Final Graduate Project Booklet - Spring 2013

1

HARBORING PRESERVATIONA Study of Responsive Re-use for Castle Pinckney in Charleston Harbor

A Creative Project by ANTONINO C. SGRO

Plans of various American fortifications. Source: Robinson - American Forts

Harboring Preservation: A Proposal of Responsive Re-use for Castle Pinckney in Charleston Harbor3

ABSTRACTThesis: Harboring Preservation: A Study of Responsive Re-use for Castle Pinckney in Charleston HarborStudent: Antonino C. SgroDegree: Master of ArchitectureCollege: College of Architecture and Planning Ball State UniversityDate: May 2013

This creative project examines the potential re-use of Castle Pinckney, an American military fort constructed on Shute’s Folly Island in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, 1809. Strategically located within the view shed of one of the United States most historic and well-preserved cities, Castle Pinckney’s history and significance are virtually unknown to visitors and citizens of the area. Despite its long life and relatively uneventful history, Castle Pinckney is a building that raises many important questions.

How is historic significance presently defined in the United States and what buildings/sites/landscapes are worth preserving?

How can we integrate abandoned and decommissioned historic buildings into useful, modern public spaces?

As a nation with more than 180 municipalities of 50,000+ inhabitants along 12,383 miles of coastline , how can architecture and design address the potential threats of rising sea levels and more severe storms due to climate change?

An analysis of Castle Pinckney and the surrounding community were documented during a collaborative design workshop between students of Ball State University (Muncie, Indiana) and the Politecnico di Milano (Milan, Italy). Case studies highlight various American fortifications, cultural landscapes, and coastal building methods to better understand the current and future developments in cultural heritage and coastal regions. Research and analysis of case studies contributed to the creative element of this study – an entry for the 2012-13 International Preservation as Provocation Ideas Competition entitled, “Rethinking Castle Pinckney for the 21st Century.” The resulting report will attempt to provide a solution for preserving this unique piece of United States history.

Department of ArchitectureContents of this book were submitted for credit:Architecture 603 Final Thesis Prep Course (Fall 2012)Architecture 602 Final Design Studio (Spring 2013)

AdministrationMahesh Sengala, Department ChairJosh Coggeshall, Graduate School CoordinatorMelissa Parsons, Administrative CoordinatorJulie Kratzner, Program Assistant

College of Architecture and PlanningAdministrationGuillermo de Velasco Vasquez, DeanMichel A. Mounayar, Associate Dean

Ball State UniversityAdministrationJo Ann M. Gora, PresidentTerry S. King, Provost

Book Design and ProductionAntonino Sgro, Graduate Student of ArchitectureJonathan Spodek, Faculty AdviserLohren Deeg, Faculty AdviserRobert C. Baas, Faculty Adviser

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be printed or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means including photocopying, photography, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the contributors.Cover Image: Created by Author


CONTENTS1 TITLE PAGE3 ABSTRACT5 TABLE OF CONTENTS7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

9 INTRODUCTION Intent Design Competition

13 METHODOLOGIES Interpretive - Historical Research Qualitative Research

17 LITERATURE REVIEW Defining Historic Significance Modern Legislation and Principles of Preservation Theory Building Conservation Practices Cultural Landscapes Beach Nourishment and Preservation Practices

31 PRECEDENTS American Coastal Fortifications Floating Architecture

39 SITE ANALYSIS Historic Overview of Castle Pinckney and Shute’s Folly Island SWOT Analysis Design Priorities 47 DESIGN PROPOSAL Design Competition Essay Design Competition Boards

53 KEY TERM DEFINITIONS55 NOTES56 WORK CITED


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I’d like to extend a sincere thank you to my advisors Jonathan Spodek, Lohren Deeg and Chris Baas for their continued support throughout this process. Their intellect, enthusiasm, and passion for design and preservation has kindled a spirit of conservation within myself to preserve and protect our cultural history in the built environment. The faculty and staff at Ball State University have made my educational tenure extremly enjoyable and forever influential.

I’d also like to thank my parents, Ted and Sally, for their unending love and support throughout my education at Ball State. Their selfless sacrifice for my development as a contributing member of society has inspiried me to pursue what I truly love and enjoy - architecture.

And finally, I’d like to thank my wonderful classmates and friends. It’s been a long journey, but this sojourn in Muncie is over and we are on to bigger and better things. Good luck to everyone!

“War is as old as humanity, and the construction of fortresses almost as old as war.”

-Henri Pirenne, distinguished Belgian historian


INTRODUCTION

Throughout history, conflict or the threat of conflict has plagued the minds of all human beings. Whether motivated by natural resources or contrasting ideologies, war is an unfortunate result of inadequate communication, reason and compromise. Questions of ownership and human rights are sensitive issues that can cause humans to act irrationally and without warning. As a result, lives are lost, towns are destroyed and often little accomplished.

Inevitably, communities who desire peace and solitude are forced to retreat or defend their way of life against invading communities. A need for physical protection forced cities and urban areas to construct barriers that separated conflicting parties. Original techniques were crude and consisted of large earth mounds or natural barriers such as bodies of water or mountains. As history progressed, all aspects of warfare were refined: strategies and techniques of offense and defense, materials, weapons artillery and defense buildings. Many artifacts created for war were destroyed as a result of conflict and use, but some still remain as a reminder of past struggles.

Castle Pinckney, the oldest surviving fortification in Charleston, South Carolina, was built in 1809 on Shute’s Folly Island, a small sandy marsh island in the city’s harbor. It remains one of only three surviving examples of an American “castle,” a rare type of transitional coastal fort, circular in form and lacking angular bastions. At the time of construction, Castle Pinckney was considered the most important work to defend Charleston from invasion. But conflict elusively avoided Shute’s Folly island – the fort played only a minor role during the American Civil War and was subsequently decommissioned. The ownership of the property passed through the jurisdiction of several different government agencies over the past 200 years. Due to lack of funding and indecisive action, Castle Pinckney has essentially deteriorated in abandonment for over a century.1

Since the forts construction nearly two centuries ago, there have been several publishing’s and documentation of the island to expose its interesting evolution. Resources include original plans and sections for the masonry fortification, local newspaper articles, field sketches, an archeological report, a professional design proposal and two student thesis projects. Most recently, in 2011, a documentation project was undertaken by the Historic American Buildings Survey and by the Master of Science in Historic Preservation program of Clemson University / College of Charleston.

Site Plan and plan of Castle Pinckney. Source: National Archives

Plan and elevation drawing sheets of Castle Pinckney. Source: National Archives


INTENT:

Building on the efforts of past students, historians and interested parties, this student design competition and architectural creative project will explore alternative ideas and opportunities for the future use of Shute’s Folly Island and Castle Pinckney. Little has been done to the physical structure over the past 100 years to counteract nature’s process of decay.

DESIGN COMPETITION:

This creative project has been arranged to coincide with a student design competition organized by the American Institute of Architects Historic Resources Committee along with the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture. Titled “Preservation as Provocation: Re-thinking Castle Pinckney for the 21st Century,” this student ideas competition will provide the basic framework for the design portion of this book.

The timeframe for this project consists of two academic semesters during the 2012-13 academic year. The first half of the year entails exploration of past research and documentation, site analysis and current conditions of the fort and island. An examination of precedent projects relating to cultural heritage, preservation, and fortress design also contribute to the understanding of past design decisions and their outcomes. An analysis of the current building and site were documented and discussed during a collaborative design workshop between students of Ball State University and the Politecnico di Milano.

