Final Online Version Laura Wascher

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DENSE VS. GREENA CAS E STUDY OF SEGE PARK IN MALMO

LAURA WASCHER

MAL MO UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN STUDIES

SUSTAINABLE URBAN MANAGEMENT MASTER PROGRAM

FINAL VERSION - COURSE ASSIGNMENT BY604E

ENVIRONMENTALLY SU D

TUTOR: MATS PERSSON

AUTUMN SEMESTER 2011


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Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Methods 4

3 Theories and Concepts 5

4 Analysis 64.1 The History of Sege Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.2 The Current Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.2.1 Urban Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.2.2 Ecological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.3 Future Planning Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 Discussion 11

6 Conclusion 14

References 14

A Appendix 18

A.1 History of Malmo Ostra Sjukhuset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

A.2 Current Situation of Sege Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

A.2.1 List of Number and Functions of Buildings in Sege Park December 2011 . . 21

A.2.2 Analysis Map of Sege Park: Usage, Borders, Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

A.2.3 Services & Amenities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

A.2.4 Ecological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

A.2.5 Climate Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

A.3 Future Planning Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

A.3.1 Overview of Regulations and Policies of Malmo City . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31A.3.2 Relevant Positive and Negative Attributes of PP6010, DP5059 . . . . . . . . 32

A.3.3 Estimated Exploitation Level for Sege Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

A.3.4 Future Map of a Dense & Green Sege Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Abstract

Densification and retrofitting of existing neighbourhoods becomes more important to urban planning

these days. An example for Malmo, is the former hospital area of Sege Park, which has been mainly

unused since 1995. After Augustenborg and the Western Harbour, this could be the next great in-

ternational example of urban sustainability for Malmo. To develop an understanding, and ideas for

reviving the area into an environtmentally compatible district is a current challenge. The issue of

preserving greenery as part of the valued cultural heritage and simultaneously densify the area into

an urban space, represents a conflict in this particular district. This study aimed to find solutions for

this conflict. Hence the history and the present-day situation of Sege Park were examined, as well

as future planning ideas, and current needs considering the development of Malmo. These aspects

have been discussed with regard to theories and concepts of sustainable urban development. Ideas for

potential solutions, such as the densification mainly within a building, hence requires less new con-

struction and soil sealing. Furthermore green spaces can be redesigned into valuable multifunctional

areas for residents and simultaneously foster biodiversity within the large preserved park area.

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1 Introduction

Climate change, population growth and the need for redevelopment of existing urban areas are all

challenges for necessary sustainable urban development. Green planning can help to adapt existing

urban areas for coming changes like global warming. Increased precipitation and effects of the urban

heat island are just two examples of future challenges (SwedishGovernment, 2007). Different green

tools, such as green roofs, green walls and open storm-water management, can be used to cope with

climatic changes. The densification and retrofitting of existing neighbourhoods, or redevelopment of

old industrial areas, become more important to urban planning in general. High density, green spaces,

sustainable transportation, mixed-use, public spaces, energy alternatives, rain and fresh water issues,

biodiversity and thermal comfort are all aspects to consider in redevelopment. It is necessary to com-

bine green tools and sustainable retrofitting methods with a holistic view to tackle issues of urban

development. Environmental, social and economic issues should be considered when redeveloping

areas.

Case Study Problem: In the case of Malmo, the pressure of population growth, homelessness and

the need of housing present a current challenge (Ottosson, 2011; Karnehed, 2011; Haggstrom, 2010).

Malmo suffers from a lack of affordable rental housing, especially for young people and students

(ibid.). Moreover it is generally known that Malmo is situated in the most productive agricultural

area of Sweden, the soil quality is very high, and is hence considered a limit to urban expansion andurban sprawl. As the region around Malmo is affected by the landscape of agriculture, without other

functions such as large recreational forest areas, urban green spaces are important for residents and

outdoor activities.

A concrete case study for urban redevelopment in Malmo is the neighbourhood of Augustenborg,

built in the 1950s. It has been in a renewal process since 1998, and has become an international

example for the sustainable redevelopment of post-war settlements (Goransson, 2010; MalmoStad,

2011a). Another case of sustainable urban development in Malmo is the completely new constructed

residential area of the Western Harbour, which started in 2001 with the housing expo and the Bo01

area (MalmoStad, 2011c). It is next to Augustenborg an international attraction in Malmo, and was

presented as one Urban Best Practice Area during the world exhibition in Shanghai in 2010 (ibid.). A

third case for sustainable urban development is Sege Park on the northern outskirts of Malmo, whichcan be seen with the before mentioned cases in figure 1 . It used to be a hospital area, now hous-

ing students, a health care centre, a school, kindergartens, and an eco-centre in very green and open

surrounding. There is a plan to develop Sege Park in the future, with a focus on renewable energies,

which some test installations for solar power implicate (MalmoStad, 2011b). Already in the summer

of 2007 the largest photovoltaic plant in Sweden, consisting of 1250 square meters of solar cells with

a peak power of 166 kW was inaugurated in Sege Park (ibid.). Transforming Sege Park into a self-

sustaining urban district is challenging, moreover when drastically increasing the current low density

of the area. Historically the green spaces in Sege Park have a high value, and it is required to preserve

large parts of the exiting vegetation (Andreasson, 2009). Sege park was chosen as a case for this

study, because it presents a unique case for Malmo, combining opportunities for redevelopment andtransformation of an existing area and adding the challenges of integrating new constructions with a

highly environmentally compatible profile.

Aim: This study strives to gain a better understanding of the current situation in Sege Park and

Malmos future plans, concentrating on the issues of historically significant green spaces and new

dense housing development. The research will focus on what is most important to be developed in

Sege Park out of the long-term perspective of the city of Malmo and what is best for its future de-

velopment. The development aim, is to make Sege Park into an environmentally compatible urban

district of Malmo. The main research question is, how can the issues of preserving greenery and

increasing density needs be balanced within Sege Park?

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Figure 1: Map Overview of Malmo, pointing out the Western Harbour, Augustenborg and Sege Park

(OpenStreetMap, 2011; Wascher, 2011, modified)

2 MethodsThe main focus was the survey of Sege Parks development according to the existing situation, its his-

tory and future planning ideas and regulations. Sege Park was also chosen as data enquiry is possible

given the research facilities and case study location. In this case city administration institutions, such

as Malmo City Services (Serviceforvaltning) and City Planning Office (Stadsbyggnadskontor), were

advantageous for information inquiries and support. The author has good insights and local knowl-

edge1, and in-depth local investigation and observation could be carried out in addition to literature

research. Naturally, due to the limits of this study, not all issues could be researched and presented to

the most detailed extent.

The analysis is divided in three parts following chronologically the progress of the area.

THE HISTORY OF SEG E PAR K and its significance was reviewed through literature research, onlineinvestigation and on-site exploration.

THE CURRENT SITUATION OF SEG E PAR K was investigated with a focus on the leitmotif green vs.

dense, i.e. the ecological aspects and the urban fabric.

Under the category ofurban fabric, information were gathered on the present utilisation of buildings,

current land-use types, (public) transportation and connectivity, and amenities in the surrounding area.

The acquired data was processed with Geographical Information Systems (GIS), resulting in several

thematic maps.

Under the category ofecological aspects, information were gathered on the landscape scenery, veg-

1Given the fact, that the author is resident of the area.

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etation, soil, water and climate. This information was visualised with GIS, and on-site observations

were recorded through photographs. Supporting the analysis of ecological aspects an assessment was

conducted with the help of GIS. Geographical data could be obtained via Lantmateriet, and for the

climatic assessment quantitative data could be collected via online sources. Processing the climatic

data was done with different analytical tools, such as the Mahony Tables and Local Climate Zone

analysis.

