Final Study Help

Match the items.a. neutrophilsb. NK cellsc. B-lymphocytesd. T8-lymphocytese. T4-lymphocytesf. monocytesg. eosinophilsh. basophils 1. Important phagocytes; 54%-75% of the leukocytes; granules stain poorly; produce enzymes for the synthesis of bradykinins and prostaglandins that promote inflammation.2. Capable of phagocytosis but primarily kill microorganisms and parasitic worms extracellularly; 1%-4% of the leukocytes; large granules stain red; secrete leukotrienes and prostaglandins to promote inflammation.3. Not important in phagocytosis; large granules stain a purplish blue; 0%-1% of the leukocytes; release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to promote inflammation.4. Important in phagocytosis and aid in the adaptive immune responses; produce cytokines; 4%-8% of the leukocytes; differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells when they leave the blood and enter the tissue.5. Mediate humoral immunity (antibody production); have B-cell receptors (BCR) on their surface for antigen recognition; differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells.6. Regulate the adaptive immune responses through cytokine production; have CD4 molecules and TCRs on their surface for antigen recognition.7. Carry out cell-mediated immunity; have CD8 molecules and TCRs on their surface for antigen recognition; differentiate into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs).8. Lymphocytes that lack B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors; kill cells to which the antibody IgG has attached as well as human cells lacking MHC-I molecules on their surface.

U5L2

Activated by the interaction of microbial carbohydrates with mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in the plasma and tissue fluids. This best describes which complement pathway? a. The classical complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative complement pathway.C3b, factor B, factor D, and properdin best describe what complement pathway? a. The classical complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative complement pathway.

The complement proteins C5a, C3a, and C4a function in what? a. Promoting inflammation. b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization). c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.Activated by IgG or IgM reacting with epitopes of an antigen; C1 assembles on the Fc portion of the antibody. This best describes which complement pathway? a. The classical complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative complement pathway.The complement proteins C5b6789s or MAC function in what? a. Promoting inflammation. b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization). c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.The complement protein C5a binds to mast cells, functioning in what? a. Promoting inflammation. b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization).

c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.The complement proteins C3b and C4b function in what? a. Promoting inflammation. b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization). c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.C1q, C1r, and C1s assembling to form C1 best describes what complement pathway? a. The classical complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative complement pathway.MASP1 and MASP2 assembling on MBL best describes which complement pathway? a. The classical complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative complement pathway.Activated by C3b or C3i binding to microbial surfaces . This best describes which complement pathway? a. The classical complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative complement pathway.Normal body microbiota keeping potentially harmful opportunistic pathogens in check, as well as inhibiting the colonization of pathogens, is called what? a. anatomical barriers b. bacterial antagonism c. mechanical removalWhich of the following is not an example of an antigen-nonspecific antimicrobial molecule produced by the body? a. human defensins b. lysozyme

c. hydrochloric acid d. antibodiesMucus and cilia, coughing and sneezing, vomiting and diarrhea, and the movement of bodily fluids are all examples of what? a. anatomical barriers b. bacterial antagonism c. mechanical removalThe skin, the mucous membranes, and bony encasements are an example ofwhat? a. mechanical removal b. bacterial antagonism c. anatomical barriersRight! Good job!

Points scored this item: 1 DNA, double-stranded RNA, and single-stranded RNA are common PAMPs associated with what? a. bacteria b. viruses c. yeasts d. protozoaLPS, porins, teichoic acids, peptidoglycan, mycolic acid, and flagellin are common PAMPs associated with what? a. bacteria b. viruses c. yeast d. protozoaUnique molecules displayed on stressed, injured, infected, or transformed human cells that can also be recognized as a part of innate immunity are known as what? a. PRRs b. endocytic PRRs c. DAMPs

d. PAMPs e. antigensMolecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the survival of those organisms and are not found associated with mammalian cells are known as what? a. PRRs b. endocytic PRRs c. DAMPs d. PAMPs e. antigensHeat-shock proteins and altered membrane phospholipids are examples of what? a. PRRs b. bacterial PAMPs c. viral PAMPs d. DAMPs