The program provided for this competition outlines several design components desired in the final submission, including: -A new dock for vehicular access -Welcome pavilion -Belvedere lookout -Landscape plan/design -Preservation plan for Castle Pinckney

These requirements demand a critical analysis and understanding of access and connectivity to and from the island, the relationship between preservation and design (both architectural and landscape), off-grid energy consumption, changing climate patterns, water management, land use, and habitat protection. The challenge will be to address each issue individually while also understanding its relationship to the whole. A reflection of the design process and competition experience will form the conclusion of this creative project. The deadline for submission is May 15, 2013 with prize winners chosen by design jury and announced in July 2013.


METHODOLOGIES

The following methodologies attempt to describe the research and design techniques used to understand the city of Charleston, Castle Pinckney and its 200 year history. A topic as complex as Castle Pinckney requires a mixed model of tools to answer questions that inform the design process. The two primary modes of research and investigation were interpretive-historical and qualitative research.

INTERPRETIVE – HISTORICAL RESEARCH

The interpretive history model is useful to understand past events and how they relate to the present. This method begins by gathering primary and secondary source material. Primary sources are trustworthy evidence provided by witnesses who experienced the events first hand. Primary source material includes historic plans, photographs, newspaper articles, period literature, journals, maps, and drawings. Secondary sources include special studies and recent reports.

As data and information are gathered, a narrative begins to unfold that tells the story of Shute’s Folly Island and Castle Pinckney. Unfortunately, not all answers can be answered because each author of the gathered resources has chose to select what they feel is important. Therefore, it’s up to the reader to fill the gaps with interpretive narrative. In architectural design, a narrative is a common tool used that connects several pieces of information or events into a logical, organized system. The narrative takes shape during the initial phase of design, also known as programming in the architecture industry. Facts are gathered and organized to establish the goals and objectives for the design team. Each architecture project is a process of interpreting previous conditions, filtering, and adding to a continuous, ever-evolving narrative.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research can be summarized as “examining outcomes and the social context within which they occur.”2 Under the major heading of qualitative research, several techniques can be implemented to analyze information effectively. Two very common strategies are field studies and precedent analysis.

Students from Ball State University and the Politecnico in Milano during our one week workshop. Source: Nick Yi

Students on boat tour around Shute’s Folly Island during the one week workshop. Source: Author


Field StudiesThe act of travel to a site or place to gain a new perspective and acquire new knowledge useful towards a design problem is considered field study. Field study is a great way to absorb the local atmosphere and understand the dynamics of the city. It’s a valuable exercise of the mind to consider the locals perspectives as you walk the streets while understanding your own outsider’s perspective. There is a lot to consider from the role of interpretation and meaning – relating to the first methodology of history and narrative.

A group of students from Ball State University and the Politecnico di Milano traveled to Charleston, South Carolina in October 2012 for a collaborative design workshop. The five-day trip included several activities including:

-A ferryboat ride to Fort Sumter and tour of Fort Sumter, -A private boat ride and tour around Shute’s Folly Island with National Park Service Historians Rick Hatcher and Kate Fowler, -Close observation of Castle Pinckney in its natural setting (photos, diagrams and physical understanding), attempting to interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them, -A private tour of Fort Moultrie with NPS historian Rick Hatcher, -Interviews with local NPS rangers and historians, -Attendance to the 2012 Association For Preservation Technology International (APT) keynote address by 10-term Mayor Joseph Ripley Jr. about “Preserving the Metropolis”, -Casual conversations with locals regarding the cities history and Castle Pinckney, -Several group discussions, SWOT analysis developed about Charleston and Castle Pinckney, -Access to the historic Charleston Library Society’s collection of maps, manuscripts and other materials, -Half-day team design charrette that summarized the experience into drawings and presented work to the other teams.

Overall, the field study was an extremely valuable catalyst for ideas about the design competition as well as a wonderful opportunity to learn more about the city of Charleston. The most surprising aspect of the trip was the size of Castle Pinckney in relation to its surrounding context. The low profile and small footprint contribute to the buildings camouflaged appearance. Small bushes and marsh grass growing on the island help disguise the abandoned fort.

Precedent StudiesPrecedent is a borrowed term from the study of law to explain “an earlier occurrence of something similar.” In architectural research, precedent is used to describe the analysis of past designs to learn by example. Through this method of review, the designer is able to walk away understanding the advantages and disadvantages, success and failures of a project. This knowledge will then contribute to informed decision making in the design process. Areas of specific focus for this creative project include: -American seaside, island fortifications, and related cultural landscapes -Modern architecture and building strategies in coastal/low-lying areas

“Preservation of design is just as important a function of conservation as preservation of original materials.”

-Bernard Fieldman, “Conservation of Historic Buildings”


LITERATURE REVIEW

The following sections are a review of literature pertaining to the critical points of current knowledge surrounding the design competition subject and desired program. These readings have helped gain a better understanding of the theoretical and methodological contributions to the topics of historic significance, modern legislation of preservation practice, building conservation, cultural landscapes and environmentally sensitive waterfronts. Ultimately, the goal of this section is to shed light on existing practices and traditions in order to illuminate viable paths for design direction.

DEFINING HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE

The conversation of Castle Pinckney and how to re-use this 200-year-old building is a very complex issue with underpinnings of history and significance of place. Due to its age in comparison to other buildings throughout the United States, many would consider this Castle Pinckney a ‘historic’ building. Its existence has withstood the tests of time and observed a number of influential events that have defined our nation today. The settlement of Charleston and the country within which it was built dates back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The buildings that have survived remain as memories of a not so distant past – a time of victories and defeats, trials and tribulations. But each remaining artifact contributes to the collective memory and overall sense of place.

Throughout documented history, the definition of historic significance has evolved through the sharing of ideas from various corners of the globe. W. Brown Morton suggests in his paper Managing the Impact on Cultural Resources of Changing Concepts of Significance that “shifting values and taste influence what is considered significant.” From the beginning of documented history, human perception of significance differs from group to group. Time, location, religion, politics, resources emotions and relationships have contributed to perceptions of significance.

An excellent resource that contributes to the study of architectural conservation is Jukka Jokilehto’s “History of Architectural Conservation”, which documents the narrative of defining building significance throughout most of recorded history. Below are some excerpts from his writing that have informed the overall outcome of the Castle Pinckney design proposal.