FUTURE PLANNING IDEAS AND REGULATIONS were reviewed and analysed. The latest plan pro-

gram (20079 and the following detailed plan (2011) were examined and analysed. An interview

with the liable planning coordinator of the detailed plan (Lindeberg, 2011) could be arranged and

helped to gain more in-depth knowledge. Additionally, regarding their relevance for Sege Park,

the following local policies and regulations on future planning in Malmo were examined, such asOversiktsplan for Malm o 2012 Samradsunderlag/Planstrategi, new comprehensive Plan (Stadsbyg-

gnadskontor, 2011c); Energistrategi f or Malmo, the energy strategy (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2009);

Parkeringspolicy och Parkeringsnorm for bil, mc och cykel i Malm o, the parking policy (Stadsbyg-

gnadskontor, 2011a); Sa f ort ata vi Malmo, discussion paper on densification (Stadsbyggnadskontor,

2010); Milj oprogram f or Malmo stad 2009-2020, the environmental plan, (Miljoforvaltningen, 2009);

Gr onplan f or Malmo 2003, the green plan (Gatukontoret, 2003); Naturvardsprogram f or Malmo stad

2010, the nature conservation program (Andersson and Wedelin, 2011). This serves as a basis for

further research, and at last suggestions for solutions to the question of the leitmotif dense vs. greenwere investigated and will be discussed later on.

3 Theories and Concepts

The following theories and concepts are relevant to redevelopment issues with a focus on sustainabil-

ity and environmental soundness. They will be used to discuss and determine the current and future

development of Sege Park as a sustainable urban district.

Rockstrom and et al. (2009) defined the so called PLANETARY BOUNDARIES for anthropogenic pres-

sures on the earths system causing environmental change. These describe the area in which humanity

can operate safely, to secure human development and ecosystem services. By exceeding these limits,destructive and even catastrophic effects on the planetary-scale systems are expected ( Rockstrom and

et al., 2009). The authors estimate that already three planetary boundaries have been transgressed by

humanity: climate change, loss of biodiversity, changes in the global nitrogen cycle (ibid.). The result-

ing changes and interconnections between the planetary boundaries are being noticed and measures

for mitigation have to take place. Future challenges for urban areas will of course be climate change,

including sea level rise, increased urban heat island effect and more extreme weathers. Besides fresh

water use, land system change and chemical pollution are major challenges to be dealt with (ibid.).

CITIES AS SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS (CASE): In this approach cities are seen as an ecosystem

in themselves, with all dynamics including materials, energy flows and complex information systems

(Newman and Jennings, 2008). Moreover the emphasize lies on sustainable ecosystems and lessons

that can be learned, to improve current unsustainable cities. It refers to the fact, that best innovations in

human history have often copied or modelled natural systems (ibid.). Humans are also considered part

of a local socio-ecological system in bioregions. The approach is based on the Melbourne Principles

for Sustainable Cities. The idea is for cities to develop into urban ecovillages, e.g. balancing the eco-

logical footprint, restoring feedback loops and ecosystem remnants, enhancing biodiversity et cetera

(ibid.). The global effort for sustainability will be won, or lost, in the worlds cities, where urban de-

sign may influence over 70 per cent of peoples Ecological Footprint. High-Footprint cities can reduce

this demand on nature greatly with existing technology (Wackernagel et al., 2006, p.112). The first

step when building new urban neighbourhoods is an approach with S USTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

PRINCIPLES (S CP): The relationship between sustainable development and the construction indus-

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try has become clear, since construction is of high economic significance and has strong environmen-

tal and social impacts (Sev, 2009, p.161). Sustainable construction must rely on the following three

basic principles, resource management, life-cycle design, design for humans and the environment.

Resource managementincorporates efficient use of energy/water/materials/land. Life-Cycle design

implies sustainable strategies throughout the pre-building, building and post-building phase. Design

for humans regards the preservation of natural conditions, conservation of cultural resources and the

protection of health and comfort (Sev, 2009). Another thought should be devoted to URBAN TEC H-

NICAL SYSTEMS (UTS), which is a concept including all major infrastructure for urban residents,

like the provision of green infrastructure, transportation and communication, water and energy, and

the collection and treatment of waste and sewage (Strahl, 2011). With smart city and building design,

the dependency on UTS can be reduced, therefore reducing distant supplies and vulnerability (ibid.).

With more emphasize on transportation, Newman and Kenworthy (1999) point out the importance of

improved transit, bicycling and walking infrastructure, as alternatives to car-use. Mixed and dense

land-use in smaller urban centres also reduce the need for travel in general ( Wheeler and Beatley,

2008, p.123). Additionally a concept to explain the affiliation of humans to nature and biodiversity is

the BIOPHELIA HYPOTHESIS, defined by E.O. Wilson (Kellert et al., 1995). It suggests a biologically

based, innate human need to incorporate all lifelike things (ibid.). The opposite concept is that of bio-

phobia, proposing that nature can also be seen as a danger, creating fear and avoidance ( Tzoulas et al.,

2007). These studies suggest that a complete Green Infrastructure may have a considerable potentialfor improving the health of urban residents(Tzoulas et al., 2007, p.171). Although generally there

is a lack of reliable empirical evidence, there is a strong intuition and theory that green spaces are

important to urban residents (Strahl, 2011). Besides, reliable scientific research proved that there is a

strong linkage between longevity and access to green spaces (ibid.). Tzoulas et al. (2007) also argue,

that there is sufficient evidence prevailing to conclude that green infrastructure is a significant public

health factor. When thinking about recent urban renewal projects and their social impact, the concept

of GENTRIFICATION presents an important issue. It is a process characterised by the transformation

of an area in the inner city into middle-class residential or commercial use through landscape change,

commodification of space, exploitation of economic value of real-estate and subsequent displacement

of low income groups, and this drastically changes the character of the neighbourhood (Lees et al.,

2010). In contrast to this, SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT (SSUD) is a devel-

opment of the city and deliberate development strategies that aim to increase/promote integration

and decrease/counteract segregation (Grundstrom, 2011; Boverket, 2010, p.21). Boverket points out

six recurring themes, which are issues of the current discussions about socially sustainable urban

development in general and the regeneration or redevelopment of disadvantaged neighbourhoods in

particular: 1. Holistic understanding to see the area redevelopment as part of the overall urban devel-

opment and to combine physical and social measures. 2. Mixite to achieve greater diversity in terms

of functions, housing and design. 3. Connectivity constructions that reconnect the city. 4. Transporta-

tion overcoming physical barriers and creation of new nodes. 5. Neighbourhood identity to create

conditions for a positive identification with the residential area and give it a clearer and more positive

identity outwards. 6. Participatory processes that any area regeneration needs to be based on thosewho live in the area and should be conducted in collaboration between relevant actors & stakeholders

(Grundstrom, 2011; Boverket, 2010, p. 43, and my own translation).

