Final Report

Chicago O’Hare Airport

Air Toxic Monitoring Program

June – December, 2000

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency

Bureau of Air

May 2002

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Table of Contents Section Page No. Executive Summary ii 1.0 Air Monitoring Program Description 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Monitoring Objectives 2 1.3 Monitoring Network 2 1.4 Laboratory Methods and Quality Assurance 4 2.0 Sampling Results 2.1 Reporting Units 5 2.2 Program Data 5 3.0 Findings 3.1 Chicago Area Measurements 6 3.2 Geographic Area Analysis 6 3.3 Comparison of Results to Other U.S. Cities 10 3.4 O’Hare Airport Impact 11 4.0 Conclusions 16 5.0 References 17 Appendix I. Description of Air Monitoring Sites 21 Appendix II. List of Toxic Air Pollutants 26 Appendix III. Project Sampling Data 27 Appendix IV. Meteorological Summary of Sampling Days 40 Appendix V. General Information for Selected Target Compounds 44

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Executive Summary O’Hare International Airport (O’Hare) is one of the world’s busiest airports and the subject of much interest regarding the environmental impact airport operations have on the surrounding community and the Chicago area in general. As part of its fiscal year 2001 air monitoring program, the Illinois EPA measured the airborne levels of various air contaminants in the vicinity of O’Hare as well as at other locations in the Chicago area. The purpose of this measurement program was to collect information that would help assess the relative impact of airport related emissions and levels of airborne contaminants characteristic of large urban areas. This monitoring program will supplement a national program designed to assess and minimize the impact of toxic air contaminants in urban areas. The national program is referred to as the National Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy (National Strategy). The National Strategy was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in response to requirements specified in the federal Clean Air Act. Under these requirements, USEPA is charged with assessing the impact of airborne levels of various air toxic compounds on human health in urban areas of the United States and taking action to reduce risks caused by unacceptable levels of such contaminants. In July 1999, the USEPA released its National Strategy describing a framework for addressing air toxic emissions from stationary and mobile sources such as O’Hare Airport. As part of the National Strategy, air monitoring programs are to be used to identify and measure compounds believed to present the greatest concern to public health in urban areas. Federal and State funding was provided to allow the initiation of an urban air toxic monitoring program in calendar year 2000. The funding was adequate to support a limited air quality investigation of targeted compounds through a six month monitoring program with two sites located near O’Hare Airport and three other sites in the Chicago metropolitan area. The monitoring program began in June 2000 and focused on the urban air toxic compounds identified in USEPA’s National Strategy and on mobile source emissions associated with airport operations. The compounds sampled included volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, carbonyls and trace metals. The monitoring program ended in December 2000. The Chicago area toxics monitoring program, as deployed in 2000, was designed to provide data to meet four objectives:

1) Measure the concentrations of specific compounds of concern;

2) Assess the geographic variability of various compounds in the Chicago area and perform a comparison of levels measured at the two O’Hare sites to those recorded at the remaining three Chicago area locations;

3) Compare Chicago area results to data collected for other large U.S. cities; and

4) Determine if the emissions associated with O’Hare Airport have a measurable impact on air quality in areas adjacent to the airport.

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In order to measure the concentrations of the target compounds, comprehensive sampling was conducted on sixteen days through the six month period of June through December 2000, using a once every twelve days sampling schedule. The sampling results were summarized for each of the five monitoring sites and tabulated into two categories, Urban Air Toxic compounds and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). The Urban Air Toxics compounds are those identified by USEPA in the National Strategy that present the greatest threat to public health in urban areas, including known or suspected cancer risks from compounds such as benzene, formaldehyde, chromium and dioxins. The HAPs are compounds required to be regulated by USEPA under the Clean Air Amendments of 1990 that are known or suspected to cause cancer or have other serious health effects but are not included in the list of Urban Air Toxic compounds covered under the National Strategy. The HAPs measured included such compounds as ethyl benzene, styrene, toluene, xylenes and various polycyclic aromatics such as naphthalene and phenanthrene. The tabulated data included the individual daily sampling results along with the overall average concentration found for each target compound. The program’s sampling sites were located to provide air toxic measurements at different points across the Chicago metropolitan area, thereby allowing for a comparison of the levels found at O’Hare Airport to those found in different parts of the metropolitan area. In addition to the two sites located near O’Hare in Bensenville and Schiller Park, sites were also located in Northbrook, just north of the urban core, at Washington School in highly industrialized Southeast Chicago, and in Lemont, just downwind of major refineries and chemical complexes and on the southwestern edge of the metropolitan area. A review and analysis of the accumulated monitoring results obtained from the five site monitoring network provided the following findings:

1. The average concentrations measured at O’Hare Airport for many of the target compounds were found to be comparable with the concentrations found at the other Chicago area sites;

2. The highest concentrations of several target urban air toxic compounds were found to be spread between several sites but generally the highest levels for many of the air toxics were found to occur in Southeast Chicago;

3. The lowest concentrations of most target compounds were measured at Lemont. A comparison of measured levels of urban air toxics in Chicago to those found in other large cities served as a point of reference to what would be considered “typical urban” concentrations. USEPA’s Aerometric Storage and Retrieval System (AIRS) was accessed to obtain the air quality data collected from monitoring sites nationwide. A review of information submitted to AIRS found that data for certain air toxic compounds had been reported for a number of large urbanized areas. Based upon a comparison of the results from the Chicago area monitoring program to that collected for other large U.S. cities data, it was found that:

1. Concentrations of several of the principal urban air toxics, such as acetaldehyde, benzene, and formaldehyde, compared to the metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Detroit, Houston and Milwaukee, were found to be comparable or lower in the Chicago metropolitan area.

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2. The acetaldehyde and formaldehyde levels measured near O’Hare Airport were comparable or lower than levels measured in Atlanta, Detroit and Houston.

In order to assess the possible impact of emissions from O’Hare Airport on adjacent areas, two monitoring sites were deployed on different sides of the airport. This configuration allowed for the collection of sampling data on wind persistent days that would align one site to be upwind, unaffected by the airport, and the other to be downwind and subject to airport emissions. The difference in concentrations found between the two sites on those wind-persistent days allowed for an approximation of the airport’s impact. Of the sixteen sampling days, five days had such wind-persistent conditions. An analysis of the results from those five days found the downwind site to record levels of some target compounds from 20-85% higher than the upwind site. The compounds with measurable differences included acetaldehyde, benzene, formaldehyde, polycyclic organics, toluene and lead. All of those compounds have been associated with emissions from airport operations. An impact from the airport was not unexpected since airport operations are sources of various air contaminants. The concentrations measured downwind of O’Hare were at levels considered to be “typical” of an urban area and in some cases lower than values measured in other cities. Based upon the review of the air toxics monitoring data collected near O’Hare Airport, from other Chicago area sites, and from USEPA’s AIRS database, the following conclusions were reached:

1. The levels of air toxic compounds found near O’Hare and other sites in the Chicago metropolitan area were comparable or lower than those found in other large U.S. cities.

2. The highest levels of most air toxic compounds measured in the Chicago area were

found in Southeast Chicago.

3. An analysis of data collected from the sites at O’Hare found that emissions from the Airport have an impact on the air quality in adjacent communities, but that impact did not result in levels higher than those found in a typical urban environment.

The data collected through this study’s air monitoring program indicated that the toxics air quality in the vicinity of O’Hare Airport is comparable to the air quality in other parts of Chicago and comparable to the air quality in other major urban areas. There are continuing and ongoing efforts, such as through USEPA’s National Strategy, to identify, assess and reduce risk from air toxics in and around urban areas.

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Section 1.0 Air Monitoring Program Description 1.1 Background Ambient air monitoring for a limited number of air toxic compounds has been conducted in Illinois for many years. Measurement of airborne particulate metals, some of which are considered hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), has been done statewide since the early 1970s. In the early 1990s, the Photochemical (Ozone) Assessment Monitoring (PAMS) program began collecting data for volatile organic compounds, which included a number of compounds considered to be urban air toxics; e.g., benzene and formaldehyde. The PAMS program has been limited to the Chicago metropolitan area. Beyond these two programs, air toxic monitoring efforts have been minimal due to a lack of any specific regulatory requirements. In July 1999, as part of its national program to reduce ambient levels of air toxics, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) released its National Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy (National Strategy). Reference 1. The National Strategy presented a framework for addressing air toxic emissions from stationary sources and mobile sources such as Chicago’s O’Hare Airport. An integral part of National Strategy called for the establishment of air monitoring programs to begin collecting data needed to characterize the ambient concentrations of certain compounds known to present the greatest concern for public health in urban areas. A preliminary assessment of the air toxic emissions from O’Hare Airport and the resulting health effects created by the toxic emissions in surrounding communities was sponsored the City of Park Ridge, Illinois, in early 2000. Reference 2. The Park Ridge Study concluded that toxic emissions from O’Hare had a widespread impact and presented an associated health risk to residents in the communities surrounding O’Hare. The Park Ridge Study also identified the need for better assessment of the data used in the study and recommended that comprehensive air monitoring be conducted around O’Hare and in impacted communities. These data could then be used to conduct a more complete and comprehensive air quality analysis. In the fall of 1999, federal and state funding became available to allow the initiation of an urban air toxic monitoring program in Illinois. The funding was adequate to support a preliminary air quality investigation of targeted compounds through a six month monitoring program with two sites near O’Hare Airport and at three other sites in the Chicago metropolitan area. The monitoring program began in June 2000 and focused on the urban air toxic compounds identified in USEPA’s National Strategy and on mobile source emissions associated with airport operations. The compounds of interest included volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, carbonyls and trace metals. The monitoring program ended in December 2000.

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1.2 Monitoring Objectives The Chicago area air toxics monitoring network deployed in 2000 was designed to provide data to meet the following objectives:

1. Determine ambient concentrations of specific compounds of concern; 2. Describe pollutant levels at various locations across the area, assess their

geographic variability and perform a comparison of the levels of air toxics found at O’Hare Airport to other sites in the Chicago area;

3. Provide monitoring results consistent with nationally available air toxics information that would allow for a comparison of Chicago area results to data collected for other large U.S. cities; and

4. Determine if the target compound emissions from O’Hare Airport have a measurable impact on air quality in the surrounding communities.

