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EARLY 20TH

CENTURY

PEAK BETWEEN 1ST

AND 2ND WORLD WAR

2ND INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

MACHINE AGE

(1880-1945)

MACHINE AGE / TECHNOLOGICAL AGE

ART MODERNE/MODERNISM

ART MOVEMENTS

ART NOUVEAUDE STIJLART DECOBAHAUSART MODERNEINTERNATIONAL STYLE

IMPORTANTDEVELOPMENTS

Textile

manufacturing

Iron manufacturing

Steel manufacturing

Transportation

Mass production

Communication

Building materials


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INTROD

UCTION

REVOLUTION

1ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

TEXTILES

IRON

RAILROADS

USE OF MACHINES IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

STEEL

AUTOMOBINES

ELECTRONICS

MASS PRODUCTION


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IM

PORTANT

INVENTIONS/

DEVEL

OPMENTS

Flying ShuttleSped up the weaving process

Allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be

mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms.

Patented by John Kay in 1733.

Later led to further developments of powered spinning machines like thespinning jenny and the water frame

EXTILES


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Open-Hearth Process

Method used a special furnace to make kinds of steelExcess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to producesteelIn 1865--French engineer Pierre-mile Martin took out a license fromSiemens and first applied his regenerative furnace for making steel. Their process was known as the Siemens-Martin process, and the furnaceas an "open-hearth" furnace. Most open hearth furnaces have been replaced by the basic oxygen

furnace or electric arc furnace.

IM

PORTANT

INVENTIONS/

DEVEL

OPMENTS

STEEL


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IM

PORTANT

INVENTIONS/

DEVEL

OPMENTS

Bassemer process

Inexpensive industrial process

Made steel-making costs cheaperThe process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, Patented in 1885


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IM

PORTANT

INVENTIONS/

DEVEL

OPMENTS

STEEL

Interchangeable parts

Use of machine made parts (components) that are identical.They are made to specifications so that they will fit into anyassembly of the same type.Developed by Eli WhitneyThese were important because it became easier to fit partstogether


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Assembly LineProducts assembled in a moving lineA manufacturing process in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) areadded to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product much

faster than with handcrafting-type methodsWas redeveloped through history and not by 1 person.The most famous person associated with the assembly line is Henry Ford The development other machine tools such as the screw-cuttinglathe, metal planer and milling machine during the early 19th century

provided the prerequisites for the modern assembly line.

IM

PORTANT

INVENTIONS/

DEVEL

OPMENTS

STEEL


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OTHER IMPORTANT INVENTIONS

COMMUNICATION :TELEPHONETELEGRAPH

RADIO

TRANSPORTATION:

industry needed ways to transport, or carry, raw materials to factories andgoods to markets. Inventors combines steam power with new methods of

iron and steel production.ROADWAYSRAILWAYS

MACHINERY FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF MATERIALSSTEAM ENGINE

IM

PORTANT

INVENTIONS/

DEVEL

OPMENTS

OTHERS


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CEMENT AND CONCRETE

H

ISTORYO

FCONCR

ETE

The first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and

the Romans from 300 BC

The Romans used fine volcanic ash

and lime based concretes andproduced the 1stpozzolaniccement.The Romans made many

developments in concretetechnology including the use oflightweight aggregates as in the

roof of the Pantheon

embedded reinforcement in theform of bronze bars

The difference in thermal expansion between the two materials producedproblems of spalling.


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H

ISTORYO

FCONCR

ETE

Reinforcement

In 1850 , French lawyer created a sensation by building a boat from a frame of ironrods covered by a fine concrete.Steel reinforced concrete was born from that.

1854 -- William B. Wilkinson erected a reinforced concreteservants cottage

1884 --Earnest L. Ransom patented a reinforcing system usingtwisted rods.

1927 -- Eugene Freyssinet develops successful pre-stressed concrete

In the 2nd half of the 19th century factory made plate glass was developedand complex designs in iron grillwork were a popular decoration for the

classical and Gothic buildings.


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H

ISTORYO

FCONCR

ETE

Steel skeletons were covered with masonry and largeglass skylights became popular.

Improvements to the iron making process encouragedthe building of bridges and other structures.

Large indoor open spaces were now made possible

with the use of strong iron framed construction


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HISTORYOFskyscrapers

In 1852 Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, allowingconvenient and safe passenger movement to upper floors.use of a steel frame instead of stone or brick.

Oriel Chambers , Liverpool EnglandThe world's first metal framed glass curtainwalled building.Designed by architect Peter Ellis--built in 1864Comprises 5 floors

Further developments led to theworld's first skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in

Chicago, built in 18841885


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Home Insurance BuildingThe first building to use structural steel in its frame, butthe majority of its structure was composedof cast and wrought iron.It is generally noted as the first tall building to be

supported, both inside and outside, by a fireproof metalframe.

