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Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
When meeting someone who suffers from persistent pain, one key
question that often arises is: “How do you cope with the pain?” Attempts to
understand pain coping have been a major focus of psychosocial pain
research and clinical practice for the past two decades. Much of the
interest in pain coping can be traced back to the emergence of more
sophisticated models of pain (e.g., the gate control theory, the neuromatrix
theory). These models show that pain is a complex, multidimensional
experience that not only has a sensory component, but also cognitive,
affective, and motivational/behavioral components. The menstrual period is
a natural phenomenon that occurs throughout the reproductive years of
every woman. Most females experience some degree of pain and
discomfort in their menstruation period.
Most women have experienced in their lifetime the painful sensation
when their monthly period comes. The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea
(painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin) is difficult to determine
because of different definitions of the condition. It occurs an estimated vary
from 45% to 95% of the women population today (Farquhar,2006).
1
However, dysmenorrhoea seems to be the most common gynaecological
condition in women regardless of age and nationality. It disrupts daily
activity for 1-2 days and absenteeism from work and school as a result of
intolerable pain (13% to 51% women have been absent at least once and
5% to 14% are often absent owing to the severity of symptoms)
(Weissman, 2005) Dysmenorrhoea, especially when it is severe, is
associated with a restriction of activity and absence from school or work.
Yet despite this substantial effect on their quality of life and general well
being, few women with dysmenorrhoea seek treatment as they believe it
would not help.
As a common gynaecologic problem many remedies are done to get
relieved from the discomfort. Some try natural remedies for cramps, heat
exercise, bed rest, self massage, aromatherapy and pills. If the pain
becomes intolerable some may consult a medical practitioner. Women
may get temporary relieved from the cramp brought about by this practices
but the problem is still there every month. And sometimes pain may
increase from the previous experiences. Dysmenorrhoea is perceived by
women as a temporary setback to her daily activities and will tolerate as
much pain as she can. Some are even tolerable that it may persist for
years without seeking medical help or relief. Some have even considered
dysmenorrhoea as part of being a woman.
2
The study described how the adolescents cope up with
dysmenorrhea that is why the researchers decided to conduct the study
since most of the researchers belong to the same age bracket and have
the same experience.
Background of the study
Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult menstrual flow or painful
menstruation. The term dysmenorrhea is derived from the Greek words
dys, meaning difficult/painful/abnormal, meno, meaning month, and rrhea,
meaning flow. Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic
complaints in young women who present to clinicians.1 The optimal
management of this symptom depends on an understanding of the
underlying cause. Dysmenorrhea is classified as primary (spasmodic) or
secondary (congestive).
Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain not associated
with macroscopic pelvic pathology (ie, absence of pelvic disease). It
typically occurs in the first few years after menarche3 and affects up to 50%
of postpubescent females.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain resulting
from anatomic and/or macroscopic pelvic pathology, such as that seen in
women with endometriosis or chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. This
condition is most often observed in women aged 30-45 years.
3
The following risk factors have been associated with more severe
episodes of dysmenorrheal: Earlier age at menarche, long menstrual
periods, heavy menstrual flow, smoking and positive family history
Obesity and alcohol consumption were found to be associated with
dysmenorrhea in some (not all) studies. Physical activity and the duration
of the menstrual cycle do not appear to be associated with increased
menstrual pain.
Theoretical Framework
One of the common abnormalities that a woman mat experience
during menstrual period is dysmenorrhea. This painful menstruation that
may lead to discomfort is considered a stress. Selye (1956) defined stress
as wear and tear on the body. He developed his framework to explain the
physiologic response to stress which is “stress-adaptation model”.
According to his theory, stressor is any positive or negative occurrence or
any emotion requiring response. Interaction with the environment and
others in evitably produces stress, depending on individual perception and
definition of the stressor (schwecke, 2007).
Stressful events often create demands with which individuals
cannot effectively cope. Ineffective coping and creation of additional
problems results in additional stress and can lead to physical illness or
4
mental illness or both. In this study, the researchers considered the
“adaptation theory” of sister calista roy, as it viewed the major process on
behavioral science concept with the individual described as the participant
in bio-psychosocial adaptive system. Individual are described as human
beings under stress (in this research dysmenorrhea represent the
stressors) and the individual’s goal is to adapt to that stress. Human needs
are created with interrelated adaptive models: physiologic needs, self
concept, and role function.
