Final Wireless Microwave Communication

7/25/2019 Final Wireless Microwave Communication

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ICCT Colleges Foundation Inc.

College of EngineeringV.V. Soliven Ave. II, Cainta, Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ECE Dea!t"ent

A oint to oint lin# t$at connects %!g&. Santo Do"ingo, Caas, Ta!lac to

%!g&. %angad, Ca'anatuan Cit&, Nueva Eci(a

)WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN*

A +ic!oave Co""unications S&ste" Design -!esented

to t$e Facult& o Elect!onics and Co""unications

Enginee!ing Dea!t"ent

In -a!tial Ful/ll"ent o t$e Re0ui!e"ents

o! t$e Deg!ee in %ac$elo! o Science in Elect!onics and Co""unications

Enginee!ing

%!iones, 1o$n Le"uel +.

Evangelista, 1o$n Al"a! -.

+e!za, Ti"ot$& 1a"es C.

-a!dilla, Leo I L.

Setenta, Ra&nald %.

Sola(o, C$!istelle Ron C.

%ac$elo! o Science in Elect!onics and Co""unications Enginee!ing


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4i!eless Co""unication

APPROVAL SHEET

In a!tial ul/ll"ent o! t$e cou!se o %ac$elo! o Science in Elect!onics

and Co""unications Enginee!ing, t$e 4IRELESS CO++5NICATION DESIGN t$at

connects %!g&. Santo Do"ingo, Caas, Ta!lac to %!g&. %angad, Ca'anatuan

Cit&, Nueva Eci(a $as 'een !ea!ed and su'"itted '& t$e olloing students6

%!iones, 1o$n Le"uel +.

Evangelista, 1o$n Al"a! -.

+e!za, Ti"ot$& 1a"es C.

-a!dilla, Leo I L.

Setenta, Ra&nald %.

Sola(o, C$!istelle Ron C.

A!oved '&6

Eng!. +ic$ael Ste$en T. Go!ose

-!oesso!, 4i!eless Co""unication La'o!ato!&

A!oved and acceted as a!tial ul/ll"ent o t$e !e0ui!e"ents o! t$e

Deg!ee o %ac$elo! o Science in Elect!onics and Co""unications Enginee!ing

it$ t$e g!ade o 77777777.

-!o. Ro""el T. Dasalla

Acade"ic Coo!dinato!, College o Enginee!ing

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



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T$e success o t$is !esea!c$ ould not $ave 'een ac$ieved i not

'ecause o t$e unave!ing suo!t, encou!age"ent, and assistance o t$e

eole $o $ave given t$ei! ti"e and solicited advice to t$is stud&.

4e ac#noledge Eng!. +ic$ael Ste$en T. Go!ose, o! $is atience and

guidance, encou!age"ent and o! s$a!ing $is e8e!tise in "a#ing t$is !o(ect.4e ill !e"ain o!eve! inde'ted to &ou.

Ou! a!ents, $o gave us lie and guided us eve! since e e!e 'o!n,

and o! t$e /nancial and "o!al suo!t9 also to ou! !iends, $o a!e ala&s

t$e!e o! us, to ou! class"ates and inst!ucto!s $o gave us insi!ation and

suo!t to /nis$ t$is stud&9 and

A'ove all to God 'e t$e glo!&, $ono!, and $ig$est !aise o! t$e#noledge and isdo" t$at $e 'estoed uon us in "a#ing t$is !esea!c$

successul.



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Dedic!ion

T$is !o(ect is dedicated to t$e "ost onde!ul a!ents in t$e o!ld,

Fo! instilling t$e i"o!tance o $a!d o!# and $ig$e! education9

Fo! t$ei! atience and unde!standing9

Fo! t$ei! endless love and suo!t9

And o! t$ei! "otivation and o! good "o!al t$e& $ave taug$t to us.

And to ou! !iends and love ones,

Fo! t$e love, insi!ation, and unde!standing.



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TA"LE O# CONTENTS

Title -age::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::...

A!oval S$eet:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.$

Ac#noledge"ent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::..%

Dedication:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::..&

Ta'le o Contents::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.'

I( O)er)ie* of !+e

Pro,ec!------------------------(((.

;. Int!oduction:::::::::::::::::::::::::::

II( Pro,ec! De/cri0!ion--------------------------($%

;. Signi/cance o t$e Stud&::::::::::::::::::::.;=

=. State"ent o t$e -!o'le":::::::::::::::::::...;?

?. Design O'(ectives:::::::::::::::::::::::..;@

@. Scoe and Deli"itations::::::::::::::::::::..;

. Design Conside!ations:::::::::::::::::................;3

.; Site Conside!ations:::::::::::::::::::..;3

.= Line o Sig$t Conside!ations:::::::::::::::.(=B

.? E0ui"ent Conside!ations::::::::::::::::=;

.@ Oe!ating F!e0uenc& Conside!ations::::::::::...=

III( Micro*)e Lin1

Pro2le------------------------(%.

;. Location o Sites::::::::::::::::::::::::.=

a!d ats::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;?;

Roe and -ulle&:::::::::::::::::::::::::;?;

Installing Antennas on t$e Toe!:::::::::::::::::.;?=

So"e Toe! Cli"'ing Tis::::::::::::::::::::.;?@

E0ui"ent -!otection::::::::::::::::::::::.;?3

VII( Glo//r5-----------------------------((($&.

VIII( Tec+nicl Reference/-----------------------($'7

;. Fo!"ulas:::::::::::::::::::::::::::..;@

=. Ree!ences::::::::::::::::::::::::::.;>

@. Standa!ds::::::::::::::::::::::::::...;3B

?. Seci/cation S$eets::::::::::::::::::::::......



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I( O)er)ie* of !+e Pro,ec!

1. Introduction

In t$is gene!ation, !adio co""unication is used '& eole o! se!vices

suc$ as voice and data. 4it$ "an& o t$ese eatu!es, one ould !ealize t$e

allotted sace in t$e !e0uenc& sect!u". T$e e8ansion o t$e !e0uenc&

sect!u" a!e u to VF and 5F !ange at /!st. T$is ti"e, !e0uenc& sect!u"

is e8anded to t$e "ic!oave !egion. +ic!oaves a!e signals it$ a !e0uenc&

g!eate! t$an ; Gz F!enzel, ;>>@H. Co""unication s&ste"s oe!ating in t$e

"ic!oave !egion $ave an advantage co"a!ed to t$ose oe!ating at loe!

!e0uencies. +ic!oave !adio s&ste"s can ca!!& la!ge 0uantities o ino!"ation

To"asi, =B;@H.

+ode!n "ic!oave lin#s a!e 0uite !evalent due to t$e cost eective

natu!e o utilizing "ic!oave oint to oint lin#s to !ela& t!aJc co"a!ed to

i!e line !ental !ules and /'e! usage. 4i!eless "ic!oave lin#s also can se!ve

as an e8cellent 'ac# u to /'e! otic lin#s. +ic!oave tec$ni0ues adoted in

alications suc$ as long distance co""unication s$ould also 'e conside!ed9

$e!ein "ic!oaves a!e oint to oint co""unications t$at utilize t$e line o

sig$t at$, $ic$ "eans t$e to antennas o! t!ans"itte! and !eceive!H,

s$ould see eac$ ot$e! no o'st!uctionsH. +ic!oaves a!e idel& !ecognized as

!oviding e8i'le, !elia'le, and econo"ical ointtooint co""unications

using Ea!t$Ks at"os$e!e o! t$e t!ans"ission "ediu".

A "ic!oave s&ste" no!"all& consists o a t!ans"itte! su's&ste",

including a "ic!oave oscillato!, aveguides, and a t!ans"itting antenna, and

a !eceive! su's&ste" t$at includes a !eceiving antenna, t!ans"ission line

o! aveguide, a "ic!oave a"li/e!, and a !eceive! LiaoH. In o!de! to design a

"ic!oave s&ste", an ade0uate #noledge o t$e co"onents involved is

essential.



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In designing a oint to oint co""unication, one "ust utilize t$e line o

sig$t at$, $ic$ "eans t$e antennas o! t!ans"itte! and !eceive!H s$ould see

eac$ ot$e!, "eaning, no o'st!uctions. F!e0uentl&, $oeve!, t$e locations o t$e

desi!ed lin#s a!e /8ed. 4$en a clea! line o sig$t cannot 'e ac$ieved, t$e

!esea!c$e! "ust lan acco!dingl&, as too it$ ot$e! conside!ations.

