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7/31/2019 Final Heat Power Lab Manual14
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THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
A Observation Manual
On
Heat power Laboratory
VI SEMESTER
ANNA UNIVERSITY - COIMBATORE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
M.Kallipatty, Mecheri 636 453
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SYLLABUS
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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS
Aim
To find the thermal conductivity of the specimen by two specimens by two slabs guarded
hot plate method.
Description
The apparatus consisting of a guarded hot plate and cold plate. A specimen whose thermal
conductivity is to be measured is sandwiched between the hot and cold plate. Both hotplate and
guard heaters are heated by electrical heaters. A small trough is attached to the cold plate to hold
coolant water circulation. A similar arrangement is made on the other side of the heater as shown
in the figure. Thermocouples are attached to measure temperature in between the hot plate and
specimen plate, also cold plate and the specimen plate.
A multipoint digital temperature indicator with selector switch is provided to note the
temperatures at different locations. A regulator is provided to control the input energy to the main
heater and guard heater. An ammeter and voltmeter are provided to note and vary the input energy
to the heater. Both heaters are electrically connected in parallel; however it is wired in such a way
the voltmeter and ammeter readings indicated only the power to the main heater. The whole
assembly is kept in an enclosure with heat insulating material filled all around to minimize the heat
loss.
Formula used
The power input Q = V*A/2 Watts, since the heat flows on either side of the heater.
dt = (T1+T2+T3+T4 /4) (T5+T6/2)
Since Q = K*A dT/dx, the value of K may calculated
K= thermal conductivity of the specimen W/m2K
Procedure
Connect the power supply to the unit. Turn the regulator knob clockwise and the power to
the main heater to any desired value.
Allow water through the cold plate at a steady rate. Note the temperature at different
locations when the unit reaches steady state.
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THERMALCONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS
Sl.No
VoltmeterReadings
V
Volts
AmmeterReadings
I
Amps
Temperature Readings
T1oc T2
oc T3oc T4
oc T5oc T6
oc T7oc T8
oc
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For different power inputs in ascending order only the experiment may by repeated and
readings are tabulated as below.
The guard heater enables the heat flow in uni-direction as the temperature of this almost
equal to the main heater temperature.
Thermocouple 1, 2, 3&4 are connected to the heater.
Thermocouple 5&4 are connected to the interface of specimen and cold plat.
Thermocouple 7&8 are connected to the guard heater.
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Model calculation
The thickness of the specimen (dx) = 0.006 m
The effective heat transfer area diameter = 0.125 m
Area = 3.14/4*(0.125*0.125)
= 0.01227m2
The power input Q = V*A/2 Watts, since the heat flows on either side of the heater.
K= thermal conductivity of the specimen
dt = (T1+T2+T3+T4 /4) (T5+T6/2)
Hence Q = K*A dT/dx or K = Qdx/Adt =
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Result
Thermal conductivity of metal rod found out to be
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HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH THE LAGGED PIPE
Aim
To determine the thermal conductivity of saw dust by using lagged pipe apparatus.
Description
The insulation is defined as a material, which retards the heat flow with reasonable
effectiveness. Heat is transferred through insulation by conduction, convection, radiation or by the
combination of these three. There is no insulation that is 100% effective to prevent the flow of heat
under temperature gradient.
The experiment set up in which the heat is transferred through insulation by conduction is
under study in the given apparatus.
The apparatus consisting of a rod heater with asbestos lagging. The assembly is inside an
MS pipe. Between the asbestos lagging and MS pipe saw dust is filled.
The set up as shown in the figure. Let r1 be the radius of the heater, r2 be the radius of the
heater with asbestos lagging and r3 be the inner radius of the outer MS pipe.
Formula used
The heat flow through lagging material is given by
Q = K1 2L t / ln (r2 / r1) Or K2 2L t / ln (r3 / r2)
Where t is the temperature across the lagging.
K1 = Thermal Conductivity of in asbestos lagging W / m2 K
K2 = Thermal Conductivity of saw dust in W / m2 K
L = Length of the cylinder
r1 = Radius of heater
r2 = Radius of asbestos lagging
r3 = Radius of saw dust
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LAGGED PIPE
S
L.
N
O
Vol
ts
Cur
rent
Heater
temperatur
e oc
T1 T2 T3
Avg.
temperat
ure oc
Asbestos
temperature
oc
T4 T5 T6
Avg.
temperatu
re oc
Saw dust
temperat
ure oc
T7 T8
Avg.
tempera
ture oc
Knowing the thermal conductivity of one lagging material the thermal conductivity of the other
insulating material can be found
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Procedure
1. Switch on the unit and check if all channels of temperature indicator showing proper
temperature.