4 Analysis

4.1 The History of Sege Park

The area which is named Sege Park nowadays, used to be the former Malmo Ostra Sjukhuset (MOS),

the eastern hospital. It was a psychiatric hospital, which was planned as a very modern and much

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Figure 2: Aerial photograph of MOS taken from the West, Ostra Faladsgatan in the foreground, 1934

during construction (Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995).

needed facility in the end of the 1920s (Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995). The site construction started

in 1933 according to plans of the architect Carl-Axel Stoltz, an aerial photograph displays the con-struction work in 1934 (see fig. 2). Beforehand long discussions about the positioning of the hospital

within Malmo and its name took place. An early stigmatisation of the facility was unwanted, there-

fore no name including mental hospital was chosen, but rather a neutral version, simply the eastern

hospital (Ostra Sjukhuset). Nevertheless was the positioning of the 25 hectar big facility was an issue,

close to the Bulltofta airfield on the very outskirts of Malmo, far from the center, it was deemed by

the planning department as a risk-free area. It was built east of the already existing Beijers park,

surrounded by agricultural land, close to Rostorps residential neighbourhood. The site plan for the

area was mainly produced be the architect, but in close cooperation with the hospitals future senior

doctor Ruben Holmstrom, who put much emphasize on the creation of green spaces and vegetation

to ensure a good external environment. The facility was bright and spacious and accommodated 23

buildings at the inauguration on 16th April 1935. Eight of these buildings were care wards (four

for men, four for women) separated by a large lawn area in between, creating a great axis with a

tastefully arranged perspective enhance by the shifted position of the buildings. Moreover the care

wards looked like normal residential housing of the time, and additionally a large park and green

spaces were created around. In general it was seen as positive for all people to enjoy light, air and

greenery. Towards Ostra Faladsgatan in the east, the administration (see fig. 5), the housing for the

senior doctor, and the porter house were situated. Furthermore staff housing, a kitchen building, a

steam power station, a church and assembly hall, a workshop, workshops for occupational therapy, a

horticultural nursery with greenhouses, and at last a morgue were constructed. Besides all buildings

were connected with an underground culvert system, big enough to accommodate all water, electric-

ity, heating and sewage facilities accessible and even walkable (Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995). Anoverview map and an aerial photograph from 1947 can be seen in appendix A.1 on page 18, with

numbering an explanation of all buildings in the map. During the 1950s two extra care wards (5a,8a

see A.2.2) were constructed, behind the original wards on each side, melting into the environment and

supporting the axiality. In proportion and scale they were kept as the originals, including the gardens

with a solgang (see fig. 5 on page 19), but they differed in the facade design, being red brick and not

bright coloured plaster (Andreasson, 2009). Additionally, during the 1970s the horticultural nursery

and greenhouses got demolished to give space to new ward buildings (30-32 see A.2.2). These were

higher and bigger building blocks constructed next to Simrisbanvagen in the South, still supporting

the axiality, but otherwise not really integrated into the area. Within the years glass corridors were

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added to some of the care wards to connect buildings, and add elevators. Another issue reflecting the

isolated position of the hospital was the lacking connection to public transport. Only 15 years after

the inauguration the hospital got its own close by buss stop on the southwestern edge of the facility.

The famous park and know garden facilities, originally designed by city engineer Erik Bulow Hube,

were mainly the work of one man, the horticultural director Carl Soderberg. According to Ersgard

and Hallstrom (1995, p. 47), he devoted his knowledge and love to create a friendly environment,

which patients and staff enjoyed over 60 years. It was of high importance, not only to provide a good

environment and outdoor activities as part of the therapy for patients, but also to provide food for

the hospital (Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995). In figure 4 on page 19 it can be noticed that the horti-

culture took up a large area in the southeast of the hospital, with greenhouses, fields, and fruit tree

growths. Moreover the horticultural activity was so successful it could supply MOS, and all other

of Malmos hospitals with all vegetables, fruits, berries and even flowers. A small bit of the former

large apple tree growth is still visible today in the southern part of the area. Visible still today are

also some traces by Erik Bulow Hube, like the lowered levels of lawn, e.g. close to the staff housing,

see fig. 7 on page 20 (Andreasson, 2009). This lower level of lawn areas might represent the original

ground level from the 1930s (Al-Noori, 2011). 1995 MOS was one of the last psychiatric hospitals

in Sweden to move its patients to new facilities and new forms of care, leaving the area unused. The

book by Ersgard and Hallstrom (1995) describes MOS as a functioning small city within a city, as

for many inhabitants of Malmo MOS was a closed world, where patients and staff lived outside ofthe rest of the community. The areas around MOS were developed in the 20th century, mostly into

residential areas with detached and high-rise houses or for recreational purpose. Since 1995 the orig-

inal function of MOS has closed down. Other psychiatric hospitals in Sweden have undergone the

same procedure, and have found new functions such as residential areas, offices for small business

or conference centres. Others have been sold, or gotten new functions within the health care sector

(Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995). During the 15 years after the closing of MOS, the area was renamed

as Sege Park. Some buildings are still empty, others got new functions, like an elementary school,

several kindergartens, student apartments and recycling houses, a health care center, the psychiatry

Skane (forensic psychiatry), the Eco-Center Malmo, the kitchen providing catering for schools and

social services, and the immigration services established a unit for unaccompanied refugee children.

4.2 The Current Situation

The following analysis depicts the existing situation in Sege Park in 2011, 16 years after the closure

of MOS, regarding to the urban fabric and ecological aspects of the area and its surroundings .

4.2.1 Urban Fabric

For the aspect of the urban fabric, different issues were investigated, such as current land-use types,

utilisation of buildings, transport and connectivity, and services and amenities in the surrounding area.

To summarise the current land-use, the larger park area and green spaces still exist, there are spacesfor parking, playgrounds, school and kindergarten facilities, medical facilities, technical facilities,

residential and small business areas. A comprehensive list of all functions of the existing buildings

can be found in section A.2.1. The numbering of buildings is congruent with the official designation,

depicted in A.2.2 Analysis Map of Sege Park: Usage, Borders, Parking. The connectivity issue is

partly displayed in the before mentioned analysis map, mainly pointing out the locked character of the

area still existing today, with various fences and vegetative borders. Many of these included doors or

openings that have been shut after MOS closure, or even new chain link fences, e.g. around the student

apartments. Noticed by Andreasson and through local observations, there are several spontaneous

paths, cutting through fences, or through vegetation, connecting to neighbouring residential areas.

There are no dedicated cycle paths that are obvious in the area, or leading in/out of it. Generally

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there are pedestrian paths, an extended network through the built-environment and the park. The

new building functions often created also parking space development, partly informal looking due to

obvious need, e.g. close to building 25. Generally there are many short period parking spaces, to pick

up children at school or the kindergarten, or for supply delivery. Close to buildings there are often

1-2 temporary parking spaces, outside towards the local streets there exist larger parking spaces, e.g.

Simrisbanvagen in the south with 96 spaces. In total over 400 parking spaces already exist in the area

today, plus unused not yet dedicated potential parking, e.g. on the side of streets. All parking spaces

have been mapped and displayed in A.2.2 on page 21. Furthermore public transport services have

been analysed, focusing on bus services as no other public transport measures are available close to

Sege Park. There are two bus stops within a distance of 50m from Sege Park, providing one main bus

line (4) and one additional bus line (31). Within a 100 m distance there are in total 4 bus stops, serving

both bus lines (4,31). Within a 500 m distance, there are totally 12 bus stops, one serving additionally

three regional bus line (130,132,172). All bus service information is listed in section A.2.3, and all

bus stops and distances are depicted in the map in section A.2.3. All most important services &

amenities in the surrounding area of Sege Park was mapped, and displayed in a list and a map in

section A.2.3. Within Sege Parks area there are already three permanent kindergartens, and currently

one temporary. Moreover there is an elementary school, a public playground and Kirsebergs only

health care center. Within 200m of Sege Park there is a small grocery store, the next small grocery

store is within 600 m, and the next larger grocery store is over 1km away. There is a gas station,and a recycling station within 200m. For recreation there are two larger park areas, playgrounds,

football fields, a sports hall and allotments within 50m reach, and a recreational center, a library, 3

playgrounds, golf, bathing spot, and a fitness center within 500m. The areas surrounding Sege Park

are mostly also low rise, with detached housing, in the east towards Segemollagatan, and to the west

in Rostorp. South of Sege Park are the low rise sports facilities and allotments starting the area of

Bulltofta, and east is Beijers park, and in the north around Kronetorpsgatan are high-rise residential

buildings, mostly 4 to 6 floors, with few buildings up to 9 floors. South of Kronetorpsgatan, in the

area named Faladsmarken, construction is currently going on, for residential tower blocks of 3 to

maximum 7 floors (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2008).

