Final Pstn

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Company profile............................................................................................................1

1.1 Corporate Information.................................................................................................................1

1.1 Organization Structure.................................................................................................................3

1.2 Job Opportunities........................................................................................................................5

2.0 OBJECTIVE.....................................................................................................................5

3.0 THEORY & BACKGROUND..............................................................................................6

3.1 The Central Office Switch...........................................................................................................11

3.2 Digital Switching Systems..........................................................................................................14

3.3 Numbering System/Code area...................................................................................................14

4.0 ANALYSIS DATA...........................................................................................................16

4.1 Population.................................................................................................................................16

4.2 Geographical Analysis................................................................................................................20

4.3 Socioeconomic...........................................................................................................................23

5.0 DESIGN STRUCTURE....................................................................................................24

5.1 Criteria for Key Decision............................................................................................................24

5.2 State: Perlis................................................................................................................................27

5.3 State : Kedah..............................................................................................................................27

5.4 State: PERAK..............................................................................................................................30

5.5 State : PENANG..........................................................................................................................40

5.6 EXCHANGE NUMBERS PROTOCOL.............................................................................................48

6.0 FINANCIAL ANAYSIS....................................................................................................52

7.0 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................53

8.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................53

1.0 Company profile

1.1 Corporate Information

Company Logo

1 | P a g e

Company Name

TelePro Solutions Motto

Beyond Your Imagination

Vision

To contribute to people with better opportunities.

We will leverage our strengths to execute advance projects to communication services

affordable to all individual consumers and businesses In the Northern Region of

Malaysia. We will offer unparalleled value to create customer delight and enhance

business productivity.

Mission

To provide professional telecommunication services

TelePro Solutions mission to help people and companies communicate in an easy,

efficient and environmentally friendly way, by providing telecommunication services

across the Northern Region of Malaysia. Our focus is to deliver a world-class experience,

while ensuring the quality of our network and maintaining a cost-efficient structure.

Business Address

Blok 33, Jalan Dr Lim Chwee Leong 10100 Georgetown Pulau Pinang.

2 | P a g e

Website

TeleProSolutions.com.my

Email address

[email protected]

Contact Number

04 – 2282355 / 019-4575937

Core Business

Network and Telecommunication Services

Date of Commencements

15 January 2000

Registration Number

A7494661

Name of Bank

Maybank and Public Bank

3 | P a g e

mailto:[email protected]

1.1 Organization Structure

TELEPRO SOLUTION BOARD OF DIRECTORS

4 | P a g e

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

1.2 Job Opportunities

Interested candidates are strongly encouraged to submit the application at

[email protected] for a speedy processing of your application. For further clarification

please call 014-2674162 (IR Dato’ Sopna A/P Balakrishnan)

For those who unable to submit online, you may also write-in detail resume to :

TelePro Solution,

5 | P a g e

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

CHIEF EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

GENERAL MANAGER PLANNING AND DEVELOPEMENT

CHIEF FINALCIAL MANAGER

GANERAL MANAGER MARKETING AND SALES

SENIOR MANAGER TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION

mailto:[email protected]

Blok 33, Jalan Dr Lim Chwee Leong,

10100 Georgetown,

Pulau Pinang.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

Our main objective in this assignment to design complete PSTN network for North region

including Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Perak and Perlis. The criteria of design network are based on

population and the socioeconomic factors of the district under designed. This design also

considers exchange, tandems and group of trunks. After that, for each region we decide

numbering code plan for the subscriber to differentiate the server. Overall design must be

estimate the total calls that will be handled by north network to avoid traffic during holiday and

break hour. For future development (R&D) we are planning onward 10 years population

growth.

For financial planning, we also predict the number of potential customers for forecasts

TelcoPro Solution gross income. In this case, our company consider the total cost include fiber

optics and twisted cable for built this PSTN connection. The cost of this connection also

consider source of financial and labor cost. TelePro Solution promise to provide excellent

telecommunication services to customer on the Northern Region which includes Perlis, Kedah,

Pulau Penang and Perak by means of up-to-dated technologies, at the same time complying

with the relevant international standards and regulations for the purpose of further

telecommunication of our information society.

3.0 THEORY & BACKGROUND

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) according to Network Dictionary meaning is

a circuit switched network(concatenation) that is used primarily for voice communication

worldwide, with hundreds of millions subscribers operated by various companies and

administrations(Telecom Operators and Public Telephone and Telegraph, PTT, operators). In

6 | P a g e

short form understanding, PSTN is a domestic telecommunication network usually accessed by

telephones, key telephone systems, private branch exchange trunks and data arrangement.

Exactly, a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely

digital and provides mobile as well as fixed telephone service. PSTN often called plain old

telephone system network (POTS) which include all the equipment that goes into

interconnected two points, such as the cable, the networking equipment and the telephone

exchange.

Originally, the telephone network was based on analogue technologies and traffic and

on FDM multiplexing. But, PSTN system is used to largely digital, with analog connections

existing primarily between homes and the local phone exchanges. PSTN is actually based on the

circuit switching technique. Switching technique is an end-to-end which must be established

reserving resources for phone call .Free transmission resources must be reserved on each link

for switch-to-switch as shown in Figure 1.These resources are entirely dedicated to this

conversation for all duration time. In case that on a link there is no available resource the call is

blocked (provided that no resources are available also on alternate paths) and refused; the

originating phone user receives a busy tone.

Figure 1: Classical telephone network and involved resources for a phone call to user B

For beginning telephony system introduced, network architecture just used a simple

network which is connection between local exchanges with direct subscribers. In the future, as

the need to communicate outside a town increased, it become necessary to interconnect the

local exchanges. There are complicated problem when to interconnect a local exchange with

7 | P a g e

Public Switched Telephone Network

any other local exchange (mesh topology).Nodes at different levels were conceived. ITU-T

defines six levels of network hierarchy from local exchanges to different levels of transit

exchanges, to different levels of transit exchanges and finally, to exchange of international

level. What is function of transit exchange? The task of transit exchanges is to transfer traffic

within and between different areas.