2. Switch on the heater using the regulator and keep the power input at some particular value.
3. Allow the unit to stabilize for about 20 to 30 minutes.
4. Now note down the ammeter, voltmeter reading which gives the heat input. Temperatures
1, 2 and 3 are the temperature of heater rod 4, 5 and 6 are the temperature on the asbestos
layer. 7 and 8 are temperatures on the saw dust lagging. The average temperature of each
cylinder is taken for calculation.
5. The temperatures are measured by thermocouple (Fe/Ko) with multipoint digital
temperature indicator.
6. The experiment may be repeated for different heat inputs.
Observation
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L = Length of the cylinder = 20mm
r1 = Radius of heater = 10mm
r2 = Radius of asbestos lagging = 0.5 m
r3 = Radius of saw dust = 40mm
Average temperature of heater = T1 + T2 + T3/3
Average temperature of Asbestos lagging = T4 + T5 + T6/3
Average temperature of sawdust lagging = T7 + T8 + /2
The heat flow from the heater to outer surface of Asbestos lagging q = (K1*2**L (t) / ln(r2/r1))
Watts
Where
K1 = Thermal Conductivity of in asbestos lagging W / m2 K from data book @ 548oc = 0.1105 W /
m2 K
Substituting the values, q = Watts
Substituting the values, q to find thermal conductivity of sawdust, q = (K2*2**L (t) / ln(r3/r2))
Watts
K2 =
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Result
Thus the thermal conductivity of saw dust can be determined in the lagged pipe apparatus.
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HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION
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Aim
To determine the heat transfer coefficient for a given apparatus.
Apparatus required
1. Heated vertical rod
2. Vertical duct
Introduction
Convection is a mode of heat transfer where by a moving fluid transfer heat from a surface.
When the fluid movement is caused by density difference in the fluid due to temperature
variations, it is called FREE orNATURAL CONVECTION.
This apparatus provides students with a sound introduction to the features of freeconvection heat transfer from a heated vertical rod. A vertical duct is fitted with a heated vertically
placed cylinder. Around this cylinder air gets heated and becomes less dense, causing it to rise.
This in turn gives rise to continuous flow of air upward in the duct. The instrumentation provided
gives the heat input and the temperature at different points on the heated cylinder.
Formula used
The power input to heater = V*I = h*A*t
Bulk mean temperature
Where A = Area of heat transfer = *d*l m2
d = diameter of heater rod = 40mm
l = length of the heater rod = 500mm
Average temp. of heater = T2+T3+T4+T5
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NATURAL CONVECTION APPARATUS
Sl.No Voltmeter
Readings
V
Volts
Ammeter
Readings
I
Amps
Temperature Along The Heated Cylinder
T1oc T2
oc T3oc T4
oc T5oc T6
oc
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Average temp. of air = T1+T6
t = Average temp. of heater rod - Average temp. of air = oc
h*A*t = Watts
h = overall heat transfer coefficient = power / (A*t)
Procedure
1. Switch On The Unit And Adjust The Regulator To Provide Suitable Power Input.
2. Allow some time for the unit to reach steady state condition.
3. Note the temperature of inlet air, outlet air and temperature along the heater rod.
4. Note ammeter and voltmeter readings.
5. For different power inputs the experiments may be repeated.
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Result
Heat coefficient for a vertical tube losing heat by natural convection is found out to be
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HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION
Aim
To determine the heat transfer coefficient in forced convection of air in a tube.
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Introduction
The important relationship between Reynolds number, prandle number and nusselt number
in heat exchanger design may be investigated in this self contained unit.
The experiment
The experimental setup consists of a tube through which air is sent in by a blower. The test
section consists of a long electrical surface heater on the tube, which serves as a constant heat flux
source on the flowing medium. The inlet and outlet temperature of the flowing air are measured by
thermocouple and also the temperatures at several locations along the surface heater from which an
average temperature can be obtained. An orifice meter in the tube is used to measure the airflow
rate with a U tube water manometer.
An ammeter and a voltmeter are provided to measure the power input to the heater.
A power regulator is provided to vary the power input to heater.
A multi point digital temperature indicator is provided to measure the above thermocouples input.
A regulator is provided to vary the speed of the blower to regulate the flow rate of air.