4.2.2 Ecological Aspects

Under the category of ecological aspects, information on the landscape scenery, vegetation, soil, water

and climate was gathered with different results.

In addition to the cultural investigation Sege Parks green cultural environment by Andreasson, a

tree inventory was completed in 2011 by Ostberg. The landscape scenery is very much alike the time

when MOS was constructed. The park was planned following the example of the English landscape

park, with more organic forms and less restriction of nature into geometric forms ( Andreasson, 2009).

The large open grass areas and the many group plantations of trees are important elements (Ostberg,

2011). The great axiality with the lawn in between the care wards is still visible today, framed by

the now large grown trees. In the built up part of Sege Park, bright plaster facades

2

and red brickfacades dominate the low-rise building landscape, divided often by beech hedgerows and/or fences.

Otherwise parking space and larger parking areas influence the more urban aspects of the landscape,

as well as solar installations, like photovoltaic panels. Some of these are very well integrated into

the former care wards roofs, and do not protrude as a foreign element. Besides the lowered lawn

levels occur opposite the staff housing and buildings 30-32 including the relict of the former large

apple tree growth. The pond which was built by patients and staff still exists framed by a variety of

plant species (Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995). In general the area is mostly still well kept, only partly

2The staff buildings had the same bright plaster facade in yellow shades, before renovation. Nowadays, as student

apartments, they are coloured in a light blue shade which stands out to the rest of the built environment.

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wild growth, and presents the character of a spacious and green environment, with important lines of

sight. There are also a lot of very large tree individuals worthy of preservation and exotic trees in the

area (Ostberg, 2011). The large trees are especially worthy of preservation because of their biological

value, but also aesthetically and historically. The park consists of a total of 1411 trees of varying

vitality and damage class (ibid.). The trees and the ground level differences are also displayed in

A.2.2, were the underlying satellite image indicates the height and volume of certain tree growth by

shadow casting. Sege park consists of a large variety of species, 71 of both genus and species varieties

are included. However, mainly in the large park part of the area, there is an overwhelming majority

of beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees, which is native species to Scanias forests (ibid.). A photo collage

and description of the landscape scenery and vegetation can be found in in appendix sectionA.2.4.

The research for detailed information on soil and water issues around Sege Park has not yielded

many significant results. Therefore questions about groundwater levels, surface water runoff, soil

structure, or contamination could not be investigated yet. But in general according to the Swedish

Geological Research SGU, the main soil type in Sege Park is loamy moraine/moraine clay, bordering

on sandy soil (SGU, 2011). Another hint to this, is the fact that MOS area was deemed unsuitable

due to expected high costs in drainage (Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995). Hence the lowered lawn level

might be the relict of the original ground level of 1930s, and the rest of the area was artificially

elevated (Al-Noori, 2011). To analyse climate issues, the mapping of local climate zones (LCZ) is

helpful for quantifying climate effects on urban land cover, for existing and planned built environment(Rosenlund, 2011; Emmanuel, 2011). The LCZ of Sege Park was detected by a closer examination

of the urban fabric, e.g. via satellite photography, maps and on-site. There are different types of

LCZ, e.g. regarding density, height of buildings and the sky view factor (Stewart and Oke, 2010).

Sege Park can be determined as LCZ class sparsly built, due to its institutional character on the

fringe of the city, see appendix A.2.5 on page 30. Other climatic data was gathered, to calculate and

display temperature and rainfall issues and the Mahony Tables. All results can be found in appendix

section A.2.5. Moreover a study concerning the potential for solar energy, regarding orientation,

heights and shadow-casting of existing and planned buildings (DP5059), was done by van Noord and

Arleback in 2011. It suggests to regard building heights, and the great potential of photovoltaic on

facade areas facing southwest and southeast, and also recommends design of roofs and orientation of

new buildings (van Noord and Arleback, 2011).

4.3 Future Planning Ideas

In this part the first step was to analyse relevant policies and regulations of Malmo City. There

are several policies and regulations regarding all fields of urban life, but not all of these could be

examined due to limits of this study and significance for the case. The main points of the analysed

policies have been summarised and can be found in appendix A.3.1 on page 31. Many issues are

currently discussed within the process of developing a new comprehensive plan for Malmo, which

will come into operation in 2013.

In addition, the current plan program PP6010 (Tykesson, 2007), was examined, and a list of relevantpositive and negative attributes was compiled by the author, see A.3.2 on page 32 . Several documents

have preceded the plan program, and discussions afterwards with all involved city administration has

been documented, but was too vast for detailed investigation. The main document following was the

current detailed plan released in 2011, which was investigated further. The detailed plan DP5059

was examined, and a list like the one for PP6010 was compiled, listing negative and positive aspects

(appendix A.3.2 on page 33). The authors own estimations for future exploitation of Sege Park have

been summarised in A.3.3 on page 33. In addition, a map depicting the authors idea of the future

development of the area can be found in A.3.4 on page 34.

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5 Discussion

As depicted in The History of Sege Park the shaping of the areas green spaces, the park and the

main axis, has been a highly valued part since MOS beginnings. These parts should be kept intact,

to foster biodiversity and to maintain current vegetation as part of the cultural heritage, next to the

existing buildings, which has also been argued by in DP5059 and PP6010. It can be suggested though,

that these lawn surfaced, especially the main axis, are a big monofunctional area without much use

to future residents in their current form. Within the park area, reducing the area and frequency of

mowing could contribute to better conditions for plant and wild life, and increase the attractiveness of

the park landscape, like it is down in Beijers Park. By removing fences, and creating new safer paths

and greener passages for bikes and pedestrians and wild life would increase the connectivity to Sege

Parks surroundings (see A.3.4 on page 34). Another idea could be to keep the line of sight, adjusted

to the shifted orientation of former care wards, free of buildings but to give the lawn a multifunctional

design. Public space in the future Sege Park is of high importance, and green and recreational space

in general necessary for healthy urban life, see the Biophelia Hypothesis 3. Picturing the main axis

lawn fields, to have a lowered ground level (like the original ones at B11-12), and adding to the re-

spective centres a football field, a volleyball field, or a hockey rink. Due to the lowered lawn level,

the recreational facilities would be nearly invisible for the viewer at the end and beginning of the

line of sight, and would add to the attractiveness and could be used by school children and residentsalike. Another addition would be to plant more fruit trees and shrubs, and create community gardens,

to commemorate the local food production of MOS, and add to the still existing apple growth. This

would of course foster local food production and connection to nature and urban agriculture. Urban

agriculture could be a main aspect of future Sege Park, with roof gardens on new buildings, fruit trees

and shrubs, and food production in hyrdoponics. These hydroponics could be placed underground in

the large enough parts of the culvert system. There they could be connected to the local rainwater har-

vesting system, or even used for grey water recycling. An example for underground food production

in hyrdoponics is the Pasona O2 facility in Tokyo (Ocheltree, 2009; Ono and Watanabe, 2006). An

open storm-water management, such as proposed by the PP6010 and DP5059, is necessary (see rain-

fall A.2.5), and should be connected to the pond and lower lawn levels, that can be used as temporary

wetlands. Moreover grey water recycling from households should be encouraged, for watering plantsand trees and saving on fresh water supply and waste water production (see CAS E 3) . Important

here is also the prevention of newly paved impervious soil cover, e.g. parking spaces. New buildings

