Final Exam ReviewAfter School Review

9th GradeGlobal History and Geography

Ms. Marten

CultureCulture• Culture—a way of life• Cultural diffusion—sharing and spread of

ideas, goods and inventions between groups• Result of people having contact with each other ♦trade, warfare, diaspora

GeographyGeography• Geography effects culture• Rivers = highways for contact (trade)• Barriers = mountains, oceans, rainforest, deserts

♦prevents cultural diffusion and causes isolation

♦protection from invasion

Paleolithic Age (2,000,000 B.C.-10,000 B.C)

Paleolithic Age (2,000,000 B.C.-10,000 B.C)

• Nomads—men and women were hunters and gathers with no permanent settlements

• Population was small♦Usually 2-3 dozen

Neolithic Revolution (10,000 B.C.)Neolithic Revolution (10,000 B.C.)

Neolithic Revolution10,000 B.C.

Discovery of Farming

Permanent

Settlements

New Technolo

gy

Increase in

Population

More Complex Society

New Cultural

Developments

Steady Food

Source

I. All of theses civilizations were:

1. Located in river valleys

2. Dependent of fertile soil (silt)

3. Irrigated water from river (s)

4. Transportation and Trade

N ile /E g yp t T ig ris & E u p h ra tesM esop otam ia

In d u sIn d ia

H u an g H eC h in a

C on trib u tion s

A n c ien t R iver V a lleys

Tigris & EuphratesMesopotamia/Sumerians

• Code of Hammurabi—firstwritten laws (eye for an eye)

• Cuneiform—first writing• Invented wheel, sail and plow • Ziggurats

I. Contributions:

• Irrigation

Egyptians/Nile

• Irrigation System

• Pyramids• Pharaoh—Theocracy

• Hieroglyphics• Polytheistic religion

I. Contributions:

A. Skilled sailors used

the seas as highways

B. Trade was important to Greece because region lacked many resources

ex., wood and precious metals

Geography of GreeceGeography of Greece

• Philosophy— “Fathers of Philosophy”1. Socrates2. Plato3. Aristotle

• Government—DEMOCRACY—Athens

Citizens = Adult free menONLY!

Greek ContributionsGreek Contributions

• Hellenistic Culture: Greek culture mixed with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences

Alexander the Great Alexander the Great

Roman Contributions

• Pax Romana—Golden Age:

• Law—Twelve Tables—written set of laws to unify them throughout the empire

• Architecture—arches and domes• Engineering—roads, bridges and aqueducts

Decline and Fall of Roman Empire

• The empire was TOO BIG!

• Political—corruption and instability of government

Decline and Fall of Roman Empire● Military—mercenaries and barbarian invasions, including the Huns

Byzantine Empire• Eastern Portion of the Roman Empire• Eastern Orthodox Church• Spread ideas to Russia• Justinian Code = Legal code

Mongols• Genghis Khan united clans and created LARGEST empire in history• Kublai Khan – created Yuan Dynasty in China

-opened up trade with West -made Silk roads safe for travel

Travelers• Marco Polo – trader who travelled to China and stayed to work with Kublai Khan• Ibn Battuta – African Muslim who went on hajj to Mecca and traveled for the next 30 years

*Both travelers who recorded their experiences PRIMARY SOURCES!!!

Latin America● Aztecs and Incas:

*Declined due to diseases (SMALLPOX!) and warfare with the Spanish Conquistors

Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs

Francisco Pizzaroconquered the Incas

Latin America• Maya, Aztecs, Incas:

*Adapted to their environment*Were complex societies*Were polytheistic

Early African Kingdoms• Ghana, Mali, Songhai:

*Controlled the Gold-Salt Trade across the Sahara *Culturally diffused Islam

JudaismJudaism• Monotheistic

• Torah—holy text

• 10 Commandments-guidelines for living

ChristianityChristianity

• Monotheistic

• Bible—Old and New Testament

• 10 Commandments—guidelines for living

IslamIslam

• Monotheistic

• Koran—holy text

• 5 Pillars—guidelines for living

• Holy Site = Mecca (Ka’aba)

HinduismHinduism• Polytheistic

• Caste system—guidelines for living - *determines everything in a Hindu’s life

• Reincarnation & Karma

BuddhismBuddhism

• Culturally diffused from India to Asia (China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia)

• Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path-guidelines for living

*must give up selfish desire• Reincarnation & Karma

ConfucianismConfucianism• Confucius

• China

• Emphasized social order

• Stressed education and government

• Mandate of Heaven:

TaoismTaoism

• Lao-zi

• Chinese philosophy

• Stressed harmony with nature

AnimismAnimism

• Mainly practiced in Africa• Ancestor Worship• Stressed importance of respect for

nature• Stressed importance of spirits in nature

ShintoismShintoism• Japanese philosophy• Stressed harmony with nature• Ancestor Worship• Most Japanese practice both

Shintoism and Buddhism at the same time.