Roy identifies four key concepts which are the person, recipient of
nursing care; Environment, conditions circumstances and influences that
surround and affect the development and behavior of person and group;
health, state or process of being and becoming an integrated and whole
person; and lastly nursing promotion of adaptive response.
Stress is a state produced by a change in the environment that is
perceived as challenging, threatening or damaging to a person’s dynamic
balance or equilibrium. According to the theory of betty Neumann, the
system model describe the concepts of basic structures, client variable,
lines of resistance, normal line of defense, flexible line of defense,
environment, stressor, health, reaction, prevention, reconstitution and
nursing which are physiologic and psychological responses to a stressor in
a normal system. This focuses on interrelationships between the
5
subsystems. Outcomes are influenced by factors that are inside or outside
the system.
Through this principle, the theories emphasize the nurse responsibility
is the promotion of health by reducing stress and enhance coping
mechanism that can be derive from either internal or external sources.
1. Classify the adaptive mode being used by the client
2. Assisting the client to adapt to perceived stressors, changes, or
threats that interfere with meeting life demands and rules
3. Promote other ways of coping and techniques of relaxation
These theories helped the researches identify the stress in individual
life and encouraged the patient cope with the change in environment. This
research support and understand if ever the individual demonstrates
ineffective adaptive response.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the coping mechanism used by
adolescents experiencing dysmenorrhea. Specifically, the study sought to
answers the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. Age;
1.2. Age of menarche;
6
1.3. Ordinal position in the family;
1.4. Type of family;
2. To what extent do the respondents describe the coping mechanism
they used to cope up with dysmenorrhea in terms of:
2.1. Physical Response
2.2. Mental Response
2.3. Social Response
2.4. Coping Mechanism
3. Is there a significant difference between the adolescence coping
mechanisms to dysmenorrheal when grouped according to their profile.
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
There are no significant differences between the adolescence
coping mechanisms to dysmenorrhea when grouped according to their
profile.
Significance of the Studies
The result of this study would give several benefits to the following
people:
7
Adolescent Experience Dysmenorrhea. This enables them to be
knowledgeable regarding their own coping mechanism during these painful
days of having this.
Nursing Professionals. This study can guide nursing professional to
a better understanding on how to people experiencing dysmenorrhea and
also this helps nurses or the allied health professional; understand how
this group of people cope up to assist them properly to achieve their goal.
The knowledge that they could get from this research encouraged the
patients and their family as a support group to alleviate pain.
Nursing Students. It is a challenge to every nursing student in the
field of Medicine to improve the health of individuals and find interventions
to problems that could be addressed with the application of new
technology to alleviate pain of the patients involved.
To the Researchers. The changes that the adolescent who
experienced dysmenorrhea undergo as they continue their daily life
activities and the awareness of the family, society and the increase
prevalence of dysmenorrhea among this age population. This information
would be valuable in improving evidence based practice.
Future Researcher. This study can guide future researchers in the
field of medicine and technology in order for them to assess the how
patient cope in this crisis as a collaborative action of the team.
8
Scope and Delimitations
The scope of the study was a data survey gathering among high
school students of Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc.. Limited to one hundred (100)
respondents. The use of self-constructed questionnaire dealing with an
assessment of their level of awareness towards on their coping
mechanism during dysmenorrhea in relation to their profile. Bound by the
understanding and truthfulness of the respondents who answered the
questions.
Paradigm of the Study
Independent Variables Dependent Variable
Age
Age of Menarche
Ordinal Position in the Family
Type of Family
Figure 1 The Schematic Diagram of the significant
difference on the coping mechanism of patient whether poor and effective
when grouped according to profile.
9
Poor and Effective
Coping mechanism of
the individual during
painful episode.
The paradigm of this study shows how the profiles of
the respondents affect their behavior in relation to their coping mechanism.
It indicates that the dependent variable which is the profile and the
dependent how these affect their coping mechanism.
Definition of Terms
In the course of doing the study, the following terms was used in the
study:
Adaptation a change or alteration design to assist in adjusting to a new
situation and environment (Brunner & Suddarth, 2008).
Adolescence the time period between 13 years and 18 to 20 years (A.
Pillitteri, 2007).
Coping Mechanism any effort directed at stress management (N. Keltner,
2007).
Dysmenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by severe uterine
pain during menstruation white most women experience minor pain during
menstruation, dysmenorrheal is diagnosed when the pain is so severe as
to limit normal activities, or require medication (Brunner & Suddarth, 2008).