Formula used
The heat input Q = h*A*LMTD = m*Cp* (Temp.of tube Temp.of air)
Cp = specific heat of air= 1.005 KJ / oK Kg
ma = mass flow rate of air in Kg / sec
h = Heat Transfer Coefficient in W / m2k
LMTD = ((Avg.temp.of tube outlet air temp) (Avg.temp.of tube inlet air temp) / ((1n
(Avg.temp.of tube outlet air temp) / (Avg.temp.of tube inlet air temp))
A = area of heat transfer = *d*L
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Where
d = Inner diameter of the tube = 40mm
L = Length of the tube = 500mm
From the above, the heat transfer coefficient h can be calculated
Calculate the velocity of air in the tube using orifice meter/water manometer
The volume of air flowing through the tube Q = (cd*a1*a2 2*g*h0 / (a12 a22) m3/sec
h0 = head of air causing the flow = (h1-h2)*(w / a)
Where
w = 1000 kg/ m3
a = 1.16 kg/ m3
h1 and h2 are manometer reading in meters
a1 = area of the tube
a2 = area of the orifice
Heat transfer rate and flow rates are expressed in dimension less form of Nusselt Number and
Reynoldss Number
Re = Reynoldss Number
V Di
Re = ------------
u
Where
u = Kinematic Viscosity at bulk mean
The heat transfer coefficient can also calculated from Dittus - Boelter correlation
Nu = Nusselt Number
Nu = 0.023 x Re0.8 x Pr0.3
Where pr is the prandtl number for which air can be taken as from data book 0.696
0.688
0.684
0.681
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Average temperature of heater = (T2 + T3 +T4 + T5)/4 =
Average temperature of Asbestos lagging = (T1 + T6)/2 =
d1 = diameter of the pipe = 40mm
d2 = diameter of the orifice = 20mm
The volume of air Q = (Cd*a1*a2 2*g*h0) / ( a1*a2) m3/sec
Where
Cd =
a1 = (/4)*d12 = m2
a2 = (/4)*d22 = m2
h = (h1-h2)*(w / a) meters
= meters
Q = m3/sec
Velocity of air flow = Q/a1 = m/sec
Reynoldss Number
V Di
Re = ------------
u
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Using Forced Convection Correlation
Nu = 0.023 x Re0.8 x Pr0.3 kinematic viscosity from data book = 1.9E-05
2.3E-05
3.7E-05
4.2E-05
H = Nu*K/D m/sec
K = thermal conductivity of air at mean temp from data book0.02876
0.0321
0.03430.0374
Therefore, Heat Transfer Coefficienth = m/sec
Procedure
1. Switch on the mains.
2. Switch on the blower.
3. Adjust the regulator to any desired power input to heater.
4. Adjust the blower speed regulator to any desired flow rate of air.
5. Wait till steady state temperature is reached.
6. Note manometer reading h1 and h2.
7. Note temperature along the tube. Note air inlet and outlet temperature.
8. Note voltmeter and ammeter reading.
9. Vary the flow rate of air and repeat the experiment.
10. For various air flow rates and for various power inputs the readings may be taken to repeat
the experiments.
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Result
The heat transfer coefficient in forced convection, of air in a tube found to be h =
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HEAT TRANSFER FROM A PIN-FIN APPARATUS
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Aim
To determine the temperature distribution of the PIN-FIN for forced convection and to find
the FIN efficiency.
Theory
Consider a PIN-FIN having the shape of rod whose is attached to a wall at a surface
temperature Ts, the fin is cooled along the axis by a fluid at temperature Tamb. The fin has a uniform
cross sectional area Ao is made of material having a uniform thermal conductivity K and the
average heat transfer co-efficient between the surfaces to the fluid. We shall assume that transverse
temperature gradients are so small so that the temperature at any cross section of the fin is uniform.
Description
The apparatus consists of a PIN-FIN placed inside an open duct, (one side open) the outer
end of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower; the delivery side of a blower is taken
up through an orifice meter to the atmosphere. The airflow rate can be varied by the blower speed
regulator and can be measured on the U tube manometer connected to the orifice meter. A heater is
connected to one end of the PIN-FIN and seven thermocouples are connected by equal distance all
along the length of the pin and the eighth thermocouple is left in the duct. The panel of the
apparatus consists of voltmeter, ammeter and digital temperature indicator. Regulator is to control
the power input to the heater. U tube manometer with connecting hoses.
