez Musk deer NP No7 Deva Vatala No8 Poonch River Mahsheer NP No

Balochistan9 Chiltan-Hazargangi Yes Not implemented10 Hingol Yes Under implementation

Gilgit-Baltistan11 Khunjerab Yes Under implementation12 Deosai Yes Not implemented13 Central Karakorum Yes Under finalization14 Hunderab-Shandoor No15 Karmbhar No

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa16 Ayubia Yes Under implementation17 Chitral Gol Yes Under implementation18 Sheikh Buddin No19 Saif ul Maluk No20 Lulusar-Dodhipath No21 Broghil No

Punjab22 Lal Sunhara Yes Outdated23 Kala Chitta No24 Chinji No25 Murree-Kahuta-Kotli Sattian No

Sindh26 KKhirthar Yes Under implementation

53. A few successful hunts and resulting financial benefits increased the demand for similar support programs in other valleys. The program was scaled up through a full GEF project “Mountain Areas Conservancy Project” (MACP) and today the concept is widely implemented throughout northern Pakistan. Gradually valleys are clustering at landscape level into conservancies, and thus making valuable contribution to the protection of landscapes.

54. Protected Area Objectives: Although there are some success stories of effective management of protected areas, yet Pakistan is far off from making significant achievements of protected area objectives and fully realizing the conservation values. Except under the GEF project and community based conservation initiatives, there have been very few biodiversity assessments or monitoring. Therefore it is hard to quantify the achievements of objectives or conservation values. There are still many paper parks, due mainly to lack of institutional and professional capacity, financial constraints and conflicting land use demands. This participatory study on gap analysis has helped the responsible institutions to identify gaps in representation, enabling environment, and effective management and it is hoped they will take necessary measures to improve management through collaborative management.

Governance

55. IUCN recognizes four main types of governance for the protected areas: (a) government management, (b) collaborative management, (c) Community Conservation Areas, and (d) private protected areas.

56. Government management is the norm in Pakistan and vast majority of protected areas are managed simply through enforcement of wildlife laws. The protected areas managed by government and CCAs, and whether or not there is a management plan have been identified in the lists of protected areas (Annex 2).

57. Collaborative management involving local communities in management through active consultation, consensus-seeking, negotiating, sharing responsibility and transferring management responsibility to communities or NGOs was initiated under the GEF PAMP. While the government agencies recognize the need for collaborative management, it has not taken any serious measures to extend it to other protected areas, due mainly to financial constraints. The

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protected areas being managed under collaborative management have been identified in the lists of protected areas (Annex 2).

58. The major driving force behind a large number of community conservation areas is success of sport hunting

programmes. Community conservation is widely practiced mainly at valley level in Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan primarily due to the work of GEF MACP. The concept is now being replicated on a limited scale in the Punjab and Sindh. Torghar and Dureji community conservation areas pre-date the MACP. Torghar was first to involve local communities in conservation with seed money from US Fish and Wildlife Department who were interested in conservation of straight horned markhor. The project soon became self-sustaining and its success led to adoption of similar approach by the tribal leader in Dureji.

59. There are numerous private protected areas have been established in the country mainly for hunting of birds which includes both resident and migratory species. In view of big demand for private protected areas, the governments of KP, Punjab, and Sindh have adopted legal instruments for the establishment of private game reserves. However, there is no proper documentation of such areas and many are in existence without any registration with the government. The private game reserves are generally well protected and are making a valuable contribution to conservation in Pakistan.

Capacity to Implement Protected Areas System

60. Financial constraints for effective management of the protected area systems pose a significant challenge. The country usually looks for international funding due to limited national capacity. Except for GEF funding and the co-financing by other donors and the government, there has been no other significant funding for the protected area system. Central Karakorum National Park received financial support from Government of Italy under its debt swap program and from some other smaller international NGOs with interest in high altitude mountaineering. International Snow Leopard Trust is providing some support for conservation of snow leopard, and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) for the conservation of wooly flying squirrel. There are now only a few protected areas (Khirthar, Chitral Gol, Khunjerab, Lal Suhanra, and Hingol) that receive limited government funding for maintenance operations only. The Protected Area Fund established under PAMP is not operational because it is not fully capitalized due to inability of the government to contribute its share.

61. Financial gap Analysis: The financial gap is the difference between available funds and funds needed for basic or

optimal levels of conservation. A financial analysis provides the following key information:a) Funds available from different sources: national, international; or protected area revenuesb) Historical review of financial allocations by program, subprogram, or activity;c) Level of actual expenditures by program, subprogram, or activity;d) Identification of cost-reduction opportunities;e) Level of needs by program, subprogram, or activity, defined at both the basic and optimal levels; and,f) Existing financial gaps by program, subprogram, or activity through the comparison of income vs. expenditures,

and of needs vs. income.

62. There is no point in making grandiose plans if finances are not available for making them happen. Therefore, financial gap analysis was limited to the preparation of an estimate of the financial needs for the establishment and management of one protected area over a period of five years. These cost estimates multiplied by the number of protected areas that a province or region has selected to take action on priority basis to fill in the gaps of protected area system will provide an estimate of the financial needs. The cost estimates for one PA are given in Annex 9.

63. The establishment and effective management of a Protected Area system is essential not only to conserve the unique natural heritage of Pakistan but also to ensure sustainable supply of ecosystem goods and services, and climate change adaptation. Therefore, we must make serious efforts to explore funding opportunities from sources such as GEF, Debt for Nature Swap, Carbon Offset Projects, etc.

Legal and Policy Frameworks

64. There is no national legal or policy instrument for management of Protected Areas at the national level mainly because it is a provincial subject matter. The provinces/territories have wildlife laws that govern the establishment of NPs, WSs, GRs, but have no policy instruments for protected area management. Since Pakistan is a signatory to CBD, The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar), Convention on International Trade In Endangered Sopecies (CITES), Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), United Nations Commission to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and other multilateral environmental agreements, it will be useful to have a national policy framework to guide the provinces/territories in implementing the decisions of the conventions.

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65. The wildlife legislations were mostly enacted in 1974-75 which provide legal basis for the establishment of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Game Reserves. Wildlife legislations in all the provinces/territories are very similar to each other. The process of revision of wildlife laws was initiated in AJK, Balochistan, G-B, KP, and Sindh. However the draft laws are yet to be approved by any of the provinces/territories. In AJK, draft Wildlife Act was promulgated as an Ordinance and the Wildlife Department operates under its umbrella.

66. In order to be part of the global system of protected areas, it is imperative that the sites included in the national list of protected areas meet the IUCN’s definition of a protected area and also meet globally recognized criteria for their establishment and management. There is not a single Wildlife Sanctuary which fulfills the criteria as defined. Similarly by definition, the Game Reserves do not meet the criteria of a protected area but are included in the national list of protected areas. The problem is due to too few management categories of protected areas that can be established under the law. In order to overcome this situation, the following management categories (Table 10) are recommended for inclusion in relevant forest and wildlife legislations through revisions or amendments:

Table 10. Proposed management categories of protected areas for Pakistan

Proposed category Description1 Wilderness Area Large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and

influence without permanent or significant human habitation , e. g. Runn of Kutch, glaciers and mountain peaks

2 Nature Reserve Habitats of threatened species or areas set aside for scientific research where human impacts are strictly controlled

3 Game Reserves Areas of natural habitats strictly managed to conservation biodiversity, but primarily set aside for hunting purposes.

4 National Park Large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, species, and ecosystems

5 Nature Park Natural areas set aside for recreation near major metropolitan areas or areas with popular tourism potential

6 National Forest or Forest Protected Areas

Managed forests of high biodiversity value but extraction of wood and non wood products is allowed on sustainable use principles ensuring that area retains its natural condition.

7 Wildlife Refuge Areas such as manmade dams or seasonal breeding grounds of wildlife where habitat management is difficult as their primar purpose is management for irrigation and or hydel power generation.

8 Wildlife Breeding Farm An area set aside for breeding wildlife under captivity.9 Conservation Landscape Large areas of natural and agro-ecosystems managed by local

communities on sustainable use principles

Institutional Framework

67. Government institutions: Provincial Wildlife departments are responsible for the establishment and management of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Game Reserves in the country. The KP and Punjab have well developed and adequately staffed wildlife departments, whereas in other provinces/territories and regions the departments are relatively small. The levels at which these departments are headed is given in table 11.

Table11. The level of the head of wildlife departments in different provinces/territories.

Province / Territory Head of the DepartmentAzad Jammu and Kashmir Director Wildlife and FisheriesGilgit – Baltistan Conservator of WildlifeBalochistan Chief Conservator of ForestsKhyber Pakhtunkhwa Chief conservator of WildlifePunjab Director General Wildlife and ParksSindh Conservator of Wildlife

68. International Conservation Organizations: IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature, and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) have strong presence in Pakistan. The Country Office of IUCN is in Karachi, while WWF Pakistan is based in Lahore. Both IUCN and WWF have made significant contributions towards advancement of the protected areas management in Pakistan.

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69. Non-Governmental Organizations: The most prominent Non-Governmental Organization is Himalayan Wildlife Foundation which is based in Islamabad. Its major contribution is conservation of brown bear in Deosai, leading the process to the notification of Deosai and Musk Deer National Parks.

70. Community Based Organizations: While there are many valley level community organizations and some conservancy level clusters of CCAs, the most prominent are Society for Torghar Environment Protection (STEP), Dureji Environment and Wildlife Society (DEWS), and Khunjerab Village Organization (KVO). Society for Torghar Conservation (STEP) is working in Torghar Hills in Qila Saif Ullah for conservation of habitat of Straight-horned markhor and Urial. It has won many international awards for conservation. Durreji Environment and Wildlife Conservation Society (DEWS) is working in southern Balochistan for conservation of habitat of Urial and Sindh Ibex. Khunjerab Village Organization (KVO) is a cluster of CCAs working for conservation in buffer zone of Khunjerab National Park.

Professional Skills

71. Effective management of Protected Areas system requires special skills; however, there are no in-country education and training opportunities and research in the field for the protected area managers and professionals. The protected area managers have either degree in forestry from Pakistan Forest Institute or different agriculture universities, or graduates in biological sciences. Recently University of Arid Agricult Rawalpindi (UAAR) have started a degree program in wildlife management. Wildlife Department Department of Khyber Pakhtunkwa made a serious effort to send many of its professionals to USA and Canada where at least two received doctoral degrees and many others obtained Master’s degrees.

Communication, Education and Public Awareness

72. Conservation in general and protected areas in particular cannot be managed without popular support of the local communities, general public, and the planners and policy makers. There are some general myths about conservation,some are as follows:

It is a western agenda. Economic development comes before the environment. Conservation benefits rich at the cost of the poor. Conservation and protected areas take away local livelihoods.

73. These are just some general examples, but the communication, education and awareness programmes will be successful only when they deconstruct these myths or false belief. The term “conservation” also does not appeal to the hearts and minds of local communities because it usually conflicts with their interests. Protected areas provide great opportunities for connecting people with nature and stimulating their interest in conservation. However, communication programs have not always been effective because their design and delivery is not well planned. Despite the importance of communication, education and public awareness programs to the overall effectiveness of protected areas, communication programs usually receive a low priority, are implemented as a standalone program and not fully integrated into the protected areas program of work.

74. Communication and outreach programs must focus on an appeal to the emotions and raise awareness that these are areas protected by people for the benefit of society, and not protected from people. The study on gap analysis identified the following gaps in the area of communication, awareness and education:

The protected area professionals lack training in getting their messages across to the local people. The communication, awareness raising and education is not assigned to right people for design and delivery General public lacks awareness about the ecosystem services that protected areas provide for the good of the

society.

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Policy makers and planners attach a low priority to conservation and protected areas. The programs mostly ignore local communities as these are geared towards the elite.

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V. PLAN OF WORK ON PROTECTED AREAS

75. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted a program of work on protected areas (PoWPA) in its 7 th

meeting held in Kuala Lumpur, 9 -20 February 2004. The objective of the PoWPA is to establish and maintain a comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national system of protected areas that contributes to achieving the objectives of the Convention. The CBD had set a goal of protecting 10% of all ecological regions by 2010, but an evaluation of the progress towards that goal (Joppa, 2009) found that while total area under legal protection reached 12.9%, only 5.8% had strict protection for biodiversity. In light of the global assessment, the CBD in its 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties held from 18 to 29 October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, for the 2011-2020 period.

76. Some of the examples of Aichi targets are:o The rate of loss of natural habitats including forests should be at least reduced to half and, where feasible,

brought close to zero.o The conservation target should be at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas, and 10% of marine and

coastal areas.o The targets for restoration of degraded areas through conservation and habitat improvements should be 15%

of the area.o Extinction of known threatened species should be prevented and their conservation status improved.o Viable populations of wild relatives of crops should be conserved in nature.

77. The PoWPA is an ambitious program with 92 different activities, and the Parties are required to implement the activities of the PoWPA in the context of their nationally determined priorities, capacities and needs. The PoWPA is comprised of some critical activities and a large number of enabling activities. To date, the authorities responsible for the establishment and management of protected areas have not taken action to determine national priorities, and thus Pakistan has lagged behind in achieving the objective of the PoWPA. However, the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (ABT) provides a window of opportunity. This study on the protected area gap analysis enabled the stakeholders to come together and identify the following nine most crucial activities and set the targets for action.

Pakistan’s Plan of Work on Protected Areas

78. Following are nine activities and suggested targets that were identified and mutually agreed by the stakeholders as most crucial in the national context of CBD PoWPA. The goals in these activities refer to the goals of the PoWPA.

1. Establish and strengthen a comprehensive and ecologically representative system of protected areas

The PoWPA (Goal 1.1) directs parties to identify at the national level, gaps in protected area system based on the requirements for representative systems of protected areas that adequately conserve the terrestrial, marine and inland water biodiversity and ecosystems. National plans should also include interim measures to protect highly threatened or highly valued areas, as well as areas securing the most threatened species, also taking into consideration the conservation needs of migratory species. The study has identified gaps in the national protected area system and identified sites for expansion and establishment of new protected areas (Table 8) keeping in view the requirements of the PoWPA.