Experience knowledge, practice, changes, or skill derived from
observation or participation in events (Webster, 2008).
Respondents one who answers various legal proceedings and questions
(Webster, 2008).
10
Stress a disruptive condition that occurs in response to adverse influences
from the internal or external environment (Brunner & Suddarth, 2008).
Stressor stimulus perceived by the individual or the organism as
challenging, threatening or damaging (N. Keltner, 2007).
11
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Local Literature
This chapter reviewed some related relative and studies which is
relevant to the research. The review dealt with foreign and local literatures
that were considered significant in the current study regarding the coping
mechanisms of adolescent who experienced dysmenorrhoea.
According to the study of Tomoko Fujiwara and Rieko Nakata
(2007), they conducted research on young Japanese College Students
with Dysmenorrhea Have High Frequency of Irregular Menstruation. The
goal of the study is to estimate the current status of young women with
menstrual disorders, the relation among dysmenorrhea, irregular
menstruation and premenstrual symptoms was investigated by a
questionnaire. Subjects ranging from 18 to 20 years old were recruited
from 522 female students at Ashiya College in Japan. The intensity of
dysmenorrhea was classified into 3 grades (score 1, not requiring
analgesic; score 2, painful, requiring analgesic; score 3, painful, not
relieved by analgesic). All participants were further divided into subsequent
groups as having premenstrual symptoms or not and those having regular
12
or irregular menstruation. Dysmenorrhea scores in the students with
premenstrual symptoms or irregular menstruation were significantly higher
than those without these symptoms. There was no significant relation in
the incidence between premenstrual symptoms and irregular menstruation.
These findings suggest that considerable numbers of young women with
dysmenorrhea are associated with premenstrual symptoms.
In conclusion to their study, it confirmed that considerable numbers
of young women in Japan have irregular menstruation and premenstrual
symptoms. Although this study did not show any significant relation
between irregular menstruation and premenstrual symptoms, female
students reporting premenstrual symptoms also complained of higher
intensity of menstrual pains. From these findings, this study notably
suggests that some organic diseases causing dysmenorrhea are latently
proceeding in young Japanese women with premenstrual symptoms. Since
dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome may influence QOL in women
not only in the present but also in the future, these results should be noted
from the perspective of future reproductive function.
Foreign Literature
United States
13
Dysmenorrhea may affect more than half of menstruating women, and its
reported prevalence has been highly variable. A survey of 113 patients in a
family practice setting showed a prevalence of dysmenorrhea of 29-44%,
but prevalence rates as high as 90% in women aged 18-45 years have
been reported.1 The use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), both of which are effective in ameliorating
symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, may confound the prevalence.
Primary dysmenorrhea peaks in late adolescence and the early 20s.
The incidence falls with increasing age and with increasing parity. The
prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea in porous women are reportedly
significantly lower in many but not all studies. No significant difference with
respect to prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea was found between
nulligravid women and those in whom pregnancy had been terminated by
either spontaneous or induced abortion.
In an epidemiologic study of an adolescent population (aged 12-17
y), Klein and Litt reported a prevalence of dysmenorrhea of 59.7%. Of
patients reporting pain, 12% described it as severe; 37%, as moderate;
and 49%, as mild. Dysmenorrhea caused 14% of patients to miss school
frequently. Although black adolescents reported no increased incidence of
dysmenorrhea, they were absent from school more frequently (23.6%)
than whites (12.3%), even after adjusting for socioeconomic status.
14
Chapter III
METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY
15
This chapter presents the six important features of a research design
namely: design, sources of data, population of the study, instrumentation
and validation, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data.
This provides the plan and structure of the research.
Research Design
The study utilized the descriptive method .It enabled the
researcher through the use of a survey to gather information on how high
school students at Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas Bocaue, Bulacan.
Surveys are particularly useful when researchers are interested in
collecting data on aspects of behavior that are difficult to observe directly
(such as how they cope during the pain) and when it is desirable to sample
a large number of subjects. Surveys are used extensively in the social and
natural sciences to assess attitudes and opinions on a variety of subjects.
Interviews or questionnaires commonly include an assortment of forced-
choice questions (e.g. True-False) or open-ended to which subjects are
asked to respond.
The respondent of this study involve adolescent girls at Dr.