U5L3Match the items.a. Killer-activating receptorsb. Apoptosis, a programmed cell suicidec. Killer-inhibitory receptors 1. Recognize stress induced molecules such as MICA and MICB on the surface of tumor cells or infected cells.2. Mechanism by which NK cells kill tumor cells and infected cells.3. Recognize MHC-I molecules usually present on all nucleated cells of the body.How do NK cells kill infected cells and tumor cells? a. By apoptosis. b. By lysosomes fusing with phagosomes. c. With reactive oxygen species (ROS).

d. With defensins and proteases.Which is not a function of NK cells? a. Bind to IgG on infected cells and tumor cells and kill them with lysosomes. b. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells that suppress MHC-I production andcannot be removed by CTLs. c. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or ADCC.Killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells are able to recognize what? a. MICA molecules on stressed cells. b. MICB molecules on stressed cells. c. MHC-I molecules with self peptides on stressed cells. d. The antibody molecule IgG.The function of molecules such as MICA and MICB produced by stressed cells, cancer cells, and infected cells is to do what? a. Bind to killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells turn off their kill signal. b. Bind to killer-activating receptors on NK cells to turn on their kill signal. c. Trigger NK cells to dump their lysosomes for extracellular killing. d. Bind to the antibody IgG for enhanced attachment.

Molecules displayed on stressed, injured, infected, or transformed human cells that can also be recognized as a part of innate immunity. Examples include altered membrane phospholipids and heat shock proteins. a. DRRs b. PRRs c. DAMPs d. PAMPsA multiprotein complex that forms in macrophages as a result of PAMPs and DAMPs binding to their respective PRRs and DRRs that leads to an inflammatory response and the production of inflammatory cytokines is called what? a. an endocytic PRR b. an inflammasome c. a danger-recognition receptor

d. a danger-associated molecular pattern e. pyroptosisSignaling PRRs found in the membranes of the endosomes (phagolysosomes) tend to stimulate the synthesis of what? a. PAMPs b. antibodies c. type-1 interferons d. inflammatory cytokinesFound on the surface of phagocytes, these receptors promote the attachment of microorganisms to phagocytes. a. TLRs b. endocytic PRRs c. signaling PRRs d. DAMPs e. PAMPsSignaling PRRs found on cell surfaces tend to stimulate the synthesis of what? a. PAMPs b. antibodies c. type-1 interferons d. inflammatory cytokinesThese receptors promotes the synthesis and secretion of intracellular regulatory molecules such as cytokines. a. opsonin receptors b. endocytic PRRs c. signaling PRRs d. scavenger receptors e. PAMPsType I interferons block viral replication in infected host cells primarily by triggering the production of antiviral proteins that degrade both viral mRNA and host cell mRNA. True False

Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.a. cytokinesb. chemokinesc. interferons 1. Cytokines that promote inflammation by enabling white blood cells to adhere to the inner surface of blood vessels, migrate out of the blood vessels into the tissue, and be chemotactically attracted to the injured or infected site.2. Cytokines that prevent viral replication within infected cells and activate a varietyof cells important in immune defenses.3. A wide variety of intercellular regulatory proteins produced by many different cells in the body that ultimately control every aspect of body defense. Cytokines activate and deactivate phagocytes and immune defense cells, increase or decreasethe functions of the different immune defense cells, and promote or inhibit a varietyof nonspecific body defenses.TNF-alpha, IL-1, and chemokines are examples of cytokines that promote what? a. antibody production b. humoral immunity c. adaptive immunity d. inflammationSpecific cytokines are typically produced by a specific type of cell in the body, interact with a specific type of cell, and carry out a specific function. True FalseCytokines that block viral replication and kill infected host cells are known as what? a. inflammatory cytokines b. chemokines c. type II interferons d. type I interferonsPeople with certain PRR polymorphisms that result in overactive PRRs are at risk for what?