In +ic!oave Designing t$e!e a!e so "an& a!a"ete!s "ust 'e

conside!ed '& a !esea!c$e! to $ave a good oint to oint lin#. T$ese

a!a"ete!s "ust 'e conside!ed clea!l& '& a !esea!c$e! to avoid ailu!e and

"ini"ized signal losses o "ic!oave lin#.



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2. Overview of the Design

T$e lin# o! ointtooint co""unication is located in t$e -$iliines,

a!ticula!l& !o" %!g&. Santo Do"ingo, Caas, Ta!lac to %!g&. %angad,

Ca'anatuan Cit&, Nueva Eci(a. T$e design !elies on t$e act t$at "ic!oave

!e0uencies !oagate in a st!aig$t line To"asi, =B;@H. T$e st!aig$t line is

called Line o Sig$t. T$e lin# $as a distance o a!o8i"atel& B.@ #ilo"ete!s.

T$e design o! "ic!oave !adio co"!ises i"o!tant co"onents suc$ ast!ans"itte!, toe!, antenna, aveguide, and oe! sul&.

T$is "ic!oave design is a /8ed lin# o! /8ed se!vice alication t$at can

!ovide 'ac#$aul caacit& o! suita'le 0ualit& and caacit& to ca!!& t$e

!e0ui!ed t!aJc o! t$e lin# li#e o! Inte!net, tele$one, and !adio. Also t$is lin#

is oe!ated in ull dule8 "ode. Dule8 oe!ation "eans t$at eac$ !adio

!e0uenc& RFH c$annel consists o a ai! o !e0uencies o! t$e t!ans"it and

!eceive di!ections, !esectivel&. T$ese a!e so"eti"es !ee!!ed to as Go and

Retu!n c$annels o! lo 'and and $ig$ 'and c$annels +anning, =BB>H. Ou! lin#

o Site A and Site % $as oe!ating !e0uenc& o


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T$e "ic!oave !adio used is a TranscendTM

2BB Indoo! 5nit ID5H

ve!sion it$ inte!ace o! ;8ST+;MOC?, ;3 E;MT;


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A RS+ @2MB =@M;BB "odula! !ecti/e! s&ste" o! ACMDC conve!sion

$ic$ can !ovide o "a8i"u" outut o =BBA at @2 VDC and @BBA at =@ VDC

and a Digital Ene!g&T+ L-??5 Se!ies o! 5ninte!!uti'le -oe! Sul&.

Fo! t$e !otection s&ste", a ERITEC SSTE+ ?BBB $ic$ a

tec$nicall& advanced lig$tning !otection s&ste" int!oduced '& ERICO $ic$

ell #non o! "anuactu!ing lig$tning !otection s&ste"s in ull acco!dance

it$ "o!e t$an telve national and inte!national standa!ds.

T$e detailed ino!"ation o! t$e e0ui"ent a!e in C$ate! VIII. Tec$nical

Ree!ences Seci/cation S$eets.



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II( Pro,ec! De/cri0!ion

1. Signicance of the Study

It is ointed out t$at as a !esult o t$e accele!ating !ate o g!ot$ o

"ic!oave tec$nolog& and indust!&, t$ose $o a!e !ea!ing o!, and o!#ing

in t$e "ic!oave a!ea a!e aced it$ t$e need to unde!stand t$e t$eo!etical

and e8e!i"ental design and anal&sis o t$is a!ea LiaoH.

T$is !esea!c$ is designed to give li"ited a"ounts o ino!"ation t$at can 'e

easil& digested and !esents t$e 'asic c$a!acte!istics, and alications

co""onl& used in "ic!oave devices and e8lain t$e tec$ni0ues o! designing

a "ic!oave oint to oint lin#.

T$is stud& ai"s to !ovide unda"ental concets, t$eo!ies, and tec$ni0ues

t$at "a& 'e used o! utu!e Elect!onics and Co""unications Enginee!ing

students. +a& t$e utu!e !esea!c$e!s use t$is design o! additional #noledge

and i"!ove"ent o t$ei! on design, and 'e 'lessed to ac$ieve t$ei! tas#s

and goals.



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2. Statement of the Problem

Ou! to !io!ities in o!de! to o'tain ou! desi!ed goals a!e t$e die!ent

acto!s and !o'le"s, $ic$ e #ne ill aect t$e !elia'ilit& o t$e $ole

co""unication s&ste". In o!de! to $ave a !oe!l& o!#ing and unctioned

oint to oint "ic!oave co""unication, e "ust conside! die!ent acto!s

t$at e "ust $andle and !o'le"s t$at need to 'e solved.

Is t$e!e an& o'st!uction encounte!ed in t$e at$ o! ointtooint lin#

'eteen Caas, Ta!lac and Ca'anatuan Cit&, Nueva Eci(aP

4$at a!e t$e eects o cli"ate and eat$e! in t$e !elia'ilit& o t$e

s&ste"P

4$at a!e t$e alication and se!vices !oduced '& t$e designP

Acco!ding to t$e design, a!e "easu!e"ents and calculations o t$e

design accu!ateP

4$at a!e t$e t$eo!ies and standa!ds to 'e conside!ed in "ic!oave

co""unicationP

4ill t$e ove!all !elia'ilit& o at least >>.>>> e!cent 'e attained in t$e

designP

4$at a!e t$e agg!egated "et$ods to i"!ove suc$ a!a"ete!sP i.e.

Fade "a!gin, S&ste" Gain, F!ee Sace at$ loss, at$ clea!ance and

antenna $eig$t etc.H

4$at a!e t$e !otocols and s&ste" !otection t$at one s$ould ollo o!

saet&P

4$at a!e t$e co"ati'le and unctional e0ui"ents o! t$e 'est designP



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3. Design Obectives

5nde!stand so"e o t$e asects and c!ite!ia involved in "ic!oave lin#

lanning.

Discuss t$e !egulato!& 'odies and availa'le !e0uencies toget$e! it$

lanning and docu"ents !e0ui!ed to 'e su'"itted.

S$o die!ent "et$ods o con/gu!ation o t$e !adio e0ui"ent to

!ovide oti"u" e!o!"ance.

Loo# at die!ent toe! otions deending on location and envi!on"ent.

el identi& t$e co!!ect t!ans"ission line t&es and unde!standing t$e

e!o!"ance die!ences 'eteen antennas.

Investigate "ic!oave at$s and $el unde!stand losses as a !esult o

!eection, a'so!tion and di!action.

Discuss F!esnel zones, loo# at te!!ain and $o o'stacles can inte!e!e

it$ t$e 0ualit& o t!ans"ission.

5nde!stand line o site su!ve&s and $& t$e& s$ould 'e co"leted.

Ensu!e t$e !elia'ilit& o t$e at$.

Investigate inte!e!ence calculations "at$e"aticall& to ensu!e t$e lin# is

via'le.



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!. Sco"e and Delimitations

Sco"e

A "ic!oave design t$at ill lin# %!g&. Santo Do"ingo, Caas, Ta!lac

to %!g&. %angad, Ca'anatuan Cit&, Nueva Eci(a.

Toog!a$ical "as ac0ui!ed !o" t$e National +aing and Resou!ce

Ino!"ation Aut$o!it& NA+RIAH and "a site locations data !o"

sota!e Google Ea!t$ a!e included.

T$e design ino!"ation t$at includes lin# 'udget anal&sis, at$

!o/ling o t$e design, die!ent t&es o conside!ation, saet& and

!ecautions, "at$e"atical calculations and tec$nical !ee!ences to

suo!t t$e design. All inte!nal calculations it$in t$is docu"entation

a!e calculated using +ic!osot E8cel =B;3.

T$e die!ent t$eo!ies and ino!"ation t$at conce!ns in designing a

"ic!oave ointtooint lin# is ac0ui!ed. At least >>.>>> ove!all !elia'ilit& o a co""unication lin# is attained.

Qnoledge on selecting co!!ect and !oe! e0ui"ent t$at is

co"ati'le it$ t$e design is o'tained.

Delimitations

T$e sites a!e actuall& not visited. -at$ clea!ance is 'ased on Google

Ea!t$.

Const!uction lan and elect!ical la&out o t$e toe! a!e not included.

Elect!ic installation on t$e 'uilding is deli"ited. -$iliine Elect!ical

Code is not ac0ui!ed due to unavaila'ilit& o suc$ !esou!ce.

%uilding and const!uction o actual site station on t$e 'ot$ sites a!e

'ased onl& on ou! on #noledge.

T$e toog!a$ical "as used a!e not u to date.

#. Design $onsiderations



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#.1. Site $onsiderations

T$e!e a!e die!ent acto!s to 'e c$ec#ed $en conside!ing a ossi'le

at$ o! a "ic!oave lin#. Ideall&, a "ic!oave lin# ould oe!ate

'eteen to oints it$out assing t$!oug$ an& "ate!ial su'stances,

including t$e at"os$e!e and !ain, and it$out an& o'(ects 'eing nea!

t$e at$ o !oagation.