Formula used
Volume of air flowing through the duct
Vo = (cd*a1*a2 2*g*h0 / (a12 a22) m3/sec
Where cd = coefficient of orifice = 0.6
g = gravitational constant = 9.81 m/sec2
h0 = heat of air (w/a)h
a1 = area of the pipe
a2 = area of the orifice = 12
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PIN-FIN APPARATUS
S
Sl.
No
Votmeter
Readings
VVo
lts
Ammeter
Readings
IAm
ps
PIN-FIN surface Temperature
T1o
c T2 T3o
c T4o
c T5o
c T6o
c T7o
c
Amb.t
emp
T8
oc
Man
ometer
readingsh
1
c
m
h
2
c
m
Model calculation
Volume of air flowing through the duct
Vo = (cd*a1*a2 2*g*h0 / (a12 a22) m3/sec
Where cd = coefficient of orifice = 0.6
g = gravitational constant = 9.81 m/sec2
h0 = heat of air (w/a)h = 68.96552 m
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h = manometer differential head
Velocity of air in the duct = Vo/ (W*B)
Where W = width of the duct
B = breadth of the duct
REYNOLDS NUMBER OF AIR FLOW
Reynolds number re = (L*Va*a)/ a
Where Va = velocity of air in the duct
a = density of air in the duct
a = viscosity of air at Toc
PRANDTL NUMBER OF AIR FLOW
prandtl number = (cpa* a)/ Ka
where
cpa = specific heat of air
a = viscocity of air
Ka = thermal conductivity of air
Heat transfer coefficient h =Nmu*(Ka/L)
Ka = thermal conductivity of air
L = length of fin
Efficiency of the PIN-FIN
Efficiency of the PIN-FIN = tan h (ML) / (ML)
h = heat of the pin transfer coefficient
L = length of the pin
Temperature distribution = Tx = (cos M (L-X) / cos (ML))* (To-Ta) + Ta
Fin length L = 14.5
Fin diameter Df
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a1 = area of the pipe = (/4)*d12 = 0.001257 m2
a2 = area of the orifice = (/4)*d12 = 0.000314 m2
h = manometer differential head = 68.96552 m
w = 1000 kg/m3
a = 1.16 kg/m3
Diameter of pipe d1 = 40mm
Diameter of orifice d2 = 20mm
Mean temp = T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+ T6 + T7 + T8 /8
x = distance between thermocouple and heater
distance between thermocouple = 20mm
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EVALUATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (H)
Nnav = average Nusselt number
= (hD)/K
D = diameter of fin
K = thermal conductivity of air
Procedure
Connect the three pin plug to a 230V, 50Hz, 15A power and switch on the unit.
Keep the thermocouple selector switch in first position.
Turn the thermocouple knob to clockwise and set the power to the heater to any desired
value by looking at the voltmeter and ammeter.
Allow the unit to stabilize
Switch on the blower, and regulate the speed for any desired flow rate of air.
Set the airflow rate to any desired value looking at the difference in U tube manometer
limb levels.
Note down the temperature indicated by temperature indicator
Repeat the experiment by varying the airflow rate and keeping the power input to the heater
constant.
Varying the power input to the heater and keeping the airflow rate constant.
Tabulate the readings and calculate for difference conditions.
After all the experiment is over, put off the blower switch, turn the energy.
Regulator knobs anti clockwise put off the main switches and disconnects the power
supply.
Specification
Duct width b = 150mm
Duct height w = 100mm
Orifice diameter d0 = 20mm
Orifice coefficient cd = 0.6
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Result
The fin efficiency of the PIN-FIN apparatus by forced convection is
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STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS
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Aim
To find the Stefan Boltzmann constant in the Stefan Boltzmann apparatus.
Apparatus required
1. Hemispherical radiation
2. Hot water source
3. Control valve
4. Small disk
5. Multipoint temperature indicator
6. Thermocouple
Theory
Stefan - Boltzmann law which establishes the dependence of integral hemispherical
radiation on temperature may be verified in this unit. The experimental set up consisting of
concentric hemispheres with provision for the hot water to pass through the annulus. A hot water
source is provided. The water flow may be varied using the control valve provided, thereby to
control the hot water temperature. A small disk is placed at the bottom of the hemisphere which
receives the heat radiation and can be removed (or) refitted while conducting the experiment. A
multipoint digital temperature indicator and thermocouples (Fe/Ko) are provided to measure
temperature at various points on the radiating surface of the hemisphere and on the discharge.
Formula used
Stefan Boltzmann constant () = Q/b * (Th4-Td4)*A
Where,
Q = Mass of the disk
Th = Avg. Temp of Hemisphere
Td = Steady. Temp of disk
A = Area of disk = (/4)*d2
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STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS
Sl.no Hemisphere temp.
