!

!

!

Governing!Urban!Transformations!!

Corridor!Manchester:!Assessing!Wayfinding!and!Pedestrian!Accessibility!for!Disabled!Individuals!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

12th!May!2017!!!

9253809!

8981618!!

! 1!

Author'declaration:!

I!9253809!confirm!that!this!report!is!based!on!my!own!work!and!that!I!am!happy!with!both!

my!own!and!my!partner’s!8981618!contribution!to!the!final!submitted!version.!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

''''''''''

! 2!

Contents'!�!Author!Declaration!!!

1!

Acknowledgements!!!

3!

1.0!!Executive!Summary!!!

4!

2.0!!Introduction:!The!Importance!of!Accessibility,!Legibility!and!Wayfinding!in!an!Urban!Context!

!!

5!

3.0!!Research!Methods!!

7!

4.0!Key!Findings!4.1.!Physical!Environment!!4.2.!Social!Environment!!

10!10!14!

5.0!Conclusions:!Next!steps!for!Corridor!Manchester!!

16!

6.0!References! 18!!!

List'of'Figures''!

Figure'1:!Pie!Chart!showing!the!proportion!of!disabled!students!at!UoM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

8!

Figure'2:!Map!showing!the!buildings!analysed!as!part!of!the!building!assessment!!

9!

Figure'3:!A!Flow!Map!showing!usage!of!OR!Corridor! 12!

Figure'4:!A!sign!directing!students!for!disabled!access! 13!

Figure'5:!A!sign!showing!disabled!use!of!lifts!!!

14!

!

List'of'Appendices'!

Appendix'1:!AutoYethnographic!diary!entries!! !!!!!20!

! 3!

Acknowledgements''!

Thank!you!to!those!interviewed!for!sharing!their!experiences.!Also,!thank!you!to!the!

Whitworth!Art!Gallery!representative!for!agreeing!to!meet!with!us!and!providing!us!with!

useful!and!insightful!information.!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

'

'

'

'

'

! 4!

1.0.'Executive'Summary''!This!research!project!will!look!to!assess!the!legibility!and!accessibility!of!the!Oxford!Road!

(OR)!corridor,!specifically!wayfinding!for!disabled!people.!The!acknowledgement!that!we!are!

existing!in!an!ableist!society!which!is!architecturally!apartheid!in!nature!(Imrie,!1998)!has!

motivated!the!research.!Corridor!Manchester!aims!to!create!a!major!knowledge!base!which!

contributes!to!the!global!economy.!Engagement!with!a!range!of!educational,!economic!and!

cultural!stakeholders!(including!the!universities,!hospital,!gallery!and!council)!is!required!in!

order!for!the!venture!to!be!a!success.!It!is!presumed!that!accessibility!in!such!a!well!

developed!and!forward!thinking!area!is!a!given!as!it!is!the!“responsibility!of!everyone!

involved!in!the!project,!including!but!not!limited!to!the!owner,!designers,!architects,!

engineers,!builders,!and!contractors”!(WBDG,!2017).!This!expectation!is!justified!through!

the!£1.5bn!of!committed!investment!(Corridor!Manchester!2017).!The!report!acknowledges!

the!variation!of!disabilities!and!individual!experiences!however,!for!the!purpose!of!this!

research,!those!individuals!with!physical!mobility!impairments!will!be!the!focus.!

This!report!found!the!experiences!of!the!corridor!to!be!affected!by!the!physical!and!social!

environments.!It!was!found!that!physical!infrastructure!provisions!facilitated!easy!

wayfinding!and!accessibility!with!the!majority!of!obstacles!being!presented!by!the!social!

environment!and!constructions!of!health!and!wellbeing.!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! 5!

2.0.'Introduction:'The'Importance'of'Accessibility,'Legibility'and'Mobility'in'an'Urban'Context'!Manchester!was!recently!named!Lonely!Planet’s!fifth!most!accessible!city,!praised!for!its!

