THE PRODUCTION OF LIQUID SURFACTANT AND HOW TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS ON

APPLICATION

BY

EPILOWE ONORIODE UYOYOOGHENEMATRICULATION NO. 04-02-03-039

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND POLYMER ENGINEERING LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY, EPE CAMPUS IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF B.Sc DEGREE IN CHEMICAL AND POLYMER ENGINEERING .

MARCH 2011

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the project work was carried out by EPILOWE

ONORIODE UYOYOOGHENE of the department of Chemical and

Polymer Engineering, Lagos State University, Epe Campus under my

supervision.

……………………… …………………ENG. O.P. AKINYEMI DATESupervisor

…………………… ………………….Dr. J.D. UDONNE DATEHead of Department

………………………….. ……………….EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE

Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering Lagos State University,Epe – CampusMarch, 2011

The Head,Chemical and Polymer Engineering Department,Faculty of Engineering,Lagos State University,Epe Campus.

Dear Sir,

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

I hereby submit in accordance with the regulation of the faculty of Engineering

this research project report titled “PRODUCTION OF LIQUID SURFACTANT

AND HOW TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS ON APPLICATION”

in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science

Chemical and Polymer Engineering of the Lagos State University.

Thank you.

Yours sincerely,

…………………………………EPILOWE ONORIODE UYOYOOGHENE 04-02-03-039

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to the almighty God, the Alpha and Omega the

Beginning and the End. Also I dedicated it to my late father Mr Hitler Gregory

Epilowe and Mrs Epilowe and all my Bro. and Sis. In the Redeemed Christian

church of God, Chapel of Resurrection, Eputu.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I give thanks to almighty God for the journey so far he has led me

through in term of his strength when I seems to have none, mercy,

grace, journey mercies, and provisions throughout my stay in this

University. I am also grateful to my fiancée Dorcas Macaulay for her

support and standing by me in time of hard times God in his infinite

mercies will continue to be with you at all time. Not forgetting my

lovely mother who always helps me with her un-endless prayers.

Acknowledging my brother in Christ Eddy Oshio’s for his prayer, my

siblings Oghale, Uzezi, Efemema. My thanks also go to alfa kamo for

support and assistance during this project work.

I also owed my lecturers for their academic support because without

God and them, there is no how I can be a success, especially my

project supervisor.

Thank you all.

ABSTRACT

Degreaser and descaler are liquid surfactant that is used to remove

stubborn stains from heavy duty machines/engines such as boiler,

engine part. The degreaser varies with the kind of task it to undergo

Depending on the kind work load on the machine part and how thick

the soil is will determine the kind of degreaser or descaler to be used

whether home degreaser with pH 10 and below or heavy duty

degreaser with pH of 12-14 that is strongly alkaline. Alternatively, the

descaler with pH 1-3 is strongly acidic and is meant for industries

for cleaning or descaling dish washing machine, boiler, while the one

with 3-6 is used in the home for removing scales from kettle and

electric kettle.

Different ratio were taken; acid to base and from the experiment the

most effective one is noted that is the one with ratio 3:1 which give a

pH of 12.88.

CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Surfactants, surface-active agents are basic cleaning agents in soaps and

detergents. These agents are added to wash water to lower its surface tension,

thereby to increase the wetting and spreading properties of water. Surfactants

are usually organic compounds, which are amphiphilic, meaning they are

soluble in both organic solvents and water. Surface active agents have two parts,

one is hydrophilic (water loving) and another is hydrophobic (water repellent).

Surface-active molecules concentrate at the areas of contact or interfaces,

between oil and water. One end of the molecule seeks oil, while the other end

seeks water. At the interface of water and oil, surface-active agents emulsify oil

and mix it into the liquid in the same way fat is mixed in milk. At the interface

of water, these agents trap air molecules to produce foam.

By reducing the surface tension water, surfactants improve the cleaning

performance, by enabling the solution to wet a surface (for example, dishes,

clothes, and countertops) quickly and effectively, and hence the soil can be

readily loosened and removed. Surface active agents also emulsify [blend] oily

soils and keep them suspended and dispersed so they do not settle back on the

surface. To achieve superior cleaning performance, most of the cleaning

products contain two or more surfactant.