-Built heritage is continuously subject to various types of deterioration and change, including: -Weathering, the ageing process, and consumption by use. -Change in function, fashion taste -Natural disasters (earthquakes, floods) -Climate change -Throughout history, respect has often been given to the builder even when the material form of the building has changed or the structure completely rebuilt. -Procopius described restoration – the general aim was to improve both the function and aesthetic appearance of the buildings whilst remembering their original name and significance. -Reuse or repurposing details for new projects has also been done (the Arch of Constantine) -Theodoric the Great considered maintenance, repair and restoration of ancient buildings as valuable as new construction. -A fundamental change has separated the modern view of history from the traditional world. -Known as the “Western Weltanschauung” these new values of Western society represent a paradigm that has effectively detached the present from the past and, at the same time, made it difficult if not impossible to appreciate fully the significance of the heritage. -In traditional society, human existence was closely related with the entire universe. Sacred places with specific meaning, distinct from places of ordinary living, were set apart or dedicated to some religious purpose. (earliest form of “protected heritage”) -Individual features in one culture may have little or nothing in common with those in another culture. Therefore, the welfare and health of the member of the community, in turn, may closely depend on the welfare of such sacred places. - Haida village on Anthony Island, Canada. The aboriginal significance of ancient wooden totem poles was in the process of their production, decay and replacement rather than in the conservation of the original material. - Modern industrial society has threatened many culturally significant sites due to the forced conversion to one of the world religions and the consequent willful destruction of any places and objects deemed as pagan. - Cultural identity was defined in Canberra in 1989 as the end product of man’s interaction with non-human nature and more poetically, ‘the fragrance of the earth, the myths we live on and the legends that sustain us, the ballads that we sing, the multi-layered idiom of our poetical tradition, or our concepts of heaven and hell. - Voltaire invented concept ‘philosophy of history’ in the 18th century and defined it as ‘critical or scientific history, in which the historian made up his mind for himself instead of repeating old stories.’ -R.G. Collingwood understands the idea of history as a scientific research or inquiry into past actions of human beings for the purpose of human self-knowledge. -The science of history dates back to 5th century BC Herodotus - Hodjat – “From the Qur’an’s point of view, the past, indeed, is not dead. It is a living factor that plays a significant role in the well-being of the individual and the betterment of social relations for any society helping


to form their future. Through this approach, the past, present and future are united to create a timeless atmosphere, in which our lives are but momentary.” 3

According to Jokilehto, the period from 16th-19th century marked a series of fundamental changes that founded the modern world, and together with it the modern concepts of history and cultural heritage. The Age of Enlightenment – the intellectual movement of thought concerned with interrelated concepts of God, reason, nature and man – dramatically changed to direction of human consciousness, thought and development. Important advances were made in industrial development, agriculture, medicine, and lead to dramatic increases in population growth in urban areas. Consequently, there developed new types of city administration, new communication systems at the world scale, and a new relationship of society with traditional buildings, settlements and land-use.3

Jokilehto goes on to describe that the Age of Enlightenment began a search for scientific proof rather than on similitude. Mathematics and order became the fundamental references for knowledge. These ideas, combined with Decartes abstract concepts of thought formed a fundamental reference for modern philosophy. The belief in absolute, divine values was contested and history came to be interpreted as a collective, social experience, recognizing that cultures of different ages and regions could have their own style and guiding spirit. Classical concepts of an “ideal man” or an “ideal society” were meaningless. New concepts of historicity led to consideration of works of art and historic buildings as unique, and worthy of conservation as an expression of a particular culture and a reflection of national identity.3

Another influential time period in the evolution of defining historic significance was the French Revolution. Properties of church monuments that represented former sovereigns were conceived as symbols of past oppression, and become targets of destruction. At the same time, a consciousness of the value here emerged out of these structures as a testimony of the past achievements of the people who now formed a nation. Restoration of historic buildings and the emerging archaeology were conceived in relation to scientific methods and knowledge, based on objective logic and, therefore, beyond value judgments.3

Jokilehto states that the key issue in modern conservation is the question of values. Value has ceased to be a sign – it has become a product. Modern conservation has been necessarily preceded by a process of building awareness through the efforts of humanist and artists. It has usually been accompanied by the collection of historical artifacts and works of art, by cultural tourism and by the establishment of museums. Progressively, this development has led to state control, to norms and protective legislation, as well as to the establishment of administrations with responsibilities for the care of public buildings. Only later, has protection extended to privately owned properties and historic settlements.3

MODERN LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPLES OF PRESERVATION THEORY

As mentioned in the previous section, protective legislation and government administrations have assigned federal funds – both in the United States and Internationally – to document, protect, and preserve buildings and sites determined to be historically significant. The most influential legislations of the past 100 years include: the creation of the National Park Service of 1916, Historic American Building Survey of 1933, Athens Charter of 1931, Venice Charter of 1964, and the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.

National Park Service 1916This Federal agency was established under the Secretary of the Interior “To promote and regulate the use of the federal areas known as national parks; monuments and reservations.”4

Historic American Building Survey 1933The Historic American Building Survey was the United States’ first federal preservation program. Developed under President Roosevelt’s “New Deal”, this policy was motivated by the need to document valuable – and disappearing – architectural resources.4 As stated on the HABS webpage, the cooperative agreements with the National Parks Service, the Library of Congress, and the private sector have survey and collected more than 556,900 measured drawings, large format photographs, and

The Triumphal Arch of Constantine in Rome used figures from previously constructed sculptures to complete. Source: Photo by author


written histories for more than 38,600 historic structures and sites dating from Pre-Columbian times to the twentieth century. The collection of prints and photographs are held in the Library of Congress and are among the largest and most widely used documentation on American historic buildings.5

Athens Charter of 1931 The Athens Charter was the first instance of an extensive international movement towards a framework for preservation and restoration principles. At the Congress in Athens the following seven main resolutions were made and called “Carta del Restauro”:

1. International organizations for Restoration on operational and advisory levels are to be established.2. Proposed Restoration projects are to be subjected to knowledgeable criticism to prevent mistakes which will cause loss of character and historical values to the structures.3. Problems of preservation of historic sites are to be solved by legislation at national level for all countries.4. Excavated sites which are not subject to immediate restoration should be reburied for protection.5. Modern techniques and materials may be used in restoration work.6. Historical sites are to be given strict custodial protection.7. Attention should be given to the protection of areas surrounding historic sites.6

Venice Charter of 1964The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites were a set of preservation principles developed and agreed upon during the 2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments to guide the preservation and restoration of ancient/historic buildings. Each country that participated in the charter would be responsible for applying the plan within the framework of its own culture and traditions. The following fourteen bullet points are the basic principles outlined within the Venice Charter of 1964:7

DEFINITIONS

Article 1 – The concept of a historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a particular civilization, a significant development or a historic event. This applies not only to great works of art but also to more modest works of the past which have acquired cultural significance with the passing of time. Article 2 – The conservation and restoration of monuments must have recourse to all the sciences and techniques which can contribute to the study and safeguarding of the architectural heritage. Article 3 – The intention in conserving and restoring monuments is to safeguard them no less as works of art than as historical evidence.

CONSERVATION

Article 4 – It is essential to the conservation of monuments that they be maintained on a permanent basis.

Article 5 – The conservation of monuments is always facilitated by making use of them for some socially useful purpose. Such use is therefore desirable but it must not change the lay-out or decoration of the building. It is within these limits only that modifications demanded by a change of function should be envisaged and may be permitted.

Article 6 – The conservation of a monument implies preserving a setting which is not out of scale. Wherever the traditional setting exists, it must be kept. No new construction, demolition or modification which would alter the relations of mass and colour must be allowed.

Article 7 – A monument is inseparable from the history to which it bears witness and from the setting in which it occurs. The moving of all or part of a monument cannot be allowed except where the safeguarding of that monument demands it or where it is justified by national or international interest of paramount importance.

Article 8 – Items of sculpture, painting or decoration which form an integral part of a monument may only be removed from it if this is the sole means of ensuring their preservation.


RESTORATIONS

Article 9 – The process of restoration is a highly specialized operation. Its aim is to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original material and authentic documents. It must stop at the point where conjecture begins, and in this case moreover any extra work which is indispensable must be distinct from the architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp. The restoration in any case must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical study of the monument.

Article 10 – Where traditional techniques prove inadequate, the consolidation of a monument can be achieved by the use of any modern technique for conservation and construction, the efficacy of which has been shown by scientific data and proved by experience.