1990’s!design!which!offers!wide,!smooth,!step!free!pavements!facilitating!easy!movement!in!

and!around!the!city!centre!(Heng,!2015).!!As!a!leader!of!the!Northern!Powerhouse,!

promoting!and!facilitating!economic!growth!in!the!North!of!England,!universal!accessibility!

is!paramount!for!future!developmental!successes.!!Furthermore,!as!the!first!city!to!receive!

devolved!governing!powers!from!Westminster,!signaling!a!move!away!from!the!most!rigid!

centralised!government!system!in!the!Western!World!(Nurse,!2015),!the!ability!for!

Manchester!to!make!its!own!choices!and!open!up!the!city!is!increasing.!The!proliferation!of!

urban!governance!projects!and!partnerships!signals!the!wider!engagement!of!stakeholders!

in!Manchester’s!modern!urban!governance!and!has!been!coined!the!‘Manchester!Model’!as!

a!result!of!its!success!(Haughton,!et&al.,&2016).!Corridor!Manchester!is!an!example!of!this.!

Established!in!2007,!the!organisation!combines!knowledge,!expertise!and!ideas!from!the!

Universities!(University!of!Manchester!and!Manchester!Metropolitan)!The!City!Council,!The!

Central!Manchester!University!Hospital!NHS!Foundation!Trust,!Bruntwood,!Royal!Northern!

College!of!Music!(RNCM),!Manchester!Science!Partnerships!and!Arup!as!well!as!a!number!of!

cultural!stakeholders.!!Together!they!aim!to!create!a!knowledge!hub!where!“talented!

people!from!the!city!and!across!the!world!learn,!create,!work,!socialise,!live!and!do!

business;!contributing!to!the!economic!and!social!dynamism!of!one!of!Europe's!leading!

cities."!(Corridor!Manchester,!2017).!

!

Legibility!is!key!to!successful!urban!areas!and!refers!to!the!ways!in!which!buildings!and!

spaces!allow!users!to!find!their!way!around!and!within!spaces!(Weisman,!1981).!This!

characteristic,!as!well!as!the!physical!accessibility,!is!paramount!to!the!success!of!the!space.!

It!is!easy!to!presume!that!all!design!facilitates!everyday!activities,!yet!it!is!widely!

documented!in!literature!that!we!exist!in!a!design!apartheid!(Imrie,!1998).!This!social!

structure!is!disabling!(Bromley,!2009)!restricting!and!limiting!the!interaction!of!many!people!

suffering!various!forms!of!disability.!In!order!for!an!area!to!be!successful!it!must!be!

! 6!

accessible!to!all!of!societyY!not!just!the!unrealistic!design!ideal!of!a!modular!man!(Le!

Corbusier,!1947).!

This!report!will!assess!the!legibility!and!accessibility!of!the!Oxford!Road!corridor!and!outline!

problem!spaces!which!require!future!improvement.!The!research!will!focus!on!the!space!

between!Manchester!Aquatics!Centre!and!Whitworth!Art!Gallery.!Whilst!we!are!aware!that!

the!term!‘disability’!is!extremely!diverse,!for!the!purpose!of!this!research,!mobility!issues!

will!be!assessed.!!!

!

The!research!will!look!to!address!the!legibility!of!the!Oxford!Road!corridor!on!behalf!of!

Corridor!Manchester!through!the!following!questions:!!

!

1.! Are!there!any!mobility!issues!along!the!corridor?!!

2.! Are!there!any!issues!with!legibility!and!wayfinding!for!disabled!people!who!are!

interacting!with!the!corridor?!!

3.! What!has!been!done!to!address!the!issues!of!legibility!and!mobility!within!the!

corridor?!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

'

'

! 7!

3.0.'Research'Methods'!

In!order!to!gain!an!insightful!understanding!of!the!mobility!and!legibility!issues!on!the!

Corridor,!a!range!of!methods!were!employed.!Triangulating!methods!is!used!widely!in!social!

sciences!research,!as!combining!complementary!methodologies!contributes!to!a!deeper!

understanding!of!the!research!topic!(Webb!et&al.,&1966,!Peters,!2017).!The!chosen!methods!

for!this!research!were:!

!

1.! Building!assessments!

2.! Interviews!

3.! Autoethnography!!

!

Combining!these!methods!allowed!for!statistical!data!to!be!collected!and!manipulated!

through!the!building!assessments!and!compared!and!contrasted!with!personal!experiences!

and!feelings!of!the!space!gathered!through!the!interviews!and!autoYethnographic!accounts.!!