To meet the above objectives, the focus was on the compounds identified by USEPA as Urban Air Toxics and on other compounds known to be emitted by mobile sources (e.g., cars, trucks and aircraft). Particular attention was placed on those compounds associated with aircraft operations; e.g., takeoff, landing, refueling and idling. 1.3 Monitoring Network The monitoring program consisted of five sampling sites located as shown in Figure 1 that were operated to collect calendar day samples (24-hour integrated samples) on a once every 12 day schedule throughout the period of June through December 2000. Air monitoring sites were located with two near O’Hare Airport, in Bensenville and Schiller Park, one site in Northbrook just downwind (North) of the urban core, at Chicago-Washington in highly industrialized Southeast Chicago, and in Lemont, an area impacted by refineries and on the southwestern edge of the metropolitan area. The site selections were made based upon a review of historical meteorological data from the National Weather Service and from air quality data collected as part of the Illinois air monitoring network. The sites selected at O’Hare were located to fall into two areas where predominant winds would provide the greatest frequency of impact from airport operations. The location of other significant emission sources, such as expressways, major arterial streets and industrial sources of organic compounds, was also a consideration in the final site selections. The sites were also located in areas with population exposure; e.g., non-remote areas along the fenceline, to allow the estimation of target compound concentrations in public areas adjacent to the airport. A complete description of each of the five sampling sites is provided in Appendix I. The descriptions provided include location details (address, building), immediate site locale, distance from influencing sources (roadways, airports, industry), landmarks and a photograph showing the site exposure. All of the sites were established in USEPA’s Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) complete with the required site description information.

#Y#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

Lemont

Chicago Washington H.S.

Northbrook

BensenvilleSchiller Park

290

294

90

55

294

290

57

80

94 and 90

90 and 94

294 and 80

88

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94

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88

57

94

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55355

290

Cook and DuPage County BoundariesInterstatesChicago O'Hare International Airport

#Y Air Monitoring Sites

Chicago AreaToxic Network

LegendN

0 2 4 6 8 10 MilesJune-December, 2000

Illinois EPABureau of Air

Figure 1

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Each monitoring site deployed four separate sampling systems to collect a wide-range of compounds on each sampling day. The samplers and analytical methods selected were consistent with those designated and approved by USEPA. The systems deployed included a VOC canister system with sample analysis by method TO-15, DNPH cartridge sampler with analysis by method TO-11A for carbonyls, high volume air sampler with filter analysis by atomic absorption for metals and PUF sampler with analysis by TO-13A method for semi-volatile organics. Appendix II provides a listing of specific compounds, considered either as an Urban Toxic or HAP, obtained for each of these sampling and analysis methods. The sampling schedule utilized provided that 24-hour samples were collected on a calendar day basis once every 12 days. The schedule overlapped the national one-in-six day schedule used for the particulate and PAMS networks. The collected samples coincided with samples collected on the same days in other states. Sampling commenced on June 17, 2000, and ended on December 26, 2000, providing a total of 16 sampling days. 1.4 Laboratory Methods and Quality Assurance All of the analytical methods used have been recognized and approved by USEPA. The four methods used were as follows:

1. volatile organics (53 compounds) - TO-15, gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (confirmation) 2. carbonyls (14 compounds) - TO-11a, high pressure liquid chromatography 3. semi-volatile organics (18 cmpds) - TO-13a gas chromotagraphy and mass

spectroscopy analysis 4. particulate metals (8 compounds) - atomic absorption The above analytical methods provide analyses for additional compounds not shown in Appendix II. For example, there are 18 compounds listed under Appendix II, Volatile Organics (Category I), but Method TO-15 tests for 53 compounds. This report provides the results for all compounds reported by the analytical method. For the purposes of this report, values are reported according to the Method Detection Limit (MDL). The MDL, as defined by USEPA, is the minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the target compound concentration is greater than zero, and is determined from analysis of a sample in a matrix containing the target compound. Analytical results were reported as zero for those values below the MDL. Quality assurance activities were conducted in a manner consistent with the PAMS and particulate sampling programs. This included flow audits, some duplicate sampling for

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precision (metals, VOCs), replicate analyses (VOCs) and independent performance audits (blind samples) for metals, VOCs and carbonyls. The maintenance and calibration procedures used were those provided in the Illinois Quality Assurance Plan for use in the Illinois air monitoring network and those that have been approved by USEPA. 2.0 Sampling Results 2.1 Reporting Units This report provides both summaries of the accumulated sampling results and data tables that present the individual sample values. Because of the nature of the toxic compounds; i.e., gases and solid particles, the results are expressed in different units. The volatile organic compound and carbonyl data in this report has been reported in parts per billion by volume (ppbv). It is important to note that PAMS data are typically reported in parts per billion by carbon (ppbc) and that the PAMS data used in this report have been converted from ppbc to ppbv. Data for the semi-volatile organic compounds and particulate metals have been reported in the units of nanograms per cubic meter, with the exception that the dioxins and furans data have been reported in picograms per cubic meter due to their extreme low concentration. Nanograms are 10-9 grams and picograms are 10-12 grams. The data available from USEPA’s AIRS database is reported in many different units and care should be taken when using AIRS data to note the units reported with each value. For example, particulate metals can be reported in micrograms per cubic meter, nanograms per cubic meter or picograms per cubic meter. 2.2 Program Data The Chicago O’Hare air toxics monitoring program began in June 2000, and concluded in December 2000. During the seven month period, 24-hour integrated samples were collected on 16 calendar days. The results obtained for each individual compound on the 16 sampling days for each of the five monitoring sites have been summarized and are provided in Appendix IIIA through Appendix IIIF. The sampling results for each site have been presented in two categories, “Urban Air Toxic Compounds” which include compounds designated in USEPA’s National Strategy and “Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS)” listed by USEPA as air toxic compounds which potentially can have adverse public health impacts. For example, Appendix IIIA lists the individual daily sampling results for Urban Air Toxic compounds measured at Bensenville and Appendix IIIB lists the daily HAPS values measured at Bensenville. The focus of the data analysis included in this report was placed on the compounds designated as Urban Air Toxics and on other HAPS known to be emitted by mobile sources with emphasis on those associated with airport operations. These “target” compounds include those identified in the Park Ridge Study as the chemicals that contribute most significantly to risks associated with O’Hare aircraft emissions.

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Section 3.0 Findings 3.1 Chicago Area Measurements A primary objective of the Chicago urban area air toxics monitoring program was to determine ambient concentrations of specific “target” compounds of concern at various locations in the metropolitan area. The accumulated sampling data at each site then allowed for a determination of the typical concentrations that might be expected in each area. The data collected at each site have been summarized in Table 1 that provides the average concentration for each target compound at each of the five sampling sites. The values reported represent the arithmetic average of the results obtained on each of the 16 sampling days. Of the target compounds, only vinyl chloride and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene were not found at a concentration above the sampling methods MDL and have values reported as zero. Acrolein was detected only on one day at two sites, Northbrook and Chicago-Washington, in a concentration that would allow a minimal average to be reported. Essentially, the average concentration of acrolein was zero at all five sites. While these three compounds are considered to be important urban air toxic compounds and may be found in significant concentration in some urbanized areas; e.g. Southern California, they do not appear to be in measurable levels in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. All of the other target compounds were found in concentrations above the MDL at all five sites. The compounds of most interest, including acetaldehyde, benzene, chromium formaldehyde, polycyclic organics and dioxins, were found at concentrations well above the MDL. USEPA identified benzene, formaldehyde, chromium and dioxins in their National Strategy as those compounds that present the greatest risk to public health in urban areas. The Park Ridge Study identified acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, benzene and napthalene (a major component of polycyclic organics) as those chemicals that contribute most significantly to risks associated with aircraft emissions. The concentrations of these compounds found, as shown in Table 1, serve to demonstrate the levels at which they might be expected to occur in the Chicago metropolitan area. The following sections describe the results of additional data analyses needed to assess the significance of the presence of these compounds. 3.2 Geographic Area Analysis In order to better understand the significance of the measured concentrations, a comparison of the results found from site to site provided insight into the urban nature of the some toxic compounds and identified compounds or areas that showed notable differences. The monitoring network design placed the sampling sites in areas with differing emission source impacts, thereby allowing an analysis of the results found in different areas across the urbanized area. The Bensenville and Schiller Park sites were located near O’Hare Airport in areas impacted by airport operations and the traffic in the surrounding expressways and major arterial streets. The Northbrook site was located just north and downwind of the urban core (Chicago Loop) in a high population density area

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impacted by emissions generated throughout the urbanized area. The Chicago-Washington site was located in highly industrialized Southeast Chicago in an area impacted by numerous large point source (industrial) emissions. The Lemont site was located on the southwestern edge of the metropolitan area in an area impacted by refineries and chemical manufacturing facilities. The review of the monitoring results for each of the target compounds, as recorded at each monitoring site, provided the following findings:

1. The average concentrations of target compounds measured at the O’Hare Airport sites were found to be comparable to those measured at the other metropolitan area sites. This fact is readily seen from the data presented in Table 1 and from Figures 2a and 2b which graphically display the five site results for various target compounds. As the figures show, the highest concentration of the individual target compounds was found to vary between different sampling sites. For example, highest levels of benzene were found at Chicago-Washington, while highest acetaldehyde levels were at Bensenville and highest formaldehyde levels at Schiller Park. Generally, the levels of the target compounds were found to be comparable between the five sites. For example, benzene averages ranged from 0.33 to 0.69 ppbv, acetaldehyde from 0.60 to 1.07 ppbv, formaldehyde from 1.67 to 3.54 ppbv and polycyclic organics (PAHs) levels ranged from 140 to 298 nanograms per cubic meter.

2. Of the five monitoring sites, the highest levels of more target compounds was

found at the Chicago-Washington site found than any other site.