1.1 Applications

The surfactants have found variety of uses and applications in the detergent

industry, in emulsification, lubrication, catalysis, tertiary oil recovery, and

in drug delivery. Some of the important applications of surfactants

includes:

Used in the investigation of the denaturation of bacteriorhodopsin and in

thermal stability experiments of rhodopsin

In superior performance liquid chromatography, some common

techniques, like ion-exchange HPLC, reversed-phase HPLC and size

exclusion-HPLC require surfactants to solubilize membrane proteins. Ion

pair HPLC requires surfactants as reagents so as to achieve the separation

conditions

The operations of removal and exchange of surfactants bound to

membrane proteins are important and have been successfully applied to a

variety of these proteins

Integral membrane proteins can be separated from hydrophilic proteins

and can be described as such in crude surfactant extracts of membrane or

cells

Surfactants are also used to encourage and push the dissociation of

proteins from nucleic acids on extraction from biological material

Affinity surfactants have found uses as reversibly bound ligands in high

performance affinity chromatography

Some other examples of surfactants in biochemistry include the

solubilization of enzymes in a polar solvents via reversed micelles and

the isolation of hydrophobic proteins

Crystallization of membrane proteins can be achieved using short chain

surfactants that are believed to shield the hydrophobic inter membrane

part of the molecule.

The production of liquid surfactant and reactive agent involve in the production

of some selected surfactant like, Degreaser, and Descaler and how to improve

its effectiveness on application are the areas am to work on. DeScaler is an

alkaline material and it is useful for descaling process equipment such as:

Boilers, Condensers, Filter, Heat Exchanger, Kettles & Tank Pipelines, Pots,

Reactors, Steam Jackets, Bath Rooms and Showers, Metal Processing and much

more. Surfactants have a molecular structure that acts as a link between water

and the dirt particles, loosening the particles from the underlying fibres or other

surfaces to be cleaned. The molecule can perform this function because one end

is hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the other is hydrophobic (attracted to

substances that are not water soluble). The hydrophilic end is similar in

structure to water-soluble salts. The hydrophobic part of the molecule

frequently consists of a hydrocarbon chain that is similar to the structure of

grease, oil, and many fats.

1.2 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

The technologies of cleaning products are constantly advancing. For example,

non-butyl, neutral pH cleaner degreasers with the same or better cleaning power

as their traditional counterparts are now available. This type of product is of Ph

of 7 (neutral).

1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aims and objective of this project is to create and simulate mathematical

model:

To produce liquid surfactants using standard composition

To produce other surfactant with varied composition /constituents

To compares the product(degreasers) to know their pH

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

To produce degreaser and descaler

1.5 JUSTIFICATION

The two liquid surfactants are of great significance. They are used in carrying

out major cleansing activities in our daily cleaning. Degreaser and Descaler are

not just a cleaning reagent (mixture) but one used in heavy duty cleaning.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ORIGIN OF CLEANSING PRODUCTS

Cleansing products play an important role in the daily lives of people. Their

regular use help people stay healthy, care for their home and belongings and

make the surrounding more pleasant by removing soils, germs and other

contaminants. These products are effectively and safely used by millions of

people in homes, schools, businesses and healthcare setting for yielding

improvements in both hygiene as well as the overall quality of life. Cleansing

products have found uses in different applications, like for personal cleaning

(skin care, body care, and hair care), laundry cleaning, dish-wash cleaning and

household products cleaning.

The origin of cleansing products dates back to prehistoric times. As water is

essential for life, the prehistoric people lived near the sources of water and they

knew something about its cleansing properties, such that it rinsed mud of their

hands and body.

An adequate understanding of the history, safety and benefits of cleaning

products by people is important to their effective and proper use. The history of

cleansing products can be broadly defined in two headings -

History of Soaps

History of Detergent

According to records, ancient Egyptians bathed regularly. The Ebers Papyrus,

1500 B.C. medical document, describes the manufacturing of soap like material

by combining animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts. This soap was found

to be helpful in the treatment of different skin diseases . At about the same time,

Moses gave the Israelites some detailed laws, which govern personal

Cleanliness. Moses also related cleanliness to religious purification and health.