a. Inflammatory damage by lower numbers of specific pathogens. b. Infection by specific pathogens due to a decrease innate immune response.People with certain PRR polymorphisms that result in underactive PRRs are at risk for what? a. Inflammatory damage by lower numbers of specific pathogens. b. Infection by specific pathogens due to a decrease innate immune response.Tissue fluid picks up microbes, enters the lymph vessels as lymph, and then enters _________________ where antigens are exposed ever-changing populations of circulating to B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. a. the spleen b. lymph nodes c. lymph nodulesUnencapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue containing fixed macrophages and ever changing populations of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes and located in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts describes what? a. the spleen b. lymph nodes c. lymph nodulesBlood carries microorganisms to ___________ where antigens are exposed to ever-changing populations of circulating to B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. a. the spleen b. lymph nodes c. lymph nodules

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) binding to endocytic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is the mechanism behind what? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.

Attachment of microbes to phagocytes by the antibody molecule IgG, complement proteins, C3b and C4b, or acute phase proteins such as MBL and CRP best describeswhat? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes

Lysosomes fusing with phagosomes is the mechanism behind what step in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.Most tissue destruction associated with bacterial infections is a result of what? a. Bacterial toxins. b. Extracellular killing by phagocytes. c. Immunodeficiency. d. CytotoxicT-lymphocytes.Polymerization and then depolymerization of actin filaments send pseudopods out to engulf microbes and place them in phagosomes best describes what step in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment bt phagocytes. d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.

Defense molecules such as IgG, C3b, C4b, CRP, and MBL are involved in what step in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes.. d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.By blocking the acidification of the phagosome, some bacteria are better able to resist what step in phagocytosis? a. Enhanced attachment or opsonization. b. Unenhanced attachment. c. Destruction by lysosomes. d. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. e. Activation of phagocytes.Circulating phagocytes produce surface receptors that enabling them to squeeze out of the capillary and be attracted to the site of infection, produce PRRs, and increase metabolic and microbicidal activity. This best describes what step in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.Bacterial capsules best help bacteria block what step in phagocytosis? a. Enhanced attachment or opsonization b. Unenhanced attachment. c. Destruction by lysosomes. d. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. e. Activation of phagocytes.

People that lack the enzyme oxidase in the cytoplasmic membrane of their phagocytes due to a genetic disorder are more susceptible to infection. Why might this be? a. Their phagocytes cannot migrate to the site of infection. b. Their phagocytes cannot produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill microbes. c. Their phagocytes cannot produce defensins and acid hydrolases (proteases) that kill microbes. d. Their phagocytes cannot produce pseudopodia.Movement of phagocytes toward an increasing concentration of some attractant such as PAMPs, C5a, chemokines, fibrin split products, kinins, and DAMPs best describes what step in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.

Match:a. Killer-activating receptorsb. Apoptosis, a programmed cell suicidec. Killer-inhibitory receptors 1. Recognize stress induced molecules such as MICA and MICB on the surface of tumor cells or infected cells.2. Mechanism by which NK cells kill tumor cells and infected cells.3. Recognize MHC-I molecules usually present on all nucleated cells of the body.Killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells are able to recognize what? a. MICA molecules on stressed cells. b. MICB molecules on stressed cells. c. MHC-I molecules with self peptides on stressed cells.

d. The antibody molecule IgG.The function of molecules such as MICA and MICB produced by stressed cells, cancer cells, and infected cells is to do what? a. Bind to killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells turn off their kill signal. b. Bind to killer-activating receptors on NK cells to turn on their kill signal. c. Trigger NK cells to dump their lysosomes for extracellular killing. d. Bind to the antibody IgG for enhanced attachment.Which is not a function of NK cells? a. Bind to IgG on infected cells and tumor cells and kill them with lysosomes. b. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells that suppress MHC-I production andcannot be removed by CTLs. c. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or ADCC.How do NK cells kill infected cells and tumor cells? a. By apoptosis. b. By lysosomes fusing with phagosomes. c. With reactive oxygen species (ROS). d. With defensins and proteases.Which is NOT a benefit of plasma leakage into the tissue during inflammation? a. Leukocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue. b. Antibody molecules leave the blood and enter the tissue. c. Complement proteins to leave the blood and enter the tissue. d. Nutrients leave the blood and enter the tissue.During inflammation, integrins function to do what? a. Attract phagocytes to the infection site by chemotaxis. b. Enable the leukocytes to roll along the inner wall of venules. c. Bind leukocytes firmly to adhesion molecules on the inner wall of venules.During inflammation, selectins function to do what? a. Attract phagocytes to the infection site by chemotaxis. b. Enable the leukocytes to roll along the inner wall of venules. c. Bind leukocytes firmly to adhesion molecules on the inner wall of venules.