International exchange.

National transit exchange.

Regional transit exchange.

Tandem transit exchange.

Local exchange.

Characteristics of POTS/PSTN are as follows:

The speeds for dial-up are not very fast, providing speeds up to 56Kbps.

Dial-up is based on the telephone system and use analog lines, whereas both ISDN and

DSL are digital

Local exchanges are used to connect subscribers (local loops), while the task of regional transit

exchanges is to transfer traffic upward in the hierarchy and to switch the traffic between local

exchanges. The task of the tandem exchange is needed in most cases in metropolitan areas to

transfer traffic between many different local exchanges. A tandem exchange does not usually

transfer traffic upward in the network; only between adjacent local exchanges.

8 | P a g e

Figure 2: Telephone network hierarchy

The local loop employs a twisted pair transmission medium. Loading coils have been

added within the subscriber loop to provide a flatter transfer function to further improve voice

transmission within 4 kHz band while increasing attenuation at the higher frequencies.

Trunks located at the other higher hierarchy because they realized through coxial

cables, optic fibers and microwave radio links. Trunk task to use multiplexing to transport

signals. The level of the multiplexing hierarchy increases as we move from local to regional to

national and international level.

Finally, there are also private networks within large companies that are linked to the

PSTN through gateways, i.e., Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX) systems. Between

switches in the PSTN, most signaling is now digital using the Signaling System N.

7(‘‘SS#7’’).Signaling is need to define the path of the end-to-end circuit across different

switches and to allow each involved switch to route internally the call in the proper way.

9 | P a g e

The PSTN has to be designed to guarantee some QoS levels. The real main problem is

related to the fact that each interconnection between two network elements has a limited

capacity in terms of simultaneous phone calls, It is important to design phone call routing

schemes and to determine the capacity of interconnecting links in order to obtain that the

blocking probability PB for new call arriving at the system is below a given threshold (for

instance PB ≤ 1% or better).

Figure 3: PSTN Amalgamating Numerous PSTNs

In network parlance, we use formula shown in below where n equals the number of nodes or

users on the network.

Formula to calculate number of connections

n(n−1)2

The industry built switched network to overcome this impossible task which allow to be

established for duration of phone call, then disconnected at the end of the conversation. PSTN,

this network lets anyone to talk to anyone, but allows cost-effective sharing of the central office

10 | P a g e

(CO) equipment. As end-users, we get reasonable service at a reasonable cost to the telephone

company.

Figure 4:Component of Switched Network.

Each customer is connected to the CO by a pair of copper wires, referred to as local

loop. It isn’t always a pair of wires connected clear back to central office (CO) although that was

an early common arrangement. The equipment in the CO allows any subscriber’s connection to

be connected, or switched to any other connection. Each CO serves a radius or geographic

serving area that allows transmission of voice calls with reasonable quality. Trunks are used to

connect Central Office or in other word line capable of handling more than one phone call. If a

trunk has 24 channels, it can handle 24 connections between COs. Once a connection dropped,

another user can reused the trunk to place a a call, so lines are shared sequentially based on

need.

3.1 The Central Office Switch

The CO switch sets up the temporary connection or circuits between users making a

telephone cell. In order to manage this switch, local loops and trunks all terminate at the CO

switch. The switch also has service circuits used for supervision and management of the

network itself. These circuits monitor call setup and disconnect send announcement or signals,

and gather information. Nowadays, switching equipment are modern where all digital in nature

using solid state electronics-making the CO switch in essence a large computer optimized for

11 | P a g e

handling telephone calls. These switches are placed in COs or wire centers that also contain

battery and power equipment, test boards, frame terminations for all equipment and cabling

and a cable vault where all the cabling enters the building.

Figure 5:Component of PSTN

1. A call originates at the subscriber’s premise using the twisted pair local loop to connect

to the CO. Several variations of telephone service can be provided over twisted pair,

including plain old telephone service or POTS, digital service like integrated service

digital network (ISDN) and new high-speed data services like DSL technologies. Many

other services, such as traditional T-1 circuits, require two pair of wire.

2. The end office provides connection to local users within their serving area and the local

switch handles all connections that don’t leave the area. When a user makes a call to

subscribers in another area, the switch connects to a trunk to extend the call outside the

local serving area.

3. Trunks are four-wire circuits; using two pairs of wires.\this two-wire and four-wire

terminology is a carryover from the early days of the telephone network, when all

connections were made using pairs of copper wires. The need for two pairs of wire was

for traffic in both directions at the same time, or full-duplex communications .Today,

these connections are often made using fiber connections. Trunks are usually deployed

12 | P a g e

in groups of circuits, so that a trunk group might consist of 100 or more connections

between two CO switches.

4. A tandem switch is used to connect office together. As the PSTN grew, it became

impractical for every other CO to have connections to every other CO, so the tandem

switch became a concentration point for trunks.

5. A point of presence or POP is a tandem switch that a long distance carrier or

competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) owns and uses to connect into a serving area.

6. Signaling System 7 (SS7) is a key component of the network.SS7 is a network that

overlays the PSTN and connects databases and switches in the network, along with

other network elements. This secondary network provides the intelligence used for call

setup and enhanced services, such as 800 services and credit card billing.SS7 is the core

of the advanced intelligent network (AIN).

Figure 6: Element PSTN

13 | P a g e

3.2 Digital Switching Systems

Current central office technology has a digital switching fabric controlled by a central

processor. Most modern switching equipment, ranging from small PBXs to large toll tandem

switches that can handle thousands of trunks, uses Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

technology. For future development, Softswitch is being next generation switch. The central

processor generally runs on commercial operating systems such as Microsoft Windows or Linux.

Voice is digitized in the telephone set and converted to IP so that the output of the telephone is

a stream of IP packet. The endpoint of the network has IP addresses, typically a high-end

Ethernet switch; connect IP packets between the source and destination.