Yanga’s Colleges Inc. they secured a letter of consent from their research
coordinator to ask permission from the owner of the said school before
Sampling
16
Non probability sampling was employed to determine subject
respondents. Respondents were grouped in Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc.,
High School Department Wakas Bocaue, Bulacan was chosen as the
subject institution. Using non-probability sampling, high school students
chosen in said area. One hundred (100) students chosen for the accuracy
of the study.
Research Locale
The study was conducted at Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas
Bocaue, Bulacan.
Sources of Data
Primary sources of data for drawing conclusions and inferences
came from the personal information sheet and the respondents (High
School Students) answer in the constructed questionnaires. The
questionnaire was delivered in the form of an interview schedule to
facilitate efficient interaction between the researchers and the
respondents. This also provided the respondents the chance to ask
questions about menstruation and pain .Secondary sources of data for this
study came from books, and articles from websites.
Population of the Study
17
The respondents of the study were composed of one hundred (100)
selected at the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas Bocaue, Bulacan.
Research Instrument Used
Letter of the intent of conduct a survey were made by the subject
adviser and by the dean of college of nursing of Dr. Yanga’s colleges, Inc.
these were addressed to these were addressed the principal of the high
school department of Dr. Yanga’s college, Inc., for recognition and
acknowledgement of our presence in the high school department.
During the survey proper, respondents were approached and if
found amenable’ they were introduced to the survey objectives. After
screening, time way given for respondents to accomplish the forms with
the researchers’ standing by to answer questions that needs clarification.
The study utilized a five point Likert scale questionnaire on the
formulated factors raised in the statement of the problem. The Likert scale
was used to quantify the respondents’ responses to the ways of coping
with the dysmenorrheal ranging from a maximum of 5 presenting ALWAYS
to a minimum of 1 representing NEVER.
Since the questionnaires are a researcher prepared opinion for,
it does not have a tried and tested formula. A test-retest method was
undertaken before the formal/Actual implementation of the survey to
18
determine the validity and reliability of the survey at separate locale similar
to the intended locale on 10 respondents. The preliminary test further aims
that the respondent consistently comprehend and that the survey will
eventually provide a determination of the extent of the utilization of coping
mechanism of adolescent with dysmenorrheal.
The guide questionnaires were the main source of the study.
These questionnaires were written in English language but were translated
to Filipino as they go through the survey.
Statistical Statement of Data
After the questionnaires have been retrieved, the researchers
organized, tabulated, and processed the gathered data for presentation,
interpretation using the following formulas:
1. Frequency and Percentage is a measure of the number of
occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is used to
describe how part relates to its whole. To describe the profile of
the respondents
% = f x 100
n
where f = is the frequency of response
19
n = is the number of respondents
2. Weighted Mean. It is used as a measure of central tendency
by using the formula:
ΣfX
WM = -------
N
Where: WM = is the weighted mean
ΣfX = is the sum of the product of the
scores and the frequency
N = is the number of respondents
3. Pearson's r- The statistic is defined as the sum of the products of the
standard scores of the two measures divided by the degrees of
freedom,are the standard score, sample mean, and sample standard
deviation (calculated using n − 1 in the denominator), are the standard score,
population mean, and population standard deviation (calculated using n in the
denominator).The result obtained is equivalent to dividing the covariance
between the two variables by the product of their standard deviations.
Where X = the observed data for the independent variable
Y= the observed data for the dependent variable
20
N=size of the sample
R= the degree of relationship between x and y
Interpretation Scale on Coping Mechanism of AdolescentsExperiencing Dysmennorhea
Scale Range Interpretation
5 4.51-5 Always
4 3.51-4.5 Often
3 2.51-3.5 Sometimes
2 1.51-2.5 Seldom
1 1-1.5 Never
Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter present the analysis and interpretation of results
that were obtained through the use of questionnaire that was given to
100(One Hundred) students of Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Bocaue Bulacan.
21
This chapter serves as the basis for formulating conclusions
and recommendation.
Table 1
Age of the Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage, %
13-15 years old 48 48.00
16-18 years old 52 52.00
Total 100 100.00
The table shows that among 100 respondents were 48 or 48.00%
are 13-15 years old and 52 or 52.00% of them are 16-18 years.
It was an observation that the majority of the respondents were
young adults and probably this was the average stage where female is
ready body changes occur.