C$oosing site o! "ic!oave lin# "ust conside! t$e "eteo!ological,

geog!a$ical, and de"og!a$ical a!a"ete!s. 4e "ust also include

st!uctu!al !esences nea! t$e site li#e e8isting "ic!oave toe!s, $ig$e!

'uildings and natu!al o'st!uction li#e "ountains.

T$e to sites c$osen o! t$e design a!e in t$e nea!'& a!eas in t$e

Cent!al Luzon $e!e t$e co""on te!!ains a!e settle"ent, cultivated land

and !ice /elds.

As o! ood and landslide "aing s$on 'elo, t$e Site A ood

and landslide "a is illust!ated in +a A and o! Site % is illust!ated in

+a % $e!e 'ot$ sites a!e in t$e lo to "ode!ate susceti'ilit& to

ooding.

T$e to sites $ave t$e econo"ic 'ene/ts since t$e availa'ilit& o

oe! sul&M elect!icit& nea! t$e site is availa'le as ell as t$e accu!ate

location o t$e nea!est t!anso!tation !oute. %uilding ne sites o! t$e

"a(o! t!anso!tation !oute and oe! station can cost a lot t$atKs $&

t$e availa'ilit& nea! to t$e sites is also conside!ed.



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+a A


Site A

%!g&. Santo Do"ingo, Caas, Ta!lac


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+a %


Site B

%!g&. %angad, Ca'anatuan Cit&, Nueva Eci(a


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Ea!t$0ua#e is $ig$l& conside!ed 'ecause it could g!eatl& aect t$e antenna

o!ientations and align"ents. Also at t$e location o 'ase stations, it "a& cause

a long te!" unavaila'ilit& o t$e co""unication o! o!se sites "a& 'e !e'uilt

o! !elocated.



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#.2. %ine of Sight $onsiderations

%asic conside!ation is t$e $&sical location o t$e sites at eac$ end

o t$e lin#. %ecause "ic!oave signals t!avel in a st!aig$t line, a clea!

line o sig$t 'eteen antennas is 'est. T$is is o cou!se ideal, and

no!"all&, t$oug$ t$e locations o t$e desi!ed lin#s "a& contain

o'st!uction. Fo! ac$ieving t$e clea! line o sig$t, Radio LOS ta#es into

account t$e concet o F!esnel ellisoids and t$ei! clea!ance c!ite!ia.

F!esnel one a!eas o const!uctive and dest!uctive inte!e!ence

c!eated $en elect!o"agnetic ave !oagation in !ee sace is

!eected "ultiat$H o! di!acted as t$e ave inte!sects o'stacles. It is

seci/ed e"lo&ing o!dinal nu"'e!s t$at co!!esond to t$e nu"'e! o

$al avelengt$ "ultiles t$at !e!esent t$e die!ence in !adio ave

!oagation at$ !o" t$e di!ect at$. T$e F!esnel one "ust 'e clea! o

all o'st!uctions.T&icall&, t$e Fi!st F!esnel one is used to dete!"ine t$e

o'st!uction Loss.

T$e di!ect at$ 'eteen t$e t!ans"itte! and t$e !eceive! needs a

clea!ance a'ove g!ound o at least 3B o t$e !adius o t$e Fi!st F!esnel

one to ac$ieve !ee sace !oagation conditions. Ea!t$ !adius acto! Q

co"ensates t$e !e!action in t$e at"os$e!e. Clea!ance is desc!i'ed as

an& c!ite!ion to ensu!e suJcient antenna $eig$ts so t$at, in t$e o!st

case o !e!action o! $ic$ # is "ini"u"H t$e !eceive! antenna is not

laced in t$e o'st!uction !egion.



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#.3. &'ui"ment $onsideration

In designing a "ic!oave lin#, "ost o data ill co"e !o"

e0ui"ent t$at ill 'e on site li#e nu"e!ical and logical calculation.

E0ui"ent "ust 'e co"ati'le it$ eac$ ot$e! eseciall&

connecto!s ange, antenna and aveguide to avoid losses $ic$

ill aect signal lin# in eac$ site.

An!enn

T$e antenna "ust $ave co"ati'le ange connecto! it$

aveguide.

ig$ di!ective o! 'ea" antennas a!e !ee!!ed 'ecause t$e&

do not aste !adiated ene!g&, !ovide an inc!ease in gain

$ic$ $els o set t$e at$ loss at !e0uenc& and !adiates

g!eate! oe! in seci/c di!ection alloing o! inc!eased

e!o!"ance and !educed inte!e!ence !o" unanted

sou!ces $ic$ li#el& ve!& i"o!tant in "ic!oave

t!ans"ission.

+ic!oave antenna set in sa"e ola!ization $e!e in Site A

antenna t!ans"itte! is in ve!tical t$en in Site % t$e antenna

!eceive! is in ve!tical also o! oti"u" t!ans"ission

!ecetion.

Rnge of O0er!ing #re86enc59


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Conside!ing a"li/cation o t$e signal at t$e t!ans"itte! and

t$e !eceive! o! successul co""unication.

T!ans"itting Standa!d -oe!6 ?? d%"

Range o F!e0uenc&6 @ to ?2 Gz

+odulation Tec$ni0ue6 =3A+

RF C$annel %andidt$6 ?. to @B +z

To*er

T$e selsuo!t toe! $as eas&, lo cost solution to 'uild,

and $ave "ini"u" usage o land a!ea.

Lig$t +ediu"

3 " $ig$ in 'ot$ Site

4eig$ing 2B@ l's.

It can stand ind t$at $as "a8i"u" seed o >B "$

It is $otdi galvanized, inside and out o! co!!osion

!otection.

+ade o ig$ tensile Galvanized Steel

Rdo;e

It can it$stand inds u to ;B "$ =@B #"M$H

+ade o /'e! glassM A%S lastic



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W)eg6ide/

4aveguides a!e !ee!!ed 'ecause o t$ei! lo loss.

4ave guides "ust 'e availa'le in standa!d sizes and secial

ieces a!e used o! !ig$t angle 'ends and >B tists.

T&icall& Oe!ating !e0uenc& oe!ate in


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Lig+!ning Arre/!er

It is used to it$stand lig$tning and sitc$ing su!ge, $ave

good !esonse c$a!acte!istics to stee lig$tning i"ulse and

sue!io! antiollution !oe!t&.

Lig$tning -!otection S&ste" a!e co"!ised o t$ese !incial

co"onents6o Ai! Te!"ination Neto!#

o Don Conducto!so G!ounding S&ste"o %onding

"econ

Fast and eas& asse"'l& it$ inte!loc#ing const!uction

Su!ace, ole o! all "ounted

%!ig$t and even lig$t dist!i'ution t$!oug$ !is" cut lense

ave long lie and !elia'ilit&



26/170

23


#.!. O"erating (re'uency $onsiderations

%eo!e "ic!oave lin# lanning co""ences, t$e lanne!Moe!ato!

"ust dete!"ine t$e availa'le !e0uenc& 'ands and c$annel lans t$at

a!e seci/c to t$e count!& and t$e local a!eaH in $ic$ t$e neto!# ill

oe!ate. 5se!s o a co""on 'and o !adio !e0uencies "ust ollo a

!ocedu!e o !adio !e0uenc& coo!dination so as to "ini"ize and cont!ol

otential inte!e!ence a"ong s&ste"s. F!e0uenc& coo!dination is a"ultilate!al !ocess t$at involves t$e cooe!ative s$a!ing o tec$nical

oe!ating ino!"ation a"ong a!ties utilizing t$e sa"e sect!u". A

t&ical lin# lengt$ olic& is s$on in t$e ta'le +anning, =BB>H

#re86enc5 Lin1 "nd M


27/170

23


inte!e!ence $ile oe!ating it$ ot$e! e8isting o! lanned s&ste"s using

t$e sa"e !e0uenc& 'and.

Also it$ suc$ as $ig$ de"and o! i"le"entation o lin#s, 'ut li"ited

!e0uenc& sect!u", gove!n"ents $ave to !ovide guidelines t$at assu!e

atte!n e!o!"ance is suc$ t$at inte!e!ence is not caused '& to lin#s

t$at a!e geog!a$icall& close.