__________ slows blood flow at the infection site to give more opportunity for leukocytes to adhere to the walls of the capillary and squeeze out into the surrounding tissue. a. Constriction of endothelial cells resulting in vasodilation. b. Constriction of smooth muscles around larger blood vessels. c. Enhanced attachment or opsonization.Sorry, incorrect answer.

Molecules located on the inner wall of endothelial cells that bind integrins on the surface of leukocytes to allow allowing leukocytes to firmly bind to the inner blood vessel wall, flatten out, and squeeze between the endothelial cells to leave the blood vessels and enter the tissue are called what? a. PAMPs b. PRRs c. P-selectins d. Adhesion moleculesDuring inflammation, what actually increases the permeability of venules? a. Constriction of endothelial cells b. Vasoconstriction c. P-selectins d. Integrins____________ play(s) an important role in heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes,cancer, and tissue destruction from infections. a. Acute inflammation b. Chronic inflammation c. Viruses d. Antigen-antibody reactionsDuring inflammation, diapedesis functions to do what? a. Enable antibody molecules to leave the blood and enter the tissue. b. Enable complement proteins to leave the blood and enter the tissue. c. Enable plasma to leave the blood and enter the tissue.

d. Enable phagocytes, inflammatory cells, and cytotoxicT-lymphocytes to leave the blood and enter the tissue.

Part of innate immunity is the body trapping or eliminating iron so as to make it unavailable for bacteria. Iron is a cofactor required for certain bacterial enzyme reactions. True False

Some bacteria are able to successfully compete for iron by having receptors for human iron chelating proteins and taking in that bound iron. True FalseLactoferrin, transferrin, and ferritin are common bacteria-produced iron chelatorrs that trap iron for bacterial use. True FalseBy stimulating the production of heat shock proteins, fever can promote the production of inflammatory cytokines. True False

Hyperpyrexia is a fever with an extreme elevation of body temperature greater thanor equal to 41.5 C (106.7 F) and is considered a medical emergency. True False

Fever is essentially harmful to the body and should normally be suppressed. True FalseVasoconstriction increases heat loss from the skin and helps lower body temperature. True

FalseBy elevating the body's temperature, fever speeds up the rate of enzyme reactions in the body and this increased rate of enzyme activity is harmful to the body. True FalseC-reactive protein (CRP), produced during the acute phase response, functions to dowhat? a. Bind to membrane phospholipids in microbial membranes and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the classical complement pathway. b. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the lectin pathway. c. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the alternative complement pathway.In response to ____________________, acute phase proteins are produced by hepatocytes in the liver. a. interferons b. complement proteins c. inflammatory cytokines d. antibacterial peptidesMannan-binding lectin(MBL), produced during the acute phase response, functions to do what? a. Bind to membrane phospholipids in microbial membranes and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the classical complement pathway. b. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the lectin pathway. c. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the classical complement pathwayThese cells have a limited diversity of antigen receptors that recognize molecules associated with epithelial cells but expressed only when those cells arestressed or infected. They kill those cells by inducing apoptosis, a programmed cell suicide. a. gamma:delta T-lymphocytes b. alpha:beta T-lymphocytes c. B-1 cells d. marginal zone B cells

These cells have a limited diversity of antigen receptors that initially produce a classof antibody molecule called IgM against common polysaccharide and lipid antigens of microbes and against PAMPs of bacteria that invade body cavities. a. gamma:delta T-lymphocytes b. alpha:beta T-lymphocytes c. B-1 cells d. marginal zone B cells