Table 2
Age of Menarche
Age Frequency Percentage, %
9-10 years old 26 26.00%
11-12 years old 44 44.00%
22
13-14 years old 30 30.00%
Total 100 100.00
The table shows, 26 or 26.00% of girls had their first
menstruation (menarche) were 9-10 years old, 44 or 44.00% were 11-12
years old and 30 or 30.00% were 13-14 years old. The result shows that
most of the girls having their first menstruation at age of 11-14 years old
which is normal.
Table 3
Ordinal Position in the Family
Position Frequency Percentage, %
First 20 20.00%
Second 22 22.00%
Third 28 28.00%
23
Fourth 30 30.00%
Others 0 0
Total 100 100.00
The table shows that the ordinal position in the family, the first
position were 20 or 20.00%, second were 22 or 22.00%, 28 or 28.00%
were third and lastly the majority which is fourth position were 30 or
30.00%.
Table 4
Type of Family
Age Frequency Percentage, %
Nuclear Family 66 66.00%
Extended Family 34 34.00%
Total 100 100.00
This table shows that the majority among the respondents
were from a nuclear family which yield 66 or 66.00%, but it is also
observed that there are 34 or 34.00% were from extended family it means
Filipino traditions regarding family closely knitted are being practice.
Table 5
24
Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent
Experiencing Dysmenorrhea
Responses Weighted Mean Interpretation Rank
A. Physical Response2.82
Sometimes 3
1. I experience abdominal pain 2.26 Seldom
2. I easily get tired 3.56 Often
3.I experience a headache 3.5 Sometimes
4. I eat less. 2.28 Seldom
5. I feel like vomiting. 2.52 Sometimes
B. Mental Response 2.71 Sometimes 41. I have difficulty in sleeping 2.64 Sometimes
2. I have difficulty in making decision 3.16 Sometimes
3. I fee like there is something wrong
with me2.92 Sometimes
4. I feel like people are talking about
me2.54 Sometimes
5. I feel like people pity me I feel like
people pity me2.26 Seldom
C. Social Response 3.26 Sometimes 1
1. I do not like going out with friends3 Sometimes
2. I don’t like to talk to anyone2.6 Sometimes
3. I easily get into a fight 2.94 Sometimes
25
4. I get embarrassed in front of people I
get embarrassed in front of people2.68 Sometimes
5. I like being alone in my room3.08 Sometimes
D. Coping Mechanism 2.92 Sometimes 21. I take Herbal products or medicines, and dietary supplements
2.38 Seldom
2. I do regular exercise to reduce pain 2.34 Seldom
3. I change my diet to reduce pain 1.92 Seldom
4. I go for a walk to relieve pain2.48 Seldom
5. I listen to relaxing music/watch TV to forget pain 4.3 Often
6. I keep myself busy to forget pain3.66 Often
7. I drink pain reliever to ease pain3.38 Sometimes
Average Weighted Mean 2.93 Sometimes
Base on the results, the behavioral responses of the respondents
who are experiencing dysmenorrheal their physical response shows of the
weighted mean of 2.82 with the interpretation of sometimes it means
sometimes they experience of abdominal pain, get easily tired, headache
eat less and a feeling to vomit also experience by them during their
menstruation. Base on their mental response the weighted mean yield
which 2.71 with an interpretation of sometimes it means that the
respondents during their menstruation sometimes experience difficulty to
26
fall asleep, difficulty of having decision and feeling of uneasy,
dysmenorrheal problem really affects the respondents in that matter. Base
on the social response with the total weighted mean of 3.26 with an
interpretation of sometimes, it means sometimes they also bothered by this
situation in terms of social response, the respondents didn’t get mingle
with their friends and lack of interaction people around them. Base on the
result regarding their coping mechanism during the painful days of having
dysmenorrheal problem the computed total weighted mean which, 2.92
with an interpretation of sometimes. The respondents coping with the use
of herbal medicines with weighted mean of 2.38 as interpreted of seldom,
regular exercise also doing by them to alleviate pain during the painful
episode with weighted mean of 2.34 interpreted as seldom, changing diet
is also one of the respondent’s mechanisms with the yield of weighted
mean 1.92 as interpreted of seldom, walking to relieve pain also being
done with a computed weighted mean of 2.48 with an interpretation of
seldom, listening to music and watching television are doing to forget the
pain they are experiencing with the computed weighted mean of 4.3 which
if very often use, keeping themselves busy is also try to alleviate pain with
the computed weighted mean of 3.66 with is often and lastly sometimes
they are taking pain reliever with computed weighted mean of 3.38. It was
an observation that respondents/sudents of Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc. High
27
School Department in Wakas, Bulacan have their different coping
mechanisms to fight the painful experience on dysmenorrhea.