Article 11 – The valid contributions of all periods to the building of a monument must be respected, since unity of style is not the aim of a restoration. When a building includes the superimposed work of different periods, the revealing of the underlying state can only be justified in exceptional circumstances and when what is removed is of little interest and the material which is brought to light is of great historical, archaeological or aesthetic value, and its state of preservation good enough to justify the action. Evaluation of the importance of the elements involved and the decision as to what may be destroyed cannot rest solely on the individual in charge of the work.

Article 12 – Replacements of missing parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole, but at the same time must be distinguishable from the original so that restoration does not falsify the artistic or historic evidence.

Article 13 – Additions cannot be allowed except in so far as they do not detract from the interesting parts of the building, its traditional setting, the balance of its composition and its relation with its surroundings.

HISTORICAL SITES

Article 14 – The sites of monuments must be the object of special care in order to safeguard their integrity and ensure that they are cleared and presented in a seemly manner. The work of conservation and restoration carried out in such places should be inspired by the principles set forth in the foregoing articles.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was a legislation that gave power to the National Park Service to create a National Register of Historic Places. The intent of the national program was to coordinate and support public and private efforts to identify, evaluate and protect America’s historic and archeological resource. The National Park Service (NPS) describes preservation as deciding what’s important, figuring out how to protect it, and passing along an appreciation for what was saved to the next generation.

Today, National Park Service archeologists, architects, curators, historians, and other cultural resource professionals work in America’s nearly 400 national parks to preserve, protect, and share the history of this land and its people. Within the great number of national parks exist more than 27,000 significant structures in national parks, 66,000 archeological sites, and 115 million objects in park museum collections.8

Beyond the parks, the NPS is part of a national preservation partnership working with American Indian tribes, states, local governments, nonprofit organizations, historic property owners, and others who believe in the importance of our shared heritage – and its preservation. The influence of this organization is strong throughout the United States and is responsible for more than $1.2 billion in preservation grants, 80,000 listings in the National Register of Historic Places, 2,400 National Historic Landmarks, $30 billion in historic rehabilitation tax credit projects, and 27 National Heritage Areas. 8

The National Parks Service established a Criteria for Evaluation of a property to be considered for admittance to the National Register. According to the NPS webpage, “the quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and

(a) that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or

(b) that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or

(c) that embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or

(d) that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.” 8


CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

A cultural landscape is a term often used in conjunction with places of historic meaning or relating to past events and traditions. Building upon the past efforts of governing bodies and their principles, Robert Page developed a book titled, “A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports” where he described cultural landscapes as “a geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person, or that exhibits other cultural or aesthetic values.” Page describes four main types of cultural landscapes:

1 – Historic designed landscapes Areas consciously designed and laid out that have an association with a significant person, trend or movement in landscape gardening and design. 2 – Historic vernacular landscapes, Landscapes whose use, construction or physical layout reflects traditions, customs, beliefs, or values 3 – Historic sites Significant for its association with a historic event, activity or person 4 – Ethnographic landscapes Sites containing a variety of natural and cultural resources that associated people define as heritage resources.

Page goes on to explain that each of the four types listed above assists in distinguishing the values that make a landscape significant and aids in determining how it should be treated, managed and interpreted. Until recently however, there were no policies, guidelines, or standards for preserving and managing cultural landscapes. In 1988, “cultural landscapes” were formally identified in NPS Management Policies as a type of cultural resource in the national park system. At this time, policy was established to mandate the recognition and protection of significant historic, design, archeological, and ethnographic values. The policy recognized the importance of considering both built and natural features, the dynamics inherent in natural process, and continued use.

The Cultural Landscape Report (CLR) was created to systematically document cultural landscapes and function as the primary tool for long-term management of those landscapes. The report outline assists experts and guides decisions about a landscapes physical attributes, biotic systems, and use when that use contributes to historical significance. The use of CLR must establish preservation goals for a cultural landscape and be backed by research, inventory, documentation, analysis and evaluation of a landscape’s features. Historical development, significance and existing character of a landscape is also valuable for enhancing interpretation and maintenance. Ultimately, CLR clearly identifies landscape characteristic, features, values, and associations that make a landscape historically significant.9

BUILDING CONSERVATION

What is conservation? Bernard Fieldman, expert and author on the topic of building science and history, describes building conservation as “the action taken to prevent decay and embraces all acts to prolong the life of our cultural and natural heritage.” It is the opinion of Fieldman, as well as many other experts in the field of building conservation that the minimum effective action is always best; if possible, the action should be reversible and not prejudice to future interventions. The process should also be able to be repeatable in much the same way as scientific laboratory experiments.

Conservation requires many disciplines to be involved throughout a project to fully address each and every issue, and understand its principles and objectives. As noted in the previous section, legislation and government intervention have become the most efficient solution to conserving buildings and sites for future generations to witness and understand. Without legislation, public funding and community involvement, many of the buildings and sites we consider significant have the potential to fall into disrepair and eventual destruction.

The basis for building conservation is established by legislation through four basic means: -Listing and scheduling buildings -Regular inspection and documentation -Town planning -Conservative action

Values of ConservationConservation is a collective action that must preserve and if possible, enhance the messages and values of cultural property. Fieldman highlights three major categories of value with which most societies can relate: Emotional value: wonder, identity, continuity, spiritual or symbolic Cultural value: documentary, historic, archaeological, age, scarcity, aesthetic, symbolic, architectural, townscape, landscape, ecological, technological and scientific Use values: functional, economic, social, political, ethnic

Degrees of InterventionFieldman goes on to explain that interventions practically always involve some loss of a ‘value’ in cultural property but are justified in order to preserve the objects for the future.

1. Prevention of deterioration -Protecting by controlling environment (humidity, temp, light,) -Regular inspection is the basis of prevention of deterioration 2. Preservation of existing state -Repairs carried out when necessary to prevent further decay


-Damage and destruction caused by water in all its forms, by chemical agents, and by all types of pests and micro-organisms must be stopped to preserve the structure 3. Consolidation -Utilization of traditional skills, methods, and materials. -If this cannot be achieved, new techniques may only be used if: -they can be reversible -are proven by experience or previous implementation -and applicable to the scale of the project and its climate -Preservation of design is just as important a function of conservation as preservation of original materials. 4. Restoration -To revive the original concept or legibility of the object -Work based upon respect of original material, archaeological evidence, original design and authentic documentation. -Cleaning can be restoration; replacement of missing elements is also considered restoration 5. Rehabilitation -Adaptive re-use -Often the only way that historic and aesthetic values can be saved economically and historic buildings brought up to contemporary standards. 6. Reproduction -Often entails copying an extant artifact in order to replace a missing or decaying part to maintain aesthetic harmony. 7. Reconstruction -Use of new materials to rebuild may be necessitated by disasters like fire, earthquake or war. -Must be based on evidence or drawings -A subsequent loss of essential cultural value is often the case10

In summary, historic significance and the process of preserving artifacts of culture have radically changed throughout time. More recently, protection of cultural heritage has grown from the local community to international scope, involving organizations like UNESCO and ICOMOS. Is the state controlled, legislatively protected network of artifacts the best way to preserve and remember our ancestoral history? If history can reveal anything, it’s that the human perception of significance will change and evolve past the current standards and practices. Jokilehto explains further: “The concept of cultural heritage has been broadened from historic monuments and works of art to include ethnographic collections, historic gardens, towns, villages and landscapes. The increase in scale and the recognition of diversity in cultures and physical conditions has led to a new situation, where the meaning of cultural heritage itself, and the policies for its safeguard have required reassessment. The conservation movement is forever evolving, and could be argued, that it should be redefined in reference to the environmental sustainability of social and economic developments within the overall cultural and ecological situation on earth.

ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE WATERFRONT LANDSCAPES AND BEACH REINFORCEMENT

BackgroundOne of the most critical issues outlined to preserve Castle Pinckney in the archaeological report created by the South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology was the erosion of Shute’s Folly. According to the report, Shute’s Folly has shrunk in size by more than 71% since first documented in 1711.11 Therefore, it is of utmost importance to address the stabilization and nourishment of Shute’s Folly in order to even consider preserving Castle Pinckney.

In order to make a valued judgement how to prevent erosion, we must first understand the composition of the island and the factors that affect its dereased size. According to the archaeological report of 1978, “Castle Pinckney is situated at the southern end of Shute’s Folly Island, a landform lying at the mouth of the Cooper River as it empties into Charleston Harbor. The harbor and the lower portion of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers flowing into it form an estuary subject to the tidal action of the Atlantic Ocean. Shute’s Folly Island is composed of tidal marsh, a landform created by the gradual deposition of marine sediments suspended in water entering the estuary at high tide. Tidal marsh sediments consist generally of clays and fine sand. The soils of Shute’s Folly Island are classified as Tidal marsh, soft soils, a miscellaneous land type. Tidal marsh and soft soils consist of a surface layer of water-saturated clay, clay-loam, or peat. These soils are usually covered by 6 to 24 inches of salt water at high tide but some patches are left dry. The surface layer extends to a depth of 12 inches, below which a bluish silt and clay, also permanently saturated, is present. This is underlain at a depth of about 3 feet by a layer of dense, massive blue clay. In general, tidal marsh, soft soils have a low bearing strength when permanently saturated, however, when diked and drained they become harder and more compact.”11 From the professional report, it’s understood that the geological composition of the island is temporary and ever-changing if left untouched. Therefore, action must be taken to control the natural process of deposit and erosion in order to preserve Castle Pinckney and provide safe access for visitors.

In addition to the natural process of tidal shifts, soil deposits, and erosion on Shute’s Folly, the influence of man-made deterioration is evident and continuing to increase. Since the advent of motor powered boats (steam and combustion), the rate of erosion on Shute’s Folly has steadily increased with the development of larger ships and stronger economies. Currently, the port of Charleston is the second largest container port on the east coast of the United States.12 The South Carolina Port Authority projects that 2013 will bring in more than 90 cruise liners and 1,404 large cargo vessels.13 In addition to increased boat traffic, the Port Authority conducted a preliminary feasibility study in 2009 to determine if the main shipping channel can be dredge from a current depth of 42 feet to 45 feet, thus allowing larger ships and more profits into Charleston.

Ultimately, the size of Shute’s Folly has decreased in part due to the natural process of erosion and the large vessel traffic within the harbor. The northern edge of the island has seen the most dramatic reduction and constitutes the most critical area of stabilization.


Potential SolutionsThere a variety of solutions and precedents to analyze in order to properly develop a plan to counteract the erosion of Shute’s Folly Island. In 1987, the National Research Council published a book titled, “ Responding to Changes in Sea Level,” a document with a wealth of information about recent sea level trends, projections, and solutions to issues like beach erosion. Below is an attempt to summarize the various coastal structures and protective techniques outlined in the NRC’s report that are used to reinforce a sensitive waterfront property. Seawalls - These structures are often used on shorelines above the mean high-water line to provide protection for the upland. These structures are often constructed as a vertical wall, facing the sea.

Revetments - A revetment consists of either loose or interlocking units laid on a slope to protect the upland soils.

Perched Beaches - This technique is an attempt to raise the beach profile with fill by constructing an offshore submerged sill oriented parallel to the shoreline. The purpose of the sill is to retain the fill and act like a dam to limit offshore sediment transport.

Groins - Shore-perpendicular structures serve to reduce the lateral movement of beach sand and sediment, fostering sand impoundment on their updrift sides until they are filled to capacity. The size, permeability, orientation and spacing of groins vary depending on number of factors and should be designed by professional engineers. Some examples of successful groin fields include Westhampton Beach, Long Island, New York; Rehoboth Beach, Deleware; and Madeira Beach, Florida. Lifespan of a groin wall constructed of durable material, such as stone, and appropriately designed can have a useful life exceeding 50 years.

Offshore breakwaters - This common technique of erosion control consists of above-water, shore-parallel breakwaters that reduce the wave heights at the shoreline and the potential for sediment drifting.14


PRECEDENT STUDIES

The precedent research for this creative project covered three topics of interest: American coastal fortifications and their transformations over time, beach nourishment and preservation techniques, and lastly, floating mobile architecture.

AMERICAN COASTAL FORTIFICATIONS

The city of Charleston is regarded by many as one of the United States most historic urban centers. Founded in the late 17th century and developed around a deep harbor and fertile soils, Charleston was the center of economic and commercial development on the southeast coast of the United States. In order to protect the harbor and defend its assets against invasion, Charlestonians and the federal government invested heavily in defensive establishments throughout its long shoreline. Designed as a layered fortification system of batteries, forts and iron-clad ships, the network was composed of three main lines of defense:

-First line - Fort Moultrie, Fort Sumter (long range), and Battery Beauregard -Second line – Fort Sumter (short range), Fort Johnson, Fort Ripley, Battery Beauregard, and Castle Pinckney -Final defense – Battery at White Points Garden, Battery Glover, Fort Johnson, Fort Ripley and Castle Pinckney


Fort Sumter -Fort Sumter is historically the most recognized fortification in Charleston Harbor. -Construction began in 1829, but remained unfinished until the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861. -The building was constructed on a man-made island of granite block and designed as a five sided brick structure with 5 foot thick walls standing 50 feet above the low tide mark. -The weaponry casements were constructed in three tiers vertically to ensure both long range and short-range coverage of the harbor opening. -Battle of Fort Sumter considered the start of the American Civil War. -Today, Fort Sumter serves as a tourist attraction accessible by ferry boat for a small fee. The fort has been preserved and partially restored to inform visitors of its violent past.

Fort Moultrie – Sullivan’s Island -First of three forts built on this site in 1776 -A second Fort Moultrie was built in 1798 as a part of the First American System of nationwide coastal fortifications. A hurricane destroyed this building in 1804. -The third fort, a 4-pointed star masonry building, was complete in 1809. -Today, Fort Moultrie serves as a tourist attraction and has been restored to various time periods throughout its existence. The conglomeration of different time periods is both interesting and confusing. As a visitor, the collection of artifacts is displayed well, but the multiple phases of the layout was a little confusing and difficult to understand as a whole.

Fort Johnson – James Island -No physical evidence of the original Fort Johnson remains -The original fort was constructed about 1708, but rebuilt in 1759 and 1793 after successive severe storms -The signal shot which opened initiated the attack on Fort Sumter and kick-started the American Civil war was fired from Fort Johnson on April 12, 1861 -Evacuated during the general Confederate withdrawal from Charleston Harbor -The majority of the Fort Johnson property was transferred to the S.C. Wildlife and Marine Resources Department in 1970. A small portion of the land was retained by the College of Charleston for the Grice Marine Laboratory, which is currently used as a teaching and research facility.