U6L1Molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the survival ofthose organisms and are not found associated with mammalian cells that initiate early induced innate immunity are called what? a. antigens b. epitopes c. PAMPs d. PRRsAn antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within several hours after exposure to almost any microbe. This best describes what? a. adaptive immunity b. innate immunity c. humoral immunity d. cell-mediated immunityThe actual portion or fragment of an antigen that reacts with the receptors on B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is called what? a. a B-cell receptor (BCR) b. a T-cell receptor (TCR) c. an antibody d. an epitopeThe immunity one is born with and is the initial response by the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection. This best describes what? a. adaptive immunity

b. innate immunity c. humoral immunity d. cell-mediated immunityAny substance that reacts with antibody molecules and with receptors on B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is called an antigen. True FalseThe immunity one develops throughout life that allows us to recognize any antigen the body encounters. This best describes what? a. adaptive immunity b. innate immunity c. humoralimmunity d. cell-mediated immunity

An antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen. This best describes what? a. adaptive immunity b. innate immunity c. humoral immunity d. cell-mediated immunity

Begins 0 - 4 hours after exposure to an infectious agent and involves the action of soluble preformed antimicrobial molecules that circulate in the blood and in extracellular tissue fluids best describes what? a. immediate innate immunity b. early induced innate immunity c. adaptive immunity d. humoral immunitya. antigenb. immunogenc. autoantigens

d. endogenous antigense. B-cell receptor (BCR)f. exogenous antigensg. epitopeh. T-cell receptor (TCR) 1. A substance that reacts with antibody molecules and antigen receptors on lymphocytes.2. An antigen that is recognized by the body as non-self and stimulates an adaptive immune response.3. The actual portions or fragments of an antigen that react with receptors on B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes as well as with free antibody molecules.4. An antibody molecule composed of 4 glycoprotein chains whose Fc portion is anchored to the membrane of certain lymphocytes; able to recognize epitopes on protein and polysaccharide antigens.5. A molecule composed of 2 glycoprotein chains anchored to the membrane of certain lymphocytes; able to recognize peptide epitopes from protein antigens presented by the body's own cells by way of MHC molecules.6. Antigens are proteins found within the cytosol of human cells such as viral proteins, proteins from intracellular bacteria, and tumor antigens.7. An organism's own antigens (self-antigens) that stimulate an autoimmune reaction.8. Antigens that enter from outside the body, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and free virusesMHC molecules function to do what? a. Enable B-lymphocytes to recognize epitopes of antigens. b. Enable T-lymphocytes to recognize epitopes of antigens. c. Enable lymphocytes to recognize PAMPs.Sorry, incorrect answer.

Points scored this item: 0

correctValue: 1

Antigens from inside a body cell such as viral antigens, tumor antigens, and antigens from intracellular bacteria are called what? a. Exogenous antigens. b. Endogenous antigens. c. Autoantigens. d. PAMPs.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1MHC-I molecules present peptide epitopes from endogenous antigens to what? a. TCR and CD4 molecules on nave T4-lymphocytes and effectorT4-lymphocytes. b. TCR and CD8 molecules on nave T8-lymphocytes and cytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs). c. BCR molecules on B-lymphocytes.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1Antigens from outside the body cell such as free viruses, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria are called what? a. Exogenous antigens. b. Endogenous antigens. c. Autoantigens d. PAMPs.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1Made by all nucleated cells of the body; binds primarily to peptide epitopes from endogenous antigens. This best describes what? a. MHC-I molecules. b. MHC-II molecules. c. CD4 molecules. d. CD8 molecules.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1Made by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes; primarily binds peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens. This best describes what? a. MHC-I molecules. b. MHC-II molecules. c. CD4 molecules. d. CD8 molecules.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1MHC-II molecules present peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens to what?

a. TCR and CD4 molecules on on nave T4-lymphocytes and effectorT4-lymphocytes. b. TCR and CD8 molecules on nave T8-lymphocytes and cytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs). c. BCR molecules on B-lymphocytes.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 4Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.a. TCR of T8-lymphocytesb. MHC-II moleculesc. TCR of T4-lymphocytesd. MHC-I molecules 1. Produced by all nucleated cells in the body.2. Produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes.3. Recognize peptides bound to MHC-II molecules.4. Recognize peptides bound to MHC-I molecules.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1