Using a difference of 20% to indicate a significantly higher value (that is, the highest average found was at least 20% higher than the average found at any other site), the Chicago-Washington site was found to have the highest levels of seven target compounds including benzene, chromium, polycyclic organics and dioxins. Table 2 presents a listing by site of target compounds that were found to be 20% higher at one site. Four of the five sites recorded the highest concentration of at least one compound, with Schiller Park recording the highest level of three targets, Bensenville with three targets and Northbrook recording the highest levels of one target. Taken as a group of target compounds, these data indicate that the highest concentration of air toxic compounds in the Chicago area was found in industrialized Southeast Chicago, not around O’Hare Airport.

3. Two target compounds, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, were found to be

higher at the O’Hare Airport sites than at any of the other Chicago area sites.

Figure 2aComparison of Results by Site

Site Listing

B - BensenvilleS - Schiller ParkC - Chicago WashingtonN - NorthbrookL - Lemont

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Formaldehyde

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Figure 2bComparison of Results by Site

Site Listing

B - BensenvilleS - Schiller ParkC - Chicago WashingtonN - NorthbrookL - Lemont

NA - Samples not taken for these compounds

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Perchloroethylene

0.00

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Trichloroethylene

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0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.00

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The highest acetaldehyde levels were measured at Bensenville with an average of 1.07 ppbv compared to the next highest average of 0.88 ppbv

recorded at Schiller Park and Lemont. The highest formaldehyde level recorded was at Schiller Park at 3.54 ppbv compared to the next highest value of 2.16 ppbv measured at Bensenville. These data indicated that the highest levels of aldehydes found during this monitoring study occurred around O’Hare Airport. The major source of aldehyde emissions in any large metropolitan area has been shown to be from mobile sources: cars, trucks and aircraft. The area in and around O’Hare Airport has a concentration of cars and trucks on the expressways (I-90 and I-294), major arterials (Mannhiem, Irving Park and Higgins Roads) and in traffic entering and leaving the airport. Airport operations including aircraft takeoffs, landings, taxiing, refueling and support equipment emissions are also sources of aldehydes. With the accumulation of these emissions in the area, elevated concentrations of aldehydes in the surrounding area would not be unexpected and was likely the influencing factor in the levels measured at Bensenville and Schiller Park.

4. The lowest concentrations of most target compounds were measured at the Lemont site. While it is near major emission sources such as refineries and chemical plants, Lemont is located southwest of the Chicago urban area and lies predominantly upwind of it, measuring levels entering the area from downstate and outside the area impacted by the Chicago area emissions. As a result, it would be expected, as the monitoring data showed, that air toxic levels in Lemont are lower than the other monitoring sites located in the urbanized area.

3.3 Comparison of Results to Other U.S. Cities A comparison of the measured levels of certain target air toxic compounds found in Chicago to those found in other large U.S. cities provided a point of reference to what concentrations might be considered as “typical” for an urban area. The comparative analyses also identified any unusual or atypical compound measurements for the Chicago area. The other U.S. cities data was extracted from USEPA’s AIRS database that contains air quality data collected and reported nationwide. The most recent data reported to AIRS was almost exclusively 1999, as no 2000 data had yet been reported, and was used for reference in this report. The averages reported from AIRS were based upon sampling periods of six to twelve months, consistent with and comparable to the six month average data compiled from the June-December 2000 sampling in Chicago.

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A review of the information submitted to AIRS found that data for a limited number of the target air toxic compounds, obtained primarily from PAMS monitoring networks, had been reported for several large urbanized areas, including Atlanta, Detroit, Houston, Milwaukee and New York City. The target compound data reported for these cities included acetaldehyde, benzene, formaldehyde, toluene and xylenes. The AIRS data used in the comparative analysis has been summarized in Table 3. A review and analysis of the available information concluded the following:

1. Compared to other major metropolitan areas; e.g., Atlanta, Detroit, Houston and Milwaukee, concentrations of key “target” air toxic compounds were found to be comparable or lower in the Chicago metropolitan area. The comparative analysis indicated that the levels found at the Chicago area sites were typical of those found in the other large urban areas. The data from Table 3 and the corresponding compound data from Table 1 has been graphically displayed in Figure 3. The highest formaldehyde levels were found in Atlanta and Detroit, 5.72 and 5.13 ppbv respectively, compared to 3.54 ppbv at Schiller Park, the highest Chicago area site. The highest acetaldehyde levels were found in Atlanta and Houston, 2.40 and 1.69 ppbv, compared to 1.07 ppbv at Bensenville. The highest benzene levels were found in Houston and Detroit, 0.97 and 0.70 ppbv, compared to 0.69 ppbv at Chicago-Washington. The highest leve ls of toluene were found in New York City at 1.34 ppbv, compared to 1.99 ppbv at Bensenville. The highest levels of xylenes were found in Atlanta at 1.22 ppbv compared to 0.90 ppbv at Bensenville.

2. The comparative analysis shows that target air toxic compounds measured in the Chicago area to be typical of other large urban areas. The concentrations of some key target compounds were found to be significantly higher in cities like Atlanta and Houston. The acetaldehyde and formaldehyde levels measured at O’Hare, while the highest of Chicago area sites, were well below those found in Atlanta, Detroit, and Houston.

3.4 O’Hare Airport Impact In order to assess the possible impact of O’Hare Airport emissions in areas adjacent to the airport, two monitoring sites were deployed on different sides of the airport. This allowed for collection of sampling data on days with persistent winds that impacted one site but not the other. Essentially, one site was upwind, unaffected by the airport, and the other site was downwind of the airport and subjected to its emissions. See the following diagram. The difference in the results obtained from the downwind site (impacted by emissions) and the upwind site (unaffected) provides an indication of the increased levels of target compounds associated with the airport’s emissions. For example, the downwind site measured a compound concentration at 1.50 ppb and the upwind site reported only 1.00 ppb, providing a difference of 0.50 ppb (1.50 minus 1.00) or that levels were found to be 50% higher at the downwind site (0.50 divided by 1.00).

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WIND

X Upwind

Site

X

Downwind Site

Of the sixteen sampling days, five days did have wind-persistent conditions that allowed for a upwind /downwind analysis. The sampling data obtained for each of the five days for key target compounds has been presented in Figure 4 along with wind roses (wind frequency distribution) that depict the associated wind direction data. Figure 4 also provides for each target compound the average value obtained from the five samples for the wind positive site and the wind negative site and the calculated percent difference (wind positive to wind negative). The Figure 4 wind roses illustrate the site impacts, Bensenville located southwest of the airport impacted by winds from the north to east, and Schiller Park located east of the airport impacted by winds from the southwest to northwest. The data analysis demonstrated that O’Hare Airport emissions had an impact in the areas adjacent to the airport for several key target compounds, including acetaldehyde, benzene, formaldehyde, polycyclic organics and lead. All these compounds are Urban Air Toxics and have been identified as associated with airport operations. The downwind concentration of acetaldehyde was found to be 45.6% higher than upwind, formaldehyde was 32.8% higher, benzene was 34.1% higher, polycyclics (PAHs) were 65.9% higher and lead was 87.5% higher. An impact from airport operations was not unexpected as airport operations, including aircraft takeoffs, landings, taxiing, refueling and use of support equipment, result in significant emissions of volatile organics and target air toxic compounds. The resulting airport emissions should have had, as the monitoring data shows, some impact in the areas adjacent to the airport. While the downwind concentrations were found to be higher, the results showed that the levels found at O’Hare Airport are still in the “typical urban” range and lower than levels found in other large urban areas. Appendix IV provides a detailed summary of the meteorological conditions which were present on each of the sampling days. The appendix also includes a summary table that provides for each sampling day the frequency distribution of hourly wind data, which has also been plotted in a wind rose shown in Figure 5. As can be seen from that summary table, the most prevalent wind directions on sampling days were winds from the west southwest, west and the northeast. These three wind directions provided the opportunity for frequent impact of airport emissions on the two O’Hare area monitoring sites.

EMISSIONSOURCE

Figure 3Comparison of Results to Other U.S. Cities

Site Listing

A - AtlantaD - DetroitH - HoustonM - MilwaukeeNY - New YorkB - BensenvilleS - Schiller ParkC - Chicago Washington

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Formaldehyde

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1.50

2.00

A D H M NY B S C

Ave

rage

(ppb

)

Xylene

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

A D H M NY B S C

Ave

rage

(pp

b)

Figure 4Wind Persistence Days

Upwind/Downwind Analysis

Downwind UpwindPercent

Compound 7/23 8/16 9/21 11/20 12/14 Avg 7/23 8/16 9/21 11/20 12/14 Avg DifferenceFormaldehyde 2.56 3.32 1.64 0.94 3.09 2.31 1.72 3.04 1.89 0.32 1.73 1.74 32.8%Acetaldehyde 1.29 1.33 0.56 0.36 1.73 1.05 0.53 0.76 1.00 0.23 1.10 0.72 45.6%Benzene 0.90 0.24 0.19 1.07 0.60 0.50 0.09 0.13 1.07 0.45 34.1%PAH(s) 311 175 48 126 440 220 220 10 37 46 350 133 65.9%Lead 30 60 10 20 30 30 10 10 20 20 20 16 87.5%Toluene 2.50 0.31 0.16 1.63 1.15 1.00 0.21 0.10 2.52 0.96 20.1%Chromium 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 7 2 3 3 4 30.0%Xylenes 1.20 0.25 0.15 1.33 0.73 0.60 0.07 0.02 1.61 0.58 27.4%

axis represents percent of time

14

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

Bensenville DownwindSampling Days

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

Calm - 1.4%

Schiller Park DownwindSampling Days

15

Figure 5Wind Rose O'Hare Toxic Project

June - December, 2000Sampling Days Only

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

Calm = 0.5 %Axis represents percent of time

16

Section 4.0 Conclusions Based upon the review of the air toxics monitoring data collected near Chicago O’Hare Airport and from other Chicago area monitoring sites and data from USEPA’s AIRS database, the following conclusions were reached:

1. The levels of air toxic compounds found near O’Hare Airport and at other sites in the Chicago metropolitan area are “typical” or lower that those levels found in other large U.S. cities.