Target

By 2020, a representative and effectively managed protected area system is established to significantly reduce loss of biodiversity and to fulfill our national obligations of achieving the goal of the Strategic Plan of the Convention and the World Summit on Sustainable Development

2. Substantially improve site-based protected area planning and management

The PoWPA suggests that management of the protected areas should be based on ecosystem approach using site-based planning through active stakeholder participation by staff that are well trained (Goal 1.4). The management plans should have clear biodiversity objectives, targets, measures for climate change adaptation, management

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strategies and monitoring programmes. A vast majority of the protected areas, except a few national parks, have no site-based management and plans.

Targets1) By 2013, prepare and test at national level a model protected area management plan that can be

prepared quickly and economically (Action: IGF Office).2) By 2020, the provincial governments should ensure that all protected areas have management plans

and are managed by site-based management authority (Action: Provincial governments).

3. Develop opportunities and capacities of local communities and other stakeholders to establish and manage community-conserved and private protected areas

PoWPA emphasizes on the need to avoid and mitigate negative impacts from the establishment and management of protected areas and, and ensure equitable sharing of both costs and benefits arising thereof (Goal 2.1). In addition, it requires the Parties to develop opportunities and capacity of local communities and other stakeholders to establish and effectively manage community-conserved and private protected areas (Goal 2.2). Many protected areas were notified without an assessment of the economic and socio-cultural costs and negative impacts arising from their establishment. Large areas of natural ecosystems with high biodiversity values, other than the managed forests, have undefined land tenure and local communities are de facto owners and users. Biodiversity conservation in such areas is possible only through the establishment of Community Conservation Areas and private protected areas.

Targets1) By 2015, integrate assessment of the socio-economic costs and benefits for local communities as part

of the planning process for the establishment and management of all protected area, and where appropriate compensate costs and equitably share benefits. (Action: All Provinces)

2) By 2020, support local communities and other stakeholders to establish Community Conservation Areas proposed in Annex 8 for inclusion in the protected area system. (Action: All Provinces)

4. Create an enabling policy, institutional and socio-economic environment for protected areas Unfortunately, two of the three essential ingredients of the enabling environment (Goal 3.1) for effective management of protected areas, that is, protected area policy, and socio-economic incentives are non-existent, while the third – institutions, is very week. The protected areas are presently established under outdated wildlife acts, which should be reviewed and revised to meet the needs of the protected areas. The managed forests can play an important role in biodiversity conservation, but there is no legal mechanism to establish Forest Protected Areas.

Targets4) By 2013, draft a model national policy for the establishment and management of protected areas

(Action: IGF Office).5) By 2014, all the provinces should formulate their policy instruments for protected areas establishment

and management (Action: All Provinces).6) By 2014, all wildlife and forestry laws should be reviewed and either suitably amended or revised to

meet the present and future needs of protected areas (Action: All Provinces).7) By 2015, reorganize the forestry and wildlife departments to strengthen institutional capacity for the

establishment and management of protected areas (Action: All Provinces).

5. Build capacity for the planning, establishment and management of protected areas

Knowledge and skills at individual, community and institutional levels, and high professional standards are keys to the effective management of protected areas (Goal 3.2). The professionals currently responsible for the establishment and management of protected areas have only the basic degree in forestry or biological sciences. Specialized education or training in protected areas is not offered at any of the academic institutions in the country.

Targets1) By 2015, capacity should be developed in at least one University or institute to offer specialization in

protected areas to the interested students (Action: IGF Office).2) By 2013, arrangements should be made at a university or training institute to develop and offer 4-6

week in-service training course in biodiversity conservation and protected area management (Action: IGF Office).

3) By 2015, every province should ensure that a minimum work force of 10 -12 professionals are trained through in-service training (Action: All Provinces).

6. Secure the financial costs of effective management of national system of protected areas.

In addition to the technical resources, sufficient financial resources are essential to meet the costs of implementing and managing national system of protected areas (Goal 3.4). There are competing demands for scarce national and

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international resources, therefore, other windows of opportunities like collaborative management, private-public partnerships, socio-economic development in buffer zone, carbon trade, and climate change adaptation, and endowment funds should be explored.

Target By 2015, assess the financial needs and develop a strategy to achieve financial sustainability of the protected area system (Action: All Provinces).

7. Strengthen communication, education and public awareness

The policy makers, planners and public in general are not aware of the economic benefits of the goods and services that protected areas produce in addition to providing environmental protection and recreational opportunities. Therefore in order to secure popular support for the establishment and maintenance of protected areas public awareness, understanding and appreciation of the importance and benefits of protected areas needs to be significantly increased (Goal 3.5).

Target By 2015, develop and implement a plan of action to raise public awareness through effective communications and education. (Action: IGF Office and all Provinces).

8. Develop and adopt minimum standards and best practices for protected area system

An efficient long-term system should be developed and implemented to monitor the outcomes being achieved through protected area systems in relation to the goals and targets, and to adapt and improve protected area management based on the ecosystem approach (Goal 4.1 – 4.3).

Targets1) By 2012, develop and implement a reporting system for monitoring progress on this plan of work

(Action: IGF Office). 2) By 2013, improve and update national database on protected areas to include only those sites that meet

IUCN’s definition and criteria and incorporate information on ecosystem representation, land tenure, governance, and management effectiveness (Action: IGF Office).

3) By 2015, develop a national and regional geographic information system for the protected areas and employ remote sensing tools for monitoring key protected areas (Action: All provinces).

9. Improve the scientific knowledge and its contribution to the effective management of protected areas Protected areas can provide an excellent opportunity for research scientists and students to carryout field research leading to an improved understanding of biodiversity in protected areas. The knowledge of the distribution, status and trends of biological diversity can be a useful tool in monitoring progress towards achievements of the objectives of conservation (Goal 4.4).

Target By 2014, identify needs for scientific research in the protected areas and develop joint plans with appropriate organizations and institutions (Action: IGF Office and All provinces).

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VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

National List of Protected Areas

79. There are 26 National Parks, 91 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 116 Game Reserves, and 116 CCAs covering an area of 109,969 km2 or 13.65 % of the area of Pakistan. The national lists of protected areas are comprised of all the national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, game reserves, private game reserves and community conservation areas. The lists do not provide information on the geographical location, ecosystem or habitat, land tenure, governance, and whether or not managed under a plan. More than half the number of national parks and all wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves have no management plans; the current management involves enforcement of hunting and shooting under the wildlife acts. The list contains many sites that do not meet the IUCN criteria for protected areas; for example, game reserves are primarily set aside for controlled hunting and not habitat conservation. Similarly, planted forests, except where two thirds of the area under natural ecosystems, do not meet the criteria but many irrigated plantations in the Punjab province are notified as wildlife sanctuaries. Until such time that choice of protected areas management categories is expanded through revision or amendment, distinction should be made in game reserves set aside for controlled hunting and those set aside for biodiversity conservation.

Recommendations

1. By 2015, implementable management plans should be prepared and periodically updated for all the National Parks (Action: All Provinces).

2. By 2020, management plans should be prepared and periodically updated for all the Wildlife Sanctuaries, Game Reserves where objective is biodiversity conservation, and Community Conservation Areas (Action: All Provinces).

3. Irrigated plantations that do not have two thirds of the area under natural ecosystems should be excluded from the list of the protected areas (Action: Punjab)

4. Game Reserves that are established for only controlled hunting, should not be included in the list of protected areas (Action: All Provinces)

5. By, 2015, the official provincial and national list of protected areas should include information on geographical location, ecosystem or habitat, key species of fauna, land tenure, governance, and management plan. (Action: IGF Office, All Provinces)

Representation in Protected Area System

80. Ecosystems: The gap analysis of the protected area system proved to be a challenging task as very little information was available on the ecosystems that the protected areas represent. An additional challenge was to establish a baseline of ecosystems for gap analysis. The description of vegetation types by Roberts (1991) and the ecosystem maps developed from NOAA satellite for the Protected Area System Review in the year 2000 were used as a first approximation to establish the ecosystems baseline. The mapping exercise in 2000 did not involve any field verification of the ecosystem type nor was any field checking done during this study. Reliance on the floristic characterization was based on secondary data (Roberts, 1991) and knowledge of key resource persons. Therefore, there may be some element of human error. Total area of protected areas in Pakistan exceeds international minimum recommendation of 10% area. However, some ecosystems are not represented in the Protected Area System while others are inadequately represented. The gaps in the ecosystem are summarized in Table 8, and detailed analysis is provided in Annex 8.

Recommendations1. By 2015, prepare updated provincial ecosystem maps using latest satellite imagery and description of their

floristic composition through field work and secondary sources of information (Action: All provinces). 2. By 2012, under a phased plan based on priorities set in Table 8 and Annex 8, establish new protected areas

(as per following summary) to fill in the gaps and improve representation. (Action: All Provinces indicated)

Azad Jammu and Kashmir: Representative sites of Riverine Ecosystem (Mirpur); wetlands (Northern Kashmir); Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen Scrub (Kot Kandhari and Pir Gali area); Sub-Tropical Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest (Thumb Pattni Maloni Areas, Chamairi); and Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Pir Chinassi).

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Balochistan: Representative sites of marine and island ecosystem (Arabian sea and Astola Island); Littoral and Mangrove Ecosystems (Ganjabad, Cheer Koh, Sonmiani, Gwathar Bay, Jiwani, Kalmat Hor); wetlands (Wasta Lake, and Zarri Daggar); Tropical Thorn Forest (Chattar Phuliji); Dry Temperate Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest (Tobati Apursi, Dozakh Tangi and Dharnal CCAs); and Balochistan Dry Coniferous Forest (Khilafat, Zargoon, and Ziarat).

Gilgit-Baltistan: Nanga Parbat National Park (Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest, Alpine).

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Representative sites of Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Forest(Massar RF); Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Kamal Ban, Mansi, and Kund Forest PAs; Pallas Valley CCA); and Himalayan Dry Coniferous Forest (Kumrat Valley CCA).

Punjab: Representative sites of riverine, Thal Desert, and Dry Temperate Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest in Sulaiman Hills (Fort Monro area).

Sindh: Representative sites of Littoral and Mangrove Ecosystem (Jubho Lagoon, Nurri Lagoon, Hawks Bay – Sandspit Turtle Area ), Riverine Ecosystem; Tropical Thorn Forest (Dadu); Thar Desert (Karoonjhar Hills, Nagarparker).

81. Managed Forests: The managed forests serve a useful purpose in biodiversity conservation, but are not counted as protected areas. Some of the managed forests have been notified as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves under the wildlife acts. However, management of these forest protected areas, and establishment of new forest protected areas has become a cause for conflict of interest between the forestry department which manages the forests, and the wildlife department. Forest ecosystems, in general, are either inadequately represented in the protected area system or not represented at all. This is especially true in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Punjab. The IUCN guidelines suggest that all managed forests where management objective is biodiversity conservation, except for planted industrial wood forests, and natural forests with main objective other than biodiversity conservation should be count as category IV Protected Areas.

Recommendations1. By 2015, a Managed Forest Protected Area category should be created through amendment or revision of

the forestry legislation (Action: All Provinces)2. By 2013, a coordination mechanism should be established at provincial level for joint management of forest

protected areas by Forest and Wildlife Departments (Action: All Provinces)

82. Species: A number of species of flora and fauna are included in the CITES Appendix I (threatened with extinction) and Appendix II (trade strictly regulated to avoid extinction due to over harvesting). In addition, Pakistan is endowed with many endemic species of flora and fauna, and wild relatives of crops (Annexes 2-6). Except for a few CITES species (Snow Leopard, Wooly Flying Squirrel, Indus Dolphin, Markhor, Himalayan Ibex, Blue Sheep, Urial, Blackbuck and Chinkara) there are neither any efforts underway nor there are any plans for conservation of the species. The migratory species have no fixed staging grounds and their conservation can best be achieved through awareness raising, and enforcement of laws.

RecommendationBy 2013, prepare provincial lists of species on CITES appendices, endemic flora and fauna, and wild relatives of crop, and by 2015, make plans for their conservation and recovery of populations of threatened species (Action: All Provinces).

83. Cultural and Natural Features: There are many important archaeological sites located in and around natural ecosystems, for example, Sharda Fort and Buddhist University (Neelum Valley), Rohtas Fort and Ketas Temple (Salt Range), Mehrgarh (Kacchi Plains, Balochistan). There is a need to develop collaborative programs with the Arhaeological and Tourism Departments to identify all such sites and integrate them into the management of the protected areas to increase flow of national and international tourists to the protected areas.

Recommendation:By 2015, develop joint programs with Archaeological and Tourism Departments to promote tourism in the where cultural, religious and archaeological sites lie within or in close proximity of the protected areas. (Action: All Provinces).

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Enabling Environment

84. Management Effectiveness: Of the 26 National Parks, only about 10 have management plans. These are: CCKNP, Khunjerab, and Deosai (GB), Ayubia and Chitral Gol (KP), Margalla Hills (Islamabad), Machiara (AJK), Lal Sunhara (Punjab), Chiltan-Hazar Ganji, Hingol (Balochistan), and Kirthar (Sindh). Management Plans of Khunjerab, Margalla Hills, and Lal Sunhara expired with little implementation. Accept three National Parks (Chitral Gol, Machiara, and Hingol) which were part of a recently completed GEF project, and Ayubia, the management of the remaining national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves is mostly limited to enforcement of laws. Community Conservation or Controlled Hunting Areas and private game reserves are required to have verifiable census to be eligible for hunting permits. The format and process for the management plans should be kept simple so that it can be prepared with the available human and financial resources, secondary sources of information and minimal field work. The protected areas should be managed on the principles of adaptive management plans updated periodically to incorporate lessons learnt. The essential elements of protected area management plan are given in Annex 10.