According to biblical accounts the ancient Israelites knew that a kind of hair gel

can be produced by mixing ashes and oil.

The ancient Greek people bathed for aesthetic reasons and they evidently did

not use soap. Instead of using soap, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of

sand, clay, pumice and ashes, then anointed themselves with oil, and scraped off

the oil and dirt using a metal instrument called as a strigil (Skin scrapper used in

ancient Greece). They are also known to use oil with ashes. They wash clothes

without soap in the steams at the olden days which no longer exist.

In primitive societies and even today, the clothes are cleansed by beating and

hitting them on rocks near a stream. Some plants, like soapworts, have leaves,

which produce sapions and chemical compounds that give a soapy lather. These

compounds were probably the first detergents that people used. Now days, in

modern times, the use of soaps and detergents has become wide and universal

among the people across the world due to a better understanding of the

importance of hygiene in reducing germs and other pathogenic microorganisms.

Specially produced bar soaps becomes first available in the late nineteenth

century, and the advertising campaigns in Europe and the US helped in

increasing the popularity and awareness of the relationship between cleanliness

and health. By the year1950, soaps and detergents had gained public acceptance

as a tool of health and hygiene.

2.2 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The inventor of this particular article is VANEENAM DONALD N. This

invention relates to degreaser compositions and, more particularly, to stable,

aqueous degreaser compositions in the form of totally water soluble solutions

which exhibit markedly improved degreasing capability.

Heretofore, it has been the practice to employ as degreaser compositions pure

aqueous insoluble solvents such as kerosene, odourless mineral spirits or 1, 1, 2-

trichloro- ethane or such solvents emulsified in water with suitable surfactants.

Such compositions are generally used in solvent (solution) or vapour phase

degreasing. For vapour phase degreasing, it is essential that the vapours be

contained in order to effect degreasing. These necessitates high capital costs for

equipment, solvent and vapour recovery, recycling and containment. Previously

used degreaser compositions also suffer from the drawbacks of being generally

combustible, non-biodegradable, toxic, having a high VOC (volatile organic

compound) content, costly and of a somewhat objectionable odour.

In my co-pending, co-assigned application Serial No. 373,813, filed June 29,

1989, there is disclosed improved aqueous cleaner/degreaser compositions

which are formulated in the form of totally water soluble solutions and which

contain (a) at least one sparingly water soluble organic solvent having certain

defined characteristics; (b) a solubilising additive consisting of from

approximately 0.1 to approximately 100 weight percent of a surfactant and from

0 to approximately 99.9 weight percent of a coupler with the solubilising

additive being present in an amount not exceeding approximately tenfold that

required to completely solubilise the organic solvent; and (c) water. While these

compositions display greatly improved cleaner/degreaser efficacy over

conventional and available cleaner/degreaser compositions, there remains a

need for low or no foam compositions (i.e., containing no foaming surfactants)

with still greater degreasing capability which can be formulated as totally water

soluble solutions and which do not possess the deficiencies of presently

available degreaser compositions.

Stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion compositions are formulated with at

least one sparingly soluble organic solvent having specified compositional

characteristics, a solubilising additive and water. The solubilising additive may

consist of from approximately 0.1 to approximately 100 weight percent of a

surfactant and from 0 to approximately 99.9 weight percent of a coupler and is

present in an amount insufficient to solubilise all of the total organic solvent

content but sufficient to emulsify the un-solubilised portion of the total organic

solvent content. The emulsion compositions so formulated provide enhanced

degreasing efficacies.

2.2.1 WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1 A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition comprising:

(a) at least one sparingly soluble organic solvent characterized by: (i) having a

water solubility in the range of approximately 0.05 to approximately 6 weight

percent; (ii) not being a hydrocarbon or halocarbon; (iii) having one or more

similar or dissimilar oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, or phosphorous containing

functional groups; (iv) being a solvent for hydrophobic soilants; and (v) being

present in an amount exceeding its aqueous solubility; (b) a solubilising additive

consisting of from approximately 0.1 to approximately 100 weight percent of a

surfactant and from 0 to approximately 99.9 weight percent of a coupler, said

solubilising additive being present in an amount insufficient to solubilise all of

the total organic solvent content but sufficient to emulsify the un-solubilised

portion of the total organic solvent content; and (c) Water.

2. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in

claim 1 further comprising a viscosifying thickener.

3. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in

claim 1 wherein said organic solvent has water solubility in the range of

approximately 0.05 to approximately 2.5 weight percent.

4. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in

claim 1 wherein said organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of

esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, and nitriles.

5. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in

claim 1 wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of

2phenoxyethanol, lphenoxy2propanol, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether,

polypropylene glycols, βphenylethanol, acetophenone, benzyl alcohol,

butoxyethyl acetate, isophorone and the dimethyl esters of mixed succinic,

glutaric, and adipic acids.

6. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in

claim 1 wherein said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of non-

ionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactants.

2.2.2 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Among the several objects of the invention may be noted the provision of

stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion compositions having improved

cleaning/degreasing efficacy; the provision of such emulsion compositions

which are formulated to provide a portion of the organic solvent content in both

the aqueous and nonaqueous phases of the emulsions; the provision of emulsion

compositions of this type which may be formulated in various forms including

lotions, creams, and aerosol forms; the provision of such emulsion compositions

which have a low level of odour, are nontoxic and nonhazardous in use; the

provision of such improved emulsion compositions which provide enhanced

degreasing capabilities; the provision of such emulsion compositions which

possess either a low order of combustibility or are non-combustible, which have

a high flash point, which are safe to use and which are biodegradable; and the

provision of such improved emulsion compositions which incorporate organic

solvents with inherently limited aqueous solubility and which may be readily

formulated from available components. Other objects and features will be in

part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

Briefly, the present invention is directed to stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser

emulsion compositions which comprise:

(a) at least one sparingly soluble organic solvent characterized by:

(i) having a water solubility in the range of approximately 0.05 to

approximately 6 weight percent;

(ii) not being a hydrocarbon or halocarbon;

(iii) having one or more similar or dissimilar oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, or

phosphorous containing functional groups;

(iv) being a solvent for hydrophobic soilants; and

(v) being present in an amount exceeding its aqueous solubility;

(b) a solubilising additive consisting of from approximately 0.1 to

approximately 100 weight percent of a surfactant and from 0 to approximately

99.9 weight percent of a coupler, said solubilising additive being present in an

amount insufficient to solubilise all of the total organic solvent content but

sufficient to emulsify the unsolubilized portion of the total organic solvent

content; and

(c) Water. The emulsion compositions of the invention thus contain a portion of

the organic solvent component in the aqueous or continuous phase of the

emulsions and the remainder of the organic solvent component in the emulsion

or discontinuous phase thereby providing enhanced degreasing efficacies.

2.3TYPES

Surfactants are generally classified on the basis of their ionic properties (electric

charge) in water. On the basis of ionic properties, surfactants can be classified

into four types -

Anionic Surfactants

Non-ionic Surfactants

Cationic Surfactants

Amphoteric Surfactants

Structures of common surfactants used in biochemistry:

2.4 PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS

The molecular structure of surface-active agents means that they have unusual

characteristics, leading to their uses in widespread and highly specialized

applications. The properties of these agents can be categorized into two types -

Adsorption

Self Assembly

2.4.1 ADSORPTION

Adsorption is the tendency of the molecule of a surfactant to collect as an

interface. It is the taking up of a liquid or gas at the surface of substance,

generally a solid (for example, activated charcoal adsorbs gases). The process

involves molecular attraction at the surface.

The adsorption property of surfactants mean; that their molecules are generally

found at the interface between a water phase, and an oil phase, or an air phase

and a water phase. This molecular property results in the macroscopic properties

of wetting, detergency, foaming and emulsion formation. The molecules of a

surface-active agent tend to adsorb to the surface of oil droplets. While the

hydrophilic heads stick out into the water phase, the hydrophobic tails stick into

the oil phase

2.4.2 SELF-ASSEMBLY.

Self-assembly is the inclination of surfactant molecules to organize and

coordinate themselves into the extended structures in water. The process

includes the formation of micelles, liquid crystals and bi-layers that are formed

when the hydrophobic tails of surfactant molecules cluster together to produce

small aggregates, like micelles, or large layer structures like bi-layers that are

similar to a cell wall. These characteristics of surfactants make them an

interesting study and an area of research. Surfactants can also organize to form

micelles, which allow the hydrophobic tails to get out of the water; however it

still allows the hydrophilic heads to stay in the water. There is typically between

a few dozen to a couple of hundred surfactant molecules in a micelle.