2. Of the Chicago area sites, the highest levels of acetaldehyde and

formaldehyde were found at the O’Hare Airport sites. However, the concentrations found were at levels comparable or lower than those found in other large U.S. cities.

3. Of the Chicago area sites, the highest levels of most air toxic compounds was

not found near O’Hare Airport, but in industrialized Southeast Chicago.

4. An analysis of data from the sites near O’Hare Airport found that emissions from the airport have an impact on air quality in the areas adjacent to the airport. However, the airport’s impact did not result in levels higher than those found in a typical urban environment.

The data collected through this study’s air monitoring program indicated that the toxics air quality in the vicinity of O’Hare Airport is comparable to the air quality in other parts of Chicago and comparable to air quality in other major urban areas.

There are continuing efforts to identify, assess and reduce risk from air toxics, especially in urban areas. For example, USEPA has completed a nationwide study of potential inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 32 HAPs and from diesel particulate matter based on 1996 air emissions inventories, known as the National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). This study has not yet been released to the public, but it will serve as a basis for characterizing risk associated with these compounds on a county by county level throughout the U.S. As a continuing part of the federal Clean Air Act requirements to identify, assess and reduce risk from toxic pollutants, USEPA has also developed the National Strategy. Part of the National Strategy is to develop a plan that will attain a 75% reduction in the incidence of cancer attributable to exposure to HAPs emitted by stationary sources, to attain a substantial reduction in public health risks posed by exposure to HAP emissions from area sources, and to address disproportionate impacts of air toxics across urban areas. USEPA has announced that part of the regulatory actions to implement this strategy will include, among others, the development and implementation of maximum achievable control technology or MACT standards to reduce emissions of HAPs from major source categories beyond those already required under section 112 (d) of the Clean Air Act, developing area source standards, and regulating motor vehicle emissions and fuels. Moreover, the Chicago Area Cumulative Risk Initiative (CRI) is an ongoing community-based effort to assess cumulative air pollution hazards and to then

17

develop strategies to reduce risks posed by exposure in the Cook County, Illinois and Lake County, Indiana. USEPA and the Illinois EPA are cooperating in this effort, and an assessment of the risks identified is expected to be released in the Summer of 2002. In addition to these efforts, the development and implementation of MACT standards required under Section 112 (d) of the Clean Air Act are ongoing. For example, USEPA has published over 70 air toxic MACT standards affecting over 113 categories of industrial sources, with varying implementation schedules. By May 15, 2002, USEPA will have published 106 MACT standards affecting a total of 174 categories of industrial sources. After publishing a MACT for a source category, the Clean Air Act also requires USEPA to assess and address the remaining risk from these source categories after the implementation of the MACT standard and within eight to nine years after the development of the initial standard. This effort is now ongoing for the earliest MACT standards. In addition to the efforts to address stationary sources, USEPA continues to address toxic emissions from motor vehicles and fuels, a major component of toxic emissions from O’Hare. USEPA has also promulgated the final rule for “Control of Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources” under Section 202(l) of the Clean Air Act. Section 5.0 References 1. USEPA, “National Air Toxics Program: The Integrated Urban Strategy”, Federal Register/Vol. 64, No. 137/ Monday, July 19, 1999. 2. City of Park Ridge, “Preliminary Study and Analysis of Toxic Air Pollutant

Emissions from O’Hare International Airport and the Resulting Health Risks Created by these Toxic Emissions in Surrounding Residential Communities, Volumes I-IV, August, 2000.

3. USEPA, “Unified Air Toxics Website”, Technology Transfer Network (TTNWeb).

Lemont

acetaldehyde 0.88acrolein 0.00arsenic1 0.70benzene 0.45beryllium1 0.101,3-butadiene 0.02cadmium1 2.00carbon tetrachloride 0.06chloroform 0.01chromium1 2.90ethylene dichloride 0.00formaldehyde 1.67lead1 14.4manganese 25.1methylene chloride 0.23nickel1 4.601,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 0.00perchloroethylene 0.05trichloroethylene 0.03toluene 0.77vinyl chloride 0.00xylenes (O,M,P) 0.56polycyclic organics (PAH)1 NAdioxins (2,3,7,8 total)2 NA

2values expressed in in picograms per cubic meter (pg/m3)*values are averages expressed in parts per billion by volume (ppbv) unless otherwise indicated

4.50 7.10 9.20

Table 1Air Toxic Target Compound Results*

June - December, 2000

NorthbrookCompound

1.07 0.88 0.72 0.60

Bensenville Schiller Park Chicago-Washington

0.00 0.00 0.01 0.011.10 1.00 1.00 0.700.55 0.50 0.69 0.330.30 0.50 0.46 0.300.08 0.11 0.12 0.022.20 2.70 2.60 2.100.07 0.07 0.08 0.070.18 0.44 0.55 0.14

0.25 0.26 0.15 0.252.16 3.54 1.90 1.6722.7 16.7 31.5 12.025.7 31.5 139.9 17.50.46 0.07 0.47 0.277.00 8.60 6.80 5.300.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.52 0.34 0.52 0.61

0.00 0.00 0.00

1.37 0.66 0.65 0.59

3.50

172.0 171.0 298.0 140.0

1.99 1.02 0.97 0.800.00

0.42

1.399 1.464 2.389 1.956

1values expressed in nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3)

0.90 0.61 0.53

18

Lemont

none

*Concentration of the target compound was found to be at least 20% higher than all other sites.

Northbrook

perchloroethylene

Table 2

Urban Air Toxic CompoundsSites with Highest Concentration*

benzene formaldehyde acetaldehyde

Chicago-Washington Bensenville Schiller Park

chloroform nickel trichloroethylenechromium toluene xylenes

dioxins

leadmanganese

polycyclic organics

19

Table 3

Air Toxic Data for U.S. Cities

1999 AIRS Data1

Atlanta Detroit Houston New York Milwaukee Chicago3

Pollutant (GA) (MI) (TX) City (WI) Study

acetaldehyde 2.40 1.29 1.69 0.96 1.02 1.07benzene 0.52 0.70 0.97 0.53 0.38 0.69

1-3 butadiene NR 0.10* 0.52 NR 0.13 2 0.12formaldehyde 5.72 5.13 4.14 2.96 2.50 3.54

xylenes (m/p) 1.22 0.34 0.47 0.92 0.53 2 0.90

toluene 0.98 0.84 1.06 1.34 0.84 2 1.99

1all values reported in parts per billion volume (ppbv)*value reported from Midland, MI NR - Not Reported2values reported in 1998 Wisconsin DNR Report3 highest value reported at any of the five Chicago Study sites

20

21

Appendix I Description of Monitoring sites

Bensenville This monitoring site is located on the Village of Bensenville sewage treatment plant at 711 E. Jefferson. Industrial/commercial areas are located east of the site (0.5 – 1.0 km). Immediately southwest are residential areas. A large railyard is located 0.5 – 1.0 km northeast to east. The closest runway at O’Hare Airport is located 2.5 km to the northeast. Irving Park Road is 1.2 km to the north and Mannheim Road is 1.7 km to the southeast at its closest point. The Chicago loop is approximately 25 km to the southeast. The following picture is from Bensenville looking northeast.

22

Schiller Park This monitoring site is located on a trailer at 4743 Mannheim Road just south or Lawrence Ave. and between Mannheim Road and I-294. The closest runway at O’Hare Airport is 0.5 km to the northwest. The immediate vicinity is mostly commercial. Residential areas are located east across I-294. Mannheim Road is 30 m to the west and I-294 is 100 m to the east. The Chicago loop is located approximately 21 km to the southeast. The following picture is from Schiller Park looking northwest.

23

Chicago – Washington High School This monitoring site is located on Washington High School at 3535 E. 114th Street in the Lake Calumet industrial region. Residential areas are located east of the site (from north to south). Industrial areas are located west (northwest to southwest) of the site. The Indiana border is approximately 1 km to the east. The Chicago loop is approximately 23 km to the northwest. The following picture is from Washington H.S. looking northwest.

24

Northbrook The village of Northbrook is located in northeast Cook County. This monitoring site is located at the Northbrook Water Filtration Station at 750 Dundee Road. A forest preserve is located immediately south with residential areas further south (southeast to southwest). Residential areas are also immediately to the west. Commercial areas are located along Dundee Road and to the east. A major expressway (I94) is located 1 km to the east and north. O’Hare Airport is located 18 km to the southwest and the Chicago loop is located 32 km to the southeast. The following picture is from the Northbrook site looking northeast.

25

Lemont The village of Lemont is located in southwest Cook County approximately 38 km from the Chicago loop. This monitoring site is located on Lemont High School at 800 Porter Street. The building is situated on the edge of the bluffs overlooking the Des Plaines River valley. The area surrounding the site is residential to the south (southwest to southeast) and to the immediate north (down the bluff). Several industrial and commercial facilities are located along the Des Plaines River to the west and southwest in the valley. The following picture is from the Lemont site looking north.

26

Appendix II Toxic Air Pollutants

HAPs Analytical

Method

HAPs Analytical

Method Category I Volatile Organics (VOC) Category IV Semi-volatiles benzene TO-14A/TO-15 acenaphthene TO-13A carbon tetrachloride TO-14A-TO-15 acenaphthylene TO-13A chloroform TO-14A/TO-15 anthracene TO-13A chloroprene TO-14A-TO-15 benzo(ghi)perylne TO-13A 1,4-dichlorobenzene TO-14A-TO-15 fluoranthene TO-13A ethylene dibromide TO-14A-TO-15 fluorene TO-13A ethylene dichloride TO-14A-TO-15 naphthalene TO-13A hexachlorobenzene TO-14A-TO-15 phenanthrene TO-13A methyl bromide TO-14A-TO-15 pyrene TO-13A methyl chloride TO-14A-TO-15 benz(a)anthracene TO-13A styrene TO-14A-TO-15 benzo(a)pyrene TO-13A tetrachloroethylene TO-14A-TO-15 benzo(b)fluoranthene TO-13A toluene TO-14A-TO-15 benzo(k)fluoranthene TO-13A trichloroethylene TO-14A-TO-15 chrysene TO-13A vinyl chloride TO-14A-TO-15 dibenz(a,h)anthracene TO-13A xylenes TO-14A-TO-15 indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene TO-13A 1,3-butadiene TO-14A-TO-15 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p acrylonitrile TO-14A-TO-15 -dioxin (and congeners and TCDF

congeners) TO-13A

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Category II Carbonyls Category V Metals acetaldehyde TO-11A antimony & compounds IO-3.5 acrolein TO-11A arsenic & compounds IO-3.5 formaldehyde TO-11A beryllium & compounds IO-3.5 cadimum & compounds IO-3.5 chromium & compounds* IO-3.5 lead & compounds IO-3.5 manganese & compounds IO-3.5 mercury & compounds IO-3.5 nickel & compounds IO-3.5 *Chromium determined from a filter is total chromium, not chromium VI. Chromium VI oxidizes when sampled on a filter.