Fort Sumter Plan. Source: Robinson - American Forts

Fort Moultrie Plan. Source: Robinson - American Forts

(Right) Charleston Harbor military strategy map.Source: Library of Congress

NEW YORK HARBOR

The layered, multi-position fortification system in New York harbor exhibited similar defense strategies to Charleston, SC. The forts guarding NYC included Castle Clinton, Castle Williams, Fort Jay, and Fort Wood. The intent of researching this harbor system was to learn from their tourist success and understand what works to make this a popular destination. Castle Clinton - Lower Manhattan -Built 1808 -Masonry fort with similar shape and size of Castle Pinckney -Current visitors attraction within Battery Park -Building has been transformed over the years to accommodate an aquarium, theatergoers, immigrants, sightseers, and millions of visitors to New York Harbor Castle Williams - Govenor’s Island -Built 1807 -Masonry fort arranged in a circular plan Fort Jay -Built 1794 -Constructed of masonry and earthwork -Largest military post defending New York City -During Civil War, Fort Jay served as a recruitment center, hospital and prisoner of war camp -Second in command only to Washington D.C. for more than 100 years. -Declared a National Monument in 2001 Fort Wood - Liberty Island -Built 1811 -Foundation of the Statue of Liberty resembles the footprint of Fort Wood, an 11-point star -Served various functions for 70 years, but became increasingly inactive until the Statue of Liberty was built.

Aerial View of Castle Clinton Source: nps.gov

Govenor’s Island, New YorkSource: wikimedia.org

Liberty Island, the former location of Fort Wood, New York. Source: wikimedia.org

Castle Williams, New YorkSource: wirednewyork.com


Fort Gaines, Mobile Bay, Alabama -Established 1821, but not complete until 1862 -Located on the east end of Dauphin Island, adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico -Massive brick fort in a pentagonal shape -Best known for Battle of Mobile Bay during Civil War -Considered No. 11 on America’s most endangered historic buildings list by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 2011. -Significant masonry damages have been sustained during hurricanes and tropical storms in the past decade. Though these damages have been largely repaired, the fort continues to be under threat from erosion. Ongoing erosion of the sand dunes and beach total up to 10 feet per year. -Today, the site contains many Civil War artifacts and buildings that resemble their original purpose. A museum is also within the fort outlining its history and significance. Re-enactments also take place each year for tourists.

Fort Macon - North Carolina -Established 1834 to defend Beaufort Harbor, a deep sea port -Constructed of brick and stone -Fully restored tourist attraction that offers amenities like fishing, nature trails, and beach

Fort Jefferson National Monument, Florida Keys -Built in 1847 to defend the Gulf of Mexico -Massive gun platform with three levels of casements -Frequently damages by hurricanes and corrosion -Currently part of the Dry Tortugas National Park -Accessible only by boat

Fort McHenry - Mobile Bay, Alabama -Built in 1798 to protect Baltimore, Maryland -Site of prominent battle during the War of 1812 where the Star Spangled Banner was written during conflict -Five pointed star plan -Became a National Monument in 1939 and restored to function as a tourist attraction

Fort Gaines Aerial ViewSource: commons.wikimedia.org

Fort Macon Aerial ViewSource: www.bearriverhomestead.com

Fort Jefferson Aerial ViewSource: en.wikipedia.org

Fort McHenry Aerial ViewSource: ipaimpress.com


FLOATING ARCHITECTURE

A potential solution to the issues surrounding Castle Pinckney is the development of a floating component. Versatile, mobile, and adaptable to location and program, floating architecture has become a popular solution to the pitfalls of permanent, grounded solutions. As military has progressed from more permanent buildings of defense to mobile battleships and airplanes, so too can architecture adapt and become more versatile for future generations. The following projects are two unique buildings constructed with versatility in mind: Aldo Rossi’s Floating Theater and Fumihiko Maki’s Floating Pavilion.

Aldo Rossi’s Floating Theatere – Venice, Italy -Designed for the Venice Biennale in 1979. -Dismantled in 1981, but then rebuilt in 2004 in Genoa as a part of the highlight of the cities cultural celebration. -Tubular steel frame sheathed with wood -Height of 82’-0” (25m) -Inside, the stage was centered around an octagonal plan with seating in the round and an elevated viewing area. -Capacity of boat was 400 people, of whom 250 can be seated around the stage. Fumihiko Maki and Associates – Floating Pavilion -Developed in 1996 -Entertainment venue in Groningen, Netherlands -150m2 concrete barge with a spiraling, tubular steel structure and translucent canopy -Able to change location and function with equal ease

Section of Aldo Rossi’s Floating Theater. Source: deconcrete.org

View of Aldo Rossi’s Floating Theater. Source: en.wikiarquitectura.com

View of Fumihiko Maki’s Floating Pavilion. Source: maki-and-associates.co.jp


SITE ANALYISIS

HISTORIC OVERVIEW

The historic information described below was borrowed from the Preservation as Provocation competition pamphlet, a resource given to all competitors. Its content is thorough and gives an excellent summary of not only Castle Pinckney’s design, but also its history and the individuals involved.

The Design and Construction of Castle PinckneyJonathan Williams, the first superintendent of the United States Military Academy in West Point, designed Castle Pinckney. The fort’s unique form was based on contemporary French fortification theories, which Williams had studied while serving as an aide to Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador in Paris. The construction of Castle Pinckney was begun in 1809, overseen by Alexander McComb, one of the USMA’s first graduates and a protégé of Williams.

Castle Pinckney was built of brick masonry construction, with its exterior walls approximately 15’ (4.5 m) in height and approximately 7’-6” (2.3 m) thick at the base. In plan, the fort was closely related to the design of Castle Clinton, laid out in the general shape of a “half-moon,” with a 165’ (50 m) diameter. The sweeping, rounded section of the fort, oriented south toward the mouth of the harbor, contained eight casemates for cannon. Two shallow, curved bastions flanked the straight section of wall along the north side of the fort, each with two levels of gun stations that protected the centrally located sally port. Barracks and officers’ housing were located on the interior, along the north wall section.

(Left) Charleston Harbor near Civil War time period. Source: Library of Congress(Above Left) Section of Castle Pinckney from 1821. Source: National Archives(Above Right) Plan of Castle Pinckney, 1821. Source: National Archives

1811-1861Although built to accommodate up to 200 men, Castle Pinckney was rarely occupied by more than 20 soldiers during the first few decades of the nineteenth century. No action occurred in Charleston during the War of 1812. Over the succeeding years a number of subsidiary structures, including a small hospital, a carpenter’s shop, and a smithy, were constructed to the north side of the fort. In the early 1830s, a wooden palisade enclosed the yard on the north side of the fort. As early as 1826, however, Castle Pinckney was being referred to as an “auxiliary,” rather than primary, component of Charleston’s harbor defenses. And with the commencement, in 1829, of the construction of the larger and more substantial Fort Sumter, a permanent system fort at a more strategic location near the mouth of the harbor, Castle Pinckney’s impending obsolescence was made evident.

Castle Pinckney and the Civil War 1860-1865On 20 December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union, precipitating the American Civil War (1861-65). Seven days later, in one of the first hostile actions of the incipient conflict, Castle Pinckney was seized by local secessionists, who overwhelmed its small federal garrison. The fort was then occupied by South Carolina Confederate militia. Then, on April 12th, 1861, Confederate batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter, which was unable to reply effectively. Major Anderson, commander of the Union garrison in Fort Sumter, surrendered and evacuated the site the next day. Following the First Battle of Manassas in July 1861, Union prisoners were brought to Castle Pinckney, and housed there until their exchange in October of that year. Over the subsequent course of the war, Castle Pinckney’s exterior walls were reinforced with massive earthen berms on both the interior and the exterior to resist bombardment, as the fort served an integral role in the Confederate defense of Charleston Harbor.