Ta'le o "ic!oave !e0uenc& 'ands designation '& t$e Radio Societ& o

G!eat %!itain6

#re86enc5 Lin1 "nd #re86enc5 Rnge

L 4nd ; to = Gz

S 4nd = to @ Gz

C 4nd @ to 2 Gz

@ 4nd 2 to ;= Gz

KU 4nd ;= to ;2 Gz

K 4nd ;2 to =3. Gz



28/170

23


III( Micro*)e Lin1 Pro2le

1. %ocation of the Sites

Site location ino!"ation a!e to 'e c$ec#ed and ve!i/ed. Site coo!dinates

a!e to 'e accu!ate it$in a e "ete!s in "ost cases +anning, =BB>H. To

esta'lis$ a good at$ o! ointtooint co""unication, t$e line o sig$t is

c$ec#ed o! a!a"ete!s li#e o'st!uctions, !eection oint, !e!activit& and so

on. 4$en it co"es to at$ su!ve&, t$e use o satellite i"age!& !og!a" suc$ as

Google Ea!t$ is ossi'le to 'e e"lo&ed. In t$is "ic!oave lin# design, it is

delo&ed t$e sa"e a&. As stated 'eo!e, t$e sites o! "ic!oave lin# a!e

located at Caas, Ta!lac and Ca'anatuan Cit&, Nueva Eci(a. Let us denote t$ese

sites as site A and site % !esectivel&.

C0/ Trlc BSi!e A

Caas is a /!st class $ig$ u!'anized "unicialit& in t$e !ovince oTa!lac and also a oulated lace in t$e count!& o t$e -$iliines it$ an

ave!age elevation o @? "ete! a'ove sea level. T$e a!ea is "ildl& densel&

oulated it$ ??@ eole e! s0ua!e #ilo"ete!s and a total oulation

o a!ound ;=,2= eole. An esti"ated =.2= o t$e c$ild!en 'elo

&ea!s old a!e unde!eig$t, it$ a "o!talit& o =@ e! ;BBB 'i!t$s 'ased

on =B;B census

N!6rl H:rd/



29/170

23


Caas can $ave dest!uctive ea!t$0ua#es on ave!age one eve!& B

&ea!sH, it$ occu!ances at U< Ric$te!. 4$en a st!ong ea!t$0ua#e occu!s,

da"age ill 'e slig$t in seciall& designed st!uctu!es 'ut conside!a'le in

o!dina!& su'stantial 'uildings it$ a!tial collase. eav& u!nitu!e is

"oved. -oo!l& 'uilt st!uctu!es ill 'e de"olis$ed. T$e!e is a lo

occu!ence o e!iods it$ e8t!e"e d!oug$t. Flooding !is# is e8t!e"el&

$ig$. T$e!e is a e8t!e"el& $ig$ c$ance o c&clones $itting Caas.

We!+er

A!il is a!"est it$ an ave!age te"e!atu!e o 34 at noon.

1anua!& is coldest it$ an ave!age te"e!atu!e o 20.6 at nig$t.

Caas $as no distinct te"e!atu!e seasons, t$e te"e!atu!e is !elativel&constant du!ing t$e &ea!. T$e te"e!atu!e at nig$t a!e coole! t$at du!ing

da&ti"e. Li#e t$e !est o Cent!al Luzon, t$e !ovince $as to distinct

seasons6 d!& !o" Nove"'e! to A!il and 4et o! t$e !est o t$e &ea!.

C4n!6n Ci!5 N6e) Eci, BSi!e "

Ca'anatuan oJciall& t$e Cit& o Ca'anatuan is a cit& in t$e

!ovince o Nueva Eci(a and also is a oulated lace in t$e count!& ot$e -$iliines it$ an ave!age elevation o ?@ "ete!s a'ove sea level.

T$e a!ea is ve!& densel& oulated it$ =,=@; eole e! s0ua!e #" and

a total oulation o a!ound =


30/170

23


Ca'anatuan can $ave !uinous ea!t$0ua#es on ave!age one eve!&

B &ea!sH, it$ occu!!ences at


31/170

23


Line of Sig+!

#ro; "rg5( Sn!o Do;ingo C0/ Trlc BSi!e A !o "rg5( "ngd

C4n!6n Ci!5 N6e) Eci, BSi!e "



32/170

23


Si!e A6 %!g&. Santo Do"ingo, Caas, Ta!lacCent!al LuzonH

Coo!dinates o Site A acco!ding to Google Ea!t$6

Longi!6de 6 12035'43.27E

L!i!6de 9 15 20'28.65N

Elevation a'ove "ean sea level o Site A acco!ding to Google Ea!t$6

A!o8i"atel& 7% ;e!er/ 4o)e ;en /e le)el

Distance o Site A to Site % acco!ding to Google Ea!t$6

A!o8i"atel& 73(7 1;



33/170

23


Si!e "6 %!g&. %angad, Ca'anatuan Cit&, Nueva Eci(a Cent!al LuzonH

Coo!dinates o Site % acco!ding to Google Ea!t$6

Longi!6de 6 121 02'36.56E

L!i!6de 9 15 28'51.78N

Elevation a'ove "ean sea level o Site % acco!ding to Google Ea!t$6

A!o8i"atel& 77 ;e!er/ 4o)e ;en /e le)el

Distance o Site % to Site A acco!ding to Google Ea!t$6

A!o8i"atel& 73(7 1;



34/170

2. Path Prole and )e*ection Point

Distance !o"

Toe! AdA9#"H

Distance !o"

Toe! %d%,#"H

Ea!t$Cu!vatu!e e',"H

-at$Elevation eo,

"H A+SL

O'st!uction eig$t

F!esnelAlloance

Fi!stF!esne

lRadius "H

Oti"u"F!esnel

Clea!anceB.3FH "H

-at$Elevation

it$Ea!t$%ulge"H

A+SL

Te!!ain

B.BBB B.@B B.BBB = 3


35/170

@

22 ?= 3.>22 ?B.@2;;3.==

?>..@B =.2 =? 3?.2 ?;.=3;2.2?

=;;.=>> @2.2 lantation

;;.BB ?>.B@B =3.@B> =? 3@.@B> ?B.;;>.;?

?;;.@2B @>.@B> !ice /eld

;=.BBB ?2.@B =.@;

>;;.3; @>.=B !ice /eld

;=.BB ?2.B@B =

B;;.2;@ @

=B.;>

= ;=.;; @>.@;@ !ice /eld

;@.BBB ?3.@B ?B.B>= ;2 3?.B>= ?;.=@==B.@=

?;=.=@ @2.B>= !ice /eld

;@.BB ?3.B@B ?B. =>. @>.?> !ice /eld

;.BB ?.B@B ?;.>@2 ;< 3?.>@2 ?B.;B; =;.B@ ;=.3=3 @2.>@2 !ice /eld



36/170

@

;3.BBB ?@.@B ?=.B2 ;2 3.B2 =2.@3;=;.==

=2.23=;.@B

B;=.2@B B.B?> !ice /eld

;?< B.@B !ive!

; 32.B;= =.B ;.23< !ice /eld

;>.BBB ?;.@B ?.=; ;> 3>.=; =@.?3>==.;B

;?.=3? @.=; !ice /eld

;>.BB ?;.B@B ?.3B =; 3.3B 'uiltu a!ea

=B.BBB ?B.@B ?.>=> ; 3.>=> =B B.>=> !ice /eld

=B.BB ?B.B@B ?3.== ;< 32.== =.?B===.@B

2;?.@@ ?.== !ice /eld

=;.BBB =>.@B ?3.@>; ;3 3; =3.B;3==.@>

B;?.@>@ =.@>; !ice /eld

=;.BB =>.B@B ?3.


37/170

>

[email protected] =3.B@B ?==.2B

2;?.32 .=2 !ice /eld

=.BBB =.@B ? ;2 ==.>22==.2;

B .> !ice /eld

=.BB =.B@B ?.3B [email protected];3==.2;

B @.3B !ice /eld

=3.BBB =@.@B ?@ @ !ice /eld

?;.BBB ;>.@B ?.3?= = .B@B ?.=2B =@


38/170

@

??.BBB ;>@ =2 >@ =B.;>2

=;.B

> ;=.3? >.>>@ !ice /eld

?.BB ;.B@B ?;.@B< =< 3.; cultivated land

?3.BB ;@.B@B ?B.;@ =2 .BBB ;;.@B =3.@ .;

3 ;;.@>@ [email protected] ;;.B@B =.3= =2 32.3= =2.;=2;2.2

3;;.?;@ ?.3= !ice /eld

@B.BBB ;B.@B [email protected] ?B 3>.2BB =>;2.@

;;;.;=@ @.2BB settle"ent

@B.BB ;B.B@B =?.>;> =2 33.>;> ?B.?B>;2.=B

2;B.>= ;.>;> !ice /eld

@;.BBB >.@B =?.BB2 => 3 ;


39/170

2 eat$e!