Recommendations

1) By 2013, develop and test a model management plan that can be prepared and updated quickly with the available human, financial, and technical resources (Action: All provinces)

2) By 2015, all National Parks and by 2020, all protected areas should be brought under effective management (Action: All Provinces)

85. Governance: While there are many success stories of conservation by local communities, the top down management by government continues to be the norm. Except in the three protected areas included in GEF project, and Ayubia, no serious effort has been made to involve local communities in collaborative management or providing support to local communities for conservation at a landscape level.

Recommendations

1) By 2020, the successful experiences of collaborative management under the GEF PAMP should be incorporated, where feasible, in protected area management plans (Action: All Provinces)

2) By 2020, assist the local communities to establish and manage Community Conservation Areas on sites with high biodiversity value (Table 8) of which they are the de facto land owners or users (Action: All Provinces).

86. Capacity to implement Protected Area System Plan: The management of protected areas is not the focus of management within the forestry and wildlife departments who were traditionally set up to manage forests for logging and enforcement of wildlife laws. The management of protected areas needs a special focus and dedicated entity with a clearly defined mandate. In the absence of a PoWPA, it is not possible to do a financial gap analysis. The following recommendation is also included as an activity in the national priorities under the PoWPA described in Chapter V.

RecommendationBy 2015, assess the financial needs and develop a strategy to achieve financial sustainability of the protected area system (Action: All Provinces).

87. Legal and Policy Framework: There is no policy instrument, either at national or provincial level for the establishment and management of protected areas. There are only some passing references to conservation of biodiversity in the forest policies of KP and Punjab. The other provinces neither have a forest nor a wildlife policy. The protected areas are important not only for conservation of biodiversity but they also provide valuable goods and services for the society as a whole and local communities in particular, provide shield against natural calamities (floods and tsunamis), and mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. The wildlife legislations that provide legal basis for the establishment of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves are outdated and need to be updated to meet the present and future needs. The forestry departments which are the custodians of the nation’s forests, have changed little over time and need to mainstream biodiversity conservation objectives in their mission statement and plans of operation. Actions recommended here are part of the national priority activities under the PoWPA outlined in Chapter V.

Recommendations1) By 2014, formulate national policy framework and provincial policies for the establishment and management

of protected areas (Action: IGF Office, All Provinces).2) By 2015, all wildlife and forestry laws should be reviewed and either suitably amended or revised to meet the

present and future needs of protected areas (Action: All Provinces).

26

3) By 2015, reorganize the forestry and wildlife departments to strengthen institutional capacity for the establishment and management of protected areas (Action: All Provinces)

88. Institutions: The wildlife departments have no government lands to manage and 100% of the national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves have been established on lands that are either managed by the forestry departments or their legal status is undefined and local communities are de facto owners and users of these lands. Consequently, due to conflict of interest, many so called protected areas remain parks on paper without any habitat management. Wildlife and Forest Departments and local communities are all important stakeholders and therefore there is need to institute effective coordination mechanisms at provincial level. IUCN and WWF, international conservation organizations in Pakistan, had major influence on biodiversity conservation and continue to influence policies.

RecommendationBy 2013, Round Tables or committees comprised of representatives of forest and wildlife departments, local communities, and conservation organizations are established to ensure coordination among stakeholders (Action: All Provinces).

89. Except for three community or private conservation areas (Torghar, Dureji, and Kalabagh) most other community conservation or hunting organizations mushroomed under GEF MACP. After the project ended, these community organizations have no support mechanism and in its absence many will cease to function. There are only a few local level NGOs that have started to pay attention to biodiversity conservation. The Himalayan Wildlife Foundation is the only conservation NGO which has made any significant contribution to biodiversity conservation in Pakistan.

RecommendationBy 2014, within the Forestry and Wildlife Departments, support mechanisms are established to support conservation NGOs and local organizations managing Community Conservation or Private Protected Areas (Action: All Provinces).

90. Professional Skills: There is no specialized training in protected areas or wildlife and habitat management in Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Institute and other universities that offer education in forestry should develop curriculum for biodiversity conservation and in the interim to begin with at least offer it as a minor with major in forestry. These institutions should also develop short term training courses for protected area managers. Pakistan receives a large number of overseas training facilities, most of which remain unutilized due mainly to lack of timely nominations. Following recommendations are taken from the national priority activities identified under the PoWPA (Chapter V).

Recommendation:1) By 2015, capacity should be developed in at least one University or institute to offer specialization in

protected areas to the interested students (Action: IGF Office)2) By 2013, arrangements should be made at a university or training institute to develop and offer 4-6

week in-service training course in biodiversity conservation and protected area management (Action: IGF Office)

3) By 2015, every province should ensure that a minimum work force of 10 -12 professionals are trained through in-service training (Action: All Provinces).

91. Awareness and Communications: The protected areas in Pakistan are generally established and managed for conservation purpose and we have failed to demonstrate their value for the ecosystem goods and services they provide. As a general trend people are kept out of the protected areas, rather than manage the protected areas for the people. Protected areas provide a great opportunity to link people with nature and inspire popular support for their effective management. The power of social media and TV networks needs to be harnessed to create awareness regarding benefits of protected areas and mobilize popular support for their effective management.

RecommendationBy 2015, design and launch a multi-media strategy to link people with nature and inspire popular support for protected areas utilizing the power of social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.), Television, and print media. (Action: All Provinces)

27

VII. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AJK Azad Jammu and KashmirBAP Biodiversity Action PlanCBD Convention on Biological DiversityCCA Community Conservation AreaCCHA Community Controlled Hunting AreaCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered SpeciesCKNP Central Karakorm National parkCMS Convention on Migratory SpeciesDEWS Dureji Environment and Wildlife SocietyERNP Environmental Rehabilitation ProjectG-B Gilgit – BaltistanGEF Global Environment FacilityGS Game SanctuaryGR Game ReserveHa HectareIP Irrigated PlantationIUCN International Union for Conservation of NatureKm2 Kilometer squareKP Khyber PakhtunkhwaKVO Khunjerab Village OrganizationMACP Mountain Areas Conservancy ProjectNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNP National ParkPA Protected AreaPAMP Protected Area Management ProjectPoWPA Plan of Work of Protected AreasRF Reserve ForestSTEP Society for Torghar Environment ProtectionUAAR University of Arid Agriculture RawalpindiUNCCD United Nations Commission to Combat DesertificationUSA United States of AmericaWCS Wildlife Conservation SocietyWWF World Wide Fund for Nature

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VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anwar, M. Review of the Protected Area Management and Performance Effectiveness in Pakistan. Ministry of Environment, Gobernment of Pakista, and IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Pakistan. 78 pp. David M. Olson, and E. Dinerstein. 2002. The Global 200: Priority Eco regions for Global Conservation. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89: 199 -224.

Dudley, N. Editor. 2008. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. x + 86pp

Dudley, N., and A. Phillips. 2006. Forests and Protected Areas - Guidance on the use of the IUCN protected area management categories. World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 12. IUCN – The International Union for Conservation of Nature. X+58pp.

Flores, M., Rivero, G., León, F., Chan, G., et al. 2008. Financial Planning for National Systems of Protected Areas: Guidelines and Early Lessons. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, US.

Goldstein, W. 2003. Communication, Education and Public Awareness for Protected Areas West Asia and Northern Africa. Workshop Report September 2003, IUCN Gland Switzerland 59 pp.

Jenkin, Clinton, N and L. Joppa. 2009. Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biology Consservation.

Hockings, M., Stolton, S., Leverington, F., Dudley, N. and Courrau, J. 2006. Evaluating Effectiveness: A framework for assessing management effectiveness of protected areas. 2nd edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xiv + 105 pp.

ICIMOD. 1993. Land cover assessment and Monitoring – Volume 10A Pakistan. United Nations Environment Programme, Bangkok. 42pp.

Nigel, D. and J. Parish. 2006. Closing the Gap. Creating Ecologically RepresentativeProtected Area Systems: A Guide to Conducting the Gap Assessments of Protected Area Systemsfor the Convention on Biological Diversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity,Montreal, Technical Series no. 24, vi + 108 pages.

Roberts, T. J. 1991. The Birds of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. 666 pp.

Schill, S., and G. Raber. 2009. Protected Area Tools (PAT) for ArcGIS 9.3TM Version 3.0 - User Manual and Tutorial . The Nature Conservancy. 75 pp.

S. I. ALI. 2008. Significance of flora with special reference to Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 40(3): 967-971.

Somuncu, M., A. A. Khan, L. A. Waseem. Review of Protected Areas System in Pakistan: Present Status and Problems Concerning Future Development. (http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/47/1155/13587.pdf)

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http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/47/1155/13587.pdf

Annex 1Ecosystem Maps of Provinces/Territories

The ecosystem maps in this annex were produced in the year by National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad using NOAA satellite data of October 1992 for Protected Area System Review of Pakistan by IUCN. Due to time constraint, it was not possible to check the maps on the ground and the ecosystems names were assigned based on the field knowledge of the key resource persons. This annex contains following maps:

1. Baluchistan2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then NWFP) and Gilgit-Baltistan (then Northern Areas)3. Punjab4. Sindh

30

31

32

33

Annex 2Endemic Mammals of Pakistan

This list of mammal species found exclusively in Pakistan is based on the taxonomy used in: Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (Eds.)(2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Scientific name Common name Distribution Representation in PA

Remarks

Crocidura pergrisea (Soricomorpha - Soricidae)

Pale Gray Shrew

Platanista gangetica minor (Cetacea - Platanistidae)

Indus River Dolphin

Dryomys niethammeri (Rodentia - Gliridae)

Niethammer's Forest Dormouse

Salpingotulus michaelis (Rodentia - Dipodidae)

Baluchistan Pygmy Jerboa

34

Annex 3Endemic Reptiles of Pakistan

Checklist of Endemic Reptile species and subspecies in Pakistan prepared by Rafaqat Masroor of the Pakistan Museum of Natural History and is current to 2009.


Remarks

Calottes versicolor farooqi Farooq’s Garden Lizard Alpine areas in Kaghan, Dir, Swat, Kohistan, AJK

Restricted

Laudakia melanura nasiri Nasir’s Black Rock Agama

Tanishpa, Killa Saifullah, Toba Kakar Range,Balochistan

Restricted

Laudakia pakistanica auffenbergi

Auffenberg’s Rock Agama

Besham (KP) Restricted

Laudakia pakistanica khani Khan’s Rock Agama Hadar, Chilas (G-B) Restricted

Phrynocephalus euptilopus Spotted Toad Agama Darband (Baluchistan)

Restricted

Travels agile pakistanensis Pakistan’s Brilliant Agama

southeastern Pakistan

Restricted

Trapelus rubrigularis Red-throated Agama Khirthar Range (Sindh)

Restricted

Altigekko baturensis Batura Glacier Gecko Passu, Khyber ( G-B) Restricted

Alsophylax boehmei Böhme Rock Gecko Skardu (G-B) Restricted

Mediodactylus walli (Cyrtopodion chitralense)

Chitral Gecko Drosh (Chitral) Restricted

Cyrtopodion kachhense ingoldbyi

Western Rock Gecko Sulaiman range Restricted

Cyrtopodion kohsulaimanai Sulaiman Range Gecko Sakhi Sarwar, Rakhni( DGK)

Restricted

Cyrtopodion montiumsalsorum

Salt Range Gecko southern Salt Range Restricted

Cyrtopodion potoharensis Potohar Gecko Nizampur ( Attock) Restricted

Cyrtopodion baigii Baig’s Tuberculated Rock Gecko

Chilas, Astor Restricted

Altigecko brachykolon Short-limbed Bent-toed Gecko

Marghazar (Swat) Restricted

Mediodactylus dehakroense Deh Akro Arboreal Gecko

Deh Akro ( Sindh). Restricted

Indogekko fortmunroi Fort Munro Sand-stone Gecko

Fort Munro (D. G. Khan)

Restricted

Indogekko indusoani Soan Sand-stone Gecko Iskinderabad (Mianwali)

Restricted

Indogekko rhodocaudus Red-tailed Sand-stone Gecko

Tanishpa, (Kila Saifullah)Balochistan.

Restricted

Indogekko rohtasfortai Rohtas Sand-stone Gecko

Kotli (AJK) Restricted

35


Remarks

Ptyodactylus homolepis homolepis

Fan-toed Gecko Shikarpur (Sindh) Restricted

Siwaligekko battalense Reticulate Plum-bodied Gecko

Batgram, Manshera (KP)

Restricted

Siwaligekko dattanense Plum banded Gecko Manshera (KP) Restricted

Siwaligekko mintoni Plump Swati Gecko Udigram, Swat (KP) Restricted

Tropiocolotes depressus Mountain Dwarf Gecko Kach, Quetta Division Restricted

Tropiocolotes persicus euphorbia cola

Persian Dwarf Gecko Vikus Dehak, Balochistan.

Restricted

Eremias cholistanica Cholistan Desert Lacerta

Bahawalpur Restricted

Novoeumeces cholistanensis Cholistan Striped Skink Bahawalpur, Cholistan

Restricted

Novoeumeces indothalensis Thal Mole Skink Bakkar, Punjab Restricted

Typhlops ahsanuli Ahsan’s Blind Snake Kotli, AJK Restricted

Typhlops diardii platyventris Kashmir’s fat-Blind Snake

Kotli, AJK Restricted

Typhlops madgemintonae madgemintonae

Madge’s Slender Blind Snake


Typhlops madgemintonae shermanai

Sherman’s Slender Blind Snake


Coluber karelini mintonorum Spotted Desert Racer Zangi-Nawar, Nushki Restricted

Enhydris pakistanica Sind ditch Snake Jati, Sindh Restricted

Platyceps rhodorachis kashmirensis

Kashmir Cliff Racer Kotli, AJK Restricted

Echis carinatus astolae Dark-blotched Saw-scaled Viper

Astola Island,Balochistan

Restricted

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Annex 4Endemic Amphibians of Pakistan

This list of the amphibian species and subspecies found exclusively in Pakistan was prepared by Rafaqat Masroor of the Pakistan Museum of Natural History and is current to 2009.