!

Using!methods!which!engage!people!and!discover!their!personal!experiences!is!essential!

when!studying!legibility.!When!the!concept!was!first!published!in!1960,!Lynch!explicitly!

stated!the!importance!of!urban!design!and!accessibility!to!the!people!that!engage!with!the!

space.!For!that!reason,!within!this!research,!in!order!to!understand!the!legibility!of!Oxford!

Road!the!involvement!of!people!is!vital.!They!give!the!space!a!meaning!and!allow!for!

personal!experiences!and!thought!to!be!located!justifying!the!use!of!interviews!and!autoY

ethnographic!techniques.!Respondents!engaged!in!this!study!were!all!students!who!had!

experienced!temporary!immobility!whilst!interacting!with!the!OR!corridor.!It!is!

acknowledged!that!these!individuals!would!possess!informed!knowledge!of!the!space!due!to!

frequent!interactions,!but!their!experiences!of!accessibility!are!counter!to!their!usual!spatial!

interactions.!Engaging!students!from!the!University!of!Manchester!is!beneficial!as!they!are!

one!of!the!contributory!stakeholders!in!the!Corridor!Manchester!partnership;!therefore,!it!

can!be!assumed!that!the!majority!of!students!and!staff!possess!a!solid!knowledge!of!the!

corridor!and!would!report!different!experiences!of!wayfinding.!Contrasting!this!with!

Whitworth!gallery!interviews!intended!to!give!comparable!responses.!A!cultural!partner!in!

! 8!

the!partnership!and!a!distinct!cultural!location!allowed!us!to!predict!that!Whitworth!space!

users!would!report!alternative!experiences!to!those!from!University!participants.!Therefore,!

engaging!professionals!from!this!institution!is!valid!and!gives!the!data!merit.!!!

!

Further!justification!for!engaging!students!in!the!research!is!stated!below.!The!graph!in!

figure!1!shows!the!proportion!of!students!who!reported!a!disability:!11.6%!and!of!this!2.2%!

are!shown!to!have!a!wheelchair/mobility!impairment.!Engaging!this!small!sector!of!the!

student!population!allows!for!an!insightful!understanding!of!their!experiences!and!

perceptions!of!legibility!and!accessibility!on!campus.!!

!

Figure&1.&A&Pie&Chart&showing&disabled&students&at&UoM!

!

Conducting!building!assessments!throughout!the!corridor!gave!quantitative!data!and!

evidence!about!the!accessibility!and!legibility.!These!methods!have!been!widely!used!in!

similar!studies!and!often!rank!buildings!on!a!set!of!criteria!to!determine!their!overall!

accessibility!(RivanoYFischer,!2004,!Welage!and!Liu,!2011).!The!method!is!beneficial!and!

justified!for!a!number!of!reasons;!using!the!same!assessment!scale!throughout!the!corridor!

allowed!for!direct!comparisons!allowing!identification!of!areas!needing!improvement!and!

investment.!Secondly,!a!sound!assessment!design!allows!easy!replication!and!scaling!of!this!

research.!This!is!necessary!in!the!field!of!urban!governance!and!policy!development!due!to!

the!desire!of!cities!to!learn!from!one!another!(Heldrick!and!Evans,!et&al.,&2016).'For!this!

study,!a!total!of!21!buildings!were!sampled!which!are!identified!by!red!dots!in!figure!2.!!

! 9!

!

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

!

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

! Figure&2.&A&Map&showing&the&buildings&analysed.! !

!

Finally,!conducting!autoethnography!allowed!for!our!own!experiences!of!the!corridor!to!be!

analysed!through!‘the!ultimate!participant!in!a!dual!participantYobserver!role’!(Merton,!

1988:18).!Both!researchers!completed!a!diary!entry!for!7!days,!describing!their!usage!of!the!

OR!Corridor,!as!well!as!their!subsequent!feelings!and!emotions.!These!diary!entries!were!

analysed,!identifying!thematic!patterns!which!interlinked!between!the!diaries,!interviews!

and!building!assessments.!!

!

!

! 10!

4.0.'Key'Findings'!