@;.BB >.B@B ==.B32 => 33.B32 ?;.3B;

B;B.@>@ ;.B32

loose su!ace o! d!&eat$e!

@=.BBB 2.@B =;.B>> ?; 3> ?B.22=;> !ice /eld

@=.BB 2.B@B =B.;BB ?? 32.;BB ?B.;3;3.3>

=;B.B; ?.;BB !ice /eld

@?.BBB .B


40/170

B.@B B.BBB B.BBB


41/170

Ill6/!r!ion of P!+ Pro2ling

B . BB B .B BB.BBBBBBB

P!+ Pro2le

Ea!t$ Cu!vatu!eG!ound ElevationT!ee G!ot$Line o Sig$tFi!st F!esnelonea'ove LOSFi!st F!esnelone'eloLOS3B oFi!stF!esnelonea'ove LOS

3B oFi!stF!esnelone'eloLOS



42/170

IV( #loor Pln nd Per/0ec!i)e/

1. Site +

1.1. (loor Plan

1.2. Pers"ective


Si!e "

L!i!6de 1528'51.78 N

Longi!6de 121 02'36.56 E

Ele)!ion

BAMSL

"

Si!e A

L!i!6de 1520'28.65 N

Longi!6de 12035'27 E

Ele)!ion

BAMSL

= "

O0er!ing

#re86enc5

.(%.7 GH:

K #c!or 4

3

To!l P!+

Leng!+

B. #"

Tree Gro*!+

Allo*nce

;"


43/170



44/170

2. Site ,

2.1. (loor Plan

1.2. Pers"ective



45/170



46/170

V( Micro*)e P!+ Lin1 Reli4ili!5

$( Clc6l!ion/

1.1 Site $oordinates

%ased on t$e alication Google Ea!t$, t$e locations it$ !esect tot$e latitude and longitude and t$ei! !esective elevation levels a'ove

"ean sea level a!e t$e olloing6

Si!e A9 "rg5( Sn!o Do;ingo C0/ Trlc

Latitude 6 15 20'28.65N

Longitude6 12035'43.27E

Ele)!ion 4o)e ;en /e le)el

=" A+SL

Si!e "9 "rg5( "ngd C4n!6n Ci!5 N6e) Eci,

Latitude 6 1528'51.78N

Longitude6 121 02'36.56E

Ele)!ion 4o)e ;en /e le)el

" A+SL

1.2 -reat $ircle Distance



47/170

T$e G!eat Ci!cle Distance !o" "ic!oave Site A and Site % is t$e

lengt$ "easu!e o t$e a!c seg"ent connecting t$ese sites on t$e

su!ace o t$e ea!t$. To co"ute o! t$e G!eat Ci!cle Distance, e

use S$e!ical T!igono"et!& o! t$e o!"ulas.

S$e!ical T!igono"et!& investigates t$e !elations 'eteen t$e a!ts

o a s$e!ical t!iangle -al"e! and Leig$, ;>?H. Onl& $e!e in t$is

docu"entation let us de/ne so"e a!ts and a!a"ete!s o! '!ie

ino!"ation. -lease ta#e note t$at t$e olloing de/nitions "a& not

'e e8act t$oug$ t$e& a!e !estated in anot$e! a&.


A Gre! Circleis a ci!cle

t$at its cente! is also t$e

su!ace o t$e s$e!e. It lies

on t$e su!ace o t$e S$e!e

A S0+ericl Tringleis

t!iangle on t$e

su!ace o a

s$e!e c!eated '&

t$!ee a!c

seg"ents !o"t$!ee g!eat

ci!cles

A /ide of S0+ericl

Tringleis t$e a!cKs angle

"easu!e"ent it$ !esect to

to ve!tices o t$e t!iangle

and t$e cente! o t$e s$e!e.

T$e!e a!e t$!ee sides in a

s$e!ical t!iangle


48/170

In t$is Figu!e a, ' and c a!e t$e sides and

A, % and C a!e t$e angles. To solve t$ese a!a"ete!s. In gene!al,

acco!ding to -al"e! and Leig$ de!ived o!"ula suc$ as sine la and

cosine la a!e suJcient to solve an& o'li0ue s$e!ical t!iangle. Ot$e!

o!"ulas suc$ as Naie!Ks analogies a!e deli"ited in t$is docu"entation

due to cu"'e!so"e solution.

Angles and Sides a!e solved inte!c$angea'l&. To conve!t o!"ula in

te!"s o sides and in te!"s o angles, e can use t$e !oe!t& alied to

-ola! T!iangle

Side/ !o Angle/ 9 a180A b 180B c 180C


An ngleo a S$e!ical

T!iangle is an angle

"easu!e"ent 'eteen to

a!cs t$e& "eet at one ve!te8.

T$e!e a!e t$!ee angles in a

S$e!ical T!iangle

A Polr Tringleis

gene!ated $en t$e!e a!e

t$!ee G!eat Ci!cle !o"

t$!ee oles. T$ese oles

a!e t$e ve!tices o t$e

o!iginal s$e!ical t!iangle


49/170

Angle/ !o Side/9 A 180aB 180bC 180c

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Vl6e

longi!6deA Site A Longitude 12035'43.27E

longi!6de" Site % Longitude 121 02'36.56E

l!i!6deA Site A Latitude 15 20'28.65N

l!i!6de" Site % Latitude 1528'51.78N

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

DGC Gre! Circle Di/!nce #"

#or;6l 9sinA

sin a=

sinB

sin b=

sinC

sinc La o SinesH

La o Cosines a!a"ete!s inte!c$angea'le in te!"s o t$e

givenH

cosc=cosacosb+sin a sin b cosC

Anot$e! La o Cosines '& t$e use o !oe!t& o -ola!

T!iangles

cosC=cosA cos B+sinA sin B cos c



50/170

Let us denote G!eat Ci!cle Distance asDGC . Conside! t$e Site A and

Site %Ks latitude and longitude, t$e e0uato!, t$e No!t$ -ole and t$e

S$e!ical T!iangle o!"ed '& Site A, Site % and No!t$

-ole

Sol6!ion

#or DGC

Dete!"ine t$e side o t$e e0uato! $ic$ is t$e die!ence 'eteen

longi!6deA longi!6de"

|longitudeAlongitude B|=120 35'43.27 - 121 {02} ^ {'} 36.56

|longitudeAlongitudeB|=0 26'53.29



51/170

Dete!"ine angle C, t$e angle it$ !esect to t$e no!t$ ole and to

oints t$at inte!sect longi!6deA longi!6de" and e0uato!. 5sing Sine

La6

c=|longitudeAlongitudeB|

c=0 26'53.29

equatora=90 (north pole )

angle

A=90(equatorlongitude)

sin C

sin c=

sinA

sin a sin C

sin|longitudeAlongitudeB|=

sin 90

sin 90

0 26'53.29}

sin C=sin

0 26'53.29}}

sin C=sin1

C=0 26 '53.29

Dete!"ine sides ' and a '& su't!acting t$e latitude !o" 90 No!t$

-oleHb=90latitudeA=901520

'28.65

b=74 39 '31.35

a=90 latitudeB=90 15 28'51.78

a=74 31'8.22



52/170

Dete!"ine t$e deg!ee "easu!e o t$e side c T$e G!eat Ci!cle DistanceH

cosc=cos acosb+sin a sin bcosC

74 31'8.22} cos {74 {39} ^ {'} 31.35=0 4'14.23}}

b=coscos a cos

b=0.07061944444cosa cos

0 26'53.29}

sin a sin bcosC=sin 74 31'

8.22} sin {74 {39} {'} 31.35 cos

sin a sin b cosC=0.92935

(0.07061944444+0.92935)

c=cos1

c=0.454065933016206

DGC=0.4540659330434020 27'14.64

T$eDGC G!eat Ci!cle DistanceH is a deg!ee "easu!e. To dete!"ine t$e

a!a"ete! in #ilo"ete!s, e $ave to dete!"ine t$e ea!t$Ks at$ !adius

using 'ot$ e0uato!ial and ola! !adius o ea!t$. Acco!ding to Qize!, o!

"ost "ode!n "a coo!dinate s&ste"s, t$ese a!a"ete!s used a!e t$e

olloing to solve t$e !adius on ea!t$Ks at$ RH.

Re=Eart h'sradius (equatorial )=6378.1!

Rp=Eart h'sradius (polar )=6356.8 !

