Final Exam Study Guide

1. __________________________ Method used to determine the age of artifacts.

2. __________________________ Wise, wise human beings.

3. _______________________________ cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, and art.

4. ________________ study of human life and culture.

5. ________________ the period before writing was developed

Radiocarbon dating

Homo sapiens, sapiens

Basic Characteristics of Civilization

anthropology

Prehistory

6. _______________ A government by divine authority.

7. _______________ in ancient Mesopotamia, farming resulted in an abundance of food which allowed this to emerge.

8. _______________ remembered for his law code, a collection of laws for Mesopotamian society.

9. _______________ invented by the Sumerians10. _____________________ The importance of this

alphabet is that it is the basis for the English alphabet.

Theocracy

Civilization

Hammurabi

Cuneiform Phoenician Alphabet

11._________________ differed from the other religions of the time in that it was monotheistic, meaning its followers believed in one God, whereas other religions were polytheistic, meaning their followers believed in many gods.

12._____________________ Geographic feature that is common to the 4 earliest civilizations.

13.___________________ ruled for 800 years it is the longest lasting dynasty in China.

14.______________________ Founder of Buddhism.15._________________ a trade route between the

Roman Empire and China that ran through India’s Kushan Kingdom.

Judaism

Rivers or waterways

Zhou Dynasty

Siddhartha Gautama

Silk Road

16._______________ Period after the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization.

17._______________ The religious center of a Greek city-state was often in a fortified area

18._______________ chief god and father of the gods.

19._______________ an organized system of thought.

20._______________ the first Greek city-state.

Dark Ages

Acropolis

Zeus

Philosophy

Mycenae

21.________________ the type of government that Sparta had, means “rule by a few”

22.________________________ His conquests led to the Hellenistic Era, an age that saw the expansion of the Greek language and Greek ideas to the non-Greek world.

23.__________________ This astronomer determined that the world was round and measured the earth’s circumference relatively close to its actual size.

24._______________ Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey25._______________ He wrote the History of the Persian

Wars which is widely considered the first real history in western civilization.

Oligarchy

Alexander the Great

Eratosthenes

Epic PoemHerodotus

26.________________ This group became the governing body of the Roman state by the end of the 2nd century B.C.

27.________________ His teachings became a movement called Christianity; He won followers in Jerusalem, Judaea, Galilee, and the Roman Empire.

28.________________ in charge of enforcing civil law.29.________________ a form of government in which

the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote.

30.________________ a period of peace and prosperity that lasted for almost 200 years.

Senate

Jesus

Praetors

Republic

Pax Romana

31._________________ Became the first Christian Emperor.

32._________________ first invaders to sack Rome.33._________________ was made up of Julius

Caesar, Crassus and Pompey.34._________________ gave free grain and

provided entertainment on a grand scale to keep the poverty-stricken masses pacified.

35.______________________ adopted Christianity as official religion of the Roman Empire.

Constantine

Visigoths

First Triumvirate

The Emperor

Theodosius the Great

36. _____________________ Muhammad’s profession when he received his revelations

37. _________________ he began to meditate in the hills because he became troubled by the gap between the honesty of most Makkans and the greediness of trading elites in the city.

38. _________________ drawn up by Muslin scholars after Muhammad’s death, it was a a law code that provides believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives.

39. _________________ led a revolt in the early Umayyad period which led to the split of Islam into two groups, the Shia Muslims and the Sunni Muslims.

40. ___________________________ for Muslims, obeying Allah’s will means following with this.

Caravan Manager

Muhammad

Shari’ah

Hussein

The Five Pillars of Islam

41.______________________________ According to the Quran, fair, defensive warfare is a jihad, which means this.

42.______________ a Muslim scholar and scientist wrote a medical encyclopedia which was translated into Latin and became a basic textbook in Europe.

43.__________________ reason that knights needed a very large horse.

44.___________________ founded a community of monks that established the basic form of monasticism in the Catholic Church.

Struggle in the way of God

Ibn Sina

To carry armor

Saint Benedict

45._________________________ a revival of learning and culture

46.____________________ most important gift a lord could give his vassal.

47.______________ a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold.

48.________________________ invaded England and soundly defeated King Harold and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

49.________________ a document that eventually was used to strengthen the idea that a king’s power was limited, not absolute.

Carolingian Renaissance

A piece of land

Chivalry

William of Normandy

Magna Carta

50.___________ He led the Muslim forces to retake Jerusalem from the crusaders

51.____________ at the heart is vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs.

52._______________ resulted in the loss of political power for the Catholic Church.

53.__________ Different from peasants because they were legally bound to the land.

54.______________ brought a turning point for France in the Hundred Years’ War because of her faith.

Saladin

Feudalism

Great Schism

Serfs

Joan of Arc

55. _________________ the court created by the Catholic Church to find and try heretics.

56. _________________ killed nearly 38 million which led to severe economic consequences

57. _________________ associated with Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo.

58. _________________ The Flemish painter Jan van Eyck was one of the first to use and perfect this technique.

59. ________________ the first Protestant Faith.60. _______________________ formally accepted the

division of Christianity in Germany.

The Inquisition

The Black Death

High Renaissance

Oil painting

LutheranPeace of Augsburg

61. _______________________ written by Chaucer, this work is important because of Chaucer’s use of the English vernacular was important in making his dialect the chief ancestor of the modern English language.