Remarks

Duttaphrynus melanostictus hazarensis

Hazara Toad Manshera, and Datta, KP

Bufo pseudoraddei pseudoraddei

Swat Green Toad Mingora, Swat

Bufo pseudoraddei baturae Batura Glacier Green Toad

Hunza River, Passu River, G-B

Pseudepidalea zugmayeri Baloch Green Toad Peshin, Balochistan,

Allopaa barmoachensis Kashmir Torrent Forg Barmoach, Goi Madan, AJK

Nanorana vicina Murre Hills Frog Murree ,Punjab

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Annex 5Endemic Freshwater Fish of Pakistan

This list is primarily based on information from the 13 March 2009 version of the Catalogue of Fishes database and includes species described through 2008. OC = a FishBase occurrence record suggests a specimen from another country outside normal stated range ( these vary widely in reliability from obvious misidentifications to being almost certainly correct)

Scientific name Common name Disribution Representation in PA

Remarks

Amblyceps macropterus (Amblycipitidae)Batasio pakistanicus (Bagridae)

Mystus horai (Bagridae) Indus Catfish

Nemacheilus fascimaculatus (Balitoridae)

Nemacheilus kohatensis (Balitoridae)Schistura afasciata (Balitoridae)Schistura arifi (Balitoridae)

Schistura curtistigma (Balitoridae)Schistura machensis (Balitoridae)Schistura microlabra (Balitoridae)Schistura pakistanica (Balitoridae)Schistura shadiwalensis (Balitoridae)Triplophysa trewavasae (Balitoridae)Barilius pakistanicus (Cyprinidae)Garra wanae OC (Cyprinidae)

Labeo nigripinnis OC (Cyprinidae)Puntius punjabensis (Cyprinidae)Puntius waageni (Cyprinidae)

Clupisoma naziri (Schilbeidae)

38

Scientific name Common name Disribution Representation in PA

Remarks

Glyptothorax naziri (Sisoridae)

Glyptothorax punjabensis (Sisoridae)Glyptothorax stocki (Sisoridae)

Nangra robusta (Sisoridae)

Schistura anambarensis (Balitoridae)Schistura harnaiensis (Balitoridae)Schistura lepidocaulis (Balitoridae)Schistura naseeri (Balitoridae)

Triplophysa hazaraensis (Balitoridae)Triplophysa naziri (Balitoridae)

Barilius naseeri (Cyprinidae)

Naziritor zhobensis (Cyprinidae)

Zhobi Mahseer

Schizopyge dainellii (Cyprinidae)Ompok sindensis (Siluridae)

Gagata pakistanica (Sisoridae)

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Annex 6Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in Pakistan

Common Name

Scientific Name Province/territory/District

Distribution Representation in PA System

Wild relative of wheat

Aegilops squarossus Mountain areas of Northern Pakistan

Aegilops triuncialis Mountain areas of Northern Pakistan

Wild relative of wheat

Elymus borianum Endemic to Swat

Elymus kuramensis Endemic to Kurram

Elymus nodosus Kurram

Elymus stewarti Endemic to Kashmir

Elymus longe aristatus High alpine areas of Hindukush Himalayas and Karakorum

Elymus russelii Endemic to Karakorum

Elymus jacquemontii Endemic to Kashmir

Wild relatives of barley

Hordeum bogdanii Karakorum, Ziarat, and Harboi Range

Hordeum spontaneum North Balochistan

Hordeum murinum NWFP, Murree Hills

Oryza coarctata Indus Delta

Sorghum nitidum Hazara and Murree Hill tract

Sorghum halepense Common weed throughout the country

Wild relatives of millet

Pennisetum flaccidum High alpine slopes of Karakorum, Himalayas, Hindukush

Wild relative of cotton

Gossypium stocksii South Sindh

Wild relatives of mustard

Brassica junacea Western area of Balochistan

Brassica deflexa Western part of North Balochistan

Wild relatives of kenaf

Hibiscus caesius North Punjab, NWFP, Kashmir

40

Common Name

Scientific Name Province/territory/District

Distribution Representation in PA System

Hibiscus micranthus Sindh and Balochistan

Hibiscus lobatus Salt Range, Kurram Valley, Sindh

Wild relatives of chick pea

Cicer macranthum Hindukush, -Himalayas,-Karakorum

Cicer microphyllum Hindukush, -Himalayas,-Karakorum

Wild relatives of bean

Vigna spp

Wild relatives of fruits

Pyrus pashia Temperate Himalayas

Mallus chitralensis Chitral

Prunus prostrate Temperate Himalayas

Wild almond Amygdalus brahuicus NorthBalochistan

Wild cherry Cerrasus rechingeri NorthBalochistan

Wild relatives of grapes

Vitis jacquemontii Himalayas

Pomegranate Punica granatum Foothill Himalayas

Wild relative of olive

Olea ferruginea Lower hills of North Pakistan

41

Annex 7List of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Game Reserves & CCAs

The ecosystem representation of the sites in this list was done based on their geographical location and personal knowledge of the key resource persons. There may be some error of judgement but it is a good first approximation. It is hoped that the ecosystem representation will be checked in the field by the concerned officials of the Forestry and Wildlife Departments and corrections made where necessary. The lists of following provinces and territories are included in the annex in the order listed:

a) Islamabad Capital Territoryb) Azad Jammu and Kashmirc) Baluchistand) Gilgit-Baltistane) Khyber Pakhtunkhwaf) Punjab and Islamabdg) Sindh

42

National Park, and Wildlife Sanctuaries in Islamabad Capital Territory

Name Area (ha) District Land Tenure Governance Vegetation Ecosystem Management Plan

National Park

Margalla Hills 17,3086 Islamabad Government Government Sub Trpical Semi-evergreen


Wildlife sanctuary

Islamabad 7,000 Islamabad Government Government Sub Trpical Semi-evergree


No

43

List of National Parks, and Game Reserves in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Name Area (Ha.)

District Land Tenure

Governance Vegetation Type Ecosystem Management Plan

NATIONAL PARKS

1 Ghamot 27,271 Neelum Forest land Government Sub Alpine Birch - Juniper No

2 Gurez Musk Deer NP

52,815Neelum Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

3 Machiara 13,5,32 Muzaffarabad Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir Yes

4 Toli Pir 1,000 Poonch Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

5 Pir Lasura 1,580 Kotli Forest land Government Sub Tropical Chir Pine Pinus - Quercus No

6 Deva Vatala 2,993 Bhimber Forest land Government Sub Tropical Thorn Acacia - Dhak No

7 Poonch River Mahasher NP

4,500Poonch –Mirpur

State land Government Wetland Wetland No

TOTAL 90,159

GAME RESERVES

1 Salkhala 859 Neelum Forest land Government Dry temperate Deodar-blue pine No

2 Moji 3,859 Hattian Forest land Government Dry temperate Deodar-blue pine No

3 Qazinag 4,830 Hattian Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

4 Mori Said Ali 273 Havelli Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

5 Phala 472 Havelli Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

6 Hillan 384 Havelli Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

7 Nar 558 Bagh Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

44

8 Sudhan Gali 525 Bagh, Hattian Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

9 Doom Galla 715 Bagh Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine – Fir No

10 Banjonsa 558 Poonch Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine No

11 Junjhal Hill 631 Sudhanutti Forest land Government Moist Temperate Blue Pine No

TOTAL 13,664

45

List of National Parks, Game Sanctuaries, Game Reserves, and Community Conservation Area in Balochistan.

Name Area (ha) District Land Tenure Governance Vegetation Type Ecosystem Management Plan

NATIONAL PARKS1 Hazarganji-

Chiltan27,421 Quetta,

MastungGovernment Government Dry temperate

highlandArtemisia – Pistacia Yes

2 Hingol 616,118 Lasbella, Awaran, Gwadar

Government Government Marine, Coastal, Desert Ecosystem

Acacia senegal – Prospopis-capparis

Yes

TOTAL 0

GAME SANCTUARIES1 Khuzdar 48,000 Khuzdar Government Government Sub-tropical thorn

forestPropospis – Zizyphus No

2 Ras Koh 99,498 Kharan Government Government Dry Tropical thorn Forest

Tamarix - Acacia jacomantie

No

3 Bund Khushdil Khan, 1,296 Pishin Government Government Dry Temperate Artimisia - Tamarix No

4 Ziarat 37,247 Ziarat Government Government Dry Temperate Juniper No

5 Chorani 19,433 Khuzdar Government Government Tropical thorn Forest Prosopis - Zyzyphus No

6 KohieGishk 24,356 Kalat Government Government Dry Temperate Artimisia -Pistacia No

7 Shashar 29,555 Khuzdar Government Government Dry Temperate Acacia spp. No

8 SasnaMana 6,670 Ziarat Government Government Dry Temperate Juniper No

9 KolwaKap 33,198 Awaran Government Government Tropical thorn Acacia - Proposis No

10 Raghie Rakhshan 125,425 Kharan Government Government Desert scrub Haloxylon - Calligonium

No

11 Kacho 21,660 Awaran Government Government Tropical thorn Acacia -Proposis No

12 Maslakh 464,559 Pishin Government Government Dry Temperate Artimisia - Pistacio No

46

Name Area (ha) District Land Tenure Governance Vegetation Type Ecosystem Management Plan

13 Khurkhera 18,345 Lasbella Government Government Tropical thorn Salvadora – Proposis No

14 Gut 165,992 Chagai Government Government Desert scrub Calligonum - Haloxylon

No

15 Buzi Makola 145.101 Pishin Government Government Tropical Thorn Acacia Spp. No

TOTAL 0

GAME RESERVES1 Duzdara and

koh-e-Surkh2,351 Mastung Government Government Dry temperate

highlandArtimisia – Pistacia No

2 ZangiNawar 2,640 Noshki Government Government Desert ecosystem Haloxylon -Calliganum No

3 Gogi 7,773 Ziarat Government Government Dry temperate Juniper No

4 Wam 10,364 Ziarat Government Government Dry temperate Juniper No

5 Kambran 211,433 Chagai Government Government Desert Scrub Haloxylon - Calligonum

No

6 ZawarKan 3,887 Government Government Dry Temperate Artimisia - Pistacia No

TOTAL 0

COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AREAS1 Torghar 180,000 Qila Saif

UllahCommunity Community Sub-tropical

broadleavedOlive – Pistachio Yes

2 Dureji 178,259 Lasbella Government Government Tropical thorn Forest Acacia - Prosopis No

TOTAL 0

47

List of National Parks, Game Sanctuaries, Game Reserves, and Community Conservation Area in Gilgit-Baltistan.

Name and Location

Area (ha) District Land Tenure Governance Vegetation Type Ecosystem Management Plan

NATIONAL PARKS1 Khunjerab 554,400 Hunza Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine

SteppeJuniper - Atremesia Yes

2 Deosai 362,600 Skardu Undefined Government Alpine meadow Meadows Yes

3 Handarab-Shandur

51,800 Ghizer Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe

Juniper - Atremesia No

4 Karmbhar 74,055 Undefined Government Sub Alpine Steppe Juniper - Atremesia No

5 Central Karakoram

973,845 Ghanche, Skardu, Hunza

Undefined Government Alpine Steppe Juniper – Atremesia Under preparation

TOTAL 0

GAME SANCTUARIES1 Kargah 70,900 Gilgit Undefined Government Montane steppe Atremesia – Ephedra No

2 Naltar 43,500 Gilgit Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe

Birtch – willow No

3 Satpara 49,700 Skardu Undefined Government Montane steppe Pistacia -Juniper NoTOTAL 0

GAME RESERVES1 Askor Nullah 12,959 Skardu Undefined Government Mountane steppe Pistacia -Juniper No

2 Chashi –Baushdar

17,100 Gilgit Undefined Government Mountane steppe Juniper - Artemesia No

3 Danyor Nullah 13,00 Gilgit Undefined Government Mountane steppe Juniper - Artemesia No

48

Name and Location


4 Kilik-Mintaka 65,036 Hunza Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe

Artemesia – Ephedra No

5 Nar Ghoro Nu1lah

7,255 Ghanche Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe


6 Nazbar Nullah 13,200 Ghizer Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe


7 Pakora 7,515 Ghizer Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe


8 Sher Qillah 16,842 Ghizer Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe


9 Tangir 14,251 Chilas Undefined Government Dry Temperate Coniferous

Chilghoza – Deodar No

TOTAL 0

COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AREAS1 Khyber 32,300 Hunza Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemisia – Ephedra Yes

2 Bar 90,600 Gilgit Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemisia – Ephedra Yes

3 Shinaki 23,300 Hunza Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemisia – Ephedra Yes

4 Ghulkin 10,300 Hunza Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemisia – Ephedra Yes

5 Pairshing 8,500 Astore Undefined Community Sub Alpine Scrub Betula – Salix Yes

6 Gorikote-Tarashing

7,000 Astore Undefined Community Sub Alpine Scrub Betula – Salix Yes

7 Bunji 41,000 Astore Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemesia – Epedra Yes

49

Name and Location


8 Doyan 4,500 Astore Undefined Community Dry Himalayan Conifererous

Blue Pine-Fir Yes

9 Daskhin-Mushkin-Turbulin

7,500 Astore Undefined Community Dry Himalayan Coniferous

Blue Pine – Fir Yes

10 Skoyo-Krabathang-Basingo

150, 000 Skardu Undefined Community Alpine Sub Alpine Steppe

Artemesia – Pistacia Yes

11 Basho 9,000 Skardu Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe

Artemesia – Ephedra Yes

12 Yasin 16,500 Ghizer Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe

Artemsia – Ephedra Yes

13 Passu 8,000 Hunza Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine steppe


14 Ishkoman 11,500 Ghizer Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe


15 Gulmit-Minapin 21,000 Nagar Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Steppe


16 Sakwar-Jutial-Barmass

7,500 Gilgit Undefined Community Sub Alpine steppe Artemesia - Juniper Yes

17 Sikandarabad-Jaffarabad

4,400 Nagar Undefined Community Sub Alpine steppe Artemesia - Juniper Yes

18 Yasin 16,500 Ghizer Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Scrub


19 Khunjerab 65,000 Hunza Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Artemesia – Juniper Yes

50

Name and Location


steppe

20 Sher Qila 16,800 Ghizer Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Scrub


21 Hussainabad-Gole

13,000 Skardu Undefined Community Montane Steppe Pistacia –Juniper Yes

22 Kanday-Salling 10,500 Ghanche Undefined Community Montane Steppe Pistacia - Fraxinux Yes

23 Tangir 5,500 Chilas Undefined Community Dry Coniferous Pinus gerardiana Yes

24 Shimshal 16,800 Hunza Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Scrub

Artemesia – Ephedra Yes

TOTAL 447,000

51

List of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Game Reserves, and Community Conservation Areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.