2.5 PH

It is defined chemically as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion

concentration. Only those materials that will disassociate or ionize in water will

have a pH. Hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid whose chemical formula is HCL

will ionize in water to give hydrogen ions, H+, and Chlorine ions, CI-. Sodium

hydroxide, NaOH, will ionize in water yielding Na+ ions and OH- ions.

Hydrogen ions area measure of the acidity of a material while OH- ions, or

hydroxyl ions, are a measure of alkalinity. The formula for pure water is H+

OH- meaning that there is an equal number of acid ions H+ and OH- hydroxyl

ions, which offset each other to form a neutral compound. The hydrogen ion

concentration of water is 1 X l0.-7 the logarithm is -7 and the negative

logarithm is 7. The pH of water is, therefore, 7 and a pH of 7 indicates a neutral

material. The pH scale runs from 1 to 14. Any material that is below a pH of 7

is acidic in nature and anything above a pH of 7 is alkaline in nature. The

further you go down the scale from pH 7, the more acidic the product is and the

further one goes up the scale from 7, the more alkaline the product would be.

Since the scale is based on logarithms of 10, each unit on the scale is a factor of

10. For example, if orange juice has a pH of 3.5 and beer has a pH of 4.5,

orange juice is 10 times more acidic than beer. Acid bowl cleaners can have a

pH less than 1, showing that they are very acidic in nature. This pH is necessary

in products of this type to remove scale and iron deposits from inside the bowl.

These soils are alkaline in nature. Therefore, an acid is needed to remove them.

Most soils, however, are acid in nature and therefore, need alkaline products to

remove them. An all-purpose cleaner or degreaser may have a pH of anywhere

between 9 and 13, depending on the type and quantity of the soil that the

product is expected to encounter. Products that are formulated for light duty

cleaning may have a pH of 9 to 10, whereas a degreaser may have a pH of 13,

meaning that with a pH of 13, the degreaser is 1,000 times more alkaline than

the all-purpose cleaner at a pH of 10.Its the Ph of a substance that will tell what

function the surfactant is to encounter and the name that it will be called. Like

heavy duty degreaser will have a ph 13.5(highly alkaline) while house hold

degreaser will have a pH of 10(mildly alkaline) .Alternatively a dish wash

Descaler will have a pH 2.0(very acidic) while a ordinary Descaler will have a

pH of 1.5(very acidic) as well.

2.6 THE REACTIVE AGENT

The reactive agent in the production of these chemicals varies with the type of

surfactant in mind. Like in the production of degreaser the reactive agent

involved are; -

Linear-alkyl-Benzene sulfonate (Sulphonic acid),Carboxymethylcellulose

[CMC],Sodium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride ,Sodium Tripolyphosphate(STP),

Sodium Hydroxide, Perfume, Colorant and Water but for Descaler they are

Linear-alkyl-Benzene sulfonate (Sulphonic acid), Sodium Sulphate, Sodium

Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide and Water

How to use a degreaser

If you need to use an oil-based degreaser, first wipe the part or parts to be

cleaned with a rag or wire bristle brush. This takes off excess grease and dirt, so

when the degreaser is used, less is needed. To provide for safer disposal,

degrease over a container. Always drain cleaned parts long enough so any

excess solvent can be reserved in a drip tray. Reuse the degreaser until its

cleaning ability is completely spent. Store the degreaser in an airtight container.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHOD AND MATERIALS

The production of liquid surfactant like Degreaser and Descaler involved the

combination of raw materials at various proportions depending on the pH at

mind. The material are put one after the other with homogeneous stirring to aid

homogeneity of the product.