should be supplied with a green roof, to absorb rain water. Parking spaces should be equipped with

pervious soil cover, such as permeable pavement to allow rainwater to infiltrate the ground. Generally

the high amount of parking spaces envisioned in DP5059 and their position is questionable, due to

landscape obstacles such as steep slopes and existing trees and vegetation. These obstacles are simply

covered with parking lots in the DP5059 map, and bear certain conflicts. A connected issue is the

possibility to include parking lots on Simrisbanvagen. First of all, the borders of DP5059 are debat-

able as they exclude B19, B30-32, and B16 including Simrisbanvagen with over 200 parking spaces,

along the street and close to B30-32. It was discussed to have an own detailed plan for the excludedarea (Lindeberg, 2011). The parking policy (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2011a), is recommending to solve

parking issues on the property, and avoid it on public streets, but there is no explicit prohibition. With

a thought through system for parking fees, the already existing 400 parking lots on streets and prop-

erty could be managed and synergies could be used. Therefore Simrisbanvagen should be included

into the detailed plan, as it is otherwise not calculable. In case of removing parking spaces, e.g. on the

main axis and in font of buildings, an opportunity could be to replace these by building a multistory

car park. This should be located on the outskirts of the area, not like the DP5059 suggests east of

B17, by demolishing B15, as this would create unnecessary traffic in smaller streets. A better location

would be either, by removing B19 and placing a round shaped building in between all existing trees,

with around 1600 sqm per floor. It could be dug down two floors, and only built up to three floors

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above ground, not to disturb the surroundings. In case of a concept to reuse the former morgue B19,

and preserve it as part of cultural heritage, another option would be to remove B18. B18 is a garage

building already, and could be replaced by a multistory car park instead, given its good location and

easy access it would not disturb the rest of the area (see A.3.4 on page 34). Getting back to the issue

of the excluded area from DP5059, one reason was an idea named in the PP6010, a 12-floor high rise

tower east of B30 (Lindeberg, 2011). Today a solar power installation that uses Stirling technique

is based in this area, and will be returned soon with covering double the original surface (Al-Noori,

2011). Placing a high rise tower, would mean demolishing the solar plant, and does not fit the LCZ

category (A.2.5). Moreover high-rise construction in this low rise area, would massively impact and

disrupt the landscape scenery and the atmosphere of Sege Park and its surroundings. It would be a

great contrast to the former hospital site and its cultural heritage. The shadow cast of this building

would prevent sunshine into larger park areas and other buildings, and would probably raise issues

with noise protection for the residents, due to the highway (Inre Ringvagen) close by. The envisioned

amount of apartments, or office space, would not significantly raise the exploitation level and density

of the area, and could be achieved with alternative measures more adapted to the area. The same

applies to perpendicular buildings in addition to existing ones, creating small dense quarter blocks,

which does not fit into the original orientation and design of existing buildings. This would reduce

green spaces, increase new construction, and result in small shadowed backyards, and problems with

sunlight and the position of solar panels on lower buildings (van Noord and Arleback, 2011). Asdepicted in A.3.3 the exploitation level and density of the area can be lifted to over 900 apartments,

by simple measures, like using the attic and underground floors (with windows) for apartments or stu-

dent corridors. These are common measurements in other cities like Berlin and Reykjavik, although

they might not be that common in Sweden. Envisioning small and medium-sized apartments, con-

tributes to a more sustainable urban lifestyle, counteracting urban sprawl and waste of land. At the

same time it might attract a larger and more varied group of residents, that reflect the mixed character

of Malmos inhabitants. Offering a large percentage of rental housing instead of the common condo-

miniums, might facilitate finding residents, like elderly, students and young people who are in need of

housing, instead of fostering gentrification. There is a sustainable trend to more affordable housing,

with less square meters, and smart design solutions to keep living standards high. Therefore the exist-

ing buildings need to be renovated to match the standard, but from the cultural heritage perspective,

they should not change there outward appearance. Minor changes like proper designed solar panels

could be attached to roofs, but not facades. These need to be insulated, either on the inside or on the

outside, with more effort to restore the original look. At B22 a new method of using an extra layer of

glass to insulate brick facades has been tried out with success (Al-Noori, 2011). Existing ramps and

elevators should be maintained (e.g. B5a, 8a), but not added on to the street facing side, moreover

the glass connection corridors should be removed (between B5,7 and B6,8 and B2,4). The removed

material could be used for new construction, like the later explained community center. The existing

promenade passages (solgang), can be transformed into recycling stations, storage facilities or roofed

bike racks (Andreasson, 2009). The aim should be to avoid demolishing buildings, that could be

transformed and that are part of the cultural heritage. Adding new buildings, should be done carefullywith regard to the area, and inhabitants to minimise construction disturbance, therefore the less the

better (see SCP 3). In general, to maintain the good local climate, the current category for LCZ sparsly

builtshould only be densified to the extent of the category open-set low rise, for medium-density res-

idential housing in central location or suburbs (with an impervious surface fraction of 20-30% see

A.2.5) (Stewart and Oke, 2010). The new constructed apartment blocks, should incorporate state of

the art techniques for environmentally-friendly building with regard to climate change, like energy

plus houses, which produce more energy than they use (Heine, 2009; Wheeler and Beatley, 2008,

p.413)(see SCP 3). These include passive insulation, ventilation, energy production, like photovoltaic

and solar thermal on roofs or facades, and of course green roofs and walls, extensive or intensive ( the

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Scandinavian Green Roof Association, 2011). The new buildings should be aligned with the orien-

tation, form and volume of the former care wards, this makes large facade areas available for solar

power production, and north-facing green walls (see A.3.4 on page 34). This would also correspond

to the recommendations by the Mahony Tables, to the compact layout with a long axis east-west, and

light insulation (A.2.5). Lower ceiling heights might enable more floors, and support a flat roof with

extensive garden on top, reaching the same building height as the care wards (the LCZ suggests 1-3

floors). A possibility could be to dig down another floor permitted by the soil structure, for use as a

windowless cellar, and have an underground floor on top, with small medium-sized windows surfac-

ing (such as at B5a, 8a already exists). Envisioning to build downwards, instead of upwards, suggests

to create an earth sheltered subterranean house, such as the PPS7 house Bigbury Hollow ( Hawkes,

2011). This could be dug down around 2 floors, with an open yard on the center, and descending ter-

raced walls, which include stairs and sitting possibilities like an amphitheatre, and on the other side,

a terraced garden to contribute to local food production. The subterranean house, located between

B5 and B6, could serve as a community and information center, managing the sports facilities and

organising local cultural events, and housing workshops. Besides this, a new building next to B5a

could add to the school facilities (see A.3.4 on page 34). Hence the former church could be made

available for other purposes, such as an organic grocery store. The Store could take care of the hy-

droponics and foster the urban agriculture project with its own food produce. Besides it could offer a

bakery and a cafe services, with outdoor serving in summer time, as there is a lack of these facilitiesin the area (A.2.3). The health care center should continue its operation, and other health facilities,

or offices and small companies could use spaces provided in B30-32. Kronetorps Kok (B17) is also

encouraged to keep up its function, and maybe add a restaurant to its services. The kindergarten that

is currently in B1, could move to B10, where a new and spacious proper playground and garden could

be arranged for the facility. As there is a need for child care (Lindeberg, 2011; Al-Noori, 2011), close

by B15 could also be transformed into a Kindergarten with its own garden. East of B10, the larger

green area would supply enough space for a large playground, and maybe an extra basketball field.