NATIONAL PARKS1 Ayubia 3,372 Abbottaba

dState Government Moist temperate Pinus wallichiana –

Abies pindrow-Yes

2 Broghil 134,744 Chitral Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Artemesia – Ephedra No

3 Chitral Gol 7,750 Chitral State Government Montane Steppe Juniper – Artemesia Yes

4 Lulusar & Dodipath

30,376 Manshera Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Birch – Vibernum No

5 Saif ul Maluk 4,867 Manshera Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Birch – Vibernum No

6 Shiekh Buddin 15540 D. I. Khan State Government Tropical thorn forest, Prosopis - Capparis No

TOTAL 0

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

1 Agram Basti 29,866 Chitral Undefined Government Alpine and Sub Alpine Artemesia – Ephedra No

2 Boraka 2,025 Kohat Undefined Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

3 Manshi 2,321 Manshera State Government Moist Temperate Forest

Pinus wallichiama No

TOTAL 0

GAME RESERVES

1 Bagra 2,560 Haripur Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea No

2 Balyamin 7,090 Hangu Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Monotheca – Olea No

3 Darmalak 9,788 Kohat Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

4 Dhoda 3,900 Kohat Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

5 Drosh Gol 2,060 Chitral State Government Montane Steppe Juniper – Artemesia No

6 Gehrait Gol 4,800 Chitral State Government Montane Steppe Oak – Artemesia No

7 Ghurzandi 6,649 Kohat Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

8 Goleen Gol 49,750 Chitral Undefined Government Montane Scrub Juniper – Artemisia No

52


9 Indus River 81,000 D. I. Khan Undefined Government Riverine Forests Prosopis - Capparis No

10 Jabbar 13,288 Kohat Undefined Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

11 Kachai Marai 7,090 Kohat Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

12 Kalinjar 2,000 Haripur Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea No

13 Kamrani 2,119 Lower Dir Private Government Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus No

14 Kingar Gali 20,300 Bunir Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Quercus – Olea No

15 Makhnial 4,148 Manshera Private Government Sub Tropical Pine Pinus – Quercus No

16 Mang 4,350 Haripur Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia No

17 Marchungee 4,400 Kohat Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

18 Maroba 3,520 Nowshera Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

10 Nizam pur 780 Nowshera Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

20 Pind Hashim Khan

3,150 Haripur Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia No

21 Puritgol & Chinar

4,646 Chitral Undefined Government Montane Steppe Juniper – Artemesia No

22 Qalandar Abad 8,490 Abbottabad

Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea No

23 Rakh Sardaran 4,200 Haripur Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea No

24 Rakh Topi 17,600 Kohat Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

25 Resi, Toi Banda 5,908 Kohat Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

26 Sewagalai 1,820 Swat Private Government Sub Tropical Pine Pinus – Quercus No

27 Shamshtoo 3,490 Nowshera Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

28 Shawaki, Chukhtoo

11,379 Hangu Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

29 Sheikhan 2,770 Kohat Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Olea - Monotheca No

53


Evergreen30 Shinawarai 5,360 Hangu Private Government Sub-tropical Semi

EvergreenOlea - Monotheca No

31 Sudham 11,500 Mardan Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia No

32 Teri,Isak Kumari 18,966 Karrak Private Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Prosopis – Capparis No

33 Thana-Palai 3,500 Malakand Agency

Private Government Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus No

34 Thanedarwala 4,050 Bannu Private Government Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis – Capparis No

35 Togh Mangara 3,300 Kohat Community Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

36 Tooshi Gol 1,545 Chitral Private Government Dry Temperate (Oak) Quercus – Artemesia No

37 Totalai 17,000 Bunir Private Government Scrub Olea – Acacia No

38 Zarkani 12,800 D. I. Khan Private Government Tropical Thorn Forest Calligonum - Haloxylon Calligonum – Haloxylon

No

TOTAL 0

COMMUNITY GAME RESERVES

1 Adenzai 24,282 Lower Dir Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

2 Alam Ganj 1,040 Swat Community Community Sub Tropical Pine Pinus – Quercus Yes

3 Amluk Banr 46 Swat Community Community Sub Tropical Pine Pinus – Quercus Yes

4 Arkari 100,000 Chitral Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemisia – Ephedra Yes

5 Babarr 55 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

6 Baga Hills 61 Swabi Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

7 Bakhtai 678 Nowshera Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca Yes

8 Battal 32 Manshera Community Community Chir Pine Forests Olea - Monotheca Yes

9 Bazdara 3,644 Malakand Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

10 Begusht 8,000 Chitral Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemesia – Ephedra Yes

11 Behali 200 Manshera Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Acacia – Olea Yes

54


Evergreen12 Besak 530 Swabi Community Community Sub-tropical Semi

EvergreenOlea – Acacia Yes

13 Bhalli Ghatti 600 Manshera Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

14 Bhan 25,000 Swat Community Community Dry temperate forest Cedrus – Abies Yes

15 Brah 1,420 Malakand Agency

Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

16 Chamnaka 142 Abbottabad Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea Yes

17 Dab Manpithai 730 Swat Community Community Sub Tropical Pine Pinus – Quercus Yes

18 Dara Tang Mouza Chowki Jand

202 Lakki Marwat

Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis – Capparis Yes

19 Daresh Khel 2,705 Karak Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Prosopis – Capparis Yes

20 Darwazai Banada

1,000 Kohat Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


21 Deran Pattay 735 Swat Community Community Sub Tropical Pine Pinus – Quercus Yes

22 Dewan Shah 821 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

23 Dhandidal Khel 3,564 Karak Communal Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


24 Dheri Julagram 4,251 Malakand Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

25 Dowrro /Algada 583 Kohat Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


26 Gari Phulgaran 295 Abbottabad Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea Yes

27 Garu Amankot 1,214 Mardan Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

28 Garyalla Karmar 760 Mardan Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

29 Gehrait 95,000 Chitral Undefined Community Alpine and Sub Alpine Artemesia – Ephedra Yes

30 Goleen Gol 40,800 Chitral Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemesia – Juniper Yes

31 Has are tatkan 3,239 Malakand Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

55


32 Hussainzai 140 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

33 Jallo 200 Manshera Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

34 Jatta Ismail Khan

2,826 Karak Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


35 Jhandar Abdul Sattar (Chaudwan)

40 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

36 Kaigah Nullah 5,000 Kohistan Undefined Community Alpine and Sub alpine Artemesia – Ephedra Yes

37 Kamar 5,096 Kohat Communal Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


38 Kanra Cheenah 359 Hangu Private Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


39 Karair 250 Manshera Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea Yes

40 Khanori 1,300 Malakand Agency


41 Khwajagan 80 Manshera Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

42 Kohi Dara 202 Mardan Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

43 Koohi Barmol 1,822 Mardan Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

44 Kotli 425 Nowshera Community Community Riverine Forests Saccarum – Tamarix Yes

45 Lak-Kana 2,195 Karak Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


46 Lassan Thukral 200 Manshera Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

47 Madaklasht 14,500 Chitral Community Community Montane Steppe Juniper – Artemesia Yes

48 Manji Wala 23 Lakki Marwat


49 Mankial 13,063 Swat Community Community Moist temperate forest Pinus wallichiana – Abies pindrow

Yes

50 Manur 6,200 Chitral Undefined Community Montane Steppe Artemesia – Juniper Yes

51 Mapal 103 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

52 Miangan 427 Nowshera Community Community Riverine Forests Olea - Monotheca Yes

56


53 Michen Khel 122 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

54 Mohal Kalu 506 Mardan Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

55 Mohib Banda 27 Nowshera Community Community Riverine Forests Saccarum – Tamarix Yes

56 Nakhtar Banda 61 Mardan Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

57 Nanser Kuhay 4,000 Bunir Undefined Community Sub Tropical Chir Pinus roxburghii- Quercus baloot

Yes

58 Naqi Dara 38 Mardan Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

59 Naranji 2,189 Swabi Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

60 Palsala Dhanaka

530 Manshera Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

61 Pharhana 200 Manshera Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea Yes

62 Pungi Banda 1,314 Hangu Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


63 Punjpir 55 Swabi Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

64 Rakh Sardaran 249 Haripur Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea Yes

65 Rakh Sarkar Mouza Momin Mughal Khel

77 Bannu Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Olea – Monotheca Yes

66 Ralk Baiyan 50 Haripur Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea Yes

67 Saji kot 90 Abbottabad Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea Yes

68 Shamshattu 2,696 Kohat Undefined Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


69 Sharkidam Terri essak khumari

130 Karrak Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


70 Shazadi Banda 3,814 Kohat Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


71 Sheikh Abad 400 Manshera Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea Yes

72 Sheikh Sultan 76 Tank Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Proposis – Capparis Yes

57


73 Sher khanai 2,024 Malakand Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

74 Shewa Karmar 627 Swabi Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

75 Sigram 2,655 Swat Community Community Sub Tropical Pine Pinus – Quercus Yes

76 Soor Dag 1,713 Kohat Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


77 Sori Malandri 749 Mardan Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia Yes

78 Sumari Bala 3,416 Kohat Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


79 Takwara (Hathala)

65 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

80 Tang Banr 395 Swat Community Community Sub Tropical Pine Pinus – Quercus Yes

81 Tangi Dara 648 Lower Dir Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Pinus – Quercus Yes

82 Thath Solhan 23 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

83 Tooshi Shasha 20,000 Chitral Community Community Dry Temperate Pinus – Quercus Yes

84 Totai 3,000 Malakand Agency


85 Usterzai Payan 1,477 Kohat Community Community Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


86 Village Pahar Kehl Thall

37 Lakki Marwat


87 Village Plovan 55 D. I. Khan Community Community Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis Yes

88 Musabad mouza Gandi Khan Khel

41 Lakki Marwat


89 Zarwandi uba 3,039 Malakand Community Community Chir Pine Forests Pinus – Quercus Yes

TOTAL 0

PRIVATE GAME RESERVES

1 Daraban Kalan 178 D. I. Khan Private Private Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis No

2 Dhok Dheri 202 Kohat Private Private Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea - Monotheca No

3 Dhok Lohran 364 Kohat Private Private Sub-tropical Semi Olea - Monotheca No

58


Evergreen4 Drabokach 2,993 Kohat Private Private Sub-tropical Semi

EvergreenOlea - Monotheca No

5 Hathala 360 D. I. Khan Private Private Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis No

6 Lalmi Gul 98 Mardan Private Private Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia No

7 Musazai Sharif 28 D. I. Khan Private Private Tropical Thorn Forest Prosopis - Capparis No

8 Rakh Malak Banaras Khan

55 Haripur Private Private Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea No

9 Rakh Nadir Khan


Acacia – Olea No

10 Rakh Rafaqat Shah


Acacia – Olea No

11 Rakh Raja Gustasap Khan


Acacia – Olea No

12 Rakh Saeed Taj Mohammad


Acacia – Olea No

13 Rakh Sultan Mohammad Khan


Acacia – Olea No

14 Rakh Syed Ali Shah


Acacia – Olea No

15 Rakh Tiyal 27 Haripur Private Private Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia – Olea No

16 Sharqi Baizai Main Khan

1,214 Mardan Private Private Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Olea – Acacia No

TOTAL 0

59

List of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Game Reserves in Punjab.

Name Area(ha)

District Land Tenure Governance Vegetation Type Ecosystem Management Plan

NATIONAL PARKS

1 Chinji 6,070 Chakwal Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia modesta – Olea ferruginea

No

2 Lal Suhanra 65,789 Bahawalpur Government Government Cholistan Desert Calligonum – Haloxylon

Yes

3 Kala Chitta 36,965 Attock Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


No

4 Murree-Kotli and Kahuta

108,824 Rawalpindi Government Government Moist temperateSub tropical Pine

Pinus wallichiama – Pinus roxburghii

Yes

TOTAL 0WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

1 Bahawalpur IP 541 Bahawalpur Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

2 Bhagat IP 248 Toba tek singh Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

3 Bhakhar Plantation

2,124 Bhakhar Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sisso, Euclyptus sp.

