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Background
Bangladesh is officially known as the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh. Bangladesh lies in
the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent – which is located in southern Asia. It was
created out of the former Pakistani province of East Pakistan by 16th December, 1971.
Bangladesh has an area of 55, 598 square miles (143, 998 sq. km). It is one of the most
densely populated areas in the world. Dhaka is the national capital and the largest city of
Bangladesh.
Establishment of Legal System The Constitution was adopted on November 4, 1972 and has undergone fourteen
amendments. President Ziaur Rehman amended the constitution in 1977 to remove the
principle of secularism that had been enshrined in Part II: Fundamental State Policy,
replacing it with "absolute trust and faith in Almighty Allah." The Eighth Amendment of
1988 inserted Article 2A, affirming that, "the state religion of the Republic is Islam, but other
religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in the republic." Women’s rights and the
principles of gender equality come under the Fundamental Principles of State Policy and are
protected by Fundamental Rights, affirming equality of all citizens before the act.
Constitutional Status of Islamic Law
The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 is still an existing law in
Bangladesh providing for the application of Muslim Personal Law in all matters relating to
Muslim Family Affairs. Justice Mustafa Kamal (then a Judge of the Appellate Division) has,
in his judgment, quoted section 2 of the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act,
1937, which is as follows:
Supported by the provisions of the constitution, it can be said that Muslim personal law is an
eternal law prevailing as the only law for all Muslim Family Affairs. While the constitution
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establishes Islam as the state religion, it provides for the right to practice subject to law,
public order, and morality. Citizens generally are free to practice the religion of their choice;
however, police are normally ineffective in upholding law and order and are often slow to
assist members of religious minorities who have been victims of crimes.
Government
The president, as the chief of state, holds a largely ceremonial post. The real power is held
by the prime minister, who is head of government. The president is elected by the legislature
(Parliament) every five years. The president's circumscribed powers are substantially
expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government. Under the 13th Amendment, which
Parliament passed in March 1996, a caretaker government assumes power temporarily to
oversee general elections after dissolution of the Parliament.
The prime minister is appointed by the president. The prime minister must be a Member of
Parliament (MP) whom the president feels commands the confidence of the majority of other
MPs. The cabinet is composed of ministers selected by the prime minister and appointed by
the president. At least 90% of the ministers must be MPs. The other 10% may be non-MP
experts. According to the constitution, the president can dissolve Parliament upon the written
request of the prime minister.
Parliament (The Jatiya Sangsad) The legislature is a unicameral, 300 seat body. All of its members are elected by universal
suffrage at least every five years. Parliament amended the constitution in May 2004, making
a provision for adding 45 seats reserved for women and to be distributed among political
parties in proportion to their numerical strength in Parliament. The Awami League as well as
several women's groups also demanded direct election to fill the reserved seats for women.
All citizens of Bangladesh of and above the age of 18, who have registered themselves as
voters, form the electorate. Each constituency elects one Member of Parliament on the basis
of direct election. All citizens of Bangladesh having attained the age of 25 qualify to be
elected to Parliament. Those disqualified include the insane, un-discharged bankrupts,
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persons who on conviction for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude have been
sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years unless five years have elapsed since
their release, persons owing allegiance to a foreign state, and persons holding an office of
profit in the service of the Republic. The Election Commission declares the result of the
general election formally a few days later through the publication of the names of winning
candidates in the official Bangladesh Gazette. Members-elect are administered an oath of
office by the outgoing Speaker.
Court System
The legal system of Bangladesh is based on a common law system. However, unlike other
common law jurisdictions, Bangladesh’s Supreme Court has the power to not only interpret
laws made by the Parliament, but to also declare them null and void and to enforce
fundamental rights of the citizens. Although founded on the English common law system, the
laws of Bangladesh take a statutory form, which are enacted by the legislature and interpreted
by the higher courts. There are strong legal obligations for the codification, translation and
publication of laws.
The emergence of Bangladesh as an independent, sovereign country called for necessary
amendments, adaptations and the repeal of certain laws as well as the enactment of new laws
and translation of laws into Bangla version to meet the changed and changing political,
social and economic needs of the new country. Accordingly, Bangladesh Code, Volumes I-
XI were published containing the laws enacted during 1836 to 1938. But due to a lack of
proper leadership, manpower, and sound organizational support, the process had proceeded
no further. As a result, laws enacted after 1938 have been kept scattered and unattended. As
of yet, no effective steps have been taken to update the Bangladesh Codes which have already
been published. It is important to mention that, until today, no comprehensive step has been
taken to update and compile rules, by-laws, regulations, statutory orders, etc.