3.3 Numbering System/Code area

PSTN numbering system is standardized uniform around world by ITU-T standard,

E.164.E.164 addresses consist of a country code, an area code, and a telephone number that is

generally associated with a particular central office; the exception being when the number is

relocated to another switch through number portability. The exact structure of the numbering

plan varies with the country, but the pattern is compatible worldwide.

Figure 7:PSTN Dial Plan Scenario

14 | P a g e

Inbound call routing: Incoming calls from the PSTN need to be routed correctly to their

final destination, which might be a directly attached phone, including endpoints that are

handled by Cisco Unified Communications Manager or Cisco Unified Communications

Manager Express. This inbound call routing also includes digit manipulation to ensure

that the incoming Dialed Number Identification Service (DNIS), that is, the incoming

called number, matches the pattern expected by the final destination.

Outbound call routing: Outgoing calls to the PSTN need to be routed to the voice

interfaces of the gateway—for example, a T1/E1 or a Foreign Exchange Office (FXO)

connection. As with inbound calls, outbound calls might also require digit manipulation

to modify the DNIS according to the PSTN requirements. This outbound call routing

usually includes stripping of any PSTN access code that might be included in the original

called number.

Correct PSTN Automatic Number Identification (ANI) presentation: An often-neglected

aspect is the correct ANI presentation for both inbound and outbound PSTN calls. The

ANI for inbound PSTN calls is often left untouched, which might have a negative impact

on the end user’s experience. The calling number that is presented to the end user

should include the PSTN access code and any other identifiers required by the PSTN to

successfully place a call using that ANI—for example, using the missed calls directory.

The higher tier in the hierarchy is the country code. Area code numbering system is

hierarchical and geographically oriented. The next level is the central office or prefix,

abbreviated as NXX. The lowest tier on the PSTN switching hierarchy is the end office, also

known as a class 5 office. Switching system contain routing algorithms to enable them to

select the appropriate group of trunks, always attempting first to connect to a distant

central office over high usage trunk. System route calls by exchanging signals over an

external data network known as SS7.

4.0 ANALYSIS DATA

15 | P a g e

4.1 Population

State: KEDAH

Figure 8: KEDAH MAP

Administrative District

Total in 2010 (peoples)


Changes between 1991 and 2010 (people)

Estimation in 2020 ( peoples)

Baling 132,304 114,485 17,819 150123Bandar Baharu 41,352 33,006 8,346 49698

Kota Setar 357,176 322,354 34,822 391998Kuala Muda 443,488 254,372 189,116 632604Kubang Pasu 214,479 157,963 56,516 270995

Kulim 281,260 128,356 152,904 434164Langkawi 92,784 42,938 49,846 142630

Padang Terap 61,970 50,726 11,244 73214Pendang 66,387 83,092 -16,705 49682

Sik 66,387 54,466 11,921 78308Yan 66,606 60,483 6,123 72729

Table 1: Estimation Kedah’s population

16 | P a g e

State : Perlis

Figure 9: Perlis map

Administrative District Total in 2010 (peoples) Estimation in 2020 ( peoples)Kaki Bukit 663 729.3Kangar 10,024 11026.4Arau 1,530 1683Kuala Perlis 686 754.6Padang Besar 729 801.9Simpang Empat 2,379 2616.9Pauh 1,546 1700.6

Table 2: Estimation Perlis's Population

17 | P a g e

State : Pulau Pinang

Figure 10: Pulau Pinang map






SEBERANG PERAI TENGAH 362,820 236,270 126550 489370

SEBERANG PERAI UTARA 288,692 224,647 64045 352737

SEBERANG PERAI SELATAN 166,685 84,771 81914 248599

TIMUR LAUT 510,996 395,714 115282 626278BARAT DAYA 197,131 122,764 74367 271498

Table 3: Estimation Pulau Pinang Population

18 | P a g e

State : Perak

Figure 11: Perak's Map






Batang Padang 125867 154,686 -28819 97048

Manjung 211,113 168,331 42782 253895Kinta 657,892 627,899 29993 687885

Kerian 120,192 148,720 -28528 91664Kuala

Kangsar 108,504 146,684 -38180 70324Larut dan Matang 245,015 271,882 -26867 218148

Hilir Perak 128,143 202,059 -73916 54227Ulu Perak 60 547 81,636 -81636 -81636

Perak Tengah 58,816 75,574 -16758 42058Table 4: Estimation Perak's Population

4.2 Geographical Analysis

State: Kedah

19 | P a g e

Figure 12: Kedah's map

The main key to be noted is Baling, Bandar Baharu, Kota Setar , Kuala Muda while Sik and small part of Baling considered to highland. Langkawi is an island.

20 | P a g e

Figure 13: Perlis's map

Perlis ia mainly all lowland.

21 | P a g e

State: Pulau Pinang

Pulau Pinag is separated into two. 1 part is in the island another part is in the mainland. Both of them are considered as the lowland since it does not have high hills.

State : Perak

The northern part Perak is highland while centre part of Perak is lowland. The east side of Perak, there’s a

22 | P a g e

Figure 14:Pulau Pinang's Map

Figure 15: Perak's map

bit of high land. Mostly Perak is a lowland state.