No

4 Chak Katora RF

529 Bahawalpur Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

5 Changa Manga IP

5,064 Kasur Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

6 Chashma Barrage

33,084 Mianwali Government Government Wetland Wetland No

7 Chichawatni IP 4,666 Sahiwal Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

8 Cholistan 660,949 Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur

Government Government Desert Calligonum – Leptidinia

No

9 Chumbi Surla 55,945 Chakwal Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


No

10 Daman IP 2,270 Rajanpur Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

11 Daphar IP 2,286 Gujrat Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

60

Name Area(ha)


12 Depalpur IP 2,928 Okara Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sisso, Euclyptus sp.

No

13 Fateh Major IP 1,255 Leiah Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sisso, Euclyptus

No

14 Harnoli RF 878 Mianwali Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

15 Head Qdirabad

2,816 Gujranwala Government Various Wetland Wetland NO

16 Inayat IP 4,162 Layyah Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

17 Jahlar Lake 17 Khushab Government Various Wetland Wetland No

18 Jalalpur Sharif RF

2,236 Jhelum Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


No

19 Jauharabad IP 394 Khushab Government Government Irrigated Plantation Euclyptus spp. No

20 Kamalia IP 4,397 Toba Tek Singh Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

21 Khabbeke Lake

283 Khushab Government Government Wetland Wetland No

22 Khanewal IP 7,213 Khanewal Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest / IP

Propsopis cineraria – Tamarix aphylla

No

23 Kotla Issan IP 2,152 Rajanpur Government Government Riverine forest / IP Dalbergia sissoo No

24 Kundal Rakh 2,964 Jehlum Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo No

25 Kundian IP 7,800 Mianwali Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest (Sandy) / IP

Propsopis cineraria – Tamarix aphylla

No

26 Lal Suhanra IP 5,099 Bahawalpur Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

27 Macchu IP 4,109 Layyah Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

28 Miranpur IP 760 Lodhran Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

61

Name Area(ha)


29 MithaTiwana IP

1,116 Khushab Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest (Sandy) / IP

Propsopis cineraria – Acacia farnesiana

No

30 Rajan Shah IP 2,110 Leiah Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

31 Rakh Ghulaman

4,286 Bhakkar Government Government Thal Desert / Rangeland

Salvadora oleoides– Prosopis cineraria

No

32 Rakh Kharewala

5,877 Layyah Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest (sandy)

Propsopis cineraria – Acacia nilotica

No

33 Shorkot IP 4,032 Jhang Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

34 Sodhi 5,820 Khushab Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


No

35 Taunsa Barrage

6,567 Muzaffargarh Government Government Wetland Wetland No

36 Walhar IP 1,853 R Y Khan Government Government Irrigated Plantation Dalbergia sissoo, Euclyptus sp.

No

37 Head Panjnad 2,779 Muzaffargarh Government Government Wetland Wetland No

TOTAL 0GAME RESERVES

1 Abbasia IP 10,067 R Y Khan Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest (sandy)

Propsopis cineraria – Acacia nilotica

No

2 Bajwat 5,464 Sialkot Government Various Wetland Wetland No

3 Bhon Fazil 1,063 Gujranwala Government Government Riverine Dalbergia - Tamarix No

4 Chaupalia 9,857 Bahawalnagar Government Various Cholistan Desert Calligonum – Leptadinia

No

5 Cholistan 2,020,195 RYKhan, B'Pur, B'Nagar

Government Government Cholistan Desert Calligonum – Leptadinia

No

6 Dauluana 2,429 Jhang Government Government Thal desert Salvadora – Prosopis, farmlands

No

7 Diljabba-Domeli

118,106 Jhelum, Chakwal

Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


No

62

Name Area(ha)


8 Head Islam 6,500 Bahawalnagar Government Various Wetland Wetland No

9 Indo-Pak Border

132,611 5 mile wide belt alomg India border

Private Private Tropical Thorn Forest, Farmlands

Seasonal Crops, Prosopis – Salvadoa

No

10 Kala Chitta RF 94,535 Government Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


No

11 Kalar Kahar Lake

558 Government Government Various Wetland Wetland

12 Kathar 1,141 Rawalpindi Government Government Sub-Tropical Deciduous Forests

Acaia modesta – Bauhinia variegate

No

13 Khairi Murat 5,618 Rawalpindi Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


No

14 Lohi Bher 355 Rawalpindi Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen

Acacia modesta – Olea ferrginea

No

15 Khanpur IP 13,303 Muzaffargarh Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest (sandy) / IP

Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus camaldulensis

No

16 Kot Sabzal 10,118 Rajanpur Government Various Desert / Tropical Thorn Forest (sandy)

Calligonum – Leptadinia

No

17 Nabi Shah Lake

486 Sargodha Private Various Wetland Wetland No

18 Namal Lake 486 Mianwali Government Various Wetland Wetland No

19 Rahri Bungalow

5,464 Bahawalpur Various Various Farmland, desert Seasonal crops, Haloxylon-Calligonum

No

20 Rasool Barrage

1,138 Gujrat Government Government Wetland Wetland No

21 Thal 71,306 Muzaffargarh, Leiah, Bhakkar, Khushab, and Mianwali

Various Various Farmland & Desert Farmlands/Salvadora No

22 Tilla Jogian 10,065 Jhelum Government Government Sub-tropical Semi Evergreen


No

23 Ucchali lake 932 Khushab Government Various Wetland Wetland No

63

Name Area(ha)


TOTAL 0

64

List of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Game Reserves in Sindh.

Name Area (ha)

District Land Tenure Governance Vegetation Ecosystem Management Plan

NATIONAL PARKS

1 Khirthar 308,733 Dadu, Karachi

Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest

Acacia - Euphorbia Yes

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

1 Mahal Kohistan 70,577 Dadu Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest

Acacia - Euphorbia No

2 Nara Desert 223,590 Sukkur, Khairpur, Sanghar

Government Government Nara Desert Calligonum- Indigofera

No

3 Takkar 43,513 Khairpur Government Government Nara Desert Calligonum - Indogofera

No

4 Deh Akro II 20,243 Nawabshah Government Government Tropical Thorn Forest

Acacia – Calligonum Ramsar Site

5 Keti Bunder North 8,948 Thatta Forest Land Government Mangrove Avecinia – Ceriops No6 Keti Bunder South 23,046 Thatta Forest Land Government Mangrove Avecinia – Ceriops No7 Dhoung Block 2,098 Shikarpur Forest Land Government Riverine Acacia- Populus No8 Run of Khutch 320,463 Badin,

TharparkarGovernment Government Salt Marshes Cressa – Juncus -

Cyperus No

9 Keenjhar (Kalri) Lake

130,468 Thatta Government Government Wetland Wetland Ramsar Site

10 Hub Dam 27,219 Karachi WAPDA Government Wetland Wetland Ramsar Site11 Haleji Lake 1,704 Thatta KESB Government Wetland Wetland Ramsar Site12 Hudero Lake 1,321 Thatta Government Government Wetland Wetland No13 Cut Munarki 405 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No14 Hilaya 324 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No15 Mohabat Dero 16 Nausharo

FerozeForest Land Government Wetland Wetland No

16 Sadnani 84 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No17 Lakht 101 Nawabshah Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No18 Norang 243 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No19 Khat Dhoro 11 Larkana Government Government Wetland Wetland No20 Lungh Lake 19 Larkana Government Government Wetland Wetland No

65

Name Area (ha)


21 Samno Dhand 23 Hyderabad Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No22 Gulsher Dhund 24 Hyderabad Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No23 Majiran 24 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No24 Kot Dinghano 30 Nawabshah Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No25 Ghondak Dhoro 31 Jacobabad Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No26 Gullel Kohri 40 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No27 Miani Dhand 57 Hyderabad Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No28 Shah Lanko 61 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No29 Khadi 81 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No30 Bijoro Chach 121 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No31 Marho Kohri 162 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No32 Drigh Lake 164 Larkana Government Government Wetland Wetland Ramsar Site33 Munarki 12 Thatta Forest Land Government Wetland Wetland No

TOTAL 875,223GAME RESERVES

1 Deh Jangisar 314 Thatta Forset Land Government Riverine Acacia nilitica, Prosopis cineraria

No

2 Deh Khalifa 429 Thatta Forset Land Government Riverine Acacia nilitica, Prosopis cineraria

No

3 Dosu Forest 2312 Larkana Forset Land Government Acacia nilitica, Prosopis cineraria

No

4 Hala Forest 954 Hyderabad Forset Land Government Riverine Acacia nilitica, Prosopis cineraria

No

5 Dolphin Rserve 44,200 Various Indus River River Wetland No6 Khipro Forest 3885 Sanghar Forset Land Government Irrigated plantation Euclyptus spp,

Acacai niliticaNo

7 Mando Dero Forest 1234 Sukkur Forset Land Government Riverine Acacia nilitica, Prosopis cineraria

No

8 Mirpur Sakro Forest 777 Thatta Forset Land Government Riverine Acacia nilitica, Prosopis cineraria

No

9 Nara 109,966 Khairpur Forset Land Government Desert/Wetland Calligonum polygonoides – Haloxylon spp. – Indigofera cordifolia

No

66

Name Area (ha)


10 Pai Forest 1969 Nawabshah Forset Land Government Irrigated Plantation

Acacia nilotica No

11 Sahib Samo Forest 349 Hyderabad Forset Land Government Riverine Acacia nilitica, Prosopis cineraria

No

12 Surjan, Sumbak, Eri & Hothiano Mountains

406,302 Dadu Forset Land Government Tropical Thorn Forest

Acacia - Euphorbia No

13 Tabdo Mitho Khan Forest

5343 Sanghar Forset Land Government Tropical Thorn Forest

Salvadora oleoides, Prosopis cineraria

No

TOTAL 578,034

67

Annex 8

List of Ecosystems Showing Existing and Proposed Protected Areas

The vegetation types and ecosystems described in the lists in this annex are based on the work of T. J. Roberts (1991). However, where Roberts (1991) used a geographical location to describe vegetation, an appropriate vegetation type name was assigned. There are different ecosystems within the broader vegetation types, and therefore it was decided to assign them a nomenclature based on two or three dominant species. These nomenclatures are first approximation and need to be confirmed through field checks. The lists of dominant species for each ecosystem are also based on the descriptions of Roberts (1991). It is hoped that subject matter specialists would help in refining and fine tuning the ecosystem and species nomenclature.

The assignment of protected areas to ecosystems was based on the lists in annex 7, and there may be some error of judgement. However, many gaps in the ecosystem representation were apparent and it helped key resource persons to propose new sites for inclusion in the protected area system. The lists of provinces and territories included in this list are in the following order:

a) Azad Jammu and Kashmirb) Baluchistanc) Gilgit-Baltistand) Khyber Pakhtunkhwae) Punjab and Islamabadf) Sindh

68

Vegetation Types and Ecosystems Showing Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in AJK.

Ecosystem Dominant Species Classification and Site Area (Ha) Land Tenure Proposed Action Priority

Riverain

1 Dalbergia sissoo– Saccharum spp. Ecosystem

Dalbergia sisso, Saccharum spp., Acacia nilotica

Bela National Park, MirpurGAP

Undefined Establish PA Low

Wetlands2 Wet lands 15 high alpine lakes in Upper

Neelum(Chitta katha,Ratti gali, Pattilain, Saral, Kamakdori, Samgam, Nordi and Gujir Nar lake complexes)

Northern Kashmir wet land complex(Including lakes and glaciers)

GAP Neelum District Establish PA

Poonch River NP Mirpur, Kotli and poonch Districts

Management Plan

Mangla Dam 2,650 ha (propsed Ramsar site)

GAP Mirpur District Establish PA

Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Forests3 Pinus roxburghii–

Quercus incanaTrees: Pinus roxburghii, Quercus incana, ficus palmata, Punica granatum

Under story: Zizyphus oxyphylla, Carisa opaca, Woodfordiafruticosa, Spiraea canescens, Buddleia paniculata, Berberis lycium, Indigofera pulchella

Pir Lasura National Park, Kotli

1,580 State Land Management Plan High

Tropical Dry Mixed Decidous Forest (Karot Valley)4 Acacia modesta –

Bauhinia variegataAcacia modesta Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia sisso, Mallotus philipppinesis, Pistacia integerima, Punica granatum, Purus pashia, Salmalia malalbaricum, Justicia adhatoda

Deva Vatala NP, Bhimber 2,993 Forest Land Management Plan High

Thub Pattni Malani areas GAP State Land Establish PA Medium

Chamairi areas, Kotli GAP State Land Establish PA Medium

69


Understory: Zizyphus mauritiana, Carissa spinarum, Clematis gouriana, Butea monopserma

Chuttro, Mirpur GAP State Land Establish PA Medium

Kot Kandhari, Mirpur GAP State Land Establish PA Medium

Pir Gali Area (Mirpur, Kotli, Bhimber)

GAP Stateland Establish Protected Area

Medium

Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests (lower Neelum Valley)5 Pinus wallichiana –

Abies pindrowTrees:Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Ulmus wallichiana, Juglans regia, Quercus dilatata, Acer caesium, A. villosum, and Prunus cornuta.

Understory: Taxus baccata

Shrubs:Viburnum nervosum, Berberis lycium, Rosa moschata, Skimmia laureoLa, Lonicera alpigea

Toli Pir National Park, Poonch

1,000 Forest Land Management Plan High

Gurez Musk Deer NP 52,815 Neelum District Management Plan High

Pir Chinasi GAP Muzaffarabad District

Establish PA High

Paniali Area 4000 Poonch District Establish PA Medium

Moji Game Resrve 3859 Management Plan Medium

Qazi Nag Gamr Reseve 4830 ManagementPlan Medium

Himalayan Dry Coniferous Forest (Neelum Valley, Salkhalla, and Machiara)6 Abies pindrow - Picea

smithianaAbies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodar, Quercus semicarpifolia

Machiara National Park, Muzaffarabad

13,532 Forest Land Implement Management Plan

High

Salkhalla GR 4,000 Neelum District Extend boundaries and management plan

High

Himalayan Moist Alpine Zone7 Betula utilis – Juniperus Betula utilis, Juniperus squamata, Salix Ghamot NP 27,271 Neelum District Management Plan High

70


squamata himalayensis, Rhododendron collettianum, Polygonun affine, Sexifraga sibirica, Draba trinervis

Shounthar Valley (30,000 ha) GAP Neelum District Establish PA Medium

Jagran, Ratti Galli Noori Nar areas (10,000 ha)

GAP Neelum District Establish PA Medium

71

Vegetation Types and Ecosystems Showing Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Balochistan.Ecosystem Dominant Species Classification And Location Area (Ha) Land Tenure Proposed

ActionPriority

Marine and Island

1 Marine Various Astola Island 400 ha GAP Government Establish PA High

Littoral and Mangrove

2 Avicennia officinalis – Ceriops tagal

Avicennia officinalis, Ceriops tagal, Halopyrum mucronatum, Bruguiera conjugata

Darran Beach Game Sanctuary

500 Undefined Management Plan

High

Somiani (600 ha) GAP Government Establish PA High

Gwather Bay GAP Community Support local communities

Low

Jiwani GAP Community Support local communities

Medium

Kilmat GAP Community Support local communities

Low

Ganjabad and Cheer Koh, Gwadar

GAP Undefined Establish PA Medium

Wetlands3 Wetlands Wetlands Wasta lake, Zhob 2000 ha

Zarri Daggar, Zhob 3000 haGAP

Tropical Thorn Forest (Nasirabad)

4 Prosopis cineraria- Capparis decidua –

Prosopis cineraria, Capparis decidua, Salvadora oleoides, S. persica, Tamarix aphylla, Ziziphus mauritiana

Chattar Phuliji GAP Community Support local communities

Low

Sand Dune Deserts (Sibi, and Chagai)