Coping
Mechanisms
Mean
X1
Mean
X2
Mean
Difference
Comput
ed r-
value
Interpretation Decision
Effective 0.75 0.29 0.46 0.78 High Positive Correlation
Accepted
Ineffective 2.62 2.34 0.28 0.52Moderate Positive
CorrelationAccepted
Table 6
The Effectively of the Coping Mechanisms during Dysmenorrhea
Range of Value0.90 – 1.00 (-0.9 to -1.00) Very High Positive (negative) Correlation0.70- .090 (-0.70 to -0.90) High Positive (negative) Correlation0.50- 0.70 (-0.50 to -0.70) Moderate Positive (negative) Correlation0.30-0.50 (0.30-0.50) Low Positive (negative) Correlation0.00-0.30 (0.00to -0.30) Little if any Correlation As shown in Table 6, for the difference in the affectivity of the
respondents coping mechanisms, when grouped according a computed r
value of 0.78 which has an interpretation of High Positive Correlation since
the sign of r is positive a direct relationship is present between the two
variables there is significant a direct relationship is present between the
two variables there is significant on the effectiveness of their own
mechanisms to alleviate pain during dysmenorrheal problem when
28
grouped according to effective the decision was accepted. There are
respondents who experience their mechanisms to fight the pain are
ineffective with the computed r value of 0.52 which has an interpretation of
Moderate Positive Correlation since the sign of r is positive a direct
relationship between the two variables is significant which is accepted.
Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary and Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
The major purpose of this study was to determine the Behavioral
Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent Experiencing
29
Dysmenorrhea at the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas Bocaue Bocaue,
Bulacan.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
After careful study was made in the gathered data, the
following are results that were obtained based on the statement of the
problem:
1. Age- among 100 respondents were 48 or 48.00% are 13-15 years old
and 52 or 52.00% of them are 16-18 years.
It was an observation that the majority of the respondents were
young adults and probably this was the average stage where female is
ready body changes occur.
2. Age of Menarche- the result is 26 or 26.00% of girls had their first
menstruation (menarche) were 9-10 years old, 44 or 44.00% were 11-12
years old and 30 or 30.00% were 13-14 years old. The result shows that
most of the girls having their first menstruation at age of 11-14 years old
which is normal.
3. Ordinal Position in the Family- the result shows that the ordinal
position in the family, the first position were 20 or 20.00%, second were 22
or 22.00%, 28 or 28.00% were third and lastly the majority which is fourth
position were 30 or 30.00%.
4. Type of Family- the majority among the respondents were from a
nuclear family which yield 66 or 66.00%, but it is also observed that there
30
are 34 or 34.00% were from extended family it means Filipino traditions
regarding family closely knitted are being practice.
5. Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent
Experiencing Dysmenorrhea- the behavioral responses of the
respondents who are experiencing dysmenorrheal their physical response
shows of the weighted mean of 2.82 with the interpretation of sometimes it
means sometimes they experience of abdominal pain, get easily tired,
headache eat less and a feeling to vomit also experience by them during
their menstruation. Base on their mental response the weighted mean yield
which 2.71 with an interpretation of sometimes it means that the
respondents during their menstruation sometimes experience difficulty to
fall asleep, difficulty of having decision and feeling of uneasy,
dysmenorrheal problem really affects the respondents in that matter. Base
on the social response with the total weighted mean of 3.26 with an
interpretation of sometimes, it means sometimes they also bothered by this
situation in terms of social response, the respondents didn’t get mingle
with their friends and lack of interaction people around them. Base on the
result regarding their coping mechanism during the painful days of having
dysmenorrheal problem the computed total weighted mean which, 2.92
with an interpretation of sometimes. The respondents coping with the use
of herbal medicines with weighted mean of 2.38 as interpreted of seldom,
regular exercise also doing by them to alleviate pain during the painful
31
episode with weighted mean of 2.34 interpreted as seldom, changing diet
is also one of the respondent’s mechanisms with the yield of weighted
mean 1.92 as interpreted of seldom, walking to relieve pain also being
done with a computed weighted mean of 2.48 with an interpretation of
seldom, listening to music and watching television are doing to forget the
pain they are experiencing with the computed weighted mean of 4.3 which
if very often use, keeping themselves busy is also try to alleviate pain with
the computed weighted mean of 3.66 with is often and lastly sometimes
they are taking pain reliever with computed weighted mean of 3.38. It was
an observation that respondents/sudents of Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc. High
School Department in Wakas, Bulacan have their different coping
mechanisms to fight the painful experience on dysmenorrhea.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of this study, the researchers therefore offer
the following conclusions:
1. In terms of Age- respondents are mostly ranges from 16-18 years old
the result shows that this is the time that girls undergoing physical changes
and they are not just ignore what they feel when pain come out during their
32
menstruation, because they are on the right age they find thing to alleviate
this pain.