Appendix IIIABensenville Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageUrban Air Toxic Compounds

acetaldehyde 0.43 1.29 1.82 1.33 1.62 1.02 1 1.53 1.19 1.31 0.45 0.23 1.1 0.63 1.07acrolein 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0.00acrylonitrile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00arsenic 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 1 1.1benzene 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.09 0.61 1.51 0.42 0.22 0.13 1.07 0.5 0.55beryllium (1) 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.31,3-butadiene 0 0 0 0 0.11 0.43 0 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.08cadmium (1) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2.2carbon tetrachloride 0 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.11 0.07chloroform 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.18chromium (1) 5 5 5 7 6 6 2 2 7 6 6 3 3 3 1 4.51,2-dibromoethane 0 0.5 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.101,2-dichloropropane 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.041,2-dichloropropene 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.061,2-dichloroethane 0 0 2.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25formaldehyde 1.2 2.56 4.17 3.32 4.03 2.31 1.89 3.01 1.72 1.98 0.81 0.32 1.73 1.14 2.16lead (1) 10 10 30 30 60 20 10 20 30 20 40 10 20 20 10 22.7manganese (1) 8 14 2 33 43 52 18 12 45 38 67 14 19 17 3 25.7methylene chloride 0 0 1.6 0 0.38 2.34 0.26 0.16 0 0.26 0.07 0.46nickel (1) 6 5 7 9 11 8 5 4 10 8 10 6 7 5 4 7.0polycyclic organics(PAH) (1) 157 311 220 175 95 37 136 85 319 220 46 350 90 1721,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00perchloroethylene 0.1 1.2 3.2 1.1 0 0.08 0.26 0 0.16 0 0.09 0 0.52trichloroethylene 1 4.4 4.7 0 0.27 2.81 0 1.47 0 0.4 0.04 1.37vinyl chloride 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00dioxins(2,3,7,8) (2) 0.156 0.742 0.584 2.09 1.58 2.24 1.53 1.7 0.228 2.59 1.33 2.36 1.06 1.399furans(2,3,7,8) (2) 0.066 0.165 0.15 0.646 0.25 0.25 0.226 0.143 0.107 0.304 0.475 0.616 0.259 0.281

27

Appendix IIIABensenville Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageHazardous Air Pollutants

1,4-dichlorobenzene 0 0.2 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.111,2,4-trimethylbenzene 0 0.1 0.4 0 0.57 1 0.18 0.09 0 0.66 0.09 0.281,3,5-trimethylbenzene 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0.2 0.32 0.05 0.02 0 0.23 0.02 0.11ethyl benzene 0.06 0.1 0.3 0 0.31 0.71 0.18 0.06 0.02 0.35 0.07 0.20hexachlorobutadiene 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02methyl bromide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00styrene 0.2 0.2 0.06 0 0.06 0.26 0 0.07 0 0.06 0 0.08toluene 0.6 1.1 2.1 2.5 5.6 0.21 2.87 5.28 1.17 1.19 0.1 2.52 0.68 1.99xylenes 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.07 1.35 3.04 0.65 0.28 0.02 1.61 0.34 0.90propionaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00crotonaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00butyraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00isovaleraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00valeraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00tolualdehydes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00hexanaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00acenaphthene (1) 8.7 33.1 19.1 13 6.2 1.7 7.4 2.7 15.8 9.5 1.2 5.8 1.6 9.7acenaphthylene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.4 19.2 0 9.8 0 2.7anathracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(ghi)perylene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0fluoranthene (1) 9.1 7.5 10.1 8.2 3.6 1.5 3.4 1.4 4.5 6 1.3 3.3 1.5 4.7fluorene (1) 12.2 31.7 20.9 14 9.2 2.5 8.4 3.6 15.4 14.4 1.9 9.4 3.4 11.3naphthalene (1) 75.1 144 89.5 88 49.5 20.8 89.7 64 238 127 37.2 294 73.5 106.9phenanthrene (1) 46.8 90.5 70.2 42.9 25 9.5 25.4 13.3 36 35.9 4.9 22.3 8.7 33.2pyrene (1) 0.7 3.8 5.9 5 2 1.1 2.1 0 3.3 5.1 0 3.5 1.2 2.6benza(a)anthracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(a)pyrene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(b)fluoranthene (1) 0 0 2.6 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 1 0 0.6benzo(k)fluoranthene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0chrysene (1) 0 0.9 1.6 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 1.1 0 0.5dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0

28

Appendix IIIBSchiller Park Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageUrban Air Toxic Compounds

acetaldehyde 0.78 0.85 0.67 0.53 1.02 0.76 1.09 0.17 0.56 1.5 1.46 0.36 1.73 0.8 0.88acrolein 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00acrylonitrile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00arsenic (1) 1 1 1 2 4 1 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1.0benzene 0.08 0.6 0.5 0.49 0.24 0.8 0.61 0.66 0.29 0.19 1.07 0.50beryllium (1) 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.51,3-butadiene 0 0.6 0 0 0 0.11 0.14 0 0.08 0 0.28 0.11cadmium (1) 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 1 2 4 3 5 4 2.7carbon tetrachloride 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.07chloroform 1.4 3.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.44chromium (1) 5 7 5 8 7 9 21 5 10 9 1 6 5 5 4 7.11,2-dibromoethane 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.061,2-dichloropropane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001,2-dichloropropene 0 0.3 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.071,2-dichloroethane 0.3 1.3 1.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.26formaldehyde 2.29 3.32 2.28 1.72 3.26 3.04 4.04 17.92 1.64 2.19 2.26 0.94 3.09 1.61 3.54lead (1) 10 0 10 10 10 20 10 10 30 20 50 10 20 30 10 16.7manganese (1) 30 20 17 24 27 57 22 21 42 47 91 21 18 23 12 31.5methylene chloride 0 0 0 0.06 0 0.15 0.12 0.16 0.11 0 0.21 0.07nickel (1) 8 5 7 9 10 8 6 6 11 8 12 8 8 16 7 8.6polycyclic organics(PAH) (1) 173 220 164 10 150 48 26 252 306 140 126 440 165 1711,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00perchloroethylene 0.4 1.2 1.8 0 0.08 0 0.04 0 0.08 0 0.1 0.34trichloroethylene 1.6 2.5 2.1 0 0 0.12 0.06 0.4 0.31 0 0.22 0.66vinyl chloride 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00dioxins(2,3,7,8) (2) 0.164 0.316 0.51 0.925 1.61 1.08 2.64 1.8 2.62 1.73 1.05 2.66 1.93 1.464furans(2,3,7,8) (2) 0 0.289 0.07 0.196 0.503 0.108 0.053 0.113 0.834 0.165 0.322 0.795 0.768 0.324

29

Appendix IIIBSchiller Park Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageHazardous Air Pollutants

1,4-dichlorobenzene 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.051,2,4-trimethylbenzene 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.15 0.08 0.24 0.28 0.19 0.15 0 0.51 0.191,3,5-trimethylbenzene 0 0.1 0.09 0.03 0 0.07 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 0.16 0.06ethyl benzene 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.06 0.24 0.2 0.16 0.12 0.05 0.33 0.15hexachlorobutadiene 0.3 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08methyl bromide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00styrene 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.64 0 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.04 0 0.08 0.13toluene 1.2 1.1 1 0.65 0.31 1.96 1.21 1.13 0.82 0.16 1.63 1.02xylenes 0.39 0.5 0.6 0.51 0.25 0.98 0.8 0.66 0.54 0.15 1.33 0.61propionaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00crotonaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00butyraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00isovaleraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00valeraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00tolualdehydes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00hexanaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00acenaphthene (1) 10.7 16.8 13.1 10.5 1.6 1.5 3.4 17.2 4.6 2.6 10.2 3.3 8.0acenaphthylene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.6 0 0 15.3 0 1.9anathracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(ghi)perylene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0fluoranthene (1) 10.4 9 6.5 4.6 1.3 0.8 1.9 5.9 2.9 2.4 4.5 2.4 4.4fluorene (1) 15.2 17.6 15 12.9 2.1 0 4.2 15.6 8 4.6 18.1 7.4 10.1naphthalene (1) 69.6 118 79.4 87.2 35 16.7 224 214 106 103 350 132 127.9phenanthrene (1) 60.9 53.8 45.5 32.4 7.5 6.6 17.8 38.4 16.8 10.4 34.9 17.1 28.5pyrene (1) 5.7 4.7 3.3 2.4 1.2 0 1.4 4.6 2.3 2.4 5.6 2.5 3.0benza(a)anthracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(a)pyrene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(b)fluoranthene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7 0 0 0 0 0.1benzo(k)fluoranthene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0chrysene (1) 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.4 0.6 0.3dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0