5 Haloxylon ammodendron –Rhazya stricta

Haloxylon ammodendron, Rhyzia stricta, Astargalus sericostachys, Peganum hermala, Salsola arbuscula

Ghut Game Sanctuary 165,992 Government Management Plan

High

Zangi Nawar Game Reserve 2,640 Community Management Plan

High

72

Ecosystem Dominant Species Classification And Location Area (Ha) Land Tenure Proposed Action

Priority

Ras Koh Game Sanctuary 99498 Government Management Plan

High

6 Dak Community Conservation Area

GAP Community Support local communities

Low

Kachao (Sandak) Community Conservation Area


Low

Dry Sub Tropical Semi Evergreen Scrub Forests ( SouthernBalochistan, Makran, Lakkhi and Pab Hills, Khirthar Range)

7 Acacia jacquemontii – Commiphora wightii

Acacia jacquemontii, A. senegal, Commiphora wightii, Ziziphus nummularia, Rhazyz stricta, Euphorbia caudicifolia, Grewia tenax, Blepharis sindica

Hingol, National Park 616,118 Government

Chorani (Khuzdar) Game Sanctuary

48,000 Government Management Plan

High

Dry Temperate Semi Evergreen Scrub Forest (Chaman, Maslakh, Hazar Ganji, Harboi Hills, Surkhab Valley, and southernBalochistan)

8 Olea ferruginea – Pistacia mutica

Olea ferruginea, Pistacia mutica, P. khinjuk, Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Juniperus excelsa (higher elevations)Bushes: Sophora mollis, Artemesia maritima, Ephedra major, Prunus eburnea, Stocksia brahuica

HazarGanji, National Park 27,421 Government Impelement management plan

.High

Duzdara and Koh-e-Surkh Game Reserve


Medium

Torghar, Community Conservation Area

180,000 Community

Tobati Apursi, Community Conservation Area


Low

DozakhTangi GAP Community Support local communities

Low

9 Olea ferruginea– Acacia modesta

Olea ferruginea, Acacia modesta, Artemesia maritima, Monotheca buxifolia, Rhazya stricta, Withania coagulans, and Nannorrhops ritchieana (in ravines)

Dharnali, Community Managed Area

GAP Community Support local Communities

Medium

Baluchistan Dry Coniferous Forests (Takatu, Zarghun, Wam-Pilghar, Ziarat, Toba Kakar)

110 Pinus gerardiana – Pinus excela

Pinus gerardiana, P. wallichiana, Populus ciliata, Artemesia maritima, Berberis gambleana

Community Conservation Area GAP Community Support local communities

High

73

Ecosystem Dominant Species Classification And Location Area (Ha) Land Tenure Proposed Action

Priority

11 Juniperus excelsa - Fraxinus xanthoxyloides

Juniperous excelsa, Farxinus xantholoides, Pistacia khinjikBushes: Prunus eburnean, Berberis balochistanica, Caragana ambigua, Rosa moschata, Thymus aurantiacus, Salvia cabulica, Sophora griffithii

Khilafat GAP Government Establish PA High

Takatu (Zawar Khan Game Reserve)


High

Sasanamma Game Sanctuary 6,670 Government Management Plan

High

Zargoon GAP Government Establish PA High

74

Vegetation Types and Ecosystems Showing Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Gilgit Baltistan.

Ecosystem Dominant Species Location and designation Area (ha) Land Tenure Proposed Action

Priority

Dry Temperate Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest (Indus Kohistan)1 Olea ferruginea –

Acacia modestaOlea ferruginea, Acacia modesta, Monotheca buxifolia, Justicia adhatoda, Dodonea viscosa, Mallotus philippinensis, Lannea caromandelica,

GAP Undefined Establish PA Medium

Himalayan Dry Coniferous Forest (Astore, Naltar, Chilas, Darel Tangir)2 Picea smithiana -

Pinus wallichianaPicea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana, Populus ciliata, Plectranthus rugosus, Rosa webbiana, Ribes grossularia, Prunus jacquemontii, Artemesia maritima, Berberis gambleana, Colutea armata

CCHA (5) 27,500 Undefined Support local communities

High

Rama National Park GAP Undefined Establish PA High

3 Pinus gerardiana- Cedrus deodara(Diamer)

Pinus. geraradiana, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus balootShrubs: Dephne oleoides, Sophora griffithii, Cotoneaster nummularia, Artemesia maritima, Plectranthus rugosus, Berberis lycium

CCHA (1) 5,500 Undefined Support to local communities

High

Tangir Game Reserve 14,251 Undefined Management Plan

High

Northern Montane Steppe (Northern Gilgit, Baltistan, Ghizer)4 Juniperus excelsa –

Artemesia maritimaJuniperus excela, J. polycarpus, J.excelsa excelsa, J. communis, J. turkistanica, J. indica, J. recurva, Artemesia maritima, Ephedra sp.

Central KarakorumNational Park

973,845 Undefined Implement management plan

High

Khunjerab National Park 554,400 Undefined Implement management plan

High

Qurumbar Natioal Park 74,055 Undefined Management Plan

High

Kargah Nullah Game Sanctuary

70,900 Undefined Management Plan

High

Satpara Game Sanctuary 49,700 Undefined Management Plan

High

Askor Nullah Game Reserve 12,959 Undefined Management Plan

High

Kilik Mintika Game Rserve 65,036 Undefined Management Plan

High

Chashi Baushdar Game Reserve


High

Pakora Game Reserve 7,515 Undefined Management Plan

High

75

Sher Qillah Game Reseve 16,842 Undefined Management Plan

High

Danyor Game Reserve 13,000 Undefined Management Plan

High

Nar Goro Game Reserve 7,255 Undefined Management Plan

High

Nazbar Nullah 13,200 Undefined Management Plan

High

CCHA (21) 507,400 Undefined Support local communities

High

Dry Alpine Zone (Higher elevations in Gilgit, Hunza, Baltistan Ghizer, Astore)5 Salix denticulata –

Potentilla desertorumValleys: Hippophae rhamnoides, Myricaria elegans, Populus ciliata (rare), Capparis spinosa, Tribulus terrestris, Peganum harmala, Sphora alopcuroides, Lycium ruthenicumSlopes: Salix denticulata, Mertensia tibetica, Potentilla desertorum, Juniperus ploycarpus, Berberis pachyacantha, Rosa webbiana, Spiraea macophylla

Naltar Game Sanctuary 43,500 Undefined Management Plan

High

Handarab-Shandur National Park


High

6 Carex cruneata- Sibbaldia spp.

Carex cruneata, Geranium himalaynse,-Bistorta affinis, Sibbaldia spp. Saxifraga sp, Eragrostis sp

Deosai Plateau National Park


High

76

Vegetation Types and Ecosystems Showing Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Khyber PakhtunkhwaNote: Community Game Reseves and Private Game Reserves less than 1,000 were not been taken into consideration

Ecosystem Dominant Species Classification and Location

Area (Ha) Land Tenure Proposed Action

Priority

Tropical Thorn Forest (D. I. Khan)1 Prosopis cineraria-

Capparis deciduaProsopis cineraria, Capparis decidua, Salvadora oleoides, S. persica, Tamarix aphylla, Ziziphus mauritiana

Sheikh Buddin National Park 15,540 Forest Land Management Plan

High

Sand Dune Desert (D. I. Khan, Tank)2 Prosopis cineraria --

Salvadora oleoidesProsopis cineraria, Salvadora oleoides, Ziziphus mauritiana, Leptadinia spartium

Suitable site in D. I. Khan GAP Undefined Identfy site for PA

Low

Dry Sub Tropical Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest (parts of D. I. Khan, South Waziristan, Haripur)3 Olea ferruginea –

Acacia modesta – Justicia adhatoda

Olea ferruginea, Acacia modeata, Justicia adhatoda, Monotheca buxifolia, Dodonea viscosa, Carissa opaca

Garam Thum RF Proposed PA

GAP Forest Land Establish PA High

GR in:Abbotabad (1) 8,490 haHaripur (5) 16,260 haMardan (1) 71,500 ha

97,250 Forest Land Management Plan

Medium

CGR in:Mardan (2) 3,036 haSwabi (1) 2,189 ha

5,225 Undefined Suppot to lcal communities

High


4 Olea ferruginea-Acacia modesta – Artemesia maritima(North Wazistan, Khyber, Moamand Agency, Bannu and Kohat)

Olea cupidata, Acacia modesta, Artemesia maritima, Monotheca buxifolia, Rhzya stricta, Withania coagulans, and Nannorhops ritchieana in ravines.

Boraka Wildlife Sanctuary 2025 Forest Land Management Plan

High

GR in:Kohat (10) 74,693 haNaowshera (3) 7,790


Medium

CGR in:Hungu (1) 1,314 haKarak (4) 11,290 haKohat (7) 19,212 ha

31,816 Undefined Support to local communities

High

Brabokach Private Game Reserve

2,963 Private Support to owner

High

77



Priority

GR in Bannu (1) 4,050 haGR in Karak (1) 18,966 ha


Medium

5 Olea cuspidata – Acacia modesta – Monotheca buxifolia (southern Chitral, Dir, Malakand agency, Indus Kohistan, Amb, Bunir)

Olea cuspidata, Acacia modesta, Monotheca buxifolia, Malotus philippinensis, Lannea coromandelica

GR in Bunir (2) 37,300GR in Malakand (1) 3,500

40,800 Forest land Management Plan

Medium

CGR in:Bunir (1) 4,000 haKohistan (1) 5,000 ha

9,000 Undefined Support local communities

High

Sub Tropical Chir Pine Forests(Lower Kaghan, Kawai, Batrasi, Lower Swat)6 Pinus roxburghii–

Quercus incanaTrees: Pinus roxburghii, Quercus incana, Ficus palmata, Punica granatum

Under story: Zizyphus oxyphylla, Carissa opaca, Woodfordia fruticosa, Spiraea canescens, Buddleia paniculata, Berberis lycium, Indigofera pulchella

Massar RF – Proposed PA GAP Forest Land Establish PA High

GR in:Lower Dir (1)2,119 haMansehra (1) 4148 haSwat (1) 1, 820 ha

8,087Forest Land Management

PlanMedium

CGR in:Malakand (8) 21,017 haSwat (4) 41,758 ha

62,775 Undefined Support to local communities

Medium

Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests (Galis, Kaghan Valley, parts of eastern Swat)7 Pinus wallichiana –

Abies pindrowTrees: Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Ulmus wallichiana, Juglans regia, Quercus dilatata, Acer caesium, A. villosum, and Prunus cornuta.


Shrubs:Viburnum nervosum, Berberis lycium, Rosa moschata, Skimmia laureola, Lonicera alpigea

Ayubia National Park 3,372 Yes Forest Department

Manshi Wildlife Sanctuary 2,321 Government Management Plan

High

CCA (1) 13,064

Kamal Ban, MansiProposed PA

GAP Forest Land Establish PA High

Kund, Siran ValleyProposed PA

GAP Forest land Establish PA High

Palas Valley CCAProposed PA

GAP Undefine Support to communities

High

78



Priority

Himalayan Dry Coniferous Forest (Indus Kohistan, Swat Kohistan, northern Dir, parts of Chitral, and inner valleys of Hazara)8 Pinus gerardiana-

Pinus wallichianaPinus gerardiana, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Quercus balootShrubs: Daphne oleoides, Sophora griffithii, Cotoneaster nummularia, Artemesia maritima, Plectranthus rugosus, Berberis lycium.

Shishi Valley (Chitral),Higher slopes of Malakand Agency)

GAP Undefined Establish CCA High

9 Cedrus deodara – Pinus wallichiana

Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus balootBushes: Artemesia maritima, Ephedra intermedia, Periploca aphylla, Monotheca buxifolia, Corylus corlurna, Parrotia jacquemontiana, Cotoneaster nummularia, Sophora mollis.

Kummrat Valley GAP Undefined Establish CCA High

Northern Montane Steppe (northern Chitral)10 Juniperus polycarpus–

Artemesia maritimaJuniperus polycarpus, Artemesia maritima, Salix denticulata, S. viminalis, Mertensia tibetica, Populus ciliata, Hippophae rhamnoides

Agram Basti Wildlife Sanctuary


High

Game Reserves in Citral (5) 62,501 Undefined Management Plan

Medium

Chitral Gol National Park 7,750 Government Implement Management Plan

High

CGR in Chitral (7) 284,500 Undefined Support local communities

High

Dry Alpine Zone (northern region of Chitral)11 Hippophae rhamnoides

- Salix denticulateValleys: Hippophae rhamnoides, Myricaria elegans, Populus ciliata (rare), Capparis spinosa, Tribulus terrestris, Peganum harmala, Sphora alopcuroides, Lycium ruthenicumS lopes: Salix denticulata, Mertensia tibetica, Potentilla desertorum, Juniperus ploycarpus, Berberis pachyacantha, Rosa webbiana, Spiraea macophylla

Broghil National Park (Chitral)


High

79



Priority

Himalayan Moist Alpine Zone (higher slopes of Kaghan, and parts of Swat, Dir, and Indus Kohistan)12 Betula utilis – Juniperus

squamataBetula utilis, Juniperus squamata, Salix himalayensis, Rhododendron collettianum, Polygonum affine, Saxifraga sibirica, Draba trinervis, Poa spp., Anemone sp, Primula sp., Gentia sp.

Lulusar & Dodipath National Park


High

Saiful Maluk National Park 4,867 Undefined Management Plan

High

80

Vegetation Types and Ecosystems Showing Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Punjab.