2. In terms of Age of Menarche- the ages from 11-14 years of age are
the right time for girls to have their first menstruation. It was an observation
base on the result that majority of the respondents 11-12 years old which
yield 44 or 44.00% having menarche, so therefore, the physical changes in
terms of menstruation is the right time for them.
3. In terms of Ordinal Position in the Family3. Ordinal Position in the
Family- most of the respondents are youngest so the means of their
coping mechanisms also affect by their family which surrounds them.
Sometimes their sisters are advising them to take herbal medicines to
minimize the pain they are suffering for. So instead of thinking for
themselves to have their own coping ordinal position influences as big
factor.
4. In terms of Type of Family- it was an observation that 34 or 34.00%
among the 100 respondents are from an extended family. It means their
coping mechanisms also affect by them.
5. In terms of Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of
Adolescent Experiencing Dysmenorrhea- it was an observation that
respondents have their own coping mechanisms to minimize the pain
during their menstruation days there are effective and sometimes they use
33
the ineffective one so they are still searching for the effective for them to
cope with the pain they feel.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. That a more resolute orientation to educate the cancer patient on
the importance of necessary chemotherapy be pursued to
disseminate the benefits of this.
2. That the issue of gender that men are mostly prone to have cancer
but our results indicated that it was alarming that women were
continuously to have different types of cancers, hence,
government must have women community education on
prevention specific types of cancer.
3. Those similar studies on the same topic are pursued among other
public and private hospitals both in the urban and rural areas
around the country are made to further collaborate the findings
that has been documented in this study. This will enable medical
professionals to get a good census on the perception and attitude
of oncology nurses and related to compliance to therapeutic
regimen of cancer patient.
4. For newly researches we want you to further study what are the
factors that interfere cancer patient to comply on therapeutic
regimen.
RECOMMENDATIONS
34
1. That a more resolute orientation to educate the female adolescents
on the importance of clinic visit be pursued to disseminate the benefits
of this.
2. Community leaders must educate women community education
regarding the proper care and coping during the dysmenorrheal
problem.
3. Those similar studies on the same topic are pursued among other
public and private clinics both in the urban and rural areas around
the country are made to further collaborate the findings that has
been documented in this study. This will enable medical
professionals to get a good census on the coping mechanisms of
female who are experiencing pain during menstruation.
4. For newly researches we want you to further study what are the
other factors that interfere female to educate themselves regarding
this problem.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Brunner & Suddarth (2008)
Pilliteri (2007)
N.Keltner (2007)
35
Weissman (2005)
Schwecke (2007)
Electronic Sources
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_adolescent/
dysmn.cfm
http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Survey Questionnaire
Dear Respondent.
We are nursing students from Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. Wakas,
Bocaue, Bulacan and we are currently making a research paper as part of
36
our requirements in our subject Nursing Research. Our research topic is
the “Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent
Experiencing Dysmenorrhea”. We would like to solicit your participation in
the survey we are conducting. Your participation and cooperation will be
highly appreciated. Thank you.
Part IAge : ( ) 13-15 years old ( ) 16-18 years old
Age of Menarche: ( ) 9-10 years old ( ) 11-12 years ( ) 13-15years
Ordinal Position in the Family: ( ) 1st child ( ) 2nd child ( ) 3rd child ( ) 4th child ( ) others; please specify ___________Type of Family: ( ) Nuclear Family ( ) Extended Family
Part II
Direction: Put a check mark ( √ ) on the space provided for that best
correspond to your choice.