3.1 RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DEGREASER

AND DESCALER

These are the materials used in the production of Degreaser and descaler and

they are listed as follows;

1. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate

2. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

3. Carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)

4. Sodiumtripolyphosphate(STP)

5. Sodium Sulphates

6. Sodium Chloride

7. Perfume

8. Water

9. Colour/dye

3.1.1 LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SULPHONATE(LAS)

Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate is a straight chain organic acid and a typical

example of surfactant. LAS react with the base to form the concentrate for

the production of the both the degreaser and descaler. It a dark brown

viscous liquid with excellent solubility and foaming ability.

3.1.2 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (caustic soda)

Caustic soda, or sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is an important commercial

product, used in making soap, rayon, and cellophane; in processing paper

pulp; in petroleum refining; and in the manufacture of many other chemical

products. Caustic soda is manufactured principally by electrolysis of a

common salt solution, with chlorine and hydrogen as important by-products.

The caustic soda (NaOH) act as the base to produce the concentrate to both

the degreaser and descaler by reacting with the acid.

3.1.3 CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE (CMC)

The CMC serves as the thickener for the product. The product to be produce

will depend on the proportion of CMC to be added to the product. Like for

descaler, it does not needs CMC because is colourless and less viscous

(inviscid).

3.1.4 SODIUM SULPHATE

The sodium sulphate has it function as clarifier so as to give the product a

clearer look.

3.1.5 SODIUMTRIPOLYPHOSPHATE(STP)

The STP increases the foaming ability of the degreaser and descaler. Hence

serves as foamant

3.1.6 SODIUM CHLORIDE(Nacl)

Salt (compound), also sodium chloride, chemical compound that has the

formula NaCl. The term salt is also applied to substances produced by the

reaction of an acid with a base, known as a neutralization reaction. Salts are

characterized by ionic bonds, relatively high melting points, electrical

conductivity when melted or when in solution, and a crystalline structure when

in the solid state.

Salt is a white solid, soluble in hot or cold water, slightly soluble in alcohol, but

insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. In the crystalline form the

compound is transparent and colourless, shining with an ice-like lustre. The salt

enhances the long shelf life of the degreaser and descaler and hence serves as

preservative.

3.1.7 PERFUME

Perfumery, process and industry of making perfumes. Natural perfumes—

substances that give off agreeable odours—are of animal or vegetable origin.

Artificial perfumes are of two types: (1) the chemical compounds of natural

perfumes are reproduced synthetically, as with vanillin, and (2) only the

odour of the natural perfume is imitated; the artificial substance is itself

chemically unlike the natural one.

The odour of plants may be in the leaves, as in sage, thyme, and mint; in the

bark, as in cinnamon and cassia; in the wood, as in cedar and sandalwood; in

the flower petals, as in the rose and violet; in the seeds, as in anise and

caraway; in the roots, as in the orris; and in the fruit rind, as in the orange. It

may also be secreted as a resinous gum from the tree, as in camphor and

myrrh.

The perfume gives the product a agreeable or nice odour.

3.1.8 WATER

Water, common name applied to the liquid state of the hydrogen-oxygen

compound H2O. The ancient philosophers regarded water as a basic element

typifying all liquid substances. The water serves as diluents for the reagent

and other materials during production.

3.1.9 COLOUR

This is an auxiliary agent, used to improved on the physical appearance of

the liquid detergent, degreaser, and descaler; its makes it more attractive and

esirable. Some examples of colour commonly used are blue, green, and pink.

3.2 APPARATUS

The apparatus used in the production of degreaser and descaler are;

Beaker, measuring cylinder, digital weighing balance, stirring rod, pH meter,

spatula, Conical flask, filter paper, funnel.

3.3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL IMPUTED ON MATLAB

DEGREASER

YIELD= £

L= SULPHONIC ACID=

£/10(LITRES)

A=AMOUNT OF SULPHONIC ACID IN MILLS= L*10^3

CARBOXYMETHYCELLULOSE{CMC}= 1*£(g)

SODIUM SULPHATE= 4*£(g)

SODIUM CHLORIDE= 3*£(g)

SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE 0.6*£(g)

PERFUME= 0.8*£(ml)

COLOURANT= 0.8*£(g)

SODIUM HYDROXIDE= A/2 (g)

WATER= £-L(LITRES)