T1oc T2
oc T3oc
Avg.temp of
the
hemisphere
Thoc
T4oc
Time in sec Steady state
of the disc
Tdoc
Mass of the disc = 0.
Procedure
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Allow water to flow through the hemisphere. Remove the disc from the bottom of the
hemisphere.
Switch on the heater and allow the hemisphere to reach a steady temperature.
Note down the temperatures T1, T2 and T3. The average of these temperatures is the
hemisphere temperatures (Th).
Refit the disc at the bottom of the hemisphere and start the stop clock. The raise in
temperature T4 with respect to time is noted.
Also note down the disc temperature at T4 when steady state is reached (Td). A is the area
of the disc receiving the heat radiation.
Model calculation
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Q = mass of the disc*cp of the disc* dT/dt Diameter of the disc = 0.02kg
Q = material of the disc = copper m
cp = 0.091
cp = 381 Kcal/kgoc
Th = (T1+T2+T3)/3
=
Td =
=
Area of the disc = (/4)*d2 = 0.000314159 m2
A =
= Q/b * (Th4-Td4)*A
hence,
Stefan Boltzmann constant =
=
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Result
Thus the Stefan Boltzmann constant was determined.
The Stefan Boltzmann constant =
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TEST ON EMISSIVITY APPARATUS
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Aim
To measure the emissivity of the test plate surface.
Theory
An ideally black surface is one, which absorbs the radiation falling in it. Its reflectivity and
transivity is zero. The radiation is emitted per unit time per unit area from the surface of the body
is called emissive power.
The emissive power of a body to the emissive power of black body at the same temperature
is known as emmissivity of the body. For a block body absorptivity is 1 and by kirchoffs law its
emmissivity is also 1.emissivity depends on the surface temperature and the nature of the surface.
Description
The experimental set up consists of two circular aluminium plates identical in size and is
provided with heating coils at the bottom.
The plates are mounted on thick asbestos sheet and kept in an enclosure so as to provide
undisturbed natural convection surroundings. The heat input to the heater is varied by a regulator
and is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter. Since the heaters are electrically connected I
parallel the same power input is given to both heaters any time. The temperatures of the plates are
measured by Ir/Con thermocouples. Each plate is having three thermocouples.Hence an average temperature may be taken. One thermocouple kept in the enclosure to
read the chamber temperature. One plate is blackened by layer of enamel black paint to form the
idealized black surface where as the other plate is the test plate. The heat dissipation by condition
is same in both cases.
Apparatus Required
1. Two Circular Aluminium Plates
2. Thick Asbestos sheet3. Ir/Con thermocouples.
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EMMISSIVITY APPARATUS
Voltag
e
(V)
Volts
Curr
ent
(A)
Amp
s
Black body
temperature oc
T5 T6 T7
Average
tempera
ture oc
Tb
Polished
body
temperature
oc
T1 T2 T3
Average
temperatu
re oc
Tp
Chamber
temperatu
re oc
T4
Emissivit
y
p
Model Calculations
Temperature of black body in absolute unit Tba =Tb + 273
Temperature of polished body in absolute unit Tpa = Tp + 273
Formula Used
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Power input Q = pA [Tp4-Ta4] = pA [Tb4-Ta4]
Since the power input is same for both heaters and area of radiating surface (A) is also same,knowing b =1
Emissivity (p) = b* [(T4ba-T4ca) / (T4pa-T4ca)]
Where b emissivity of black body
Procedure
1) Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50Hz, 15Amps main supply and switch on the unit.
2) Keep the thermocouple selector switch in first position.
3) Adjust the regulator to provide the required power input to both heaters.4) Allow the unit to stabilize.
5) Turn the thermocouple selector switch clockwise step by step and note down temperatures
indicated by temperature indicator from channel 1 to 7.
6) Tabulate the readings and calculate.
7) For the various power inputs repeat the experiment.
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Result
Emissivity of nonblack test plat surface is found to be =
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PARALLEL FLOW / COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
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Aim
To find the overall heat transfer co-efficient in parallel flow and counter flow.
Apparatus required
1. Concentric heat exchanger2. Digital temperature indicator
3. Stop clock
4. Asbestos rope insulation
Specifications
Length of the heat = 1800 mm
Inner copper tube ID = 12mm
OD = 15mm
Outer GI tube ID = 40mm
Theory
Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. Common
examples of the heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, condenser at the back of domestic
refrigerator etc. Heat exchangers are classified mainly into three categories: 1. Transfer type 2.