E2(eccentricit")2=

Re2Rp

2

Re2



53/170

6356.82

6378.1

(6378.1)2

E2=

E2=0.00666795245152689

R=Eart h'sradiuson path

R= R#

1E2$cos (

latitudeA+latitudeB2

)

R= 6356.8 !

1(0.0066795245152689)$cos (15 20

'28.65 + 15 {28} ^ {'} 51.78

2 )

R=6377.33041457035 !

T$e Ci!cu"e!ence o a ci!cle is a!o8i"ated as6

Circu!%erence=2 &R=2 &(6377.33041457035 !)

Circu!%erence=40069.9487598579 !

T$e G!eat Ci!cle distance is /nall& co"uted as it is t$e a!tial deg!ee

"easu!e !o" one !evolution ?3B



54/170

DGC(!)= DGC

360( Circu!%erence )

DGC(!)=0.454065933043402

360 ( 40069.9487598579 ! )

DGC(!)=50.5399963073505 ! 50.54 !

1.3 O"erating (re'uency

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Vl6e

R(Urange Radio F!e0uenc& 5nit

Radio E0ui"ent

Seci/cationH

4 G)* 38G)*

A(range Antenna F!e0uenc&

Antenna E0ui"ent

Seci/cationH

7.125G)* 7.750G)*

R( UCB

Radio F!e0uenc& 5nit

C$annel %andidt$

Radio E0ui"ent

Seci/cationH

30M)*

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!



55/170

% Oe!ating F!e0uenc& Gz

Since t$e t&ical !e0uenc& 'and o! "o!e t$an ?B #" "ic!oave

lin# is


56/170

1.! +ntenna eight

P!+ Clernce

F!esnel one is used to desc!i'e t$e a"ount o clea!ance To"asi,

=B;@H. A F!esnel one is a locus o oints an elliseH in $ic$ a ave is

!eected it$ an additional "ultile o $al avelengt$. In an instance,

t$e Fi!st F!esnel one $as a !oagation dela& o $al a avelengt$. Fo!

t$e F!esnel zone !adius, t$e o!"ula in te!"s o avelengt$ . H,

distance !o" Site A dH, total LOS at$ DH, is a!o8i"ated '& a a!a'ola

desc!i'ed as To"asi, =B;@H.

(nn. (Dd)

d

4$e!e(n= nt$ F!esnel one

. / d /D / (n= All units a!e t$e sa"e ", #", etc.H



57/170

Fo! t$e Fi!st F!esnel one, t$e e0uation is si"li/ed as ollos, Qize!,

=B;?H

(1=17.3

d1 d2

%(G)*)D(!)

4$e!e(1= Fi!st F!esnel one "ete!sH

d1= distance !o" Site A #ilo"ete!sH

d2= distance !o" Site % #ilo"ete!sH

D(!)d1

D(!)= LOS at$ unit in #ilo"ete!sH

As !ecentl& discussed, t$e e0uations given a!e a!o8i"ated '& an

e0uation !elated to a a!a'ola. %ased on t$e de/nition o t$e Fi!st F!esnel

one, a !eection on t$e locus o t$e /!st F!esnel zone e!tains to an

additional distance o $al a avelengt$. In t$is case, t$e o!"ula e "ust

use is t$e e0uation o an ellise !at$e! t$an a a!a'ola. In t$is

docu"entation, e ill de!ive t$e o!"ula o! t$e nt$ F!esnel one in

te!"s o an ellise.

-!oe!ties o an Ellise


E0uations6

02

a2+"

2

b2=1

a2=b2+c2

+a(o! A8is distance =a

+ino! A8is distance ='

Distance 'eteen oci =c


58/170

Let us !elate t$e !oe!ties to t$ose o t$e F!esnel one. O'se!ve t$at

b=(n=nth (resnel radius

2 c=D=123 path

a+a=2 a=re%lected +a4edistance

2 a=D+n(.2 )

Re"e"'e! t$at antennas a!e located at t$e ocus o t$e ellise.

Su'stituting t$ese values to t$e ellise e0uation leads to

02

a2+

"2

b2=1

"2=b2(10

2

a2 )

"=5(2D+n. )24D2

16 (1 1602

(2D+n. )2 )

Let us t!anslate 0 as t$e distance is !o" Site A BH to an& oint !o"

Site A d H,

0 dD

2

Let 0=dD

2

"=2D+n.


a2=(2D+n.4 )

2

b2=a2c2

b2=

2D+n. 2

D 2


59/170

2D+n.24D2

*=

T$en t$e o!"ula o! t$e nt$ F!esnel one !adius is9

(n= (* )(11602

"2 )

4$e!e 0=dAD

2

"=2D+n.

*="

24D2

16

dA=distanceA

D=123 length

.=speed o% light(! / s)

%requenc"()*)

T$e o!"ula o! t$e /!st F!esnel one n;H is

(1

=

(* )

(1

1602

"2

)4$e!e

0=dD

2

"=2D+.

*="

24D2

16



60/170

d=distanceA

D=123 length

.=speed o% light(!/ s)

%requenc" ()*) =

299792458 ! /s%requenc" ()*)

T$e 3B o t$e Fi!st F!esnel one is

(0.6=0.6((1)

Inclined #re/nel one

4

$e

n t$e antenna $eig$ts o Site A and % die!, t$e line o sig$t is inclined.

T$e F!esnel one is also inclined. -at$ !o/les contains o'(ects suc$ as

F!esnel zone, antennas, o'st!uction oints and elevations it$ !esect to$eig$t. As t$e clea!ance gets inclined, t$e F!esnel one !adius also gets



61/170

inclined. T$is !ee!s to a slant $eig$t. T$e a!a"ete! conce!ned. In t$is

case is t$e ve!tical distance !o" LOS to F!esnel one () and

(1 H. A

"o!e tedious anal&sis is !e0ui!ed to ove!co"e t$is !o'le".

O'se!ve t$e olloing a!a"ete!s6

hA and

hB= antenna $eig$t o Sites A and % a'ove "ean sea level

"ete!sH

DGC= G!eat Ci!cle Distance "ete!sH

6= angle o inclination

tan 6=hBhA

DGC

D= LOS at$

h(DGC)

2+(BhA)2

D=

dA= distance !o" Site A

d= LOS at$ !o" Site A

d= dA

cos6

=906


7)=equi4alenthigher (resel radius(!eters)

71=equi4alent lo+er (resel radius(!eters)

()=4ertical distance123 higher (reselradius(!eters)

(1=4erticaldistance 123 lo+er (reselradius(!eters)

906()

= =


62/170

tan

(hBhADGC )1

cos

()=7)

tan

(hBhADGC )1

cos

(1=71

Conside! t$e st!aig$t line as() and

(1 . Dete!"ine7) and

71

t$en use t!igono"et!ic unction instantl&.

3lope (! )=cot 6

E0uation o To-oint Sloe Fo!"6 (""1 )=!(001)



63/170

Let"1=0, 01=d

"=! (0d ) "=!0!d"+!d=!0

0=

"

!+d

Su'stitute to Fi!st F!esnel Radius e0uation

2D+. 2

1

16(0D2)2

()

( (2D+. )24D2

16 )"=5

2D+.2

116("!+dD2)

2

()

( (2D+. )24D2

16 )"

2=5

Let *=( (2D+.)24D2

16 )



64/170

2D+. 2

16(dd2 )2

* ( (2D+. )2)=0

()+

32*(dD2)

"2(1+ 256*!2 (2D+. ) )+7

Let A=1+ 256*!

2(2D+.)=1+

256*

(1

!

)

2

"

B=32* (dD2)(2D+.)2

=320*

"2

C=* (16 (

dD

2)2

(2D+. )2

)

(2D+.)2 =

* (1602"2)

"2

A"2+B"+C=0

"=B5B24AC

2A

T$e a!a"ete!s() and

(1 a!e t$e $ig$e! and loe! inclined F!esnel

ones.

()= 7)

cos(tan1(hBhADGC ))


(1= 71

cos (tan1(hBhADGC ))

71=

BB24AC

2A

D=(D GC)2+(hBhA)

2

d= dA

cos

(tan1

(hAhBDGC ))

.=c

%=

299792458 ! /s%requenc" ()*)


65/170

7)=B+B24AC

2A

4$e!e A=1+256*

(1

! )2

"

B=

320*

"2

C=* (1602"2)

"2

0=dD

2

"=2D+.

*=

"24D2

16

1

!=tan 6=

hBhADGC

Co"ute t$e o!"ula o! 3B F!esnel clea!ance, "ultil& B.3 to F!esnel

one !adius, &.

"0.6=0.6"

( 10.6 )"0.6="

[( 10.6 )"0.6]2

="2



66/170

( 10.36 )"0.62 ="2

T$e acto!1

0.36 o! t$e 3B F!esnel Clea!ance is analogous to a acto!