4.3 Socioeconomic

State: Kedah

Economic culture PlacesAgriculture Kubang Pasu, Kota Star, Yan, BalingTourism Langkawi, Bukit Kayu Hitam, Balai Nobat ,Balai

Seni Negeri ,Batu Hampar Waterfall,Junjong Waterfall,Kota Kuala Kedah,Lata Mengkuang Waterfall,Lembah Bujang Archaeological Park

Residential Kulim, Sungai Petani

State: Perlis

Economic culture PlacesAgriculture PerlisResidential Kangar, Kuala Perlis

State: Pulau Pinang

Economic culture PlacesAgriculture Tasek Gelugor, Nibong TebalTourism Georgetown, Bukit BenderaIndustrial Butterworth, Bayan LepasResidential Bukit Mertajam, Permatang Tinggi,

State: Perak

Economic culture PlacesAgriculture Tapah, Teluk Intan, Langkap, LenggongTourism Ipoh, Sitiawan, Taiping Industrial Simpang Pulai, Batu Gajar, Lumut Residential Ipoh, Kampar

23 | P a g e

5.0 DESIGN STRUCTURE

5.1 Criteria for Key Decision

1. The potential subscribers are determined based on the economics and main activities (socioeconomic) of an area.

2. The number of local exchange is determined based on population and area size.

3. All of the local exchanges should be connected to the tandem switch for routing purposes.

4. The tandem switch should be placed at flat area and avoid the high mountain or soft coil. This is aim to cut down the budget and future maintenance fees.

5. The trunks needed between local exchanges and tandem switch is calculated by using Erlang B Calculator.

6. The Erlang is obtained by assuming number of calls carried in certain minutes for an hour. The blocking calls rate is assumed as 0.01%.

7. The number of calculated trunks should be adding some more in order to solve the congestion problems due to the festival season and tourism season.

8. Every tandem switch should be connected to the primary switch exchange and nearby tandem switch so that the calls can be route from one state to another state.

9. The four states’ primary switch exchange should be connected in full mesh network so that all the states are being connected and easier to route the calls.

24 | P a g e

Figure 16: Kedah's Design

25 | P a g e

- Tandem

- Server Exchange

Transmission connecting between tandem and primary exchange

- Transmission connecting tandem and server

- Transmission connecting tandem and server below sea level.

Primary exchange

Figure 17:Area coverage for each server

26 | P a g e

Server 1

Server 1

Server 2

Server 3

Server 4

Server 5

Server 6

Server 7

Server 9

5.2 State: Perlis

Tandem 1 : Kuala Perlis

Population 1700629Potential Subscribers 50% from 1700629= 850 314Local Exchange Kaki Bukit, Kuah, KangarTotal Trunks 72

Justification : assuming that 180 calls in average 5 minutes. Erlangs = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Earlang B calculator, it is calculated 24 trunks. Hence it is advisable to have 24 trunks for Kangar, Kaki Bukit, and Kuah. The total trunks will be 72.

Figure 18: Earlang for Tandem 1 ( Perlis)

5.3 State : Kedah

Tandem 1 : Changlun

Population 705165Potential Subscribers 50% from 705165 is 352 580Local Exchange Gunung Keriang, Kuala NerangTotal Trunks 48

Justification: Assuming that 180 calls in average 5 minutes since it’s not industrial area . Erlangs = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Earlang B calculator we have 24 trunks each exchange, we do not want much trunks since to avoid wastage.

27 | P a g e

Figure 19: Earlang for Tandem 1 ( Kedah)

Tandem 2 : Pokok Sena

Population 122411Potential Subscribers 50% from 122411 is 61 206Local Exchange Pendang, Tasik MudaTotal Trunks 52 trunks

Justification: assuming that 200 calls in average 5 minutes since there are few big cities in this area. Erlangs = ( 200x5) /60= 17. Using Earlang B calculator is 27 trunks for each trunks but for Tasik Muda is 25 trunks.

Figure 20:Earlang for Tandem 2 ( Kedah)

Tandem 3 : Jeniang

Population 861036Potential Subscribers 50% from 861 518 is 430518Local Exchange Gunung Jerai, Sungai Petani , Baling

28 | P a g e

Total Trunks 20+ 28+28= 76

Justification: assuming that 213 calls in average in 5 minutes since its centre of Kedah. Erlangs = ( 213x5)/60=18 . Hence each server is 28 but we would assingn 20 for Gunung Jerai


Tandem 4 : Kulim

Population 483862Potential Subscribers 50% from 483862 is 9678Local Exchange Bandar Baharu ,Sungai PetaniTotal Trunks 54

Justification:

Assuming that 200 calls in average 5 minutes since there are few big cities in this area. Erlangs = ( 200x5) /60= 17. Using Earlang B calculator is 27 trunks for each trunks.


29 | P a g e

5.4 State: PERAK

Tandem1: Ipoh

Notes:

Tandem Switch:

Local Exchange:

Economic and Activities

Tourism, Residential Areas, Administrative Center, Education Center

Area Size Covered 600 km2

Population 657,892 peoplePotential Subscribers 50 % = 328,946 peopleEthnics 39.1% Malays, 45.4% Chinese, 14.5% India, 1% othersLocal Exchange Majlis Perbandaran Ipoh ,Simpang Pulai, Tambun, Tanjung

Rambutan, Chemor , Jelapang , Lahat Total Trunks 336

Justification:

Since Ipoh is a big city with administrative center and residential area, it is estimated an amount of 50% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, seven exchanges will support almost 350 thousand subscribers. Moreover, as a tourism places, it is expected to have many calls but not a longer duration. It is estimated to have 400 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (400x5)/60 = 33.33

Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks are 45. Consider the possible problem of congestion due to the large population, 48 trunks are used. Hence, the total trunks for Tandem 1 are 336 trunks.

30 | P a g e

Figure 23: Placement Tandem 1 (Perak)

Figure 24:Earlang for Tandem 1 ( Perak)

Tandem 2: Batu Gajar


Industrial zone, Residential Areas, Transportation

Area Size Covered 578.4 km2

Population 79,969 peoplePotential Subscribers 35 % = 27,989 peopleEthnics 46.39% Malays, 36.54% Chinese, 15.17% India, 1.9% othersLocal Exchange Batu Gajar ,Gunong Hijau, Tronoh, Bali, Sungai Durian Total Trunks 130

Justification:

Since the area surrounded Batu Gajar is consists of industrial zone and transportation, it is estimated an amount of 35% people could be the potential subscribers. Thus, five exchanges will support almost 28 thousand subscribers. Moreover, as an industrial and transportation places, it is expected to have many calls but not a longer duration. It is estimated to have 200 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (200x5)/60 = 16.67

31 | P a g e


Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 26. The percentage of ethnics is balance; congestion is hard to occur during festival season. Thus, we remain the number of trunks to save cost. The total trunks for Tandem 2 are 130 trunks.