Storage type 3. Direct contact type. Transfer types of heat exchangers are most widely used. A
transfer types of heat exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously through the
devices and heat is transferred through separating walls. Transfer types of exchangers are further
classified as.
1. Parallel flow type in fluids flow in the same direction.
2. Counter flow types in fluid flow in the opposite direction.
3. Cross flow type in which fluids flow at any angle to each other.
A simple heat exchanger of transfer type can be in the form of a tube arrangement. One fluidflowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus surrounding it. The heat transfer
takes place across the walls of the inner tube.
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Description
The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid i.e. hot water is obtained
from an electric geyser and flows through the inner tube. The cold fluid i.e. cold water can be
admitted at one of the ends, enabling the heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow apparatus or a
counter flow apparatus. This can be done by operating the different valves provided. Flow rate can
be measured using stop clock and measuring flask. The outer tube is provided with adequate
asbestos rope insulation to minimize the heat loss to the surroundings.
Formula used
LMTD (tm) = (td-to) / (ln (ti /to))
= ((Thi-Tci) - (Tho-Tco)) / Ln ((Thi-Tci) / (Tho-Tco))=
Heat input qh = A*U*LMTD
Hence,
The overall heat transfer coefficient
U = (qh/ (A*U*LMTD)
qh = mh*Ch*(Thi Tho)
=
Where,
mh is mass of hot water = 0.041667
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Cp = 4.178 KJ/Kg
Area A = dl = 0.084823 m2
d is outer diameter of inner pipe = 15mm
l is the length of heat exchanger = 1800mm
Inner ID diameter = 12mm
Outer GI tube ID d2 = 40mm
U = w/m2 oc
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Procedure
Connect water supply at the back of the unit. The inlet water flows through geyser and
inner pipe of the heat exchanger and flows out. Also the inlet water flows through the
annulus gap of the heat exchanger and flows out.
For parallel flow open valve V2, V4 and V5.
For counter flow open valve V3, V1 and V5.
Control the hot water flow approximately 2lit. /min and cold water flow approximately 5lit.
/min.
Switch ON the geyser. Allow the temperature to reach steady state.
Note temperature T1 and T2 (hot water inlet and outlet temperature respectively)
Under parallel floe condition T3 is the cold water inlet temperature and T4 is the cold water
outlet temperature.
Note the temperature T3 and T4.
Under counter flow condition T4 is the cold water inlet temperature T3 is the cold water
outlet temperature.
Note the temperature T3 and T4.
Note the time for 1 liter flow of hot and cold water. Calculated mass flow rate Kg/sec.
Change the water flow rates and repeat the experiment.
Precautions
1. Do not put on heater unless water flow is continuous.
2. Once the flow is fixed, do not change it until note down the readings for that flow.
3. The thermocouples should keep in pockets
4. There should make the oil well in pockets of thermocouple.
5. Equipment should be earthed prop
6. Once the experiment is completed drain out the water remains in both the tubes.
Constants
1. Cpc = Specific heat of cold water = 4.174 KJ / KG k
2. Cph = Specific heat of hot water = 4.174 KJ / KG k
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PARALLEL FLOW / COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
Sl.No Hot Water
Inlet
Temp. Thi
oC
Hot Water
Outlet
Temp. Tho
oC
Cold
Water
Inlet
Temp. Tci
oC
Cold
Water
Outlet
Temp. Tco
oC
Time for
hot water
flow 1 liter
sec
Time for
cold water
flow 1 liter
sec
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Result
Thus the overall heat transfer co-efficient is determined by using in parallel flow and
counter flow method.
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AIR CONDITION TEST RIG
Aim: to determine the co-efficient of performance of an air conditioning system.
Introduction
UTE air conditioning for human comfort or industrial process required certain processes to becarried out on air to vary the physchometric properties of air to requirements. These processesmay involve the mixing of air streams, heating of air, cooling o the air, humidifying air, anddehumidifying air and combination of the process. All such processes are studied with the givenair-condition test rig.
Description
The vapour compression air condition test rig is designed for exclusive study of refrigerantproperties while conditioning an environment of correct temperature, humidity and air movement.The test air rig consist of a closed type compressor, energy meter to measure electrical input to the
compressor and heater, pressure gauges, and thermocouple sensor fitted at respective locations,digital temperature indicator, air cooled condenser, an expansion valves, etc. air cooled typeevaporator. The air is passed by a blower unit through the duct. The expand refrigerant passesthrough the coil fixed in the duct. The passing air comes in contact with the coil.