3.3 RESULT CALCULATED MANUALY WITHOUT THE HELP OF

THE MATLAB

3.3.1 DEGREASER

YIELD= £=3

L=SULFONIC ACID= £ /10 (litres)=3/10=0.3

(litres)

A=AMOUNT OF SULFONIC ACID IN MILLS= L*10^3=3*10^-

1*10^3=300(ml) CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE{CMC}= 1*£

(g)=3 (g)

SODIUM SULPHATE= 4.5*£ (g)=4.5*3=13.5(g)

SODIUM CHLORIDE= 3*£ (g)=3*3=9(g)

SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE(STP)= 0.6*£ (g)=0.6*3=1.8(g)

PERFUME= 0.8*£ (ml)=0.8*3=2.4(ml)

COLOURANT= 0.8*£ (g)=0.8*3=2.4(g)

SODIUM HYROXIDE= A/2 (g)=300/2=150(g)

WATER= £-L (litres)=3-0.3=2.7(litres)

3.3.2 THE MATHEMATHECAL MODEL FOR THPRODUCTIONOF

DESCALER

YIELD= G

L=SULFONIC ACID= G /10 (litres)

A=AMOUNT OF SULFONIC ACID IN MILLS= L×10^3

SODIUM SULPHATE= 4.5×G (g)

SODIUM CHLORIDE= 3×G (g)

SODIUM HYROXIDE= A/10 (g)

WATER= G-L (litres)

3.3.3 RESULT CALCULATED MANUALY WITHOUT THE HELP OF

THE MATLAB

DESCALER

YIELD= G=1.5

L=SULFONIC ACID= G /10(litres)=1.5/10=0.15(litres)

A=AMOUNT OF SULFONIC ACID IN MILLS= 10^3=0.15*10^3=150(ml)

SODIUM SULPHATE= 4.5×G (g)=4.5*1.5=6.75(g)

SODIUM CHLORIDE= 3×G (g)=3*1.5=4.5(g)

SODIUM HYROXIDE= A/10 (g)=150/10=15(g)

WATER= G-L (litres)=1.5-0.15=1.35(litres)

3.4 VARIOUS COMPOSITION OF RAW MATERIAL USED IN THE

PRODUCTION OF DEGREASER AND DESCALER

TABLE C

3.4.1 RAW MATERIAL

RAW MATERIAL DEGREASER ` DESCALER

SAMPLE

A1 A2 A3 B

Linear alkyl

benzene sulphonate 300 200 150 150

Carboxymethylcellulose 3.0 2.0 1.5 -

Sodium Sulphate 13.5 9.0 6.75 6.75

Sodium Chloride 9.0 6.0 4.5 4.5

Sodium

Tripolyphosphate 1.8 1.2 0.9 -

Perfume 2.4 1.6 1.2 -

Colourant 2.4 1.6 1.2 -

Sodium

hydroxide 150 133.3 50 15

Water 2700 1800 1350 1350

Note:

The Sulphonic acid, perfume and water are in (ml) while the

Carboxymethycellulose (CMC) ,Sodium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium

Tripolyphosphate, sodium hydroxide and colourant are in grammes.

3.5 PRODUCTION PROCESS

3.5.1 DEGREASER

The raw materials for the production of degreaser are weighed following the

composition in TABLE C for sample A. A 2000ml measuring cylinder was used

to measure the amount of water needed and it is poured into a 5 litres container

and it is kept separately. The Sulphonic acid is measured also in a 500ml beaker

and it is covered, followed by the sodium hydroxide and other additives, they

are measured and are kept separately.

After all the raw material has been measured, the production process now

begins. About ¾ of the water was poured on a different container. The caustic

soda was now poured on the water and the stirrer was used to stir continuously

for about 10 minutes so as to have a homogenous mixture. After which the

linear alkyl benzene sulphonate LAS was poured gradually so that lumps will

not form on the concentrate and as the LAS is poured, it is stirred continuously

for another 30minutes.

The concentrate is now covered and allowed to cure for about 4hours. By the

expiration of the four hours, other additives are added (Additives are added with

5minutes interval) one after the other with continuous stirring until all are

added.

The remaining ¼ of the water was now poured to make up the total yield and

was now stirred thoroughly. The product was now allowed to cure for 3hours

and the pH test was now carried out.