62. ________________________ believed he had discovered a westward passage to Asia, when in fact he had actually discovered the Americas

63. ___________________ known to Europeans as the Spice Islands.

64. ________________________ established a line of demarcation between territories controlled by Portugal and those controlled by Spain

The Canterbury Tales

Christopher Columbus

The Moluccas

Treaty of Tordesillas

65. __________________ the journey of enslaved people from Africa to America

66. __________________ this African society was changed from a brilliant society to a corrupt and brutal place by the slave trade.

67. ____________________ remembered as the first explorer to circumnavigate the globe.

68. ______________________ James I of England believed in the idea that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God which is called this.

69. ________________ laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy in England.

Middle Passage

Benin

Ferdinand Magellan

Divine Right of Kings

Bill of Rights

70. ________________ a system of government in which a ruler holds total power.

71. _______________________ the invasion of England by William of Orange, who overthrew James II with almost no bloodshed

72. ________________ his ideas are found in the American Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.

73. ________________________ empires that were formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions they conquered.

74. _______________________ was the first to argue that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe

absolutism

Glorious Revolution

John Locke

Gunpowder empires

Nicholas Copernicus

75.______________ His coup d’état overthrew the directory to establish his consulate

76.___________________________________ the two major reasons that Napoleon’s Grand Empire collapsed

77.______________________The Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon here

78._________________ the country where the Industrial Revolution began.

Napoleon

Survival of Great Britain and Nationalism

Waterloo in Belgium

Great Britain

79.____________________ in his novels, he showed the realities of life of the poor in the early part of the Industrial Age.

80.________________ one of the first industries to be affected by the Industrial Revolution.

81.________________ developed the steam engine that could drive machinery.

82.________________ proposed the germ theory of disease

83._____________________________________ led way to new industrial frontiers.

Charles Dickens

Cotton cloth

James Watt

Louis Pasteur

steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

84. ________________ the working class, who according to Karl Marx, was oppressed by the middle class.

85. ________________ the alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and France (before WWI)

86. ___________________ sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901

87. _____________ and ___________ only two free states in Africa by 1914

88. _____________________ the concession demanded by President Wilson at the Paris peace conference.

proletariat

Triple Entente

Guglielmo Marconi

Ethiopia Liberia

League of Nations

89. ___________________ characterized by trench warfare that kept both sides in virtually the same position for four years.

90. ___________________ Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire became known as this.

91. ___________________ clause in the Treaty of Versailles that Germany disliked because it forced them to take responsibility for starting World War I.

92. __________________________________ German’s use of this caused the United States to join the allies in fighting World War I.

93. ___________________ under his leadership, the Bolsheviks became a party dedicated to violent revolution.

Western Front

Central Powers

War guilt Clause

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

V. I. Lenin

94. _________________________ his assassination was the spark that ignited World War I

95. _________________________ considered an act of war

96. _________________________ Germany’s plan for a two-front war with Russia and France, which had formed a military alliance.

97. ____________________________ The German advance toward Paris was halted here

98. ________________________ guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Mobilization of troops

Schlieffen Plan

The First Battle of the Marne

Treaty of Locarno

99. ___________________________ the United States helped contributed to the failure of this organization when they did not join.

100. ___________________________ a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

101. ___________________________ a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment.

102. ___________________________ This plan helped Germany control its runaway inflation which reduced Germany’s reparation debt. It was created by an international commission.

103. ___________________________ allowed Hitler to establish a totalitarian state by giving the government the power to ignore the constitution for four years.

League of Nations

Totalitarian State

Depression

Dawes Plan

Enabling Act

104. _____________________ a destructive Nazi rampage against the Jews.

105. ____________________ directed the Nazi secret forces

106. ___________________ glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler.

107. _____________________ led the Spanish military in a revolt against the democratic government

108. ________________________________________ a factor in leading the German’s to accept Hitler and the Nazis was their belief that Hitler ended this.

Krystallnacht

Heinrich Himmler

Fascism

Francisco Franco

He ended Germany’s economic depression

109.__________________________ They excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and Germans.

110.__________________________ Hitler demanded, and was given, this area in northwestern Czechoslovakia

111.__________________________ After Hitler’s invasion of this country, Britain and France declared war on Germany.

112.__________________________ “Lightening War” or a form of attack that used tank divisions supported by air attacks.

Nuremberg Laws

Sudetenland

Poland

Blitzkrieg

113. _______________________launched a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,

114. _______________________ Great Britain had this prewar policy toward Germany which was based on the belief that the satisfaction of reasonable demands would maintain peace in Europe.

115. _______________________ this battle was a crushing defeat for Germany because the entire 6th army, which was considered Germany’s best, was lost

116. _______________________ the period of political tension following World War II.

117. _______________________ At this conference, the allies agreed to the establishment of a United Nations organization after the war.

Japanese

appeasement

Cold War

Yalta Conference

Stalingrad

118.________________ The slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis became known as what

119.________________ a book written by Adolf Hitler while he was in prison.

120.____________________ Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill decided to make a final assault on postwar Germany.

121._________________ This was built in order to prevent East Germans from defecting to West Germany.

Holocaust

Mein Kampf

Tehran Conference

Berlin Wall