Due to the Chicago building's unique architecture andunique weight-bearing frame, it is considered thefirst skyscraper in the world


Louis Sullivan's Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri,1891, was the first steel-framed building with soaring

vertical bands to emphasize the height of the building andis therefore considered by some to be the first trueskyscraper.


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Wainwright BuildingAesthetically, the Wainwright Building exemplifiesSullivan's theories about the tall building, whichincluded a tripartite (three-part) composition (base-shaft-attic) based on the structure of the classical

column,and his desire to emphasize the height of thebuilding.

Was built during Art nouveau


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Louis SullivanAmerican

Art Nouveau (organic /natural motifs and

decoration

Used Cast iron decoration

on first and second floors

Large display windows

Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie,Scott Building (Chicago),1899-1904

A

RTNOUVEAU


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Ingalls Building , 1903 in Cincinnati, Ohio,

World's first reinforced

concrete skyscraper. 15 story buildingdesigner by the firm Elzner &Anderson and was named for itsprimary financial investor, Melville E.Ingalls

It was a monolithic "concrete box ofeight-inch [200 mm] walls, with

concrete floors and roof, concretebeams, concrete columns, concretestairs -- no steel. It consists merely of bars embedded

in concrete, with the ends interlaced


Wi h l d h il bili f i i l h


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With new styles and the availability of new construction material, there was adramatic change in architecture during the first half of the 20th century.

Machine aesthetic : modern architects of the 20th century wanted their buildings toresemble factories and machines in order to embody the technologically

progressive spirit of the age.Architects valued abstract forms and shiny, smooth machined qualities.Factory building that is transparent or looks like a machine..desire to bring theoutdoors indoorCorner has been opened up on interior, creates feeling of greater access tooutdoors, psychological effect of freedom.

INFLU

ENCEON

ARCHITE

CTURAL

ST

YLES

t d t d b t ti b d li l h


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art moved toward abstraction based on line, color, shape,space, and textureModern architecture rejected historical styles andornamentation

Modern architecture reveals rather than conceals the innerstructure of the building

INF

LUENCEON

ARCHITEC

TURAL

ST

YLES


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De Stijl (The Style)

Began in 1917 by a group of artists in Holland .

Movement founded by Theo van Doesburg and the termneo-plasticism was coined by painter Piet Mondrian.

Geometric Forms / Purity and Simplicity

-Style is characterized by a reversion to the basic

fundamentals of art -colour

-form

-level

-line

NEO-PLASTICISM-1920-1940

DE

STIJL

Ri ld S h d H


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Rietveld Schrder House

Construction System : steel beams andcolumns, wood & conc.

Style : Early Modern

composition of abstract planes, withprojecting roofs and balconies.work of modernism, with no historicalornament and a design which parallels theart of Cubism and De Stijl or neo-plasticism (Piet Mondrian).

Neo-plasticism was very influential in the development ofBauhaus and international style

DE

STIJL


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Art Deco -1920 , Paris

The structure of Art Deco is based onmathematical geometric shapes

Art-deco design influences wereexpressed in the crystalline and facetedforms ofdecorative Cubism and Futurism

Other popular themes of Art Deco

were trapezoidal, zigzagged, geometric,and jumbled shapes

Art Deco

1925-1950The musician by

Tamara de lempicka

ART

DECO

C F t


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Common Features

Smooth wall surfacesFlat roof with a ledge at the rooflineDecorated with zigzag or other geometric designs, which are sometimescolorfulBuilding is boxy in shapeTowers above the roofline give a vertical emphasisEngraving found around doors and windows

People still wanted decoration despite the de Stijl and other modernmovements eliminating all unnecessary decoration

Industrial Design Combined with Fine Art Elements (industrial materials(metal) and objects + patterns and repeated shapes)A

RT

DECO

Th Ch l B ildi


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The Chrysler Building

New York

William van Alen(American), TheChrysler Building (NewYork), 1928 - 1930

Exterior made ofstainless steel

Art Deco motifsrepeated shapes (triangles,etc.)

Built for CarManufactuer, ChryslerAutomotive Company

The characteristic artdeco ziggurat

ART

DECO


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The International Style grew out of the work of a small group of brilliant and originalarchitects in the 1920s who went on to achieve great influence in their field. Thesemajor figures included WalterGropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Germanyand the United States, J.J.P. Oud in the Netherlands, Le Corbusier in France,

and Richard Neutra and Philip Johnson in the United States.

Weissenhof Museum

Villa savoye,le Corbusier

INT

ERNATIONALS

TYLE

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