This could add to the existing and more natural playground behind B20, and the planned football and

volleyball fields between B2,4 and B1,3. Generally a mixed-use area with lots of functions would

benefit future Sege Park and its neighbourhoods (see SSU D 3). The whole area south of B16, with

the solar power installation, could be used for further renewable decentralised energy production, and

provide heat and energy to the whole area through a connection via the culvert system. Nevertheless

the district heating system is a good support during transformation time. A wood chip plant, with a

high chimney does not really fit the picture, neither does a hydrogen gas plant that would be located

somewhere else (Al-Noori, 2011; Lindeberg, 2011). A small-scale decentralised solution for each

apartment block should be favoured instead (see U TS 3). Generally all buildings should be equipped

with solar panels to generate energy, or solar thermal for heat and warm water, as there is sufficient

supply (A.2.5). Additionally small urban wind generators could be tested (sufficient wind A.2.5),

such as the solar testing installations by the B14 . The Eco-Center should keep up its operation,

and maybe extend its services to an electric vehicle car-pool for residents. The electric cars could

be parked in a multistory stacking system, to minimise surface cover. An electric car-pool supportslower parking space demand in general, and a more sustainable urban individual transport. Other

individual transport, such as biking and walking should be encouraged, by e.g. shared spaces within

Sege Park (SharedSpaces, 2005). With more functions and facilities on the spot travel need can be

reduced. Increasing the use of public space, and traffic security, can be achieved by the shared spaces

measures, of reducing determining obstacles for only-road use and only-pedestrian use. A smooth

surface, that can be used by all traffic participants, encourages and simplifies walking and biking, and

helps people in wheelchairs or parents with a baby stroller, kids on bikes and skates to move freely.

Cars drivers are more aware of other traffic participants and minimised speed are encouraged in the

whole area. Moreover public transport presents a feasible alternative to car use, with several bus lines

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serving the neighbourhood already. In addition future stations for a tram or train could be envisioned

in the southwester corner of Sege Park and at the 200m distant intersection of Ostra Faladsgatan and

Kronetorpsgatan (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2011c, p.43). Temporarily the existing old railroad by Sim-

risbanvagen could be transformed into a bike and pedestrian path connection from Staffanstorp in the

north to the center of Malmo. The existing demand for student housing, and generally housing for

young people and families needs to be supplied not only in Malm o but also Lund, and other parts of

Scania (Haggstrom, 2010; Karnehed, 2011). Given Sege Parks location on Malmos northern border,

with a bike distance to the University of under 20min/ 5km, it can still be considered a good location

for student apartments. Especially in comparison to the student housing in Rosengard, which is about

6,5 km away from university, and has no completely built out bike connection, forcing bikers on main

streets. Besides Sege Park is more attractive due to its green and calm environment. Considering

students from Lund University, again the location is good, due to direct bus connection to Lund from

the bus station Ostra Faladsgatan which is only 500m from Sege Park.

6 Conclusion

The study helped to understand and identify the situation in Sege Park, from its beginning down tothe present day. An examination was realised, considering the main needs and plans of Malmo, with

regard to potential development in Sege Park. Certainly there is still a demand for further extensive in-

vestigations, to examine all details and determine the feasibility of the suggested concepts. However,

occurring conflicts of sustainable development and ideas for solutions have been discussed. A con-

cept of solving the main issue of dense vs. green, suggest the densification within an apartment block,

whilst new construction in form and amount respects and supports the greenery and cultural heritage.

This presents one possible answer to the research question, how to balance greenery and density. The

result was a design proposal for a sustainable neighbourhood, with mixed functions and design for

humans and nature. Hence a dense & green environmentally compatible urban development can be

envisioned for Sege Park.

List of Figures

1 Map Overview of Malmo, pointing out the Western Harbour, Augustenborg and Sege

Park (OpenStreetMap, 2011; Wascher, 2011, modified) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Aerial photograph of MOS taken from the West, Ostra Faladsgatan in the foreground,

1934 during construction (Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Cutout of a 1947 Malmo City Atlas taken from Andreasson (2009, p. 16), labelling

added by Wascher (2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4 Aerial photograph of MOS between 1938-1947, showing Beijers Park in the West

(Stadsatlas, 2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 The Administration Building with a Brick Facade at MOS Entrance, and one of the

Gardens with a Solgang ( a roofed promenade passage) (Ersgard and Hallstrom,

1995, p. 41 and p.30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6 Overview of the culvert system at MOS unknown date, probably around 1960s (map

by Joel Osterbergs Ingeniorsbyra AB, retrieved via Al-Noori, 2011) . . . . . . . . . 20

7 The Lowered Level of Lawn, close to the Staff Housing (Wascher, 2011) . . . . . . . 20

8 Student Apartments Sege Park, floor plan B23, Panorama Arkitekter (Pulverer, 2011) 33

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A Appendix

A.1 History of Malmo Ostra Sjukhuset

Figure 3: Cutout of a 1947 Malmo City Atlas taken from Andreasson (2009, p. 16), labelling added

by Wascher (2011)

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Figure 4: Aerial photograph of MOS between 1938-1947, showing Beijers Park in the West (Stadsat-

las, 2011)

Figure 5: The Administration Building with a Brick Facade at MOS Entrance, and one of the Gardens

with a Solgang ( a roofed promenade passage) (Ersgard and Hallstrom, 1995, p. 41 and p.30)

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Figure 6: Overview of the culvert system at MOS unknown date, probably around 1960s (map by

Joel Osterbergs Ingeniorsbyra AB, retrieved via Al-Noori, 2011)

Figure 7: The Lowered Level of Lawn, close to the Staff Housing (Wascher, 2011)

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A.2 Current Situation of Sege Park

A.2.1 List of Number and Functions of Buildings in Sege Park December 2011

NR. FUNCTION OF BUILDING

1 Kindergarten Sege Park

2 Psychiatry Skane

3 Vastergard/Ostergard School Day Home

4 Psychiatry Skane5 Kindergarten Bulltofta Lingonet

5a empty, former Care Ward

5b Elementary School Backaskolan, Gym

6 Psychiatry Skane

7 Kindergarten Bulltofta Bjornbaret

8 empty, former Care Ward

8a Psychiatry Skane

9 Elementary School Backaskolan

10 Psychiatry Skane - Activity Center

11 Student Apartments MKB12 Student Apartments MKB

14 Eco-Center Malmo, Ekocentrum

15 Psychiatry Skane - Activity Center

16 has been moved, probably Storage

17 Catering for Schools, Kronetorps Kok

18 Working Center Garages

19 empty, former Morgue

20 Elementary School, Samlingssal

21 Kindergarten Beijers Park

22 Apartment for Researchers (Serviceforvaltning)

23 Student Apartments MKB

25 Elementary School Backaskolan

26 Maintenance Building former Tele Vaxel

30 Child Care Center, Unit for unaccompanied refugee children

31 Health Care Center Kirseberg

32 Physiotherapy Center

A.2.2 Analysis Map of Sege Park: Usage, Borders, Parking

The map was produced in Quantum GIS with data from Metria (https://butiken.metria.se/digibib/index.php)

Lantmateriet, and the Primarkartan of Malmo (retrieved via Peter Ahlstrom, Kartingenjor, Stadsbyg-gnadskontor 11-12-02) and additional observation data by the Author.

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A.2.3 Services & Amenities

Public Transport close to Sege Park

BUS STO P NAM E DISTANCE BUS ROUTE

Simrisbanvagen 50 m 31

Ostra Faladen 50 m 4,31

Segemollagatan 100 m 4

Vattenverksvagen 100 m 31

Hojdrodergatan 200 m 31

Segevangsbadet 200 m 4

Segevang 200 m 4

Kronetorpsgatan 200 m 4

Rostorp 300 m 4

Beijers Park 400 m 4

Ostra Faladsgatan 500 m 31, 130, 132, 172

Vattenverket 500 m 4

Below is a list of Services & Amenities in relation to the distance from Sege Park, derived from

the map and data on the following page.