The!results!of!this!triangulated!data!allowed!for!two!distinct!and!complementary!themes!to!

be!identified!and!further!analysed.!These!were:!!

!

•! The!physical!environment!!

•! The!social!environment!and!personal!experiences!of!the!space!!

!

This!chapter!will!further!explore!these!themes!in!light!of!the!data!collected!and!how!these!

are!influential!and!informative!to!policy!and!the!Corridor!Manchester!partnership.!!

!

4.1&The&Physical&Environment&!

The!data!collected!allowed!for!positive!conclusions!to!be!reached!regarding!the!physical!

infrastructure!within!the!corridor.!AutoYethnographic!reflections!regarding!mobility!through!

the!Manchester!Corridor!from!the!perspective!of!two!ableYbodied!individuals!were!

recorded.!This!researcher!positionality!is!extremely!relevant!as!it!applies!to!88.4%!of!

students!within!the!institution!(See!figure!1).!Identifying!personal!spatial!interactions!and!

subsequent!thoughts,!feelings!and!emotions!within!the!study!period!provided!depth!and!a!

greater!understanding!of!the!space.!Subsequently!this!highlighted!key!issues!which!may!also!

be!relevant,!or!more!so,!to!disabled!individuals.!Figure!3!shows!our!movements!for!this!7!

day!period,!demonstrating!the!temporal!and!spatial!interactions!with!the!corridor.!!

!

It!is!clear!to!see!from!the!flow!map!in!figure!3!that!our!interactions!with!the!OR!corridor!are!

frequent!and!focused.!As!students!at!the!University!of!Manchester!it!is!understandable!that!

spatial!interactions!are!linked!to!direct!and!meaningful!activities.!As!a!result,!the!researchers!

and!other!students,!in!similar!positions,!possess!an!insightful!understanding!of!the!space.!

This!is!reinforced!through!the!research!and!would!further!suggest!that!the!legibility!of!the!

corridor!is!good!from!the!perspective!of!an!ableYbodied!student.!!

! 11!

Figure 3: Flow map showing autoethnographic interactions with the Oxford Road Corridor

Figure'3:'Flow'map'showing'autoethnographic'interactions'with'the'Oxford'Road'Corridor''

! 12!

There!are!several!distinct!identifications!to!note!from!the!autoethnographic!research.!From!

travelling!on!public!buses,!by!bike!and!on!foot!it!was!noted!that!travelling!to!the!corridor,!as!

well!as!around!the!space,!was!easy!to!do,!fairly!rapid!and!reliable!

!

The!physical!environment!was!further!analysed!through!the!use!of!building!assessments.!It!

was!found!that!95%!of!the!buildings!analysed!had!stepBfree!access.!!However,!19%!of!these!

buildings!required!individuals!to!use!an!alternative!entrance!in!order!for!it!to!be!stepBfree.!

These!percentages!are!promising!and!suggest!that!accessibility!of!buildings!along!the!

corridor!is!satisfactory.!Therefore!the!space!is!conducive!and!accessible!to!a!range!of!social!

groups.!This!data!links!explicitly!to!legibility!of!the!OR!corridor.!Of!the!buildings!where!the!

main!entrance!did!not!provide!level!access!appropriate!signage!was!evident,!informing!of!

alternative!access!routes!(see!figure!4).!This!further!suggests!that!the!legibility!of!the!

buildings!along!the!corridor!is!good!and!provisions!have!been!made!enabling!the!space!to!

be!universally!accessible!to!both!disabled!and!ableBbodied!users.!!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

Figure!4.!A!sign!directing!students!for!disabled!access.!

!

These!results!are!further!supported!through!public!participant!responses.!There!was!a!

general!recognition!for!the!high!quality!of!accessibility!within!the!corridor!for!example!“lifts!

were!usually!available”,!“my!building![Martin!Harris!Centre]!thankfully!has!ramp!access!and!

lifts”!and!“[the]!library!and!Ali!G!are!always!good!as!they!have!lifts!and!escalators”!(See!

figure!5).!!

! 13!

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Figure!5.!A!sign!showing!disabled!use!of!lifts!!