Another sample B and C product was produced using the same procedure, but

this time of different proportions. Say for sample B, acid to base is in ratio 3:2

and for sample C is in ratio 3:1 and also the pH test was also carried on them

and was noted down.

3.5.2 DESCALER

The production of the descaler involves two processes and they are explained in

details below:

1. The quantity of water needed for the production of the descaler is

measured and kept in a separate container using measuring cylinder. The

linear alkyl benzene sulphonate is measured as well follow by the sodium

hydroxide, the sodium chloride and sodium sulphate. Now, ¾ of the

water is collected on another container, the sodium hydroxide is poured

into the water and it is stirred for homogeneity. The linear alkyl benzene

sulphonate is added to the basic solution and it is stirred continuously for

some minute. The solution is now allowed to cure for two – three hours

after which the other additives are added one after the other within the

space of five – seven minute intervals. The additives added are sodium

chloride, sodium sulphate.

2. The solution gotten from 1 contains the filtrate, and the residue. For the

filtrate to be separated from the residue, filtration process is undergo. For

a filtration process, a conical flask, a funnel, and a filter paper will be

needed for the final production stage. The filter paper is folded and

placed inside the funnel and the funnel is put into the conical flask and

the solution that contains the filtrate and the residue is poured on the

funnel and is allow undergoing the filtration process.

At the end of the filtration process the residue is collected on the filter

paper while the filtrate is collected on the conical flask. The filtrate is

now the descaler.

3.6 pH ANALYSIS ON THE DEGREASER AND THE DESCALER

The cured degreaser and the descaler were analysed using pH metre. The

samples to be analysed that is; Sample(s) A, B, C which is Degreaser and

Sample D (Descaler). The samples are poured on a separate beaker and were

labelled A1, A2, A3 and B and the Electrode of the pH meter were inserted into

the cured Sample one after the other. The readings of the Sample was indicated

on the pH meter by the corresponding movement of the reading pen

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Two sample of liquid surfactant were produce Sample A and B, Sample A

were produced in three specimens.

4.1 RESULTS

The two samples were analysed and the following result were obtained.

4.1.1 RESULTS FOR THE pH TEST

SAMPLE(s) ACID: BASE pH

A1 2:1 12.75

A2 3:2 12.88

A3 3:1 12.54

B 10:1 1.18

4.2 DISCUSSION

The test carried out so far on Sample A (A1 - A3) was to know how effective the

ratio could be in term of the readings on the pH meter. Going through the table

above its shows clearly that taking range of Acid: Base in this ratios shows that

the pH readings only moves a little bit from each other and again Sample A1, A2

and A3 are strongly Alkaline in nature. Sample A is meant for heavy duty

cleaning. The product is used in areas like; cleaning of oil from engine parts,

stains in the kitchen walls tiles, spilled oil on factory area which a detergent

cannot remove

In other hand Sample B (Descaler) is strongly acidic taking the reading from

the pH scale that reads from 1 – 3 as strongly acidic. Sample B is basically used

in removing Scale from kettle or boiler.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

Looking at the experiment so far it can be concluded that the proportion that has

ratio 3:2, 2:1 and 3:1 has its effectiveness as follows; the first is the most

alkaline while the second is more alkaline and the last less alkaline. And for the

Descaler is strongly acidic.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The following are recommendation to improve performance and acceptability of

the Descaler and Degreaser

(A) The effect of colour has nothing to do with Degreaser rather it adds

more stains to the equipments that is to be cleared. So therefore it is better

to save the colour for the production other product like detergent.

(B) The Degreaser react with aluminium so it is not advisable to use it

on such product instead destroys the colour of the product.

(C) When using Descaler its works more effectively when the

equipment that is to be cleaned is heated together in a close vessel or

container.

REFERENCES:

Advance goggle search

Microsoft Encarta Premium(Software)

Johnson Diversey

JohnsonDiversey Material Safety Data sheet 2002; JohnsonDiversey Inc.,

Cincinnati, www.johnsondiversey.com

Green Seal Environmental Standard for Cleaning/Degreasing Agents(1999);

first edition, GS-34, www.greenseal.org;

Krylon