DISTANCE SERVICES & AMENITIES

0 m 3-4* Kindergarten, Playground, Elementary School, Health Care Center

50 m Playground, Elderly Care Center, 2 Parks, Football Fields, Allotments, Sports Hall200 m Grocery Store, Gas Station, Recycling Station

400 m 2 Elementary Schools, 2 Kindergartens, 2 Playgrounds, Hotel, Allotments,

Recreational Center, Fast Food, Recycling Station

500 m Golf, Bathing Spot, Waterworks, Citizens Office, 2 Kindergartens, Playground,

Fitness Center, Restaurant, , Recreational Center, Recycling Station,

Football Fields, Second Hand Shop, Library

600 m Kindergarten, Playground, Football Fields, Restaurant, Fast Food, Grocery Store

*Currently Bulltofta Kindergarten moved to Sege Park due to new construction at the original Kindergarten.

The map was produced in Quantum GIS with data from Metria (https://butiken.metria.se/digibib/index.php

Lantmateriet), data from Skanetrafiken (www.skanetrafiken.se), and data from Malmo City Map

(http://malmo.se/karta), additional observation data added by the Author, about places of services

& amenities, and distance to Sege Park.

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A.2.4 Ecological Aspects

Landscape Scenery A list of pictures with description of photos in the collage of Sege ParkA.2.4

on the following page, taken in November and December 2011 (Wascher, 2011).

NR. DESCRIPTION

1 building 4, with photovoltaic panels on south-facing roof

2 new parking spaces behind the school, formerly informal on lawn area

3 the park with large open lawn area, framed by trees, view facing south4 the former care ward 5, bright yellow facade, large lawn area in front

5 lowered lawn levels behind 30-32, with apple growth in the lawn center

6 building 30 with protruding solar panels, elevated lawn area in front

7 student apartments (former administration building), parking in front

8 lawn between care wards, axis view towards west, staff housing in background

9 spontaneous path through hedge at playground

10 playground behind church (20), beech hedgerow, in background building 1

11 pond in the northern part of the park, picture facing southwest

12 chain link fence with locked door & stones, facing west to Ostra Faladsgatan

13 lowered lawn area by building 11-12 , with fences and bike racks, facing south

14 student apartments facing Ostra Faladsgatan, with new blue plaster facade

15 backyard of building 7 depicting a solgang, a roofed promenade passage

16 the pond in the park, facing north, with a statue and willow trees in background

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A.2.5 Climate Analysis

Wind diagram for Malmo, average over the year (Segersson and Malmsten, 2011, p.10)

The following climate data was partly provided by Rosenlund; Emmanuel, but additionally other data

sets have been found more reliable, and applied in some data fields. For example wind data from

windfinder.com (Windfinder, 2011), happened to be more in accordance with research done by SMHI(Swedish meteorological and hydrological institute) on the Dockan area of Western harbour (Segers-

son and Malmsten, 2011). Also some data on sunshine and insolation was taken from Tukiainen

(2011).

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Mahoney Tables Results

Indicator totals from data sheet MalmoH1 H2 H3 A1 A2 A3 Latitude 55N

0 2 0 0 0 10

General recommendationsLayout

010

512

04 Compact courtyard planning

Spacing

1112 Open spacing for breeze penetration

210 As above, but protection from hot and cold wind

01 X Compact layout of estatesAir movement

312

05

612

212

01 No air movement requirement

Openings

01 0 Large openings, 4080%

1112 01 Very small openings, 1020%

Any other conditions X Medium openings, 2040%Walls

02 X Light walls, short time-lag

312 Heavy external and internal walls

Roofs

05 X Light, insulated roofs

612 Heavy roofs, over 8h time-lag

Outdoor sleeping

212 Space for outdoor sleeping required

Rain protection

312 Protection from heavy rain necessary

Detailed recommendationsSize of opening

0 Large openings, 4080%

11225

610 Small openings, 1525%

03 Very small openings, 1020%

412 Medium openings, 2540%

Position of openings

312

12 05

612

0 212

Protection of openings

02 Exclude direct sunlight

212 Provide protection from rain

Walls and floors

02 X Light, low thermal capacity

312 Heavy, over 8h time-lag

Roofs

1012 02 Light, reflective surface, cavity

312

09 05

612 Heavy, over 8h time-lag

External features

112 Space for outdoor sleeping

112 Adequate rainwater drainage

X Orientation north and south (long axis eastwest)

1112

12

0

01

1112

X

X

X

Light, well insulated

Rooms single banked, permanent provision for air

movement

Rooms double banked, temporary provision for air

movement

In north and south walls at body height on windward

side

As above, openings also in internal walls

Medium openings, 2540%X


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Local Climate Zone: sparsly built, open-set lowrise (Stewart and Oke, 2010)

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A.3 Future Planning Ideas

A.3.1 Overview of Regulations and Policies of Malmo City

* Naturvardsprogram f or Malmo stad 2010, the nature conservation program (Andersson and Wedelin, 2011)

- Sege Park is not listed, but the bordering Beijers Park, which is ca. 150 years old, and has properties to develop mead-

ows. It is only listed as a park, and no additional nature assessment has been undertaken. There are no further areas listed

that border Sege Parks area. Unfortunately the 2000 version of the program, which included Sege Park, could not be

obtained.

* Gr onplan f or Malmo 2003, the green plan (Gatukontoret, 2003)- Sege park is a large area, rich in trees, with high recreational and biological value. The park is located in part of the city

that otherwise has a relatively small range of green environments. Therefore, the area should be preserved (2003, p.96).

Referring to the Naturvardsprogram 2000, Sege park is classified as partly class 3, of high natural value. The Kirseberg

corridor/path links three large parks: Sege park, Beijers park and Flygfalts park, and continues south east to the Inner

Ring Road. The path crosses Bulltofta path at Flygfalts park. Around Beijers park the path is crossed by several minor

street traffic barriers. The connection between Sege park, Beijers park and Flygfalts park is currently unclear. The route is

relatively short. The route continues towards Malmo golf course / Sege River path to the north and towards Ogardsparken

/ Rosengard corridor to the south, the connection is unclear (2003, p.39).

* Miljoprogram f or Malmo stad 2009-2020, the environmental plan, (Miljoforvaltningen, 2009)

The Environmental program is an overarching document, naming the many aims of the City of Malmo in general, towards

sustainable development. A few main points have been quoted in the following. By 2020, the City of Malmo will be

climate neutral and by 2030 the whole municipality will run on 100% renewable energy.(...) Solar, wind, water and biogas

(...) will be produced locally (p.7). Cycling, walking and public transport will constitute the basic transport network,and together with development of car sharing schemes, will decrease our dependence on cars (p.8). Malmo will prepare

for temperature changes, rising sea levels, and increased precipitation (p.7). The citys green and blue amenities will

be developed. Malmos parks, green spaces and waters will be expanded, safeguarded and have strong recreational and

biological value.(...)including vegetation growing on roofs and walls, for example, and open storm water management

(p.8). Sustainable agriculture in Malmo (...) pesticide-free zones in the agricultural landscape will benefit biological

diversity and reduce the spread of nutrients and toxins into the watercourse and groundwater. More land will be converted

to organic agriculture (p.11). By concentrating primarily on development within the city (densification), mainly on

brownfield sites, we make use of the citys land resources while safeguarding fertile agricultural land (p.11).