These!positive!experiences!voiced!by!students!facing!periods!of!temporary!immobility!

provide!an!insight!into!the!potential!mobility!issues!along!the!corridor.!However,!the!

positivity!which!was!reported!implies!that!the!physical!infrastructure!such!as!lifts,!ramps!

and!stepBfree!entrances!have!significant!positive!influences!on!how!the!OR!is!experienced.!

This!suggests!that!literary!claims!of!design!apartheids!(Imrie,!1998)!experienced!in!many!

contemporary!metropolises!are!not!inherent!to!the!OR!corridor.!Furthermore,!the!

facilitating!environment!of!the!corridor!and!the!easy!accessibility!and!legibility!reported!in!

this!study!suggest!that!the!social!model!of!disability!(Bromley,!2007)!is!more!prominent.!!

!

!

!

!

! 14!

4.2!The!Social!Environment!

!

It!has!been!established!that!the!physical!environment!examined!is!supportive!and!

facilitating!for!ableBbodied!and!disabled!students!interacting!with!the!corridor.!Whilst!the!

physical!infrastructure!and!public!realm!is!conducive,!the!social!environment!is!also!worth!

examining!and!contrasting.!!!

!

It!is!noted!that!the!OR!corridor!exists!in!a!social!setting!in!which!socialBconstructions!of!

health!and!wellbeing!are!rigid!and!influential!in!many!aspects!of!modern!life.!Physical!

infrastructures!can!be!disabling!and!enabling!to!users!meaning!careful!and!considered!

design!is!essential!to!productive!urban!spaces.!Le!Corbusier’s!(1947)!‘modular!man’!model!

exemplifies!the!social!ideal!of!health!in!relation!to!urban!spaces!supporting!the!notion!that!

spaces!are!significant!to!how!health!is!experienced!(Kearns,!1996).!Data!from!this!study!

supported!these!theories!and!suggested!that!some!personal!experiences!of!the!corridor!

were!negative!presenting!areas!for!distinct!future!improvements.!It!is!acknowledged!that!

there!is!a!huge!breadth!of!social!experiences!with!the!OR!corridor,!however!for!the!purpose!

of!this!analysis!interview!data!from!the!Whitworth!art!gallery!and!public!interview!

responses!will!be!analysed.!!

!

Information!gleaned!from!the!Whitworth!interview!questioned!the!inclusivity!of!the!

Corridor!partnership!particularly!in!reference!to!disabled!access.!This!is!surprising!for!such!a!

partnership!as!the!network!governance!model!aims!to!involve!and!empower!a!range!of!

stakeholders!who!have!interest,!spatial!and!knowledgeable!interests!(Swyngedouw,!2005).!

There!was!agreement!that!the!partnership!had!been!influential!in!driving!the!gallery!

development!and!changed!how!the!external!space!was!organised,!used!and!presented.!It!is!

worth!noting!that!whilst!the!partnership!was!perceived!to!be!influential!in!focusing!urban!

governance!throughout!the!corridor,!the!work!done!to!improve!the!legibility!and!

accessibility!of!the!Whitworth!is!what!“everybody!in!this!sector![culture!and!arts]!is!doing”!

(pp.!5)!challenging!the!validity!of!such!a!focused!governance!partnership!in!regards!to!

improving!the!accessibility!of!urbanBspace.!!

!

! 15!

The!challenges!of!providing!adequate!disabled!parking!were!raised!in!the!interview.!Though!

a!physical!provision,!the!consequences!of!being!“a!gallery!who!hadn’t!provided!any!disabled!

parking”!(pp.!4)!had!distinct!social!implications.!The!gallery!attempted!to!bridge!

infrastructure!gaps!by!providing!extra!help!and!support!advertised!online!and!through!signs.!

However,!the!decreased!independence!experienced!by!many!of!the!space!users!at!this!time!

was!“off!putting!for!a!lot!of!people”!(pp.!4).!!

!

These!trends!are!echoed!in!public!interview!responses!which!refer!to!the!social!struggles!of!

using!the!OR!corridor!whilst!suffering!immobility.!Throughout!the!interviews!participants!

reported!feelings!and!experiences!of!stigma!towards!their!immobile!bodies,!this!is!

highlighted!through!the!following!quotes:!!