Tandem 3: Tapah


Economics and Activities

Agricultural, Farming and Forest, Residential Area


Population 125,867 peoplePotential Subscribers 20 % = 25,173 peopleEthnics 62.39% Malays, 17.54% Chinese, 18.17% India, 1.9% othersLocal Exchange Bidor, Tapah, Tanjung Malim, Cendering, Sungkai Total Trunks 92

32 | P a g e

Justification:

Tandem is placed at Tapah since it is located at the center and lowest place in the district. The area inside district Batang Padang is mostly agricultural area, it is estimated an amount of 20% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, six local exchanges will support almost 26 thousand subscribers. As an agricultural place, it is expected that not many calls will be made. It is estimated to have 80 calls in average of 10 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (80x10)/60 = 13.33Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 22. After consider the issue of congestion during festival season, it is better to use 23 trunks. Hence, the total trunks for Tandem 3 are 92 trunks.


Tandem 4: Sitiawan

Figure 29:Placement Tandem 4 (Perak)


Industrial Zone, Tourism, Fishing, Residential Area


Population 211,113 peoplePotential Subscribers 35% = 73,889 peopleEthnics 62.94% Malays, 13.54% Chinese, 15.17% India, 8.35% othersLocal Exchange Sitiawan, Lumut, Pengkalan Baharu, Beruas, Pulau Pangkor Total Trunks 109

33 | P a g e

Justification:

Tandem is placed at Sitiawan since it is located at the center of surrounded local exhanges. The area consists of industrial zone and tourism places, it is estimated an amount of 35% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, five local exchanges will support almost 75 thousand subscribers. Different area types have different called time. In tourism place (Pulau Pangkor), it is expected that many calls will be made in a long duration. It is estimated to have 150 calls in average of 10 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (150x10)/60 = 25

Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 36. After consider the issue of congestion during tourism season, it is better to use 40 trunks.

In Industrial zone (Lumut, Setiawan), it is expected that many calls will made in a short duration. It is estimated to have 120 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 18.

In fishing or residential area, it is estimated to have 80 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (80x5)/60 = 6.67. Using Erlang Traffic calculator, we obtained 14 trunks. In order to avoid congestion problem, we use 17 trunks instead. The total trunk for tandem 4 is 40 + 18 + 17 +17+17= 109 trunks.

Tandem 5: Teluk Intan



Residential Area, Transportation, Agricultural

34 | P a g e


Population 186,959 peoplePotential Subscribers 30% = 56,087 peopleEthnics 53.94% Malays, 22.54% Chinese, 18.17% India, 5.35% othersLocal Exchange Teluk Intan , Hutan Melintang, Langkap , Parit, Seri IskandarTotal Trunks 90

Justification:

Tandem is placed at the Teluk Intan since it is situated at the center with higher population. Five exchanges are connected to the tandem. Three of the tandem (Teluk Intan, Hutan Melintang, Langkap) support the potential subscriber at District Hilir Perak, while the other two exchanges (Parit, Seri Iskandar) support subscriber at District Perak Tengah. Since the main activity in this area is transportation and agricultural, it is estimated that 30% people will be the potential subscribers. For traffic analysis, it is assumed that 100 calls is made in 5 minutes for one hour, Erlang = (100x5)/60 = 8.33. Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 16. After future consideration, it is wise to add the trunks into 18. Hence, the total trunks for the tandem 5 are 90.

Figure 31: Earlang for Tandem 5 (Perak )

Tandem 6: Gunong Semanggol

35 | P a g e



Residential Area, Tourism, Transportation, Agricultural


Population 395,656 peoplePotential Subscribers 35% = 138,479 peopleEthnics 43.94% Malays, 32.54% Chinese, 19.17% India, 4.35% othersLocal Exchange Taiping, Parit Bundar, Bukit Gantang, Batu Kurau, Selama, SelinsingTotal Trunks 84

Justification:

Two exchanges (Taiping, Bukit Gantang) are support the subscriber at zone taiping and two exchanges (Selama, Batu Kurau) support the subscriber at zone Selama. The remaining two exchanges (Parit Buntar, Selinsing) support the subscribers at District Kerian. Since it is tourism and agricultural places, it is estimated that 35% people could be the potential subscribers.

In Zone Taiping, the main activity is tourism. It is estimated have many calls in a short duration. Let assume it has 120 calls in average 5 minutes per hour, Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang Calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 18. Consider the tourism season, it is better to has 20 trunks.

In the remaining zone, most of the places are rural area and the main activity is agricultural. It is estimated to have fewer calls in long duration. Let assume it has 30 calls in average 10 minutes

36 | P a g e

for an hour. Erlang = (30x10)/60 = 5. Using Erlang Calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 11. Since it is a rural area with bigger area size, it is not suitable to add more trunks. Thus, we remain the 11 trunks in order to save cost. The total trunks for tandem 6 is 2(20) + 4(11) = 84.