A multiple air heater is provided in the duct for dehumidification. A steam boiler is provided toallow the steam to mix with air passing through the duct for humidification. Wet and dry bulbtemperatures are measured at the inlet and outlet section of the duct. The flow of air is measuredusing an anemometer.The whole unit with panel and air circulation system mounted on a trolley with caster wheels. Thepipelines are suitably colour coded to indicate different states of the gas.
Procedure
Switch on the mains. Switch on the condenser fan and blower,
Keep the manually operated valves in proper position.
Switch on the compressor and allow the unit to stabilize after adjusting the airflow through theduct.
Note down the following
Pressure of supper heated vapour at the exit on the compressor (delivery) p1Pressure at entry to throttle valve p2Pressure after throttling p3Pressure of super heated vapour at suction to the compressor p4Note the corresponding temperatures T1,T2,T3 and T4 at respective state points
S. T T T3 T P P P P Inlet DBT WBT DBT Time for Anemom
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No 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 WET 10 rev ofenergymeter ofcompressor
eterreading
Model calculation
Energy meter constant = 1200rev/kwhDiameter of orifice fixed to the duct =0.08mArea of the orifice fixed to the duct =0.005m2Density of air =1.16The mass flow rate of air = velocity air flow m/sec * area of the orifice *density of air
= 0.031 kg/sec
From psychometric chart at inlet DBT & WBT enthalpy = kj/kg
From psychometric chart at outlet DBT & WBT enthalpy = kj/kg
Hence the drop in enthalpy due to the refrigerating effect = kj/kg
For the mass flow rate of air measured the drop in enthalpy of the refrigerating effect =
Power input = 3600 * 10 KW/E* t
Where E is the energy meter constant.
Performance of the unit = refrigerating effect/power input to the compressor
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To find the COP using p-h chart.
Convert the pressure gauge readings to absolute pressures in bar.Note 14.5psi = 1 kgAbsolute pressure = gauge pressure in kg+ 1.03 bar.
Plot different state points on the p-h chart (R22) using the absolute pressure and temperaturereadings. Note the enthalpy at each point. P1, T1 corresponds to point 1, and p2, T2, p3, T3 andp4, T4, corresponds to points 2,3 and 4 respectively.
State 4-1 represents the adiabatic compression.State 3-4 represents the isobaric evaporation.
Theoretically sub cooling and super heating of suction vapour states is neglected.
From p h chart
H1 = KJ/KgH2 = KJ/Kg
H3 = KJ/Kg
H4 = KJ/Kg
Saturation cycle COP = H4 H3/H1 H4
To find the COP by experimental method.
To find the refrigerating effect / cooling capacity of the system
For calculating the efficiency of the cycle experimentally, note the dry bulb & wet bulbtemperatureof air a t inlet and outlet section of the duct.
The mass of air is calculated as follows.Using anemometer note velocity airflow m/sec. knowing the area of the orifice through which airis sucked in ot the duct, and the density of air, calculate mass flow rate of air of air Kg/sec.
Using a psychrometric chart note the enthalpy drop of air from the inlet to the outlet section of theduct, KJ/Kg, multiplying this value with the mass flow rate of air, the refrigerating effect can befound KJ/sec.
Note the time taken (t) for 10 Rev. of the energy meter disc for the compressor and calculate thepower as follows.
Power input = 3600 * 10 KW/E* t
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Where E is the energy meter constant.
Now the performance of the unit refrigerating effect / power to compressor.
Note. The compressor should be restarted only after the pressure is equalized.
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Result
Thus the COP of the system is found
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REFRIGERATION TEST RIG
Aim: to determine the co-efficient of performance of a given refrigerating system.
Introduction
The vapour compression refrigeration test rig is introduced for the exclusive demonstration ofmechanical refrigeration system and its electrical controls.
The system exposes functions of compressor, condenser, evaporator, driver, expansion valve,capillary, thermostat for effecting pressure and temperature changes.
The test rig mounted on caster wheels is of study MS tubular frame with a laminated panel board,compressor, condenser with fan, and evaporator in the form of SS vessel with coil wound over theouter surface with proper insulation mounted on the base of the unit. The panel houses allelectrical/refrigeration controls with throttling devices with copper pipes properly color-coded to
indicate different state of the refrigeration gas. Provision is made to measure the temperature andpressure at each of these state points.
Specifications
Compressor:1/3 HP sealed reciprocating compressor
Condenser:forcd air-cooled condenser.