30

Appendix IIICChicago - Washington Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageUrban Air Toxic Compounds

acetaldehyde 0.52 0.78 0.6 0.52 1.04 0.41 0.86 0.65 0.61 0.42 1.12 0.86 0.57 0.35 1.48 0.66 0.72acrolein 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14 0 0.01acrylonitrile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00arsenic (1) 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 1.0benzene 0.6 1 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.22 0.19 0.49 0.39 0.51 0.66 1.87 0.5 0.69beryllium (1) 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0.461,3-butadiene 0 0 0 0 1.1 0.1 0 0 0 0.04 0 0.2 0.06 0.12cadmium (1) 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 5 7 5 2.6carbon tetrachloride 0.08 0.04 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.08chloroform 0 3 0 0 3.9 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.55chromium (1) 14 6 1 8 5 7 6 9 8 9 38 4 4 9.21,2-dibromoethane 0 0 0 0.9 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.121,2-dichloropropane 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.071,2-dichloropropene 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.041,2-dichloroethane 0 0.6 0 0.9 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15formaldehyde 1.69 2.07 1.98 1.5 2.61 1.36 3.07 1.8 1.5 1.36 3.86 1.75 1.48 0.57 2.57 1.25 1.90lead (1) 40 10 10 20 10 20 20 40 40 30 110 30 30 31.5manganese (1) 106 84 50 114 60 98 103 143 198 93 628 53 89 139.9methylene chloride 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.32 0 4.5 0.1 0.33 0 0.22 0.07 0.47nickel (1) 7 5 6 8 6 7 5 5 6 8 15 6 5 6.8polycyclic organics(PAH) (1) 128 163 111 129 192 328 521 220 115 193 750 500 530 2981,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00perchloroethylene 0.4 0.7 1.2 2.8 1.3 0.04 0 0.2 0 0 0 0.12 0 0.52trichloroethylene 0.9 1.9 0 2 2.9 0.05 0 0.12 0 0 0.13 0.3 0.18 0.65vinyl chloride 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00dioxins(2,3,7,8) (2) 0.187 0.325 0.511 1.24 2.63 2.5 8.34 1.91 2.21 1.37 2.84 2.19 4.8 2.389furans(2,3,7,8) (2) 0.025 0.058 0.049 0.577 0.207 0.15 2.05 0.267 0.398 0.422 3.62 0.386 5.35 1.043

31

Appendix IIICChicago - Washington Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageHazardous Air Pollutants

1,4-dichlorobenzene 0 0.1 0.2 0 0.3 0.1 0 0.07 0.09 0.07 0 0 0 0.071,2,4-trimethylbenzene 0.08 0.2 0.09 0.2 0.5 0.57 0.08 0.19 0.17 0.16 0 0.41 0.11 0.211,3,5-trimethylbenzene 0.3 0.3 0 0.2 0.3 0.18 0 0.06 0.05 0.05 0 0.12 0.03 0.12ethyl benzene 0 0.1 0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.05 0.23 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.31 0.11 0.14hexachlorobutadiene 0 0.2 0 4.1 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.40methyl bromide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00styrene 0.3 0.3 0 0 0.2 0.11 0 0.11 0 0.09 0 0.19 0.03 0.10toluene 0.4 1 0.6 1.3 1.8 47.18# 0.45 1.42 0.85 0.93 0.35 1.82 0.66 0.97xylenes 0.29 0.5 0.26 0.2 0.5 1.06 0.14 0.79 0.55 0.55 0.21 1.44 0.42 0.53propionaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00crotonaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00butyraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00isovaleraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00valeraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00tolualdehydes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00hexanaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00acenaphthene (1) 13.1 18.8 14.7 13 18.2 6.4 34.6 7.5 6.4 7.9 7.7 9.8 7.7 12.8acenaphthylene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.9 16.4 14.9 3.6anathracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 7.5 3.2 6.4 1.5benzo(ghi)perylene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0fluoranthene (1) 8.8 5.7 3.7 4.3 6.1 9.1 20.9 0 2.7 4.6 20.8 7.2 18.4 8.6fluorene (1) 13 19.5 11.3 14.6 18.6 10.3 30 6.7 7.1 10 16.9 17 15.9 14.7naphthalene (1) 42.2 50.8 49.5 55.2 92.6 256 299 181 80.1 144 597 400 390 202.9phenanthrene (1) 47.1 66.5 30.7 40.3 53.8 36.8 126 24.9 16.8 24 50.2 38.1 53.6 46.8pyrene (1) 4.2 2.3 1.5 1.9 2.9 5.4 10 0 2.1 2.8 13.1 6.4 10.9 4.9benza(a)anthracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 0 0 0 0 5.8 0 4.7 1.0benzo(a)pyrene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7 0.1benzo(b)fluoranthene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.5 0 0 0.6benzo(k)fluoranthene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0chrysene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.3 2.2 6.5 1.2dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0

# - toluene value on 9/21/00 has been excluded from the average as it is a suspected anomaly and needs further investigation.

32

Appendix IIIDNorthbrook Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31* 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageUrban Air Toxic Compounds

acetaldehyde 0.50 0.42 0.41 0.34 0.59 0.44 0.63 0.69 0.37 0.69 1.13 1.06 0.40 0.27 1.01 0.70 0.60acrolein 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01acrylonitrile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00arsenic (1) 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0.7benzene 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.17 0.4 0.49 0.09 0.28 0.14 0.47 0.49 0.33beryllium (1) 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.31,3-butadiene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.03 0 0 0.05 0.13 0.02cadmium (1) 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 4 4 2.1carbon tetrachloride 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.07chloroform 0 1.5 0 0 0.06 0 0 0 0 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.14chromium (1) 5 4 1 5 3 5 3 2 3 5 8 2 2 2 2 3.51,2-dibromoethane 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.041,2-dichloropropane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001,2-dichloropropene 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.031,2-dichloroethane 0 0.5 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25formaldehyde 1.53 1.47 1.32 0.94 1.58 1.42 2.17 1.92 1.04 1.46 2.33 1.59 1.26 1.99 3.12 1.6 1.67lead (1) 10 0 10 10 10 20 10 10 10 20 30 10 10 10 10 12.0manganese (1) 8 6 5 13 8 42 12 11 15 21 90 8 8 8 8 17.5methylene chloride 0 0 0 1.4 0.04 0.2 0.17 0.32 0.91 0 0.16 0 0.27nickel (1) 6 5 8 7 6 4 4 2 3 5 9 5 6 5 5 5.3polycyclic organics(PAH) (1) 102 326 119 94 135 44 71 217 227 80 50 293 67 1401,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00perchloroethylene 0 0.7 1.1 5.3 0 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.03 0 0.03 0 0.61trichloroethylene 0 0.9 0.4 5.4 0 0.21 0.14 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.59vinyl chloride 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00dioxins(2,3,7,8) (2) 0.321 0.752 0.086 1.44 1.54 0.179 1.76 1.05 1.38 2.01 2.98 2.61 9.32 1.956furans(2,3,7,8) (2) 0.065 0.57 0 0.397 0.378 0.18 0.128 0.071 0.334 0.22 1.49 1.13 5.27 0.787

* VOC sampling date 10/27 33

Appendix IIIDNorthbrook Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31* 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageHazardous Air Pollutants

1,4-dichlorobenzene 0 0.9 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.081,2,4-trimethylbenzene 0.09 0.12 0.09 0.3 0.06 0.17 0.41 0.19 0.07 0 0.17 0.12 0.151,3,5-trimethylbenzene 0 0.02 0 0.1 0 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.02 0 0.05 0.04 0.04ethyl benzene 0.06 0.08 0 0.2 0.07 0.15 0.23 0.17 0.09 0 0.12 0.09 0.11hexachlorobutadiene 0 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04methyl bromide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00styrene 0.06 0.08 0 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.03toluene 0.3 0.6 0.2 1.4 1.9 0.34 1.06 1.77 0.92 0.55 0.1 0.79 0.5 0.80xylenes 0.16 0.39 0.2 0.9 0.22 0.61 0.63 0.62 0.31 0.09 0.55 0.35 0.42propionaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00crotonaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00butyraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00isovaleraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00valeraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00tolualdehydes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00hexanaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00acenaphthene (1) 8 22.2 11.4 8.1 9.1 2.2 5 6.2 5.3 3.3 0.8 4.7 1.3 6.7acenaphthylene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.2 0 0.6anathracene (1) 0 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 7.4 0 0 0 0 0.7benzo(ghi)perylene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0fluoranthene (1) 8.8 10.7 7 4.6 6.9 1.6 2.8 2.3 4.2 2.4 1.1 2.4 11.5 5.1fluorene (1) 10.3 21.3 12 8.8 13.4 2.3 4.3 6.8 7.1 4.7 1.6 6.6 39.3 10.7naphthalene (1) 19.3 165 43 41.7 62.8 28.6 41.2 174 187 57.3 41.4 254 51.6 89.8phenanthrene (1) 52 104 41.7 28.4 40.5 9.2 17.1 18.1 20.2 12 4.2 14 8.2 28.4pyrene (1) 3.9 3.7 2.8 2.1 2.6 0 1.1 0 2.8 0 0.8 2.2 0.8 1.8benza(a)anthracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(a)pyrene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(b)fluoranthene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0benzo(k)fluoranthene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0chrysene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0

* VOC sampling date 10/27 34

Appendix IIIELemont Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageUrban Air Toxic Compounds

acetaldehyde 1.13 0.96 1.32 1.16 0.96 0.47 0.3 0.64 1.02 0.88acrolein 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00acrylonitrile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00arsenic (1) 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 0.7benzene 0.24 0.46 0.75 0.34 0.37 0.28 0.7 0.44 0.45beryllium (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.11,3-butadiene 0 0.04 0.04 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.02cadmium (1) 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 2.0carbon tetrachloride 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.04 0 0.08 0.1 0.1 0.06chloroform 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0.01chromium (1) 3 2 4 3 4 3 4 2 1 2.91,2-dibromoethane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001,2-dichloropropane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001,2-dichloropropene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001,2-dichloroethane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00formaldehyde 2.34 1.8 2.42 2.04 1.91 0.91 0.64 1.04 1.96 1.67lead (1) 20 10 20 10 20 20 10 10 10 14.4manganese (1) 26 9 52 14 36 18 49 16 6 25.1methylene chloride 0.04 0.26 0.19 0.07 0.04 0.91 0.25 0.05 0.23nickel (1) 3 3 5 3 6 5 6 5 5 4.6polycyclic organics(PAH) (1)1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00perchloroethylene 0 0.07 0.18 0 0 0.03 0.1 0 0.05trichloroethylene 0 0.11 0.12 0 0 0 0.04 0 0.03vinyl chloride 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00dioxins(2,3,7,8) (2)furans(2,3,7,8) (2)