Tandem 7: Kuala Kangsar



Residential Area, Transportation, Agricultural


Population 245,518 peoplePotential Subscribers 25% = 61,379 peopleEthnics 63.94% Malays, 22.54% Chinese, 9.17% India, 4.35% othersLocal Exchange Kuala Kangsar, Sungai Siput Utara, Lenggong, TemengorTotal Trunks 44

Justification:

The tandem is situated between the area of Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Siput Utara because it is lower place in that area. Although District Ulu Perak is big, but the population is too small, two exchanges are able to support all the subscriber at that district. In District Kuala Kangsar, two exchanges are placed at Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Siput Utara to support the high population subscribers at that area. Since it is mainly agricultural and transportation area, it is assumed that fewer calls made in short duration. Let assume there are 50 calls made in average 5

37 | P a g e

minutes for an hour, Erlang = 4.167. Using the calculator, the trunks needed are 10. The exchanges at district Kuala Kangsar with high population can add some trunks in order to backup. The trunks used are 12. The District Ulu Perak is quite big and less population, it is not wise to add some trunks. Thus, the trunk number is remained. The total trunks for tandem 7 are 12+12+10+10 = 44

Tandem 8: Kampar


Types of Area Education Center, Residential Area, TransportationArea Size 783.2 km2

Population 90,313 peoplePotential Subscribers 40% = 36,125 peopleEthnics 31.1% Malays, 54.5% Chinese, 13.9 % India, 0.5% othersLocal Exchange Kampar, Teja, KamparTotal Trunks 78

Justification: The main activity in Kampar is education center and transportation. Thus, we put three exchanges in this area. Two of the exchanges in Kampar are connect together to backup if one of them faces problems. The potential subscribers are estimated 40% of the population. Since this area is education and transportation area, we estimated it will be 180 calls in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Erlang B calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 24. Sometimes, it will be some congestion due to high traffic; it is wise to use more trunks, which are 26. The total trunks for tandem 8 are 78.

38 | P a g e

Figure 35: Earlang for Tandem 8 ( Perak )

Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in State Perak

Figure 36:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in State Perak

39 | P a g e

represents primary switch exchange

represents Tandem Switch

In the diagram above, every tandem switch is connected to a primary switch exchange. The purpose of the primary switch exchange is to route the local call to the other states easily. Every tandem switch is connected to their nearby tandem switch (mesh topology) to make a connection for routing purposes.

5.5 State : PENANG

Tandem 1: Seberang Perai Tengah


Residential Area, Transportation, Industrial Zone

Area Size 239 km2

Population 362,820 peoplePotential Subscribers 35% = 126,987 peopleEthnics 45.8% Malays, 35.9% Chinese, 17.3% India, 1% othersLocal Exchange Bukit Mertajam, Permatang Pauh, Simpang 4 Bukit Tengah,

Permatang Tinggi, Kubang Semang, Mechang BubukTotal Trunks 120

Justification:

40 | P a g e

Figure 37: Tandem 1 Placement (Penang)

Seberang Perai Tengah is an area that consists of residential area and industrial zone. Thus, we can estimate that 35% people of this area could be our potential customers. The six local exchanges have higher capacity to support almost 130 thousand people.

Since this place is industrial zone, it is assumed that many calls will made in shorter duration. Let assume it has 120 calls made in average 5 minutes from one hour, Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang B calculator with 0.01 % blocking, the trunks needed are 18. It is better to has two more trunks for backup from the problems.

Hence, the total trunks for tandem switch 1 are 120.

Figure 38: Earlang tandem 1 ( Penang)

Tandem 2: Seberang Perai Utara

Figure 39:Tandem 2 Placement (Penang)


Residential Area, Industrial zone, Agricultural

Area Size 269 km2

Population 288,692 peoplePotential Subscribers 30% = 86,607 peopleEthnics 58.8% Malays, 30.9% Chinese, 18% India, 1% others

41 | P a g e

Local Exchange Butterworth, Permatang Kuching, Telok Ayer Tawar, Tasek Gelugor, Pernaga

Total Trunks 78

Justification:

This area has two main activities: Industrial and Agricultural. In southern region, it is mostly Industrial zone where northern region consists of agricultural area. Thus, we assume that 30% of the people would be our potential subscribers. There are three exchanges going to support the subscribers in industrial zone. Since it is industrial zone, we assume that there are 120 calls made in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. From the calculator, the trunks needed are 18. We add two more trunks for backup reason.

In agricultural area, it is estimated to have 40 calls in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (40x5)/60 = 3.33. From the calculated results, the trunks needed are 9. Due to the big area size for agricultural zone, there are no more trunks to be added in order to save the cost.

Hence, the total trunks for tandem switch 2 are 20+20+20+9+9 = 78.

Figure 40: Earlang Tandem 2 ( Penang)

Tandem 3: Seberang Perai Selatan

42 | P a g e



Residential Area, Agricultural, Transportation

Area Size 243 km2

Population 166,685 peoplePotential Subscribers 25% = 41,671 peopleEthnics 48.8% Malays, 40.9% Chinese, 18% India, 1% othersLocal Exchange Nibong Tebal, Permatang Kling, Jawi, Simpang Ampat, Permatang

Tok MahatTotal Trunks 45

Justification:

Seberang Perai Selatan is an area focus on agricultural and transportation activities. Thus, we assumed that only 25% people could be our potential customers. We use six local exchanges to support nearly 42 thousand people.

Let us assume in this agricultural area, there are 40 calls made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (40x5)/60 = 3.33. The trunks needed would be 9. It is not wise to add more trunks for a big area with less population. Thus, we remained the number of trunk calculated.

The total trunks needed for tandem switch 3 are 45.

43 | P a g e

Figure 42:Earlang Tandem 3( Penang)

Tandem 4: Timur Laut Pulau Pinang



Big residential area, Administrative Center, Tourism, Education Center.

Area Size 121 km2

Population 510,996 peoplePotential Subscribers 50% = 255,498 peopleEthnics 25.8% Malays, 62% Chinese, 12% India, 1.2% othersLocal Exchange Geogetown (3), Batu Feringgi, Gelugor, Tanjung Tokong, Bukit

Bendera Total Trunks 245

Justification:

District Timur Laut Pulau Pinang is a small place with high population. Since Georgetown has a higher population, we put three high capacity local exchanges to serve the subscribers. The three local exchanges are connected together so that when one of the exchanges break down,

44 | P a g e

the other two exchanges can still serve the subscribers temporarily. Due to this area is an administrative center and tourism area, it is logical to assume 50% people could be our potential customers. To serve the high population subscribers in this area, 7 high capacity local exchanges are built for this purpose. Let us assume there are 250 calls made in 5 minutes for an hour, Erlang = (250x5)/60 = 20.83 Using the calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 31. Due to the high number of incoming tourists, it is assume to make 35 trunks. Total Trunks for this tandem switch are 245.