Evaporator: SS vessel with copper coil wound and soldered around. Properly insulated. Providedwith a thermocouple sensor to measure the water temperature.The diameter of this vessel =295mmEnergy meter constant =rev/kwh
Location of temperature sensor and pressure gauges.
P1,T1 corresponds to state point 1, and p2 T2, T3,and p4, T4, corresponds to points 2,3and 4respectively.
Thermostat to cut off the compressor when the water temperature .
Indication lamp glows when safety device operates.
Expansion devices: capillary tube automatic expansion valve.
Valves: diaphragm type hand shut off valves and an electrically operated solenoid valve.
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Vapour compression refrigeration test rig
Intial
temp. ofwater
Intial
temp. ofwater
Durat
ionofexp.
Delivery
pressure
Delivery
temp.
Condenser
outletpressure
Condenser
outlettemp.
Pressure
afterthrottling
Temp. after
throttling
Suction
pressure
Suction
temp.
Timefor 10
rev ofcompressorenergymeter
Height
ofwaterinthevessel
Calculations.
a. To find the COP by experimental method.
To find the refrigerating effect.Mass of water in the evaporator vessel (m) w (/4* d2) h. kg, where h is the height of water level,w is the density of water, d is the diameter of the vessel.
Rate of fall in temperature of water =
T5 initial T5 final / duration of experiment in seconds. dt/dT oC/sec.
Cp of water = 4.182 KJ/kg oC
Hence the refrigerating effect can be calculated as m* cp* dt/dT. Kw.The work done by the compressor may be calculated using the time taken (seconds) for 10revolution of energy meter disc. E is the energy meter constant. (Rev/KW.hr.)
The work done by the compressor =3600(10)/t(E) KW, for time taken for 10 rev. of energy meter.
Hence the COP of the refrigerating system = refrigerating effect/work done
b. To find the COP using p-h chart
Convert the pressure gauge readings to absolute pressures in bar.Note. 14.5psi = 1 kg.
Absolute pressure = gauge pressure in kg+1.03b
Procedure.
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Check for any loose connection in the electrical circuit.
For expansion through capillary, open hand shut off valve before and after capillary, closeall other valves. Solenoid in off position.
Put on the main switch, condenser fan, and temperature indicator.
Fill water in the evaporator vessel to 3/4th level. Note the level of water using a measuringscale (h).
Note the initial temperature of water T5
Note the starting time, and switch on the compressor.
Allow the unit to stabilize.
Note the time for 10 revolution of compressor energy meter reading.
When the temperature T3 and T4 are almost equal note the following.
Note the closing time, and temperature of water T5
Note pressure gauge reading p1,p2,p3 and p4 at different state points.
Note temperatures at different state points T1, T2, T3, and T4 using the selector switchprovided on the temperature indicator.
The experiment may be repeated for a different water level/temperature. Please note forrepeating the experiment the water needs to be changed.
For throttling through the automatic expansion valve, close all hand valves. Put on thesolenoid switch, however the main hand valve in the line must be open.
Repeat the above procedure and note down the readings.
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Plot different state points on the p-h chart using the absolute pressure and temperature readings.Note the enthalpy at each point. P1, T1, corresponds ot point 1, and p2, T2, p3, T3, and p4, T4,corresponds to points 2,3, and 4 respectively.
State 4-1 represents the adiabatic compressionState 3-4 represents the isobaric evaporation
Theoretically sub cooling and super heating of suction vapour states is neglected.
From p-h chart.
H1 = KJ/Kg
H2 = KJ/Kg
H3 = KJ/Kg
H4 = KJ/Kg
Saturaqtion cycle COP = H4 H3/H1 H4
Condenser to evaporator heat transfer ratio cycle.
Theoretical = H1 H2/H4 H3
Model calculation
Evaporator vessel dia D = 295 mmEnergy meter constant E= 1200rev/KWH
By actual experimental method
The COP of the refrigeration unit may be calculated as below.
To find the mass of water in the evaporator vessel
m = v* kg/sec.
where v is volume of water in evaporator= (/4* D2) h.
D = diameter of evaporator vessel
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h= water level in the vessel
is the density of water which is equal to=1000kg/m3
heat absorbed from evaporator water = m*cp*(T5ini-T5fin)/dT KW
cp = 4.18 kj/kgoC
heat absorbed from evaporator water (refrigeration effect) +
work done by the compressor =3600 /E*10/t KW
hence COP = refrigeration effect/ work done
Result
Thus the COP of the system is found =
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