1865-2011A light beacon had been installed at Castle Pinckney in 1855 and, following the end of the War, the fort, by then officially obsolete as a military post, was transferred from the Department of War to the Lighthouse Bureau of the Department of the Treasury in 1878 for use as a supply depot. During the 1880s a large warehouse was constructed on the filled-in fort, connected by a railroad trestle to the island’s wharf, along with a house for the lighthouse keeper and his family. In 1917 Castle Pinckney was deaccessioned by the Lighthouse Board and returned to the Department of the Army, under the control of the Corps of Engineers. Castle Pinckney was designated a National Monument in 1924, and transferred to the control of the National Park Service (NPS) in 1933. The NPS, however, lacked funds for restoration and deemed the fort of minor historical importance. In 1956, Congress revoked the fort’s National Monument status. That same year the South Carolina State Ports Authority assumed jurisdiction over Shute’s Folly Island. In 1967, the warehouse and residence were destroyed by fire. Although a number of proposals for development of the island and the fort were put forward during the second half of the twentieth century, all failed due to lack of funding.

Current ConditionsThe future of Castle Pinckney remains uncertain and problematic. The effort to make Castle Pinckney accessible to the public, or to adaptively use the site, faces significant obstacles. First is the fort’s location, on an island in the harbor, requiring boat transportation to access the site. There is no dock on Shute’s Folly Island. The


island itself is low-lying and marshy, and covered with a dense low growth, which is not amenable to pedestrian activities. The fort itself, its interior completely filled with earth, presents little of obvious, outward historic interest. Which structures or foundations may survive under the fill is unknown. Extensive archeology would be required in the fort’s interior to interpret and/or expose these remains. Although the walls of Castle Pinckney have survived relatively intact, there are unmistakable signs of slow, steady deterioration. Large cracks can be seen in the walls in several locations, and there are a number of locations where bricks have fallen out.

Vegetation remains a problem, with numerous plants, and even trees, growing out of the top of the walls. Charleston is prone to hurricanes, with the city suffering, on average, one a decade. Hurricane Hugo in 1989 caused seven billion dollars in damage and 26 deaths. Likewise, the rise in sea level due to global climate change will undoubtedly have an adverse impact on Castle Pinckney. Although the seaward side of the fort is protected with rip-rap put in place by the State Port Authority, water at high tide nonetheless reaches the bottom of the fort’s walls.15

SWOT ANALYSIS

During the field study trip to Charleston, students and faculty from both universities discussed the events of the week and developed a SWOT analysis of Castle Pinckney and Shute’s Folly Island. A SWOT analysis is a list of a topic’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

Strengths -Complete 360 degree views of Charleston Harbor from the island -Close proximity to the city of Charleston and its many amenities -Immensely diverse native marine animal habitat -Great sense of history in this old American city -Several documents and drawings exist of the historic structure -Existing ferry tours for tourists to gain a better perspective of the harbor and its various architectural sights -Shute’s Folly Island is now privately owned (less restrictions by law because of its current classification or lack there of) -Rare freezing temperatures

Weaknesses -Unsupervised access to the island -Access in general -A majority of the shoreline remains unprotected sandy marshland -Poor soil qualities for construction -Fragile ecosystem of animals and wildlife -Lack of recent any recent topography documentation of the site -Private/group ownership by the Sons of Confederate Veterans -Tidal shifts and erosion -Hurricanes and other extreme storms -High heat and humidity -Shallow surrounding waters.

Opportunities -Tourist attraction/Belvedere -Education resource -Wildlife/biology research -Restoration/Preservation -History -Art/Photography -Trade school -Monument/landmark -Lighthouse -Potential job creator -Nature Preserve -Reception Space

Threats -Large groups of people or high volume traffic -Climate change and rising sea levels -Hurricans -Uncontrolled vegetation could destroy the fort -Erosion from tidal shifts and high boat traffic -Obstacle of access

CHARLESTON CLIMATE INFORMATION

The charts above illustrate the basic climatic data for the city of Charleston, South Carolina. The data is based on information gathered from more than 4,000 weather devices. Source: www.city-data.com


POTENTIAL AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT

On Castle Pinckney

On Shute’s Folly Island

In shallow water near Shute’s Folly Island

Within Charleston Harbor

The maps above illustrate various benchmarks of significant sea level change. Top left, is a map of Charleston in 2012. As sea levels increase to 5 feet above 2012 levels in the top right photo, light blue begins to flood parts of the city, de-picted in beige. Bottom left image illustrates a sea level change of 12 feet above 2012 levels and bottom right depicts 25 feet of change. Source: www.nytimes.com


DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Castle Pinckney: -Preservation/Restoration rather than Rehabilitation -Great difficulty will arise with bringing the existing fort to a working condition for visitors. (Practicality) -Opens opportunity for alternative means of interaction. -Current historic preservation theory recommends minimal intervention to avoid jeopardizing the cultural and historic value as an original structure. -C.P. is unique piece of the Charleston history in many regards and deserves attention to maintain its existence as a piece of history within Charleston Harbor. -Preserve the foundations and restore the exterior walls to a structurally stable condition that does not jeopardize the historic appearance of the building

Shute’s Folly Island -Nature is to be considered a valuable asset - a shifting force of unpredictable outcomes. -Observe its patterns and leave a minimum footprint on the land. -Climate change, shifting island foundation material due to tidal shifts, and rising sea levels all present design challenges and opportunities.

Charleston Harbor -Connectivity to the surrounding history and traditions is necessary -Historic significance is bestW communicated from local histories in which people are involved and can identify. It is more meaningful to observe historic traditions, buildings and landscapes in person rather than through history books.


COMPETITION ESSAY

Harboring Preservation is a responsive approach to a complex design challenge – how can an abandoned 19th-century island fort be re-used to benefit the surrounding Charleston community and contribute to the cities unique historic integrity? Design and research for this competition entry occurred at three specific scales: urban (harbor), site (island) and building scale (human).

The master plan encompasses a 21st century ecotourism strategy with layers of interpretive history. Castle Pinckney is a small part of a vast network of military sites developed to defend Charleston’s Harbor in the 18th and 19th centuries. This solution integrates a cultural trail connecting more than 30 Civil War era military sites along the harbor waterfront. Signage, maps, demarcated pathways and interactive installations provide safe routes for pedestrians to explore the harbor communities by foot or bicycle. Incrementally placed bicycle and kayak rental stations provide alternative environmentally friendly travel options in addition to the existing taxi and ferryboats for visitors and locals to enjoy.

A unique component of this design proposal is a floating welcome pavilion, strategically docked at the city pier in Waterfont Park near the French Quarter and historic downtown. The pavilions flexible, off-the-grid design provides opportunities to display information about Charleston’s unique military defense network and host a variety of events. In addition to the floating pavilions public space function, the design and equipment onboard expand its utility from a stationary platform to an independently powered mobile vessel. Figuratively and literally, the mobile pavilion bridges the physical gap that limits knowledge and interaction with Castle Pinckney and Shute’s Folly Island.