Figure 44: Earlang Tandem 4 ( Penang)

Tandem 5: Barat Daya Pulau Pinang



Residential area, Industrial zone, Transportation, Tourism

Area Size 176 km2

Population 197,131peoplePotential Subscribers 40% = 78,852 peopleEthnics 55.8% Malays, 32% Chinese, 11% India, 2.2% othersLocal Exchange Ginting, Pulau Betong, Teluk Kumbar, Bayan Lepas, Sungai Pinang Total Trunks 74

45 | P a g e

Justification: This area consists of industrial zone and tourism area. These two type activities could bring many subscribers. Thus, we assume it is 40% people would be our potential subscribers. Five high capacity local exchanges are capable to support over 80 thousand peoples. In this case, only Bayan Lepas would be considered as industrial zone while the others are tourism area. For industrial zone, it is assume that 120 calls are made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. The trunks needed are 18. For Tourism area, it is assume that 100 calls are made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (100x5)/60 = 8.33. The trunks needed are 16. For backup reason, it is better to add two more trunks for each local exchange. The total trunks for this tandem are 20+18+18+18+18 = 74

Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Penang

Figure 46:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Penang

Primary Switch Exchange:

Tandem Switch:

46 | P a g e

Penang is divided into two places: peninsula mainland and Islands. Therefore, we need to use underwater cable to make the connection between two places. In order to save cost, these two primary switch exchanges are located as near as possible. One primary switch exchange will serve the area of Islands while another switch exchange will serve the peninsula mainland. Every tandem switch is connected with the primary switch exchange and nearby tandem switch to form a mesh topology network for routing purposes.

Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Northern Region ( Perlis,Kedah,Perak and Penang)

Figure 47:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange Whole Network

47 | P a g e

Primary Switch ExchangeTransmission line

5.6 EXCHANGE NUMBERS PROTOCOL

State : Perlis (5)

TANDEM NUMBER EXCHANGE NUMBER NUMBERING SCHEME

TANDEM 1 ( Kuala Perlis)

EXCHANGE 1 (KAKI BUKIT )

08-51100000 to 08-511XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 (KANGAR) 08-51200000 to 08-512XXXXXEXCHANGE 3 (KUAH) 08-51300000 to 08-513XXXXX

State : Kedah (6)


TANDEM 1 ( CHANGLUN)

EXCHANGE 1 (GUNUNG KERIAN)

08-61100000 to 08-611XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 (KUALA NERANG)

08-61200000 to 08-612XXXXX

TANDEM 2 ( Pokok Sena )

EXCHANGE 1 ( PENDANG ) 08-62100000 to 08-621XXXXXEXCHANGE 2 ( TASIK

MUDA )08-62200000 to 08-622XXXXX

TANDEM 3 ( JENIANG )

EXCHANGE 1 (GUNUNG JERAI )

08-63100000 to 08-631XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( SUNGAI PETANI )

08-63200000 to 08-632XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( BALING ) 08-63300000 to 08-633XXXXX

TANDEM 4 ( KULIM)EXCHANGE 1 ( GUNUNG

JERAI)08-64100000 to 08-641XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( SUNGAI PETANI )

08-64200000 to 08-642XXXXX

State: Perak (7)


TANDEM 1 ( IPOH ) EXCHANGE 1 ( MAJLIS PERBANDARAN IPOH )

08-71100000 to 08-711XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 08-71200000 to 08-712XXXXX

48 | P a g e

( SIMPANG PULAI )EXCHANGE 3 ( TAMBUN )

08-71300000 to 08-713XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( TANJUNG RAMBUTAN) 08-71400000 to 08-714XXXXX

EXCHANGE 5 ( CHEMOR )

08-71500000 to 08-715XXXXX

EXCHANGE 6 ( JELAPANG ) 08-71600000 to 08-716XXXXX

EXCHANGE 7 ( LAHAT) 08-71700000 to 08-717XXXXX

TANDEM 2 ( BATU GAJAR )

EXCHANGE 1 ( BATU GAJAR )

08-72100000 to 08-721XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( GUNONG HIJAU )

08-72200000 to 08-722XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( TRONOH )

08-72300000 to 08-723XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( BALI ) 08-72400000 to 08-724XXXXXEXCHANGE 5 ( SUNGAI

DURIAN )08-72500000 to 08-725XXXXX

TANDEM 3 ( TAPAH )

EXCHANGE 1 (BIDOR ) 08-73100000 to 08-731XXXXXEXCHANGE 2 ( TAPAH ) 08-73200000 to 08-732XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( TANJUNG MALIM )

08-73300000 to 08-733XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( CENDERING )

08-73400000 to 08-734XXXXX

EXCHANGE 5 (SUNGKAI )

08-73500000 to 08-735XXXXX

TANDEM 4 (SITIAWAN)

EXCHANGE 1 (SITIAWAN)

08-74100000 to 08-741XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( LUMUT ) 08-74200000 to 08-742XXXXXEXCHANGE 3

( PENGKALAN BAHARU)08-74300000 to 08-743XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( BERUAS )

08-74400000 to 08-744XXXXX

EXCHANGE 5 ( PULAU PANGKOR)

08-74500000 to 08-745XXXXX

TANDEM 5 ( TELUK INTAN (

EXCHANGE 1 ( TELUK INTAN )

08-75100000 to 08-751XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( HUTAN MELINTANG )

08-75200000 to 08-752XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 08-5300000 to 08-53XXXXX

49 | P a g e

( LANGKAP)EXCHANGE 4 (PARIT ) 08-5400000 to 08-54XXXXXEXCHANGE 5 ( SERI

ISKANDAR )08-5500000 to 08-55XXXXX

TANDEM 6 ( GUNUNG

SEMANGGOL )