Ecosystem Dominant Species Classification and Location Area (ha) Land Tenure Proposed Action

Priority

Riverain1 Dalbergia sissoo -

Populus euphraticaDalbergia sissoo, Populus euphratica, Tamatix dioica

Inundated river banks, Kotla Issan

GAP Forest Lands Site selection for PA

High

Wetlands2 Man Made Wetlands Wetland Chashma Lake Wildlife

Sanctuary33,084 Government Management

PlanMedium

Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary


Medium

Head Panjnad Game Reserve 2,779 Government Management Plan

Medium

Head Qadirabad Game Reserve


Medium

Rasul Barrage Game Reseve 1,138 Government Management Plan

Medium

3 Natural Wetlands Wetland Jahlar Lake Wildlife Sanctuary 17 Various Management Plan

Medium

Khabbeke Lake Wilkdlie Sanctuary

283 Various Management Plan

Medium

Bajwat Game Reseve 5,464 Various Management Plan

Medium

Namal Lake Game Reserve 486 Various Management Plan

Medium

Ucchali Lake Game Reserve 932 Various Management Plan

Medium

Kalar Kahar Lake Game Reserve

558 Various Management Plan

Medium

Tropical Thorn Forest4 Prosopis cineraria-


Kundian Wildlife Sanctuary (7,800 ha)


Medium

Khanewal Wildlife Sanctuary (7,213)


Medium

Khanpur Wildlife Sanctuary (13,303 ha)


Medium

Abbasia Wildlife Sanctuary (10,067 ha)


Medium

Kot Sabzal Game Reserve 10,118 Forest Land Management Medium

81


Priority

PlanSand Dune Desert5 Prosopis cineraria --

Salvadora oleoides(Thal)

Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleoides, Ziziphus mauritiana, Leptadinia spartium

Rakh Kherewala Wildlife Sanctuary


High

6 Tamarix aphylla – Prosopis cineraria (Greater Cholistan)

Tamarix aphylla, Prosopis cineraria, Calotropis gigantea, Capparis decidua, Calligonum polygonoides, Leptadinia spartium, Haloxylon griffithii

Cholistan Game Reserve 6,625,252 Sate Land Management Plan

High

7 Calligonum – Haloxylon (Lesser Cholistan)

Calligonum polygonoides, Haloxylon grifithii, H. recurvum, Leptadenia spartium

Lal Sunhara National Park 65,789 State Land Update management Plan

High

Cholistan Wildlife Sanctuaty 64,540 State Land Management Plan

High

Chaupalia Game Reserve 9,857 State Land Manahement Plan

Medium

Dry Sub-tropical Semi-Evergreen Scrub Forest (Kala Chitta Hills, Salt Range)8 Olea cuspidata –

Acacia modesta – Justicia adhatoda

Olea ferrugina, Acacia modesta, Justicia adhatoda, Monotheca buxifolia, Dodonea viscosa, Carissa opaca, Acacia nilotica var. cupressussifolia

Chinji National Park 6,070 Forest Land Management Plan

Medium

Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary


High

Loi Bher Wildlife Sanctuary 355 Forest Land Management Plan

High

Sodhi Wildlife Sanctuary 5820 Forest Land Management Plan

High

Diljabba-Domeli Game Reserve


Medium

Tilla Jogian Game reserve 10,065 Forest Land Management Plan

Medium

Kalabagh Game Rserve 1,550 Private

Kheri Murat Game reserve 5,618 Forest Land Management Plan

Medium

Kalla Chitta National Park 36,965 Forest Land Management Plan

High

82


Priority

Dry Temperate Semi-evergreen Scrub Forests (Fort Munro Hills)9 Olea ferruginea-

Acacia modesta – Artemesia maritima

Olea cupidata, Acacia modesta, Artemesia maritima, Monotheca buxifolia, Rhzya stricta, Withania coagulans, and Nannorhops ritchieana in ravines.

Fort Monroe GAP Undefined Establish PA High

Sub Tropical Chir Pine Forest (Lower reaches of Muree, Kotli Sarrian and Kahuta)10 Pinus roxburghii–

Quercus incanaTrees: Pinus roxburghii, Quercus incana, Ficus palmata, Punica granatum

Under story: Zizyphus oxyphylla, Carisa opaca, Woodfordia fruticosa, Spiraea canescens, Buddleia paniculata, Berberis lycium, Indigofera pulchella

Murree-Kotli Sattian, Kahuta National Park (108,124 ha)


High

Tropical Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest (Kahuta, Lower Lehtrar valley, Margalla Hills)11 Acacia modesta –

Bauhinia variegataAcacia modesta, Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia sisso, Mallotus philipppinesis, Pistacia integerima, Punica granatum, Purus pashia, Salmalia malalbaricum, Justicia adhatoda

Understory: Zizyphus mauritiana, Carissa spinarum, Clematis gouriana, Butea monopserma

Margalla Hills National Park (Capital territory)

17,386 Forest Land Update and implement management Plan

High



High

Kathar Game Reserve 1,141 Forest Land Management Plan

Medium

Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (upper reaches of Muree Hills)12 Pinus wallichiana –

Abies pindrowTrees: Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Ulmus wallichiana, Juglans regia, Quercus dilatata, Acer caesium, A. villosum, and Prunus cornuta.


Shrubs:Viburnum nervosum, Berberis lycium, Rosa moschata, Skimmia laureola, Lonicera alpigea



High

83

Vegetation Types and Ecosystems Showing Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Sindh.


Pririty

Littoral and Mangrove (Indus Delta and Sindh Coast)Avicennia officinalis – Ceriops tagal

Avicennia officinalis, Ceriops tagal, Halopyrum mucronatum, Bruguiera conjugata

Ket Bunder N orth and South Wildlife Sanctuaries (Indus Delta)

31,994 Forest Land Establish National Park

High

Cressa –Juncus - Cyperus

Cressa cretica, Juncus sp., Cyeprus rotundus

Runn of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary

320,463 State Land Establish wilderness area

High

Riverine Forests6 Acacia nilotica –

Populus euphraticaAcacia nilotica, Populus euphratica, Prosopis cineraria, Tamarx dioica

Inundadtion areas of the Indus

GAP Forest land Site Selection High

Wetlands, Swamps, and Seasonal InnundationLakes, swamps, man made water bodies, inundation areas

Tamarix spp, Saccharum spontaneum, Typha spp.

Thatta, Larkana, Nawabshah, Karachi, Hyderabad

32,277 Various Management Plans for WSs, and GRs

High

Sub Tropical Thorn Forests (Plain areas of Dadu)-4 Prosopis cineraria


Dadu district GAP Undefined Site selection Low

Sand Dune Desert (Nara, Tharparkar)1 Calligonum

polygonoides-Haloxylon recurvum

Calligonum polygonoides, Haloxylon recurvum, Indigofera cordifolia

Narra Wildlife Sanctuary (Sukkur,Khairpur, Sanghar)

223,590 State Land Management Plan

Medium

2 Prosopis cineraria–Tamarix aphylla- Euphorbia caudicifolia

Prosopis cineraria,Tamarix aphylla, Euphorbia cauducufolia, Commiphora wightii, Ziziphus nummaularia, Grewia tenex, Cassia angustifolia, Calligonum polygonoides, Blepharis sindica

Tharparkar GAP Undefined Site selection Low

3 Commiphora wightii–Acacia senegal

Commiphora wightii, Acacia senegal, Calligonum polygonoides, Aerva javanica, Euphorbia caducifolia,

Karoonjar Hills (Nagarparkar) GAP Undefined Establish national Park

High

Dry Sub tropical Semi-evergreen Scrub Forest (Sindh Kohistan)

5 Acacia jacquemontii – Commiphora wightii

Acacia jacquemontii, A. senegal, Commiphora wightii, Ziziphus nummularia,

Khirthar National Park (Indus Kohistan)

308,733 State land

84


Pririty

Rhazya stricta, Euphorbia caudicifolia, Grewia tenax, Blepharis sindica

Mahal Kohistan Wildlife Sanctuary

70,577 State Land Management Plan

Medium

85

Annex 9

Financial Cost Estimates for establishment and management of one PA

Major Activites Units Unit Cost Years Cost Estimate

Feasibility Surveys LS 2,500,000 1 2,500,000

Boundry demarcation and mapping LS 1,500,000 1 1,500,000

Management Costs

Director -1

Experts (Social Sciences, Flora, Fauna)

Field Staff

1

3

10

1,250,000

2,500,000

2,000,000

5

5

5

6,250,000

7,500,000

Operations

Vehicle

Premises

Maintenance

2

1

LS

1,500,000

750,000

500,000

5

5

5

3,000,000

3,750,000

2,500,000

Conservation and development

Assessment of Biodiversity

Monitoring Of Biodiversity

Community Development

Other

2,500,000

1,750,000

2,000,000

100,000

1

1

5

5

2,500,000

1,750,000

10,000,000

500,000

Miscellaneous 250,000 5 250,000

TOTAL 42,000,000

86

Annex 10Protected Area Management Plan Recommended Elementsi

(Modified from work of F. Boltz, H. Balasubramanian,and M. Morales of Conservation International)

1. Executive summaryThis section summarizes the most important issues presented in the document and the main management decisions for the protected area.

2. IntroductionThe introduction describes the purpose, scope, and background of the management plan, as well as the purpose for which the PA was created. The purpose of the PA refers to the biological diversity, conservation role or function of the area, and in some cases will also include reference to its cultural or historical significance. This is the appropriate section in which to summarize the methodology used for the preparation of the management plan, and the organization and limitations of the document.

3. General descriptionThe description of the protected area includes information on its geographic and political location, coordinates, accessibility, size, local climate. It also includes a detailed account of its biodiversity and geological and soil formations, and hydrologic features, and its historical, cultural, social, and economic backgrounds and characteristics. Other important information includes legal status, management category, governance issues, land tenure and resource access rights, access, public services, and legal and institutional frameworks. Location and thematic maps should be incorporated in this section.

4. Protected area valuesThe highest priority value of a protected area for the purpose of conservation is its biodiversity significance for which the area must be managed and the habitat on which they rely. Other values may include historical, cultural, social features. Direct economic values, such as the area’s potential contribution to local or national economies from extractive or non-consumptive uses, and ecosystem services should be also considered here.

5. Selection of conservation targetsFrom a biodiversity perspective, we could consider targets at different levels of ecological organization: species, sites, and landscapes or seascapes. This framework allows us to set consistent targets from which we can create clear management objectives. For example, among all sites, we choose to conduct conservation activities in those sites that are important for biodiversity. Within a protected area (or selected site), of all the species that are present, we may target those that are threatened. The same approach can be taken for cultural or historical resources or benefits. The targets allow managers to focus attention in order to achieve the protected area vision. Conservation targets are important elements of biodiversity to be affected by conservation actions. 6. Vision, management objectives, and principlesThe vision is a statement of what the area is to serve as in the long-term. The management objectives describe the intent of management actions or the expected results of interventions required to conserve/manage the area. The objectives contribute to the achievement of the vision, addressing specific actions or outcomes necessary for the vision to be attained. For biodiversity conservation, the objectives will be defined relative to an understanding of the state of biodiversity, the pressures that pose a threat to maintaining this biodiversity, the sources of these pressures, and those responses determined appropriate to alleviate pressures and conserve biodiversity targets. Other objectives may concern enhancement or maintenance of the area’s historical or cultural sites, development of visitation areas, sustainable use of resources in extractive areas, and development of economic benefits from protected area use. Management objectives must be specific (clear and precise, with well-defined end results), measurable (quantifiable amount of change to be achieved), achievable (realistic and doable given available resources), relevant (related to the current and future status of the conservation targets), time bound (possible to be completed within specific timeframe), and prioritized in order of importance for implementation purposes. Principles are the manner in which management will occur. Key principles in protected area management might include transparency, stakeholder engagement, dispute resolution mechanisms, or internal governance structures/processes. These principles underpin how the area will be managed in order to reach the objectives and achieve the vision.

7. Opportunities and constraints

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This component of the management plan analyzes the opportunities and problems, existing and potential that affects the protected area. The current and future pressures need to be carefully identified and quantified here, as do the root causes of these pressures. The development of thorough conceptual models to understand the cause effect relationship between human activities and biodiversity is crucial in this part of the management plan.

8. Definition of management zonesZoning defines what can and cannot occur in different areas of the PA in terms of natural resources management, cultural resource management, human use and benefit, visitor use and experience, access, facilities and PA development, maintenance and operations. Through management zoning the limits of acceptable use and development in the PA are established. Often, when there is not enough information about the area, zoning is an action that occurs during the implementation of the management plan.

9. Selection of management strategiesManagement strategies are defined as those specific interventions (actions or tasks) and investments required to achieve the management objectives. They should be based on solid conceptual models and defined relative to the conditions required for management of the area, including delimitation and zoning, patrolling and mitigation of anthropogenic and natural pressure, interventions required to restore or maintain desirable natural processes and habitats, infrastructure development and maintenance, personnel management, visitor management, and interpretation and education. Intervention strategies are generally organized into programs and activities, with achievable and measurable objectives, deadlines, and stakeholders’ responsibilities. Activities should comprehensively address those elements or conditions required for effective management, such as:

• Staffing and capacity building• Delineation, demarcation, and signalization• Management zoning• Key species management• Research• Education and awareness• Visitation• Stakeholder engagement, including sustainable use of resources• Conflict resolution approaches• Governance• Financing needs

10. Monitoring and evaluationMonitoring and evaluation plans help managers evaluate the effectiveness of the management strategies, and create the data necessary for implementing adaptive management. They should focus on measuring the success of biodiversity conservation, contribution to mitigating major threats, the implementation of activities or tasks, and the results of management practices. They should logically flow from the management planning process and in many cases clear descriptions and information about protected area conservation targets and objectives will provide baseline data for the monitoring and evaluation scheme.

11. Financial planThe financial plan is a part of the general business plan that determines the protected area's funding requirements, including the amount and timing of that funding. Ensuring effective management and securing sufficient financial resources are vital if protected areas are to continue to provide benefits and fulfill their role in biodiversity conservation. The financial plan should articulate the budget needs for current and future management activities that are needed to achieve the objectives as stated in the management plan. Financial plans should be revisited frequently, keeping in view their availability and adaptive management needs.

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i1 Adapted from: Thomas, Lee and Middleton, Julie, (2003). Guidelines for Management Planning of Protected Areas. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 79pp.

IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature

Islamabad Programme Office

No. 21, Street 88, G-6/3,

Islamabad, Pakistan.

Tel +92 51 2271027-34

Documents

Final Draft Report- Ecological and Financial Gap Analysis of Protected Areas in Pakistan