Exogenous antigens are processed into peptides by organelles called ______________ and are bound to _______________. a. Lysosomes; MHC-II molecules. b. Proteasomes; MHC-I molecules. c. Lysosomes; MHC-I molecules. d. Proteasomes; MHC-II molecules.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1Endogenous antigens are processed into peptides by organelles called _____________ and are bound to ______________. a. Lysosomes; MHC-II molecules. b. Proteasomes; MHC-I molecules. c. Lysosomes; MHC-I molecules. d. Proteasomes; MHC-II molecules.

Which best describes the function of effectorT4-lymphocytes? a. Activate macrophages and NK cells. b. Produce cytokines that enable activated B-lymphocytes to rapidly proliferate, differentiate into effector cells, and produce different classes of antibodies. c. Produce cytokines that enable activated T-lymphocytes to rapidly proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. d. All of the above.Right! Good job!


correct

Value: 1Nave T4-lymphocytes are activated by their TCR and CD4 molecules recognizing what? a. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on B-lymphocytes. b. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on dendritic cells. c. MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes on dendritic cells. d. MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes on macrophages.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1The overall function of effector T4-lymphocytes is to do what? a. Activate nave T8-lymphocytes by way of the cytokines they produce. b. Regulate adaptive immunity by way of the cytokines they produce. c. Activate PRRs on defense cells so they can recognize PAMPs and DAMPs. d. Activate nave dendritic cells by way of the cytokines they produce.Right! Good job!


incorrectValue: 6Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.a. CD4 TH2 cellsb. peptides from exogenous antigens bound to MHC-II moleculesc. CD4 TH17 cells

d. CD4 Treg cellse. CD4 TH1 cellsf. T-cell receptors (TCRs) 1. Epitopes of antigens are recognized by T4-lymphocytes by way of their ____________.2. The TCR/CD4 molecules of T4-lymphocytes recognize ________________________ on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes.3. Promote cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens; enhance the killing ability of macrophages, promote diapedesis and chemotaxis of macrophages,and promote the production of opsonizing antibodies.4. Help to limit immune responses and prevent autoimmunity by suppressing T-lymphocyte activies, promote immune memory, help to sustain pregnancy, and control established inflammation.5. Promote a local inflammatory response to stimulate a strong neutrophil response and promote the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes.6. Promote the production of the antibody isotype IgE in response to helminthsand allergens, attract and activate eosinophils and mast cells, promote the production ofantibodies that neutralize microbesand toxins, and promote the removal of microbes in mucosal tissues.

CTLs bind to and induce apoptosis of infected cells and cancer cells by what mechanism? a. Binding to the Fc portion of IgG that has reacted with epitopes on the surface of these cells. b. Binding to peptide epitope on MHC-II molecules on these cells by way of their TCR and CD8 molecules. c. Binding to peptide epitope on MHC-I molecules on these cells by way of their TCRand CD8 molecules. d. Binding to peptide epitope on MHC-I molecules on these cells by way of their TCRand CD4 molecules.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 3Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.a. cytotoxic T-lymphocytesb. peptides from endogenous antigens bound to MHC-I moleculesc. T-cell receptors (TCRs) 1. Epitopes of antigens are recognized by T8-lymphocytes by way of their ____________.2. The TCR/CD8 molecules of naive T8-lymphocytes recognize ________________________ on antigen-presenting dendritic cells.3. After activation, T8-lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into _____________________.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1Nave T8-lymphocytes are activated by their TCR and CD8 molecules recognizing what? a. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on B-lymphocytes. b. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on dendritic cells. c. MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes on dendritic cells. d. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes on macrophages.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1What is the primary function of effector T8-lymphocytes? a. Kill cancer cells and infected cells by inducing apoptosis. b. Regulate adaptive immunity by way of the cytokines they produce. c. Kill cancer cells and infected cells by binding to the Fc portion of IgG that have bound to these cells. d. Produce antibodies that promote opsonization

iNKT lymphocytes can also be activated by the cytokine __________ produced by activated dendritic cells. a. interleukin-2 b. interleukin-1 c. interleukin-12 d. interleukin-6Right! Good job!