* Parkeringspolicy och Parkeringsnorm for bil, mc och cykel i Malm o, the parking policy (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2011a)

The parking regulation document, generally encourages other traffic alternatives to cars, and shows that car usage in

Malmo has reduced the past years. Parking facilities should be in form and design not disturbing to the environment, an

attractive city is the aim. In apartment blocks, the rate of car ownership and parking need depends on factors such as

the location of the residence, the apartment size and the access to service and public transportation. The parking rate isstated as an interval between 0,5 and 1,0 parking spaces per apartment excluding 0,1 spaces/apartment for visitors (p.33).

For work places within the inner zone (Zone 1) the rate is 0,2 spaces/employee(p.33)(Sege park is part of zone 1). For

student apartments it is a rate of 0,15 and for senior citizens apartments it is 0,3 spaces/apartment. Parking rates for

bicycles: For apartment blocks, the need is estimated as 2,5 bicycle spaces/apartment. For work places, (...)within zone

1 the need is 0,4 spaces/employee (p.33). For students 1,5, and senior citizens 1,0. Parking standard for housing can be

reduced if the developers guarantee a carpool for at least five years. However also a number of other measures might be

required, like additional best practices for bicycle parking, access to good public transport and bicycle paths, moreover,

the area has both social services and other service nearby. Monitoring and evaluation must take place (p.12).

* S a f ortata vi Malmo, discussion paper on densification (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2010)

The paper discusses densification in Malmo in general, and how to develop Malmo as a mixed-use, dense and green

city that is adjusted to walking, bicycle and public transportation (p.46). Therefore four main strategies were developed

and discussed in detail, Develop public transport nodes and zones; Create more mixed-use areas in the city; Transform

traffic routes into city streets; Develop public spaces, green and blue qualities(p.46). Many issues are discussed, such asregarding a new dense city and its needs, like more kindergartens, recreational facilities, co use of facilities, possibilities

for integration, new forms of housing, green spaces and more (p.12-15). On a more detailed level, the paper divides the

city into different character zones. The character of institutions (incl. Sege Park) is often buildings in a park environment

with large green spaces (p.36). A valued interest in the cultural environment, means that special consideration should be

given to changes of buildings and public places (p.36). The former hospital areas V arnhem and MOS were transformed

into Ronnen and Sege park and contain now more features with a large amount of (student)housing, but also jobs and

more (p.37).

* Energistrategi for Malmo, the energy strategy (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2009)

The Energy Strategy for Malmo illustrates how Malmo can meet the demands and contribute to a more long-term sus-

tainable and safe energy system.(...) The strategies which are proposed to achieve these goals are a more effective energy

use, a switch to renewable energy sources and better planning, economy, safety and knowledge. (p.24). Furthermore

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the goal is to supply all of Malmos energy needs with renewable sources by 2030. For new developments it is suggested

that the energy demands established in Miljobyggprogram SYD (Environmental Building Program SYD) are followed.

Regarding transports, it is important to promote pedestrian, bicycle and public transportation but also to strive for more

energy efficient vehicles and ECO-driving. (p.24). In Malmo, district heating is prioritised because it is effective, safe

and has a good fuel flexibility. For electricity production, continued investments in wind and solar energy are suggested.

(p.25). In the physical planning it is important to plan dense, mixed-use cities which offer opportunities for good public

transportation and efficient electricity and heat provision. (p.25).

* Oversiktsplan for Malmo 2012 Samradsunderlag/Planstrategi, new comprehensive Plan (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2011c)

This document is a basis for the upcoming discussions and the new comprehensive plan for Malm o city, defining strate-

gies for the development withing the next 20 years. It is more or less incorporating all before mentioned strategies andpolicies, with the aim of a development that is socially, economically and environmentally sustainable and contributes to

a dense and mixed city.

A.3.2 Relevant Positive and Negative Attributes of PP6010, DP5059

RELEVANT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF THE PLA N PROGRAM PP6010 (Tykesson,

2007)

POSITIVE ATTRIBUTES

aim: living city district, mixed-use, preservation of cultural heritage: buildings, park, vegetation (p.2)

aim: well-integrated part of the city, linking neighbourhoods (p.2), with new bike and foot paths (p.11, p.12)aim: as far as possible self-sustaining regarding energy supply (p.2)

park & vegetation (p.4), main axis, and buildings before 1950s (p.6) should be kept intact

policies by 2007 have been considered, like Gronplan, Miljoprogram , Parkeringsnorm (p.6)

history and current situation (2007) have been considered (p.7-9)

redesign of Simrisbanvagen, as an entrance street to the area, generally a low speed area, with walking pace streets (p.11)

suggestions for separation of waste and storm water, open storm water management (p.13)

NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES

policies that were used in 2007, are outdated shortly after, and not congruent to current ones (p.6)

demolishing of buildings B10, B18, B19, allowed, and B5b, B22, B15 considered for new construction (p.10)

idea of 12-floor high-rise building in south-east corner, contradicting before mentioned alignment of building styles (p.10)low exploitation level, only 363 apartments, consideration of town houses with large apartments spaces (p.10, p.17)

demolishing B19, historically valued morgue, for a 6-floor high rise building (p.10)

public transport, no changes required, potential train station disregarded (p.11)

self-sustaining system only considered for heating, no ideas for decentralised energy production like photovoltaic (p.13)

parking policy outdated, plus town houses, equals larger parking space demands, only ground parking, no garages (p.11)

new buildings/parking spaces, often placed without regard for protected existing vegetation/trees, and landscape (p.15-19)

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RELEVANT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF THE DETAILED PROGRAM DP5059

(Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2011b)

POSITIVE ATTRIBUTES

some environmental impacts (p.21-24) are considered to occur within DP5059, hence extra investigations were undertaken

most current policies have been mentioned, e.g. parking policy(Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2011a), environ. program (p.3,4)

reference to history, current situation, plan program, cultural heritage report (p.4-10)

aim: the areas character should be preserved, park, buildings and design, main axis, some functions (p.10)

new buildings should be adapted to areas character (p.10), small technical changes possible, e.g. photovoltaic on roofs (p.11)

new connections, bike/green paths to surrounding neighbourhoods envisioned, removal of existing parking at main axis (p.14,18

study on storm water management, good prospects, separation of waste and storm water needed (p.15)

the current culvert system should be extended to new buildings, for pipes and local heating network (p.19)

small recycling stations planned, in form of miljohus, encourages residential recycling (p.19)

NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES

exclusion of area around Simrisbanvagen and B19,30-32,16 from the detailed plan DP5059, extra plan envisioned for this area

no references to new Naturvardsprogram (Andersson and Wedelin) the new OP (Stadsbyggnadskontor, 2011c) tree inventory (Ostberg, 2011

demolishing B15 for a multistory car park (p.12), parking at Simrisbanvagen not included, high amount of parking spaces

wood chip heating plant envisioned, requires a stack of about 35 m (p.12)

new construction close B30-32 not adjusting to areas character, not congruent orientation to B30-32, cuts apple growth (p.12,13

storm water management, does not include prospects of green roofs or pervious parking spaces (p.15)

low exploitation level, only 450 apartments, including student but not more senior apartments (requiring less parking) (p.17)

450 apartments, required 427 parking spaces, due to mostly standard apartment buildings, less student/elderly needs (p.17)

no mention of possible train station around Simrisbanvagen, hence reduced parking space needs

no mention of possible greywater recycling, usage of rain water, or biological waste, or solar & wind power (p.19)

A.3.3 Estimated Exploitation Level for Sege Park

Figure 8: Student Apartments Sege Park, floor plan B23, Panorama Arkitekter (Pulverer, 2011)

BUILDINGS: The above pictures shows the floor plan of B23, which has 3 floors, plu

Documents

Final Online Version Laura Wascher