1 to "2

o t$e Fi!st F!esnel one Radius. T$e!eo!e, t$e !evious

e0uations $ave e8!ession 1 c$anged to1

0.36 .

()(0.6 )= 7)(0.6 )

cos(tan1(hBhADGC))

(1(0.6)= 71(0.6 )

cos(tan1(hBhADGC))

4$e!e6

7)(0.6)=B+B24AC

2A

71(0.6)=

BB24AC2A

0=dD

2

"=2D+.

*="

24D2

16


A= 1

0.36+

256*(1! )2

"

B=

320*

"2

C=* (1602"2)

"2

d= dA

1 hBhA


67/170

1

!=tan 6=

hBhADGC

D=(D GC)2+(hBhA)

2

.=C%=299792458 ! /s

%requenc" ()*)

Line of Sig+! E86!ion



68/170

In o!de! to lot t$e F!esnel zone on t$e at$ !o/le, e "ust conside!

elevation due to line o sig$t. So e de!ive t$e e0uation o! t$e Line o

Sig$t

O'se!ve t$e olloing a!a"ete!s

hA= antenna $eig$t at Site A a'ove "ean sea level "ete!sH

hB= antenna $eig$t at Site % a'ove "ean sea level "ete!sH

DGC= G!eat Ci!cle Distance "ete!sH

hi= $eig$t o inclination

h123= line o sig$t $eig$t it$ !esect to distance !o"e Site A

"ete!sH

Conside! to t!iangles o!"ed '&hA /123/dA , 5sing si"ila! t!iangles

e !elate t$ese a!a"ete!s.

hi

dA=

hBhADGC

hi=dA (hBhA)

DGC

Add t$e $eig$t o inclination hi H to t$e $eig$t o Site A antenna

hA

to /nd t$e LOS

h123=hA+hi



69/170

h123=hA+dA(hBhA)

DGC

An!enn Heig+! Clc6l!ion

4e

design a

"ic!oave lin# t$at eac$ site $as t$e sa"e a!a"ete!s suc$ as antenna

$eig$t, aveguide lengt$ and toe! $eig$t. Fo! Identical calculation o

'ot$ sites o! toe! $eig$t and aveguide lengt$, e conside! t$e

antenna $eig$t a'ove g!ound level t$e sa"e. T$is "eans antenna $eig$t

a'ove "ean sea level a!ea is t$e /!st a!a"ete! to calculate. T$e



70/170

e0uations o! F!esnel one e de!ived a!e alied as e dete!"ine t$e

a!o!iate antenna $eig$t.



71/170

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er=Uni! Vl6e

DGC Total distance "H B?>.>>3?B


72/170

hB=aB+eB since aA=aB

hB=aA+eB

hBhA=aA+eB(aA+eA)

hBhA=eBeA

eBeA=55!52!

eBeA=3!=hBhA

D=(D GC)2+(hBhA)

2

(DGC)2+(eBeA)

2

(50539.9963073505 !)2+(3 !)2

D=50539.9963963889 !

6=tan1(hBhADGC )

d= dA

cos(tan1(hBhADGC ))=

34500 !

cos(tan1( 3 !50539.9963073505 ))=34500.0000607801 !

No o! t$e F!esnel zone !o" LOS,(1



73/170

0=dD

2=34500.0000607801 !

50539.996396889 !

2

0=9230.00186258562

"=2D+.=2 (50539.996396889 ! )+299792458 ! /s

7.275 $109)*

"=101080.034001363

50539.9963963889 !2

101080.034001363 ! 2

4

*="

24D2

16 =

*=520.670544147491

1

!=tan 6=

hBhADGC

= 3 !

50539.9963073505 !

1

!=5.93589279618464$105

5.93589279618464 $105 2

256

(520.67054414791

)(101080.034001363

)1+

A=(1+ 256*(1

! )2

" )=

A=1.00000000464633



74/170

101080.034001363 2

B=320*

"2 =

32(9230.00186258562)(520.670544147491 )

B=0.01505164667552137

101080.034001362 2

9230.0018625856 !2()!

101080.034001362

16(520.67053125 !2)

C=* (1602"2)

"2

=

C=451.20718035469

71=BB24AC

2A

451.20718035469

(0.01505164675 )24 (1.000000004 )(0.01505164675 )

71=

71=21.2491649996457 !

|(1|=| 71

cos(tan1(hBhADGC))||(1|=

|

21.2491649996457 !

cos

(tan

1

(

3 !

50.5399963073505 !

))| %ac$elo! o Science in Elect!onics and Co""unications Enginee!ing


75/170

|(1|=21.24916503708120 !

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

eb Ea!t$ 'ulge at t$e ointo o'st!uction

", A+SL

#or;6l9 eb=dA(DGCdA)

12.75

eb=(34.5 )(50.539996307350534.5)

(12.75)(4

3 )

=32.551757211976 !

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

h2 Total $eig$t o

o'st!uction

", A+SL

#or;6l9ho=eb+T ,G+eo+10

ho=32.551757211976+15+29+10

ho=86.551757211976 !

Line of Sig+! Ele)!ion

h123=ho+|(1|=86.551757211976 !+21.2491650370812 !


NOTE6

;B" alloance

'eteen Line o

Sig$t and Total


76/170

h123=107.800922249057 !

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

aA Antenna eig$t at Site A ", AGL

aB Antenna eig$t at Site % ", AGL

hA Antenna eig$t at Site A ", A+SL

hB Antenna eig$t at Site % ", A+SL

#or;6l h123=hA+dA(hBhA)

DGC hA=h123

dA (hBhA)

DGC

hA=107.80092249057 ! 34500 !(3!)

50539.9963073505 !

hA=105.753039234374 !/ AM31

(hBhA)=3 !

hB=hA+3 !=105.753039234374 !+3 !=108.753039234374 !/ AM31

aA=hAeA=105.753039234374 !52 !=53.753039234374 !/ AG1

aB=hBeB=108.753039234374 !55!=53.753039234374 !/AG1

aA=53.753039234374 ! / AG1 )eight o% Antennaat 3ite A AG1

aB=53.753039234374 ! / AG1 )eight o% Antennaat 3ite B AG1



77/170



78/170

1.# +ntenna Orientation

$(7($ Pnning Angle

Antennas o "ic!oave Site A and Site % a!e to 'e

anned toget$e! in te!"s o t$ei! 'ea!ing to esta'lis$ a line o

sig$t LOSH. In o!de! to co"ute t$ei! !esective 'ea!ings in

te!"s o t$e given latitude and longitude.

Site A and Site % $ave t$e olloing 'ea!ings.



79/170

Angles A and % dete!"ine t$e deg!ee "easu!e o

antenna anning it$ !esect to ea!t$Ks g!id no!t$ di!ection.

Angle A is an acute angle and Angle % is an o'tuse angle.

Longitude g!ids o Site A and Site % a!e not conside!ed as

G!eat Ci!cles 'ecause t$e e0uato!0 H is t$e onl& la!gest

ci!cle a"ong ot$e! longitude g!ids. %ut since t$e SiteKs est

and east di!ections a!e tangent to g!eat ci!cles e!endicula!

to SiteKs latitude g!id, t$e angle anning is delo&ed t$e

sa"e.

4e co"ute angles A and % using s$e!ical

t!igono"et!ic o!"ula.

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Uni! Vl6e

DGCc degree 0.454065933043402

a degree / !inutes / seconds 74 31'8.22

b degree /!inutes /seconds 74 39'31.35

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

A Angle degree/!inutes / seconds

" Angle degree / !inutes / seconds

#or;6l9 Cosine La o! Angle AH

c+ sin b sin c cosAcosa=cosbcos

Cosine La o! Angle %H



80/170

cosb=cos acosc+sin a sin c cos B

Sol6!ion for Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

A Angle degree / !inutes / seconds

#or;6l 9 cosa=cosb cosc+sin b sin c cosA

(cosacos b cos c

sin b sinc )

A=cos1

74 31'8.22)} sin( { 0.454065933043402} )} i!"t )}

sincos(74 31'8.22)} -cos {(74 {39} ^ {'} 31.35)cos (0.454065933043402 )

A=cos1

A=72.014273758510972 0'51.39



81/170

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

B Angle degree/!inutes / seconds

#or;6l 9 cosb=cos acosc+sin a sin ccos B

cos bcosa cosc

sin asinc

B=cos1H

7431'8.22)} sin {( 0.454065933043402 )}} )

sin

cos(74 39'31.35)} - cos {( 74 {31} ^ {'} 8.22)cos(0.454065933043402)

B=cos1

B=107.8666360701080107 51'59.89


Site A6 Caas, Ta!lac

G!id No!t$6

72 0'51.39) E

8


82/170


Site %6 Ca'anatuan, Nueva

Eci(a

G!id No!t$6

10751'59.89) #

8


83/170

$(7(% An!enn Til!ing

An!enn L6nc+ Angle

To dete!"ine t$e launc$ angle it$ !esect to t$e $o!izon,

e conside! t$e antenna $eig$t a'ove "ean sea level and t$e ea!t$

cu!vatu!e. %ased on t$e o!"ula !o" Qize! =B;?H, t$e antenna

launc$ angle 6 o! eac$ site is

(2)6= tan1(1)sin

1

4$e!e tan1(1) H is t$e angle it$ !esect to at ea!t$

su!ace and

(2)

sin1

H is t$e angle conside!ed o! ea!t$ cu!vatu!e.