“[no!one]!moved!or!made!an!effort!to!let!me!pass.!I!got!some!looks!and!grumbles!when!

they!had!to!walk!around!me”!(respondent!1)!and!“drivers!did!not!always!give!you!enough!

time!to!sit!down!before!setting!off”!(respondent!6).!Converse!reports!of!“lecturers![being]!

very!kind”!(respondent!5)!and!understanding!suggest!that!social!experiences!of!the!space!

are!unique,!individualised!and!cannot!be!assumed!to!be!the!same!based!on!the!physical!

infrastructure.!Relating!this!data!to!developmental!plans!such!as!the!Greater!Manchester!

Spatial!Framework!(GMSF)!provides!an!insightful!critique.!The!GMSF!explicitly!focuses!on!

equitable!mobility!and!aims!to!make!the!area!one!of!the!“easiest!locations!to!access”!

(GMSF,!pp.!57).!Whilst!these!aspirations!are!promising,!this!research!highlights!how!

individualised!experiences!of!the!corridor!are,!as!well!as!how!vital!sound!and!supportive!

social!infrastructures!are!for!promoting!positive!mobility!and!accessibility!experiences.!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! 16!

5.0$Conclusions:$Next$Steps$for$Corridor$Manchester$!

The!data!collected!from!this!research!provides!a!foundational!evidence!base!on!which!to!

assess!the!accessibility!and!legibility!within!the!Oxford!Road!Corridor,!however!there!are!

distinct!areas!for!improvement.!Engaging!contributing!partners!in!this!research!highlighted!

the!need!for!more!integrated!and!balanced!discussions!between!stakeholders.!The!

combination!of!knowledge!provided!through!the!partnership!within!the!Corridor!has!the!

potential!to!be!significant!in!driving!urban!governance,!creating!both!socially!and!physically!

accessible!spaces.!However,!from!the!Whitworth’s!perspective,!the!potential!benefits!of!the!

partnership!are!not!currently!being!reached!presenting!opportunities!for!strengthening.!We!

acknowledge!that!this!is!only!a!small!study!and!involving!a!greater!range!of!partners!may!

provide!a!counter!opinionB!but!as!a!contributor!to!Corridor!Manchester!this!viewpoint!is!

valid!and!requires!significant!attention.!

!

The!data!collected!allows!for!the!research!questions!to!be!answered!as!followed:!the!

physical!infrastructure!is!presented!positively!suggesting!that!legibility!and!accessibility!of!

the!corridor!is!very!good!showing!a!limited!identification!of!mobility!barriers.!!The!data!

shows!there!is!a!distinct!divide!between!the!physical!and!social!support!within!the!space.!

This!suggests!that!there!are!accessibility!issues!for!disabled!individuals!though!these!are!not!

solely!determined!by!the!physical!infrastructure.!The!improvements!to!public!realm!have!

undoubtedly!improved!physical!accessibility!to!the!space,!however!the!concerns!raised!

about!the!social!environment!and!the!negative!experiences!reported!by!immobile!

individuals!question!whether!this!partnership!has!created!a!‘sense!of!place’!which!is!

‘integral!to!placemaking’!(Corridor!Manchester,!2016).!Moreover,!this!suggests!that!there!

are!areas!where!disabled!space!users!are!challenged!by!the!OR!corridor!and!the!legibility!of!

the!space.!!

Moving!forwards,!to!truly!marry!the!physical!and!social!provisions!of!the!Corridor,!greater!

consideration!for!the!personal!experiences!of!the!space!must!occur.!For!example,!we!

suggest!that!the!creation!of!an!informative,!inclusive!and!corridor!wide!programme!of!

advice!is!required.!This!data!has!presented!the!potential!issues!immobile!students!face!

when!using!the!corridor!which!could!be!addressed!through!an!action!plan!or!informationB

! 17!

pack!distributed!by!various!stakeholders!of!the!Corridor!Manchester!partnership.!!We!

believe!such!a!publication!would!be!beneficial!to!corridor!users!and!would!support!the!great!

publicBrealm!improvements!to!date.!Furthermore,!public!access!to!such!information!would!

allow!space!users!to!effectively!plan!their!time!in!the!corridor.!From!an!urban!governance!

perspective!this!would!allow!for!scalingBup!of!the!project!and!implementation!in!similar!

urban!contexts.!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

! 18!

