What is a hypothesis? A proposed explanation for why something
works Testable Complete sentence
Slide 3
What is a well-tested explanation that is supported by
scientific evidence? Theory
Slide 4
What did Charles Darwin observe when visiting the Galapagos
Islands? Finches similar to mainland finches Each species had
characteristics that made them well-suited for their varying
environments
Slide 5
What is a species? (biological species concept) Similar
organisms Interbreed successfully (have offspring that are
fertile)
Slide 6
How are the following evidences for evolution? Vestigial
structures: (ex?) Homologous structures: (ex?) Molecular evidence:
Embryological evidence: Fossil Record:
Slide 7
Explain how pesticide resistance increases in insect
populations. Variation exists in the initial population Some
variants have genes for resistance When the pesticide is sprayed
onto the population the members with resistant genes survive. The
resistant members produce offspring with resistant genes (which
also survive to reproduce resistant offspring)
Slide 8
All the combined alleles of all the individuals in a population
is called A gene pool
Slide 9
What is random change in a gene pool? (due to chance) Genetic
Drift Examples: Bottleneck Effect Founder Effect
Slide 10
Describe an example of artificial selection Dog breeding
Farmers choose which pigs get to breed
Slide 11
Finches varying on each island shown below is an example of
Adaptive radiation
Slide 12
Provide an example of geographic isolation Darwins finches
California salamander evolution
Slide 13
Provide examples of reproductive isolation Hybrid offspring
(sterile) Timing Behavior
Slide 14
Name the diagram shown Cladogram
Slide 15
What information does the cladogram show? Derived
characteristics Common ancestor most recently evolved organism
relatedness
Slide 16
What is a clade? is a group that contains that ancestor and all
of its descendants All organisms within a clade must share
homologous structures that do not occur outside of the clade
Slide 17
Name the three domains, examples, and characteristics Archaea:
ancient bacteria, unicellular, prokaryotic Bacteria: true bacteria,
unicellular, prokaryotic Eukaryota: protists, fungi, plants,
animals; (eukaryotic)
Slide 18
Who is known as the father of modern taxonomy? Why? Carolous
Linnaeus Developed binomial nomenclature Two-part naming system
Genus species
Slide 19
List the taxa & explain how it organizes life. Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species
Slide 20
Are viruses considered living? explain No Cannot reproduce
without a host cell Do not have organelles
Slide 21
What are the two types of viral cycles? Explain their
differences? Lytic cycle Kills host cell right away Common cold,
SARS, Influenza, Rabies, AIDS Lysogenic Cycle Virus lays dormant
(has a latent stage) Ex: HIV, Herpes, Hepatitis B, Chicken Pox
Slide 22
Viral Cycles
Slide 23
What is any disease causing agent called? Pathogen Viruses,
Bacteria, Protozoans, Fungi, etc.
Slide 24
List three ways bacteria are helpful Decomposition of organic
material Used to produce foods (yogurt) Bioremediation Sewage
Treatment
Slide 25
List three ways bacteria can be harmful Antibiotic resistance
Food spoilage Botulism pathogens
Slide 26
What is gram staining and how is it used? Stain used to
classify bacteria By their cell wall Gram positive: thick layer of
peptidoglycan, stain purple Gram negative: thin layer of
peptidoglycan + outer lipid membrane, stain pink/red GRAM
NEGATIVEGRAM POSITIVE
Slide 27
Describe how bacteria are classified by shape
Slide 28
Describe three ways genetic variation occurs in bacteria?
Mutation Transformation Conjugation
Slide 29
What are the four main classes of Plants? Characteristics?
Slide 30
What are the structures and the functions of a flower? 1 2
3
Slide 31
What are the structures and functions of leaves?
Slide 32
How do fungi obtain food? Absorptive Nutrition
Slide 33
Name the biomes and characteristics of each Desert: low precip
& high temp Tropical Rain Forest: high precip & high temp
Deciduous Forest: seasons (fluctuating temp) & average precip,
biome in which we live Tundra: permafrost, low temp, low precip
Savanna: grassland with isolated trees, dry season and wet season
(monsoon)
Slide 34
Slide 35
Provide the name of this diagram? What information is
represented by the line and bar graphs?
Slide 36
Slide 37
Locate & Describe the ocean zones
Slide 38
ID & describe the temperate zones
Slide 39
What is the equation for Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O +
Light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 STAGE 1: LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
Breaks water molecules STAGE 2: LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS (Calvin
cycle) CO 2 is used to make glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )
Slide 40
What is the equation for Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6
O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 38 ATP Glycolysis: splits glucose (2 ATP)
Kreb Cycle (2 ATP) Electron Transport Chain (34 ATP)
Slide 41
Name four types of energy Potential - Energy that is stored
Chemical Energy that is stored with the bonds of molecule Kinetic -
energy of motion Solar energy that is released by the sun. Energy
can be converted between forms.
Slide 42
Growth Curves What is another name for the exponential growth
curve? What do we call the maximum amount of organisms a population
can support? Insufficient nutrients will slow or stop population
growth. What is this an example of?
Slide 43
What population characteristic refers to the total amount of
organisms in a given area? Population Density Ex) 200 Field Mice
per square kilometer of grassland
Slide 44
What term that refers to the change of an environment over
time. Ecological Succession Two types: Primary and Secondary
Slide 45
Food Web
Slide 46
List the levels of ecological organization in order from
smallest to largest. 1.Organism 2.Population 3.Community
4.Ecosystem 5.Biome
Slide 47
The nitrogen cycle is carried out primarily by what
organisms?
Slide 48
What is the 10% rule? The only 10% of the total energy from one
trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level. How is the
information represented? Energy Pyramid
Slide 49
Biomes Provide two defining characteristics for each of the
following biomes Tropical Rainforest Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tundra Northern Coniferous Forest (Taiga) Desert Temperate
Grassland
Slide 50
Slide 51
DNA Fingerprint
Slide 52
DNA Fingerprints
Slide 53
Slide 54
Which animal is the predator and which is the prey? What is a
limiting factor of the Lynx population. What is the a limiting
factor for the Lynx population What do we call the largest
population size that can be supported by the environment? How do
these organisms maintain a balance in the ecosystem.
Slide 55
What is a VIRUS? NON-LIVING i nfectious particle (NOT CELLS)
Parasite relies on a host cell to reproduce Made up of nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA) + protein coat (capsid) capsid nucleic acid lipid
envelope surface proteins capsid nucleic acid lipid envelope
Surface proteins capsid surface proteins nucleic acid helical
(rabies) polyhedral (foot-and-mouth disease) enveloped
(influenza)
Slide 56
Viral Replication- Lytic Cycle Virus destroys host cell
Virulent = virus with only a lytic cycle
Slide 57
Viral Replication- Lysogenic Cycle Viral and host genetic
material is combined Bacteria replicates all viral genetic material
Can enter lytic cycledormant viruses like herpes & HIV can
remain unnoticed until they flare up
Slide 58
Defending against viral disease VACCINE- weakened or killed
pathogens introduced to stimulate immune response Jenner (1700s)
used cowpox virus to create first smallpox vaccine Cowpox not
harmful, similar to smallpox Immune system recognizes threat
Vaccines not effective against ALL viruses some can MUTATE
Slide 59
Fungi Body Structure
Slide 60
Fungi Basics Heterotrophs- get nutrients by absorbing Secrete
digestive enzymes Decomposers and Parasites Mostly below ground
(tangled mycelium) Threads called HYPHAE, have cell walls Above
ground mushroom is for reproduction Reproduce sexually with SPORES
Lichen = fungus and algae Mycorrhizae = fungus and plant roots