5 = Always4 = Often3 = Sometimes
37
2 = Seldom1 = Never
Physical Response 1 2 3 4 5
I experience abdominal pain
I easily get tired
I experience a headache
I eat less
I feel like vomitting
Mental Response 1 2 3 4 5
I have difficulty in sleeping
I have difficulty in making decisionI fee like there is something wrong with meI feel like people are talking about me
I feel like people pity me
Social Response 1 2 3 4 5
I do not like going out with friends
I don’t like to talk to anyone
38
I easily get into a fight
I get embarrassed in front of people
I like being alone in my room
Coping Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5
I take Herbal products or medicines, and dietary supplements
I do regular exercise to reduce pain
I change my diet to reduce pain
I go for a walk to relieve pain
I listen to relaxing music/watch TV to forget pain
I keep myself busy to forget pain
I drink pain reliever to ease pain
Dear Respondent.
We are nursing students from Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. Wakas,
Bocaue, Bulacan and we are currently making a research paper as part of
our requirements in our subject Nursing Research. Our research topic is
the “Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent
39
Experiencing Dysmenorrhea”. We would like to solicit your participation in
the survey we are conducting. Your participation and cooperation will be
highly appreciated. Thank you.
Part IAge : ( ) 13-15 years old ( ) 16-18 years old
Age of Menarche: ( ) 9-10 years old ( ) 11-12 years ( ) 13-15years
Ordinal Position in the Family: ( ) 1st child ( ) 2nd child ( ) 3rd child ( ) 4th child ( ) others; please specify ___________Type of Family: ( ) Nuclear Family ( ) Extended Family
Part II
Direction: Put a check mark ( √ ) on the space provided for that best
correspond to your choice.
5 = Always4 = Often3 = Sometimes2 = Seldom1 = Never
40
Physical Response 1 2 3 4 5
I experience abdominal pain
I easily get tired
I experience a headache
I eat less
I feel like vomitting
Mental Response 1 2 3 4 5
I have difficulty in sleeping
I have difficulty in making decisionI fee like there is something wrong with meI feel like people are talking about me
I feel like people pity me
Social Response 1 2 3 4 5
I do not like going out with friends
I don’t like to talk to anyone
I easily get into a fight
I get embarrassed in front of people
41
I like being alone in my room
Coping Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5
I take Herbal products or medicines, and dietary supplements
I do regular exercise to reduce painI change my diet to reduce pain
I go for a walk to relieve pain
I listen to relaxing music/watch TV to forget pain
I keep myself busy to forget pain
I drink pain reliever to ease pain
Appendix B
Tally Sheet
42
Dear Respondent.
We are nursing students from Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. Wakas,
Bocaue, Bulacan and we are currently making a research paper as part of
our requirements in our subject Nursing Research. Our research topic is
the “Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent
Experiencing Dysmenorrhea”. We would like to solicit your participation in
the survey we are conducting. Your participation and cooperation will be
highly appreciated. Thank you.
Part IAge: (48) 13-15 years old (52) 16-18 years old
Age of Menarche: (26) 9-10 years old (44) 11-12 years (30) 13-15years
Ordinal Position in the Family: (20) 1st child (22) 2nd child (28) 3rd child (30) 4th child (0) others; please specify ___________Type of Family: (66) Nuclear Family (34) Extended Family
Part II
43
Direction: Put a check mark ( √ ) on the space provided for that best
correspond to your choice.
5 = Always4 = Often3 = Sometimes2 = Seldom1 = Never
Physical Response 1 2 3 4 5
I experience abdominal pain 40 16 30 6 8
I easily get tired 6 16 32 8 38
I experience a headache 8 10 36 16 30
I eat less 24 20 28 10 8
I feel like vomiting 26 30 20 14 10
Mental Response 1 2 3 4 5
I have difficulty in sleeping 28 20 22 20 10
I have difficulty in making decision
14 16 30 20 20
I fee like there is something wrong with me
14 16 48 8 14
I feel like people are talking about me
20 32 30 10 8
I feel like people pity me 30 10 32 10 8
44
Social Response 1 2 3 4 5
I do not like going out with friends
28 10 16 26 20
I don’t like to talk to anyone 36 14 16 22 12
I easily get into a fight 24 12 22 30 12
I get embarrassed in front of people
32 14 16 30 8
I like being alone in my room 20 12 30 16 22
Coping Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5
I take Herbal products or medicines, and dietary
supplements38 20 14 22 6
I do regular exercise to reduce pain
34 18 38 0 10
I change my diet to reduce pain 44 16 32 4 4
I go for a walk to relieve pain 20 16 38 18 2
I listen to relaxing music/watch TV to forget pain
0 3 4 5 52
I keep myself busy to forget pain
4 6 38 24 28
I drink pain reliever to ease pain
20 8 20 18 34
45