35

Appendix IIIELemont Air Toxic Data *

6/17 6/29 7/11 7/23 8/4 8/16 8/28 9/9 9/21 10/3 10/18 10/31 11/8 11/20 12/14 12/26 AverageHazardous Air Pollutants

1,4-dichlorobenzene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001,2,4-trimethylbenzene 0.09 0.17 0.27 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.23 0.1 0.141,3,5-trimethylbenzene 0 0.05 0.09 0.02 0 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.04ethyl benzene 0.08 0.18 0.21 0.17 0.09 0.09 0.18 0.07 0.13hexachlorobutadiene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00methyl bromide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00styrene 0.03 0.02 0.27 0 0.06 0 0.15 0.05 0.07toluene 0.56 1.26 1.21 0.57 0.46 0.55 1.12 0.39 0.77xylenes 0.33 0.71 0.83 0.93 0.33 0.31 0.74 0.27 0.56propionaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00crotonaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00butyraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00isovaleraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00valeraldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00tolualdehydes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00hexanaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00acenaphthene (1)acenaphthylene (1)anathracene (1)benzo(ghi)perylene (1)fluoranthene (1)fluorene (1)naphthalene (1)phenanthrene (1)pyrene (1)benza(a)anthracene (1)benzo(a)pyrene (1)benzo(b)fluoranthene (1)benzo(k)fluoranthene (1)chrysene (1)dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (1)indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (1)

36

Footnotes for Appendices IIIA-E

* - values expressed in parts per billion volume (ppbv) unless otherwise noted(1) - values expressed in nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3)(2) - values expressed in picograms per cubic meter (pg/m3)

37

Collection Air volume 2378-PCDFs 2378-PCDDs Total PCDD/F PAH N-PAH Other

Field ID MRI ID Date (m3 )a pg/m3 pg/m3 pg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3

Bensenville 00001134 7/11/00 299.5 0.0661 0.156 0.778 0.157 ND 0.0588North Brook 00001135 7/11/00 143.8 0.0647 0.321 0.532 0.102 ND 0.0570Schiller Park 00001136 7/11/00 238.2 ND 0.164 0.473 0.173 ND 0.0443Washington HS 00001137 7/11/00 314.8 0.0250 0.187 0.549 0.128 ND 0.0434Bensenville 00001156 7/23/00 335.0 0.165 0.742 1.18 0.311 ND 0.00873North Brook 00001154 7/23/00 385.8 0.570 0.752 1.55 0.326 ND 0.00827Schiller Park 00001153 7/23/00 365.3 0.289 0.316 0.605 0.220 ND 0.0100Washington HS 00001155 7/23/00 299.7 0.0579 0.325 0.641 0.163 ND 0.0137Bensenville 00001251 8/4/00 333.4 0.150 0.584 1.00 0.220 ND 0.0231North Brook 00001249 8/4/00 343.6 ND 0.0856 0.117 0.119 ND 0.0763Schiller Park 00001248 8/4/00 345.6 0.0700 0.510 0.804 0.164 ND 0.0220Washington HS 00001247 8/4/00 153.2 0.0492 0.511 0.711 0.111 ND 0.0240Bensenville 00001326 8/16/00 236.7 0.646 2.09 4.64 0.175 ND 0.309North Brook 00001329 8/16/00 227.6 0.397 1.44 2.75 0.0938 ND 0.0351Schiller Park 00001328 8/16/00 307.4 0.196 0.925 1.65 0.00972 ND 0.0634Washington HS 00001330 8/16/00 299.6 0.577 1.24 4.67 0.129 ND 0.241Bensenville 00001486 8/28/00 238.2 0.250 1.58 2.48 0.0953 ND 0.144North Brook 00001485 8/28/00 229.0 0.378 1.54 2.44 0.135 ND 0.0435Schiller Park 00001487 8/28/00 275.7 0.503 1.61 3.14 0.150 ND 0.0317Washington HS 00001489 8/28/00 149.9 0.207 2.63 4.00 0.192 ND 0.0640Bensenville 00001650 9/20/00 258.5 0.250 2.24 2.71 0.0371 ND 0.0274North Brook 00001653 9/20/00 204.0 0.180 0.179 0.613 0.0440 ND 0.0451Schiller Park 00001651 9/20/00 268.6 0.108 1.08 1.19 0.0485 ND 0.0183Washington HS 00001654 9/20/00 150.9 0.150 2.50 3.57 0.328 ND 0.0424Bensenville 00001722 10/3/00 230.0 0.226 1.53 2.01 0.136 ND 0.111North Brook 00001720 10/3/00 225.8 0.128 1.76 1.91 0.0714 ND 0.0807Schiller Park 00001723 10/3/00 299.6 0.0527 2.64 2.82 0.0256 ND 0.0593Washington HS 00001721 10/3/00 38.7 2.05 8.34 11.4 0.521 ND 0.355

Appendix IIIF Summary of PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, and

Semivolatile Vapor Plus Particulate Results

38

Collection Air volume 2378-PCDFs 2378-PCDDs Total PCDD/F PAH N-PAH Other

Field ID MRI ID Date (m3 )a pg/m3 pg/m3 pg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3

Bensenville 00001808 10/18/00 240.9 0.143 1.70 2.40 0.0850 ND 2.76North Brook 00001807 10/18/00 226.4 0.0710 1.05 1.47 0.207 ND 0.255Schiller Park 00001809 10/18/00 324.0 0.113 1.80 2.66 0.252 ND 0.0618Washington HS 00001810 10/18/00 155.9 0.266 1.91 3.53 0.220 ND 6.41Bensenville 00001901 11/1/00 317.8 0.107 0.228 1.83 0.319 ND 0.00906North Brook 00001899 11/1/00 281.8 0.334 1.38 3.38 0.227 ND 0.00565Schiller Park 00001900 11/1/00 326.1 0.834 2.62 7.19 0.306 ND 0.0327Washington HS 00001903 11/1/00 224.5 0.398 2.21 4.07 0.115 ND 0.225Bensenville 00001920 11/9/00 304.2 0.304 2.59 3.26 0.220 ND 0.0287North Brook 00001922 11/9/00 273.4 0.220 2.01 2.79 0.0797 ND 0.0210Schiller Park 00001921 11/9/00 326.7 0.165 1.73 2.24 0.140 ND 0.0411Washington HS 00001925 11/9/00 234.3 0.422 1.37 2.80 0.193 ND 0.0352Bensenville 00002076 11/21/00 319.0 0.475 1.33 2.27 0.0465 ND 0.0302North Brook 00002077 11/21/00 274.4 1.49 2.98 5.57 0.0500 ND 0.0438Schiller Park 00002075 11/21/00 334.5 0.322 1.05 1.69 0.126 ND 0.0300Washington HS 00002079 11/21/00 234.9 3.62 2.84 16.4 0.750 ND 0.0579Bensenville 00002205 12/15/00 315.1 0.616 2.36 4.21 0.350 ND 0.0638North Brook 00002207 12/15/00 292.4 1.13 2.61 4.57 0.293 ND 0.0329Schiller Park 00002206 12/15/00 341.6 0.795 2.66 4.90 0.440 ND 0.0510Washington HS 00002208 12/15/00 231.6 0.386 2.19 4.15 0.500 ND 0.0573Bensenville 01000060 12/27/00 321.0 0.259 1.06 1.92 0.0899 ND 0.0277North Brook 01000059 12/27/00 384.8 5.27 9.32 18.1 0.0668 ND 0.0162Schiller Park 01000061 12/27/00 346.0 0.768 1.93 3.46 0.165 ND 0.0333Washington HS 01000063 12/27/00 230.3 5.35 4.80 26.1 0.530 ND 0.125

a Concentration data calculated from air volume sampled corrected to 25 oC and 760mm pressure based on 24-hr average temperature and pressure recorded at O'Hare International, Chicago IL.

Appendix IIIF (continued)

Semivolatile Vapor Plus Particulate ResultsSummary of PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, and

39

40

Appendix IV Meteorological Summary on Sampling Days

A meteorological summary of each sampling day is provided below. The large-scale weather pattern is discussed and the local weather conditions in the Chicago area are listed. A wind rose/frequency distribution (Figure 5) is also provided which is a composite of the wind conditions on the sampling days only as provided in the following table. June 17 A cold front had passed through the area on June 16 and was located along the Ohio River. High pressure over northern Iowa was the dominate feature. There were clouds and a few showers throughout the Chicago area, bur precipitation amounts were light, less than 0.1 in. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 64 deg F, winds were generally from the northeast with an average speed of 8.4 mph. June 29 High pressure over Kansas was dominating the weather throughout the region. Some light rainfall had occurred over the Chicago area during the past day. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 76 deg F with a low of 55 deg F. Winds were from the west to northwest at an average speed of 7.7 mph. July 11 High pressure over southern Ontario was providing a flow of Canadian air into the region. A stationary front was located over central Illinois. Moderate rainfall, over 1 in., had occurred in the Chicago area the previous day. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 75 deg F with a minimum of 65 deg F. Winds were from the northeast at an average speed of 7.1 mph. July 23 High pressure over northern Lake Michigan dominated the weather in the region providing a flow of Canadian air. Skies were mostly clear and there had been no rainfall in the Chicago area for the last three days. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 73 deg F and the minimum was 52 deg F, the lowest in July. Winds were northwest early in the day, shifting to northeast by 8 a.m., at an average speed of 5.8 mph. August 4 High pressure located over central Lake Michigan provided a light flow of Canadian air into the region. The high pressure moved southeast during the day. There was no rain on August 4 but some scattered showers in the Chicago area the previous day. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 80 deg F and the minimum was 54 deg F, the lowest in

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August. Winds were from the north early in the day and shifted around the south by late in the day. Wind speeds were light, averaging 4.7 mph. August 16 A cold front had moved through the region late on the previous day and was located in southern Illinois. High pressure was moving south out of southwest Ontario. The maximum temperature the previous day was 92 deg F, the warmest day in August. The cold front brought much cooler temperatures on August 16. There was no rainfall that day or the previous day. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 77 deg F and the minimum was 77 deg F. Winds were north in the morning shifting to east by evening at an average speed of 9.5 mph August 28 A high pressure system located over Quebec was providing southeast flow into the region. A stationary front was located to the southwest over Missouri and another stationary front was starting to move east as a cold front out of the plains. There was no rainfall that day or the previous day. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 85 deg F and the minimum was 64 deg F. Winds were southeast at an average speed of 8.7 mph. September 9 High pressure was located east over the Virginia/North Carolina border providing southerly flow into the region. A warm front was located over Wisconsin and a cold front was moving in from the west. There was no rainfall on this day but some scattered precipitation occurred the previous morning. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 85 deg F and the minimum was 67 deg F. Winds were from the south all day at an average speed of 9.4 mph. September 21 High pressure was located over Missouri providing westerly flow into the region. A cold front had moved through the area the previous day with rainfall amounts around 0.25 in. There was no precipitation on this day. Winds were west to northwest most of the day shifting to east by evening. Winds speeds averaged 8.5 mph but were stronger prior to the wind shift. October 3 A cold front had moved through the area the previous day and was located in southern Illinois. A second cold front was moving southeast into northern Wisconsin. Scattered showers occurred throughout the Chicago area with rainfall amounts above 0.5 in. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 73 deg F and the minimum was 44 deg F. Winds were light and variable until afternoon when a shift to the northeast occurred. The average speed was 6.0 mph but was higher after the wind shift.