Medieval Europe (500-1500)Medieval Europe (500-1500)• lord provided fiefs (land) in exchange for loyalty and services of vassals (knights)

• LAND = MONEY $$$

• decentralized government-NO strong central government

Medieval Europe-FeudalismMedieval Europe-Feudalism• Manors=Lord’s estate

*self-sufficient economic units of the Middle Ages

• Every manor had a church

Feudalism—Japan and EuropeFeudalism—Japan and Europe• No social mobility – Social classes were determined by birth

• Japan—merchants were viewed as having little social status

Feudalism—Japan and EuropeFeudalism—Japan and Europe

• Feudalism developed because there was no strong central government in Japan and Europe

Medieval Europe-Catholic ChurchMedieval Europe-Catholic Church• CONTROLLED EVERYTHING!

• Unified people, gave them a sense of security and common bond (A church was found on every manor)

• Secular—the church was involved in secular (non-religious) matters

Medieval Europe-Catholic ChurchMedieval Europe-Catholic Church• Gothic cathedrals—Stained glass, flying buttresses, vaults and pointed arches

Medieval Europe-Catholic ChurchMedieval Europe-Catholic Church• Crusades—Holy Wars—In 1096, Pope Urban II called for knights to join war to win back Jerusalem from the Muslim Turks

• INCREASED TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST!!

Black Death/Bubonic PlagueBlack Death/Bubonic Plague 1. Killed 1/3 of population (25 million people)

2. Caused loss of faith in Catholic Church and decrease in power of the pope

Renaissance (1350-1650)Renaissance (1350-1650)• Rebirth in art and learning in Europe

• Return to Classical Art = Greek and Roman style = lifelike and realistic

Renaissance (1350-1650)Renaissance (1350-1650)• Humanism—new philosophy which focused on the individual uniqueness and achievement

*People began to question traditional authority (Catholic Church)

*Decreases power of church

Renaissance (1350-1650)Renaissance (1350-1650)• Johann Gutenberg—invented the printing press—helped:• ideas spread quickly: cultural diffusion• decreased price of books• encouraged people to become literate• helps spread of ideas of Renaissance, Reformation, Age of Exploration

Protestant Reformation (1517)

• Martin Luther- wanted to reform the Catholic Church-posted 95 Theses – formal complaints about the Catholic Church

Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation• Results: 1. End of religious unity in Europe forever

2. Religious wars (Spanish Armada) 3. Growth in power of kings (Henry VIII)

Protestant Reformation• Results (con’t):

4. Counter-Reformation— Catholic Church’s reaction to Reformation:

*Jesuits—Ignatius of Loyola*Council of Trent*Inquisition

Age of Exploration Age of Exploration• Causes: 1. Desire for Eastern goods 2. Search for all water route to the East due to Ottoman Empire. 3. New navigational skills & instruments- maps, compass and astrolabe

Colombian ExchangeColombian Exchange• Transfer of animal, plants and diseases between the Eastern and

Western Hemisphere after Columbus reached the Americas

Slave TradeSlave Trade• 11 million Africans were brought to the

colonies in the Americas

*Destroyed the stability of

some African kingdoms

MercantilismMercantilism• Colonies provide the mother country with raw materials, gold, and silver.

• Favorable balance of trade- mother country exports more than she imports

Age of Absolutism (1500-1800)Age of Absolutism (1500-1800)• Monarchs sought to centralize their power in their nations.• Claimed all the power in their nations rested in their hands.• Divine Right- monarch got

his power from God

♦Used Divine right to JUSTIFY their

power

Enlightenment (1500-1800)Enlightenment (1500-1800)• Enlightenment thinkers:

1. Locke-natural rights – life, liberty,

property/government by the consent

of the governed

2. Rousseau-equality/government

chosen by the majority

3. Voltaire-freedom of speech

4. Montesquieu-separation of powers