EXCHANGE 1 ( TAIPING) 08-6100000 to 08-61XXXXXEXCHANGE 2 ( PARIT

BUNTAR)08-6200000 to 08-62XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( BUKIT GANTANG)

08-6300000 to 08-63XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( BATU KURAU )

08-6400000 to 08-64XXXXX

EXCHANGE 5 ( SELAMA )

08-6500000 to 08-65XXXXX

EXCHANGE 6 ( SELINSING )

08-6600000 to 08-66XXXXX

TANDEM 7 ( KUALA

KANGSAR )

EXCHANGE 1 ( KUALA KANGSAR)

08-67100000 to 08-671XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( SUNGAI SIPUT UTARA )

08-67200000 to 08-672XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( LENGGONG )

08-67300000 to 08-673XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( TEMENGOR )

038-67400000 to 08-674XXXXX

TANDEM 8 ( KAMPAR)

EXCHANGE 1 ( KAMPAR )

08-68100000 to 08-681XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( TEJA ) 08-68200000 to 08-682XXXXX

STATE: PULAU PINANG ( 8)


TANDEM 1 ( SEBERANG PERAI TENGAH )

EXCHANGE 1 ( BUKIT MERTAJAM)

08-81100000 to 08-811XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( PERMATANG PAUH)

08-81200000 to 08-812XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( SIMPANG 4 BUKIT TENGAH)

08-81300000 to 08-813XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( PERMATANG TINGGI)

08-81400000 to 08-814XXXXX

EXCHANGE 5 ( KUBANG SEMANG)

08-81500000 to 08-815XXXXX

EXCHANGE 6 ( MECHANG 08-81600000 to 08-816XXXXX

50 | P a g e

BUBUK)

TANDEM 2 ( SEBERANG PERAI UTARA)

EXCHANGE 1 ( BUTTERWORTH)

08-82100000 to 08-821XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( PERMATANG KUCHING)

08-82200000 to 08-822XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( TELOK AYER TAWAR)

08-82300000 to 08-823XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( TASEK GELUGOR PERNAGA

08-82400000 to 08-824XXXXX

TANDEM 3 (SEBERANG PERAI SELATAN)

EXCHANGE 1 ( NIBONG TEBAL )

08-83100000 to 08-831XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( PERMATANG KLING)

08-83200000 to 08-832XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( JAWI) 08-83300000 to 08-833XXXXXEXCHANGE 4 ( SIMPANG

AMPAT)08-83400000 to 08-834XXXXX

EXCHANGE 5 ( PERMATANG TOK

MAHAT )08-83500000 to 08-835XXXXX

TANDEM 4

EXCHANGE 1 ( GEORGETOWN 3)

08-84100000 to 08-841XXXXX

EXCHANGE 2 ( BATU FERINGGI )

08-84200000 to 08-842XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( TANJUNG TOKONG )

08-84300000 to 08-843XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( GELUGOR) 08-84400000 to 08-844XXXXXEXCHANGE 5 ( BUKIT

BENDERA )08-84500000 to 08-845XXXXX

TANDEM 5

EXCHANGE 1 ( GINTINNG) 08-84100000 to 08-841XXXXXEXCHANGE 2 ( PULAU

BETONG )08-84200000 to 08-842XXXXX

EXCHANGE 3 ( TELUK KUMBAR )

08-84300000 to 08-843XXXXX

EXCHANGE 4 ( BAYAN LEPAS )

08-84400000 to 08-844XXXXX

EXCHANGE 5 ( SUNGAI PINANG )

08-84500000 to 08-845XXXXX

51 | P a g e

6.0 FINANCIAL ANAYSIS

Budget (Main Expenditure):

One-time Expenditure:

Section Category Number Unit Amount (RM in thousands )

Total Amount (RM in thousands)

Local Exchange

Low Capacity 12 100 1,200Normal Capacity 38 500 19,000

High Capacity 28 1,000 28,000Tandem Switch

- 18 1,000 18,000

Primary Switch Centre

- 4 1,000 4,000

Trunk Tandem Trunk 1000 (average

each 25km)

each km: 30 750,000

Underwater Cable

2 (average each 25km)

each km: 80 4,000

Total Amount: RM 824 million

Annual expenditure:

Section Category Number Unit Amount (RM in thousands)

Total Amount (RM in thousands)

52 | P a g e

Manpower Engineer 100 4 4,800Technician 200 2 4,800

Administrative Worker

100 1.8 2,160

Maintenance fees

- - - 8,000

Total Amount: RM 19.76 million

Gross Income:

Potential Subscribers in Year of 2010: 1,276,956 peoples

Service Charges:

The call rate charge offered: RM 0.015 per minutes

The leased lines charge for household: RM 300 annually

The leased lines charge for corporate: average RM 10,000 annually

Assumptions:

1. 10000 corporations used the leased lines.

2. 1 million household used the leased lines.

3. Every day one subscriber makes calls for average 20 minutes.

Annual income:

Leased line: (10000x RM 10000) + (1 million x RM 300) = RM 400 million

Call Charges: (RM 0.015x20x30x12) x 1.2 million = RM 110.16 million

Total Annual Gross Income = RM 510.16 million

53 | P a g e

7.0 CONCLUSIONOur company is just newly growing company in telecommunication. We manage to build a network connecting the northern region which has been assigned to each us. We did applied the Earlang class B software that is a useful software for telecommunication engineers.

8.0 REFERENCES1. P.GNANASIVAM, Telecommunication Switching and Networks, New Age International(P) Limited Publishers, 20062. Andy Valdar, Understanding Telecommunications Networks, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 20063. R.E.Farr, Telecommunications traffic, tariffs and costs, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 20064. J.E.Flood, Telecommunication networks, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2006

54 | P a g e

Documents

Final Pstn