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October 18 A high pressure system located over the southern plains (from southern Colorado to southern Missouri) dominated the weather in the region. A cold front was moving into southern Wisconsin in the morning but no precipitation occurred in the area. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 70 deg F and the minimum was 38 deg F. Winds were from the southwest at an average speed of 6.1 mph. October 31 High pressure located over eastern Canada dominated the weather in the region. A weak stationary front was located southwest over the Mississippi Valley. There had been no precipitation in the Chicago area for several days. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 70 deg F and the minimum was 47 deg F. Winds were southeast at an average speed of 7.7 mph. November 8 A cold front had moved through the area the previous day with light precipitation and a weak surface trough was moving into northwest Illinois. Rainfall this day was less than 0.1 in. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 48 deg F and the minimum was 32 deg F. Winds were southwest early shifting to west by afternoon and north by evening. The average speed was 5.8 mph. November 20 A strong cold front had moved through the area the previous day. Low pressure located north of Lake Huron dominated the weather. Traces of snow fell this day and on the previous day. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 29 deg F and the minimum was 18 deg F. Winds were strong out of the west all day. The average speed was 16.2 mph. December 14 A low pressure system was located east over western New York State and high pressure was located over eastern Kansas. A trace of snow fell in the morning; however there had been 6 in. of snow the previous day and a total of 15 in. were on the ground. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 27 deg F and the minimum was 7 deg F. Winds were northwest early, shifting to west be early afternoon and to south by evening. This average speed was 6.5 mph. December 26 Low pressure over Lake Superior was pulling a cold front into northwest Wisconsin. A high pressure system located from Illinois east to North Carolina dominated the weather. Light snow totaling 0.5 in. fell throughout the day. At O’Hare the maximum temperature was 19 deg F and the minimum was 3 deg F. Winds were southwest early shifting to west by evening. The average speed was 8.3 mph.

Appendix IV (continued)Frequency of Wind Direction on Sampling Days

Sampling Day N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW CALM

June 17, 2000 7 5 4 6 1 1June 29, 2000 1 1 1 1 5 3 11 1July 11, 2000 3 3 14 4July 23, 2000 3 4 7 4 1 5

August 4, 2000 4 1 2 3 5 1 1 1 2 4August 16, 2000 8 4 4 6 1 1August 28, 2000 1 2 5 7 7 2

September 9, 2000 17 7September 21, 2000 4 1 1 4 6 7 1

October 3, 2000 1 3 2 4 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 4October 18, 2000 7 9 7 1October 31, 2000 3 2 8 9 2

November 8, 2000 2 1 9 6 3 1 2November 20, 2000 5 14 5December 14, 2000 1 1 1 1 6 3 1 10December 26, 2001 1 10 9 4

Total Hours 29 19 32 27 16 15 18 19 25 22 28 39 35 17 23 18 2Percent of Time 7.6 4.9 8.3 7.0 4.2 3.9 4.7 4.9 6.5 5.7 7.3 10.2 9.1 4.4 6.0 4.7 0.5

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Appendix V General Information for Selected Target Compounds

The following is a general discussion of the nature and sources for each of selected target compounds (Reference 3). Acetaldehyde and Formaldehyde These compounds are both from a large family of chemical compounds called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fall within a chemical group called aldehydes and ketones which are structured to include a carbonyl group, double-bonded carbon and oxygen atoms. Formaldehyde is released into the air by burning wood, kerosene or natural gas, by automobiles, trucks and aircraft through the burning of motor fuels and by cigarettes. Formaldehyde can off-gas from materials made with it, e.g., from glue or adhesive in press wood products, from preservatives in some paints and cosmetics, the coating that provides permanent press quality to fabrics and draperies. Formaldehyde is also a naturally occurring substance. Acetaldehyde is ubiquitous in the ambient environment. It is an intermediate product of higher plant respiration and is formed from the burning of wood, tobacco and roasting coffee. It is also released from automobiles, trucks and aircraft burning motor fuels, from industrial processes which synthesize other chemicals, e.g., production of perfumes, polyester resins and basic dyes, and from its use as a solvent in the rubber, tanning and paper industries. Benzene Benzene is also a volatile organic compound and is from a chemical family called aromatics or cyclic compounds. Aromatic compounds are formed in a ring with a series of single and doubled bonded carbon atoms, e.g., benzene, which has six carbon atoms with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon in the ring. Benzene is a constituent in motor fuels, is used as a solvent for fats, waxes, resins, oils inks, paint, plastics and rubber, in the extraction of oils from nuts and seeds and is used in photogravure printing. Benzene is also used in the manufacture of detergents, explosives, pharmaceuticals, and dyestuffs. Benzene is released in the air from the combustion of motor fuels, fugitive emissions from vehicle fueling and fuel storage, burning of coal and oil, industrial process and fugitive emissions and from tobacco smoking. 1,3-butadiene This compound is also a volatile organic compound and is from a chemical family of straight chain compounds called alkenes that, when formed, contain carbon-carbon

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double bonds are called dienes. 1,3-butadiene is the most common and is used in the production of rubber and plastics. It is also used in copolymers including acrylics. 1,3-butadiene is released from the burning motor fuels by automobiles, trucks and aircraft, from refineries and chemical manufacturing facilities (especially the plastic and rubber industries). It is also released by incineration of products in which it is contained, e.g. rubber, plastics and resins. Chromium Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil and in volcanic dust and gases. It occurs in the environment in two major valence states, trivalent chromium (Cr III) and hexavalent chromium Cr (VI). Chromium (III) is essential to normal glucose, protein and fat metabolism and is thus an essential dietary element. Chromium (VI) is much more toxic than Chromium (III) and is know human carcinogen. The metal chromium is used mainly for making steel and other alloys. Chromium compounds, in either Chromium (III) or (VI) forms, are used for chrome plating, the manufacture of dyes and pigments, leather and wood preservation, and treatment of cooling tower water. Smaller amounts are used in drilling muds, textiles, and toner for coping machines. Dioxins A dioxin is any compound that contains the dibenzo-p-dioxin nucleus and remains one of the most toxic compounds known to man. Dioxins have no known technical use and are not intentionally produced. They are formed as unwanted byproducts of certain chemical processes during the manufacture of chlorinated intermediates and in the combustion of chlorinated materials. Dioxins are emitted into the atmosphere from a wide variety of processes such as waste incineration, combustion of solid and liquid fuels in stationary sources for heat and power generation, crematories, iron and steel foundries/scrap metal melting, combustion-aided metal recovery, kraft pulp and paper production/black liquor combustion, internal combustion engines, carbon regeneration, forest fires, organic chemical manufacture and use and Portland cement manufacture. Polycyclic Organic Compounds (PAHs) The term polycyclic organic compounds defines not one compound, but a broad class of compounds which generally includes all organic compounds with more than one benzene ring, and which have a boiling point above 212 degrees (F). Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydocarbons (PAHs), a subset of the class of polycyclic compounds, were designated by USEPA as the compounds of interest as Urban Air Toxics. Notable such compounds are napthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and chrysene.

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The principal formation mechanism for PAHs occurs as part of the fuel combustion process in many different types of source categories. The combustion processes which are much more significant in terms of air emissions include stationary external combustion for heat and electricity generation, internal combustion engines and turbines, motor vehicles ( cars, trucks, and aircraft), and a variety of industrial fuel combustion sources. Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) Perchloroethylene is an organic chemical used in many industrial processes and is considered as a probable and possible human carcinogen. Perchloroethylene is used for dry cleaning and textile processing, as a chemical intermediate and as a degreasing agent. It is also used for rubber coatings, solvent soaps, printing inks, adhesives and glues, sealants, polishes, lubricants and silicones. Nickel Nickel is a silvery-white metal that is usually found in nature as a component of silicate, sulfide or arsenic ores. The most predominant forms of nickel in the atmosphere are nickel sulfate, sulfide and complex oxides of nickel. Various forms of nickel are considered to be human carcinogens. Nickel is used for nickel alloys, electroplating baths, batteries, textile dyes, coins, spark plugs, machinery parts, stainless-steel, nickel-chrome wires and catalysts. Toluene Toluene is a man-made aromatic hydrocarbon produced mostly from petroleum. The chemical intermediate is the predominant feedstock in benzene production and a key octane-boosting component for gasoline blending. Toluene is also used as a raw material in the production of other chemicals and as a solvent in paints and coatings, inks, adhesives, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Toluene is released into the air from several man-made sources including emissions from motor vehicles and aircraft exhaust, gasoline marketing, chemical and paint manufacturing and cigarette smoke. Air emissions also result from the production of polymers (nylon), plastic soda bottles and polyurethanes.