6.0$References:$!!

Bromley,!R.D.F!et!al.,!(2007)!‘City!centre!accessibility!for!wheelchair!users:!the!consumer!

perspective!and!the!planning!implications’!Cities!Vol.!24:3!pp.!229B!241!!

!

Corridor!Manchester!(2017)!Available!at:!http://www.corridormanchester.com!Accessed:!

6.05.17!!

!

Greater!Manchester!Spatial!Framework!(2016)!Available!at:!

https://www.greatermanchesterBca.gov.uk/info/20081/draft_plan!Accessed:!6.05.17!!

!

Haughton,!G.!!et!al.,!(2016)!‘Mythic!Manchester:!Devo!Manc,!the!Northern!Powerhouse!and!

rebalancing!the!English!Economy’!Regions,!Economy!and!Society!Vol.!9:2!!

!

Heldrick,!A.!Evans,!J.!et!al.,!(2016)!‘Policy!Learning!and!sustainable!urban!transitions:!

mobilising!Berlin;s!cycling!renaissance’!Urban!Studies!!

!

Heng,!M!(2016)!‘Most!accessible!destinations’!Lonely!Planet!Available!at:!

https://www.lonelyplanet.com/travelBtipsBandBarticles/mostBaccessibleBdestinations!

Accessed:!6.05.17!!

!

Imrie,!R.!(1998)!‘Oppression,!Disability!and!access!in!the!built!environment’!in!Shakespeare,!

T.!(1998)!Disability!Reader:!Social!Sciences!Perspectives!A&C!Black!

!

Le!Corbusier!(2004)![First!published!in!two!volumes!in!1954!and!1958.].!The!Modulor:!A!

Harmonious!Measure!to!the!Human!Scale,!Universally!Applicable!to!Architecture!and!

Mechanics.!Basel!&!Boston:!Birkhäuser!

!

Lynch,!K.!(1960)!The!Image!of!the!City.!The!MIT!Press.!!

!

! 19!

Merton,!R.!K.!(1988)!Some!thoughts!on!the!concept!of!sociological!autobiography.!In!

Sociological!lives,!edited!by!M,!W.!Riley.!Newbury!Park,!CA:!Sage.!pp.!78B99!

!

Nurse,!A.!(2015)!‘Creating!the!north!from!the!sum!of!its!parts?!Research!questions!to!assess!

the!Northern!Powerhouse’!Local!Economy!Vol.!30:6!pp.!689B701!

! ! ! ! !

Peters,!K.!(2017)!Your!Human!Geography!Dissertation,!designing!doing!and!delivering!SAGE!

Publications,!London!!

!

RivanoBFischer,!D.!(2004)!‘Wheelchair!accessibility!of!public!buildings!in!Al!Ain,!United!Arab!

Emirates!(UAE)’!Disability!and!Rehabilitation!Vol.!26:19!pp.!1150B1157!!

! ! ! !

Swyngedouw,!E.!(2005).!Governance!innovation!and!the!citizen:!The!Janus!face!of!

governanceBbeyondBtheBstate.!Urban!Studies!42(11):!1991–2006.!

!

WBDG!(2017)!Available!at:!http://wbdg.org!Accessed:!12.05.17!!

!

Webb,!E.J.,!et!al.,!(1966)!Unobtrusive!Measures:!NonSreactive!Research!in!the!Social!

Sciences.!Chicago:!Rand!McNally.!!

!

Weisman,!J.!(1981)!‘Evaluating!Architectural!legibility:!wayfinding!in!the!built!environment’!

Environment!and!Behaviour!Vol.!13:!2!pp.!189B204!

!

Welage,!N.!and!Liu,!K.P.Y.!(2011)!‘Wheelchair!accessibility!of!public!buildings:!a!review!of!

the!literature’!Disability!and!Rehabilitation:!Assistive!Technology!Vol.!6:1!pp.!1B9!!

! ! ! ! !

$ $ $ !

$ $ !

!

$

$

! 20!

APPENDIX$1:$Autoethnographic$Diary$Entries$!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

!

!!!!!!!!!

! 21!

!