incorrectValue: 1Epitopes of glycolipid antigens are recognized by iNKT lymphocytes by way of their _______. a. MHC-i molecules b. MHC-II molecules c. B-cell receptors d. T-cell receptorsSorry, incorrect answer.


correctValue: 1The TCR molecules of iNKT lymphocytes recognize ________________________ on antigen-presenting dendritic cells. a. exogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD4 molecules b. endogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules c. endogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD8 moleculesRight! Good job!


correctValue: 1iNKT cells promote both innate and adaptive immunity and may also regulate immune responses by way of the ____________ they produce once activated. a. cytokines b. antibodies c. PAMPs d. PRRsWhere do macrophages, dendritic cells, nave Blymphocytes, and nave T-lymphocytes gather to recognize epitopes of antigens? a. Secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodules, lymph nodes, and the spleen. b. In the bone marrow and the thymus. c. In the lymph and the blood.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 8

Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.a. lymphb. spleenc. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)d. tissue fluide. primary lymphoid organsf. lymph nodesg. secondary lymphoid organsh. plasma 1. Contain antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and ever changing populations ofB-lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes. Examples include the tonsils, the appendix, Peyer's patches, MALT, SALT, lymph nodes, and the spleen.2. Produce B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. The bone marrow and the thymus.3. The fluid surrounding cells in the body.4. The liquid portion of the blood.5. A diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, eye, and skin. It is populated by loose clusters of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, activated TH cells, and macrophages.6. The liquid found in lymph vessels.7. Expose antigens found in the lymph to dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes.8. Expose antigens found in the blood to dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes.

If an antigen enters tmucous membranes, where does it encounters the APCs, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes needed to initiate adaptive immunity? a. The bone marrow and the thymus. b. The spleen.

c. The MALT. d. The blood. e. The lymph nodes.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1If an antigen enters through the bloodstream, where does it encounters the APCs, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes needed to initiate adaptive immunity? a. The bone marrow and the thymus. b. The spleen. c. The MALT. d. The blood. e. The lymph nodes.a. B-lymphocytesb. T4-lymphocytesc. T8-lymphocytes 1. Uses TCRs and CD8 molecules to recognize peptide epitopes from endogenous antigens bound to MHC-I molecules of cells.2. Uses BCRs to recognize epitopes of antigens; a few antigens are recognized by toll-like receptors.3. Uses TCRs and CD4 molecules to recognize peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens bound to MHC-II molecules of antigen-presenting dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes.The ability of the body to initiate and direct adaptive immune responses against antigenic molecules foreign to the body but not against antigenic molecules that area normal component of the body is called what? a. immunologic memory b. anamnestic response

c. immulologic tolerance d. receptor editingRight! Good job!


incorrectValue: 1Clonal expansion of B-lymphocytes, T4-lymphocytes, and T8-lymphocytes that have bound to epitopes that fit their BCRs or TCRs is mediated by what? a. Cytokines produced by effector dendritic cells. b. Cytokines produced by macrophages. c. Cytokines produced by NK cells. d. Cytokines produced by effectorT4-lymphocytes.Sorry, incorrect answer.


incorrectValue: 1How do B-lymphocytes, T4-lymphocytes, and T8-lymphocytes recognize epitopes of antigens? a. By their B-cell receptors and their T-cell receptors. b. By their MHC-I and MHC-II molecules. c. By their CD4 and CD8 molecules. d. By their pattern-recognition receptors.Sorry, incorrect answer.


correct

Value: 1How are naiveT8-lymphocytes primarily activated? a. By binding to MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes from endogenous antigens on dendritic cells. b. By binding to MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens on dendritic. c. By binding to MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes from endogenous antigens on dendritic cells.. d. By binding to MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens on dendritic cells.

Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1After proliferation, most activated B-lymphocytes, differentiate into what? a. Dendritic cells. b. Plasma cells. c. Macrophages. d. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). e. Mast cells.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1After proliferation, most activated T4-lymphocytes differentiate into what?

a. Cells such as Th1-lymphocytes, Th2-lymphocytes, and Th17-lymphocytes, and Treg lymphocytes. b. CytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs). c. Antibody-secreting plasma cells. d. T8-effector cells. e. iNKT cells.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1What is the primary role of dendritic cells? a. To activate macrophages through the cytokines they produce. b. To activate NK cells through the cytokines they produce. c. To activate nave T4-lymphocytes and nave T8-lymphocytes through the cytokines they produce. d. To activate nave B-lymphocytes through the cytokines they produce and enable them to differentiate into plasma cells.

Right! Good job!a. Fcb. IgMc. IgGd. IgAe. Fab 1. The region of the antibody that provide specificity for binding an epitope on an antigen.2. The region of the antibody that is responsible for the biological activity of the antibody.

3. Composed of four glycoprotein chains. There are two identical heavy chains having a high molecular weight and two identical light chains.4. A pentamer, consisting of 5 "Y"-like molecules connected at their Fc portions by a"J" or joining chain.5. A dimer consisting of 2 "Y"-like molecules connected at their Fc portions by a "J" chain and stabilized to resist enzymatic digestion.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1Which of the following are functions associated with the Fc portion of various isotypes of antibody molecules? a. Bind to epitopes of antigens. b. Bind antigens to phagocytes. c. Activate the complement pathways. d. Bind antigens to NK cells. e. A, B, and C. f. B, C, and D.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1Antibodies are produced by what cells?[mark all correct answers]

a. T4-effector cells b. B-lymphocytes

c. mast cells d. plasma cells e. dendritic cellsRight! Good job!


correctValue: 1The Fab portion of antibody molecules functions to do what? a. Bind to epitopes of antigens. b. Bind antigens to phagocytes. c. Activate the complement pathways. d. Bind antigens to NK cells. e. A, B, and C. f. B, C, and D.Both IgG and IgM can promote opsonization by what mechanism? a. Sticking microbes directly to phagocytes. b. Sticking microbes directly to CTLs. c. C. Activating the classical complement pathway to generate C3b and C4b. d. Sticking microbes to mast cells and basophils.Right! Good job!MAC cytolysis is a result of what? a. Antibodies sticking microbes to phagocytes. b. Antibodies sticking microbes to NK cells. c. Proteins produced during the complement pathways. d. CytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs) triggering apoptosis. e. Extracellular killing by eosinophils.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1_______ are antibodies that can contribute to MAC lysis of Gram-negative bacteria, enveloped viruses, infected cells, and tumor cells by activating the classical complement pathway. a. IgG and IgE. b. IgG and IgM. c. IgG and IgD. d. IgA and IgM.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1During MAC cytolysis, the Fab portion of the antibody _____________while the Fc portion _______________. a. binds to epitopes of an antigen; activates the complement pathway b. activates the complement pathway; binds to epitopes of an antigen c. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) d. activates the complement pathway; binds to NK cellsRight! Good job!


correctValue: 1MAC affects viruses by what mechanism? a. Attaching viruses to phagocytes for opsonization.

b. Activating NK cells that kill viruses. c. Attaching viruses to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that kill viruses. d. Damaging the envelope of enveloped viruses.During ADCC, the Fab portion of the antibody _____________while the Fc portion _______________. a. binds to epitopes of an antigen; activates the complement pathway b. activates the complement pathway; binds to epitopes of an antigen c. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes d. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to NK cells.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a result of what? a. Antibodies sticking infected cells and cancer cells to phagocytes. b. Antibodies sticking infected cells and cancer cells to cytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs). c. Antibodies sticking infected cells and cancer cells to NK cells. d. MAC lysing the membranes of infected cells and cancer cells.Right! Good job!


correctValue: 1NK cells kill the cells they bind to by what mechanism? a. Triggering apoptosis. b. Dumping the contents of their lysosomes on the cell. c. Producing cytolytic exotoxins that lyse the cell.

d. Inducing extracellular killing by eosinophils.

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