Tidal marsh and soft soils of Shute’s Folly Island have been depleted by 71 percent over the last 300 years of documented history due to tidal shifts, extreme storms, and increased large vessel traffic. The process of erosion has had a destructive effect on the island and poses a significant threat to the stabilization of Castle Pinckney. Therefore, the island plan proposes a series of groin walls to reduce the effects of erosion while also providing safe access for visitors arriving via boat. Composed of two parallel steel sheet pile walls embedded into the soft, saturated soils, the walls reinforce the shifting landscape. In addition to providing access and reducing further erosion, the cavity created between the walls could provide a dumping location for dredged material, a common by product of harbor maintenance. The sea wall will be capped with a walking platform and seating for visitors to enjoy Castle Pinckney.

The final component and catalyst for this competition is the preservation of Castle Pinckney, the oldest remaining fortification in Charleston Harbor. Due to age, poor site conditions, and biological attack, structural and cosmetic damages to the masonry structure have occurred and must be addressed to prevent further degradation. The intent of the proposal is to preserve the existing state of the castle while providing a raised belvedere within the exterior walls for visitors to view preservation progress and the scenic views of Charleston from this unique vantage point.

DESIGN PROPOSAL

COMPETITION BOARD #1 - HARBOR DEVELOPMENT


COMPETITION BOARD #2 - SHUTE’S FOLLY ISLAND

COMPETITION BOARD #3 - CASTLE PINCKNEY PRESERVATION PLAN


COMPETITION BOARD #4 - MOBILE, FLOATING WELCOME PAVILION


The following terms were borrowed from Williard Robinson’s American Forts in order to explain some information within the book.

Barracks – A building or set of buildings used especially for lodging soldiers

Bastion – A projection in the enceinte, made up of two faces and two flanks, which enabled the garrison to defend the ground adjacent to the enceinte.

Battery – A fortified emplacement for heavy guns (an artillery subunit of guns, men, and vehicles

Castle – In the medieval period, a fortified building or group of buildings. In 19th century America, the term also denoted a type of seacoast fortification resembling the form of a medieval shell-keep.

Casemate – A bombproof enclosure, generally located under the rampart, for housing cannons which fired through embrasures in the scarp. Casemates were also used as quarters, magazines and the like. During the 19th century, rows of casemates often appeared in tiers in seacoast defenses.

Enceinte – The works of fortification – walls, ramparts, and parapets – that enclose a castle, fort or fortress.

Palisade – A fence of long stakes with pointed tips

Parapet – In fortification, a work of earth or masonry forming a protective wall over which defenders fired their weapons.

Rampart – A mass of earth formed with material excavated from the ditch to protect the enclosed area from artillery fire and to elevate defenders to a commanding position overlooking the approaches to a form or fortress.

Sally Port – A passage, either open or covered, from the covered way to the country; or a passage under the rampart, usually vaulted, from the interior of a fort to the exterior, primarily to provide for sorties.

Sorties – A sudden attack on besiegers by troops from a defensive work. The main objective was to destroy siege works that had been constructed by the aggressors. Also called a sally.

KEY TERMS


1. American Institute of Architects Historic Resources Committee, Preservation as Provocation Competition Program.

2. Neil Salkind, 100 Questions (and Answers) About Research Methods.

3. Jukka Jokilehto, A History of Architectural Conservation.

4. Jonathan Spodek, Preservation Framework in the United States.

5. memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer

6. www.icomos.org

7. International Council of Monuments and Sites. “Venice Charter: International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites.”

8. www.nps.org

9. Robert Page, A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: Contents, Process, and Techniques

10. Bernard Fieldman, Conservation of Historic Buildings.

11. Kenneth Lewis and William T. Langhorne, Castle Pinckney: An Archeological Assessment with Recommendations.

12. www.nap.edu

13. www.port-of-charleston.com

14. National Research Council, Responding to Changes in Sea Level: Engineering Implications.

15. American Institute of Architects Historic Resources Committee, Preservation as Provocation Design Competition Pamphlet

NOTES

Calkins, Meg. The Sustainable Sites Handbook: A Complete Guide to the Principles, Strategies, and Best Practices for Sustainable Landscapes. Wiley Series in Sustainable Design, 2012.

Fieldman, Bernard M. Conservation of Historic Buildings. Great Britain: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, 1994.

Groat, David Wang and Linda. Architectural Research Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.

International Council of Monuments and Sites. “Venice Charter: International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites.” 1964.

Jokilehto, Jukka. A History of Architectural Conservation. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.

Lewis, Kenneth E. and Langhorne, WIlliam T. Castle Pinckney: An Archeological Assessment with Recommendations. South Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, 1978.

McClellan, E.P. The Ghosts of Castle Pinckney. Charleston: Narwhal Press Inc., 1988.

National Research Council. Responding to Changes in Sea Level: Engineering Implications. Marine Board, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987.

Raburn, J. Stanley. Structural Analysis of Historic Buildings: Restoration, Preservation and Adaptive Reuse for Applications for Architects and Engineers, . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

Rachel Cooper, Graeme Evans, Christopher Boyko. Designing Sustainable Cities. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2009.

Richard Longstreth, Susan Calafate Boyle, Susan Buggey and Michael Caratzas. Cultural Landscapes: Balancing Nature and Heritage in Preservation Practice. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.

Robert R. Page, Cathy A. Gilbert, Susan A. Dolan. A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: Contents, Process, and Techniques. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service, 1998.

Robinson, Willard B. American Forts: Architectural Form and Function. Fort Worth: University of Illinois Press, 1977.

Salkind, Neil J. 100 Questions (and Answers) About Research Methods. Sage Publications, Inc. , 2012.

WORK CITED


Spodek, Jonathan. “Preservation Framework in the United States.” 2012.

Titus, J.G, R.A. Park, S.P. Leatherman, J.R. Weggel, M.S. Green, P.W. Mausel, S. Brown, C. Gaunt, M. Trehan, and G. Yohe. Greenhouse Effect and Sea Level Rise, 1991.

Tomlan, Michael A. Preservation of What, For Whom? Ithaca, NY: The National Council for Preservation Education, 1999.

United States Department of the Interior. A Brief History of the National Park Service, 1940.

Weirick, David Lee. Castle Pinckney: Past, Present, Future. Clemson University, College of Charleston, 2012.

Wilson, A.R. and Mark Schara. Castle Pinckney - Defense Sites Heritage and Future. United Kingdom: WIT Press, 2010.

Ziegler, Christopher T. The Origins and Development of America’s Forgotten Castle: Castle Pinckney. Columbia, 2007. Websiteshttp://www.abcnews4.com/ - Dredging Maintenance Takes Over Charlestonwww.ecotourism.org - The International EcoTourism Societywww.civilwar.org - Civil War Trustdata.greenvileeonline.com – Ports closed 2011 with volume increases and progress on Charleston Harbor project http://www.deconcrete.org/ - Aldo Rossi “Floating Theater” www.icomos.orgwww.maki-and-associates.co.jp - Floating Pavilionmemory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer http://www.nap.edu/ - National Academy of Sciences (Maritime Information Systems, Port of Charleston – Appendix Dhttp://www.navcen.uscg.gov/ - U.S. Coast Guard “Ports and Waterways Safety Assessment – Workshop Report – Charleston, SC” July 2010www.nps.govwww.nodc.noaa.gov/dsdt/cwtg/satl.html National Oceanographic Data Center, United States Department of Commerce – Atlantic Coast Temperatures – Charleston, SC www.nrel.gov/gis Concentrating Solar Resources of the United States Mapwww.port-of-charleston.comwww.Wikimedia.org - Image of Govenor’s Island Planwww.wirednewyork.com

Documents

Final Graduate Project Booklet - Spring 2013