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The Supreme Court of Bangladesh
The Judiciary of Bangladesh consists of a Supreme Court, subordinate courts and tribunals.
The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is comprised of the Appellate Division and the High Court
Division. It is the apex court of the country; other courts and tribunals are subordinate to it.
The Appellate Division shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgments,
decrees, orders or sentences of the High Court Division. It has rule making power for
regulating the practice and procedure of each division and of any court subordinate to it.
The High Court Division, though a division of the Supreme Court, is, for all practical
purposes, an independent court with its powers, functions and jurisdictions well defined and
determined under the Constitution and different laws. It has both appellate as well as original
jurisdiction.
The Subordinate Courts and Tribunals
There are a wide variety of subordinate courts and tribunals. Their powers, functions and
jurisdictions are also determined by the respective statutes. These are the basic courts in the
system of the judiciary of Bangladesh. Certain tribunals are termed as administrative
tribunals. Such courts and tribunals are spread all over the country at the district levels. The
Subordinate Court works with two division:
i. Civil Courts
ii. Criminal Courts
Civil Courts
The civil court system is more popularly known as the subordinate judiciary. The civil courts
are created under the Civil Courts Act of 1887, containing five tiers of civil courts as follows:
i) Court of assistant judge;
ii) Court of senior assistant judge;
iii) Court of joint district judge;
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iv) Court of additional district judge; and,
v) Court of district judge.
The first three are courts of first instance with powers, functions and jurisdictions in respect
to subject matter, territory and pecuniary value determined by or under statutes. The
remaining two are generally courts of appeal in civil matters.
Criminal Courts
This system consists of Courts of Session, Courts of Metropolitan Session Judges, Special
Courts/ Tribunals, Courts of Metropolitan Magistrate, and Courts of Magistrate.
Codes and Law Reports
In Bangladesh, the law reports are published according to the provisions of the Law Reports
Act, 1875. There are at least six law reports now in Bangladesh, the most popular one is the
Dhaka Law Reports (popularly known as DLR) which started its publication in 1948.
Bangladesh Legal Decisions (BLD) is published under the authority of the Bangladesh Bar
Council. The other law reports are Bangladesh Law Chronicles, Law Guardian, Bangladesh
Law Times, and the Mainstream Law Reports. Even after the establishment of the Supreme
Court of Bangladesh in 1972, a law report was published for a few years under the
supervision of the Supreme Court. But that did not continue for long. These Law Reports
basically contain the judgments, orders and decisions of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Gazette
Bangladesh Government Press - widely known as BG Press - is the lying-in house of
government publications, forms, classified materials, budget reports, bills, acts, ordinances,
resolution leaflets, and posters. From synchronizing with the geo-political change and
rearrangements that came on the map of this area, BG Press has achieved its present
infrastructure, manpower, and technology back-up and product range. One may find here
articles related to the Bangladesh Government’s Act and Ordinance:
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Emergency Law
Mobile Court Ordinance
Judicial Separation
Code of Criminal Procedure
Arbitration Law in Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, the present law of arbitration is contained mainly in the Arbitration Act, 1940,
there being separate Acts dealing with the enforcement of foreign awards. There are also
stray provisions as to arbitration, scattered in special Acts. Three types of arbitration are
contemplated by the Arbitration Act of 1940, namely:
(i) Arbitration in the course of a suit
(ii) Arbitration with the intervention of the court
(iii) Arbitration otherwise than in the course of a suit and without the intervention
of the court.
Conclusion
The independence of judiciary and the impartial judicial practice are related concepts,
one cannot sustain without the other. The art of practicing impartiality does not
develop overnight rather it results from understanding, appreciating and acknowledging
the moral values, ethics and professional responsibility over a considerable period of
time. It is basically a question of developing an attitude. In developing that attitude, there
is a need for the development of an ethical framework in our entire legal and judicial
arena and for which there is no other alternative but raising the knowledge of our
legal and judicial professionals with regard to ethics, professional responsibility and
accountability. Ensuring of such knowledge will help the society with long time
benefit in general and particularly for the legal and judicial professionals.