4e also $ave to denote $ic$ antenna is t$e a! end and nea! end.



84/170

In e8a"le o! Site A, nea!end antenna is at Site A and t$e a!end

antenna is at Site %.

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9Vri4le Pr;e!er=Uni! Vl6e

hA Antenna $eig$t o Site A, A+SL

"H

;B.=?@?>>3?B


85/170

h8= nea!end antenna $eig$t a'ove "ean sea

level

#or Si!e A

h8=hA=105.753039234374 !

h(=hB=108.753039234374 !

1=h(h8D

G(!)

=108.753039234374 !105.753039234374 !

50.5399963073505 $10

3

!

1A=5.93589279618464 $ 105

tan11

A=tan1(5.93589279618464 $105)

tan11

A=0 0'12.24366

#or Si!e "

h8=hB=108.753039234374 !

h(=hA=105.753039234374 !

1=h(h8DG(!)

=108.753039234374 !105.753039234374 !

50.5399963073505 $103!

1B=5.93589279618464 $105

tan11

B=tan1(5.93589279618464 $ 105)



86/170

tan11

B=0 0 '12.24366

Solution o! sin1(2) H o! Site A and Site % it$ !esect to

ea!t$ cu!vatu!e.

h

DGC(!)2

2=

4$e!e9h

((h8)

can eit$e! 'eh

(AhB)

orh

(BhA)

since

s0ua!ing "a#e it ositive,

DGC(!)= G!eat Ci!cle Distance

K=ea!t$Ks !adius acto! 6/e9

4

3



87/170

a= ea!t$Ks !adius 6367 ! F 'ut since t$e ea!t$Ks !adius on

at$ e solved o! G!eat Ci!cle Distance solution is

R 6377.330415 ! , e su'stituted a o! R

h

DGC(!)2

2=

50.5399963073505 $ 1032

108.753039234374 !105.753039234374 !2+

2=

2=2.971854587515940 $103

sin1(2)=sin1(2.971854587515940 $103)

sin1(2)=0 10

'12.98991

To /nall& solve o! t$e antenna launc$ angle o! Site A

and Site %, su'stitute tan1(1) H, sin

1(2) H o! Site A and

tan1(1) H, sin

1(2) H o! Site %.

Si!e A An!enn L6nc+ Angle



88/170



89/170

Launc$ Angle o! Site A 6

(2)6

A

=tan1(1A)sin1

6A=0 0 '12.24366-010'12.99248

6A=0 10'0.746

Launc$ Angle 'elo o!izon

6A=0 1 0'0.746

Si!e " An!enn L6nc+ Angle



90/170

Launc$ Angle o! Site % 6

(2)

6B=tan1(

1B)sin1

6B=0 0 '12.24366-010'12.99248

6B=0 1 0'25.236

Launc$ Angle 'elo o!izon

6B=0 1 0'25.236

Site A antenna launc$ angle

6A=0 1 0'0.746

Site % antenna launc$ angle

6B=0 1 0'25.236



91/170

1./ )e*ection Point

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


hA Antenna $eig$t o Site A, A+SL

tH

?@3.>2B;?>B

=;hB Antenna $eig$t o Site %, A+SL

tH

?3.2B;?B>2=@B

3BDGC Total Distance "iH ?;.@B@;


92/170

DGC2

DGC

2

0= hA

31.4041758157695 2

0=346.958790139021

31.4041758157695 2

"=357.8730968

G1= 1

1+"0=

1

1+ 0.3617859020.351805881G1=0.496503425

d1=G1 (DGC)=(0.496503425 )(31.4041758157695)

d1=15.59228084 !i=25.09328125 !

d2=DGCd1=50.54!25.09328125 !



93/170

d2=25.4467151 !



94/170

1.0 ransmission $alculation

1.0.1 )adio (re'uency Pro"agation -ain

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


d Antenna Dia"ete! "H =.@Antenna Seci/cationH

% Oe!ating

F!e0uenc&GzH


95/170

G=GA /GBGA=42.64088479 dBiGB=42.64088479 dBi

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

GT Radio o !e0uenc& total

Gain

d%i

#or;6l 9GT=GA+GB

GT=42.64088479 dBi+42.64088479 dBi=85.28176957 dBi



96/170

1.0.2 )adio (re'uency Pro"agation %oss

1.0.2.1 aveguide %oss

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


hA Antenna eig$t at Site

A AGL "H

?.=?@?


97/170

11=d tr

4$e!e11 is aveguide lengt$ !o" !adio !oo" to /!st 'ent

aveguide

11=d tr=3.3!.26 !

11=3.04 !

12=hhe2 r

4$e!e12 is aveguide lengt$ !o" /!st 'ent aveguide to

second 'ent aveguide.

12=hhe2 r=54 !+1.35 !2( .26 !)

12

=51.88303923437 !

Finding13 F

5sing !oo!tion6

hs

(hth)=(d 31d 3))

0

0=(d 31d 3))(hth)

hs

"/ed on !o*er /ec!ion &WN



98/170

d31=0.3226!

d3)=0.2640!

hs=6.096 !

ht=56 !

4$e!ed31 is distance !o" cente! to ve!te8 o loe! section

d3) is distance !o" cente! to ve!te8 o $ig$e!

section

hs is $eig$t o to section

ht elevation o ea# o toe! it$ !esect to

g!ound

0=(0.3226 !0.2640!)(56!54!)

6.096 !

=0.02159972127 !

4e e0uate distance !o" antenna to cente! o toe!

13+r=0+d3)

13=0+d3)r=0.019226 !+0.2640 !0.26 !=0.02559972127 !

1B=&r

2=

&(0.26 !)2

=0.40840704497 !

4$e!e1B is lengt$ o 'ent aveguide



99/170

T$en91B at Site % is 9

11+12+

91B= 13+n1B(9A )

91B= (3.04 !+52.13!+0.023226 !+(2 ) (0.408407 ! )) (4.83 dB100!)91B=2.693471382dB

91B at Site % 2.693471382 dB

#or !o!l leng!+ *= 4ending ! Si!e "

11+12+13+n1B=3.04!+51.88303923437 !+0.0232256!+2 (0.408407 ! )

55.76545304558 !

Sol6!ion for91B at Site A 9

#or;6l for91B :

11+12+91B=

13+n1B (9A )

Solution o!11

12 13

n1B

11=d tr

4$e!e11 is aveguide lengt$ !o" !adio !oo" to /!st 'ent

aveguide

11=d tr=3.3!.26 !



100/170

11=3.04 !

12=hhe2 r

4$e!e12 is aveguide lengt$ !o" /!st 'ent aveguide to

second 'ent aveguide.

12=hhe2 r=53.7530392344!+1.35 !2(.26!)

12=51.8830392344 !

Finding13 F

5sing !oo!tion6

hs

(hth)=(d 31d 3))

0

0=(d 31d 3))(hth)

hs

"/ed on !o*er /ec!ion &WN

d31=0.3226!

d3)=0.2640!

hs=6.096 !

ht=56 !

4$e!ed31 is distance !o" cente! to ve!te8 o loe! section



101/170

d3) is distance !o" cente! to ve!te8 o $ig$e!

section

hs is $eig$t o to section

ht elevation o ea# o toe! it$ !esect to

g!ound



102/170

0=(0.3226 !0.2640!)(56!53.7530392344 !)

6.096 ! =!

4e e0uate distance !o" antenna to cente! o toe!13+r=0+d3)

13=0+d3)r=0.00961286 !+0.2640 !0.26 !=0.01361286 !

1B=&r

2=

&(0.26 !)2

=0.4084070450 !

4$e!e1B is lengt$ o 'ent aveguide

T$en91B at Site % is 9

11+12+91B= 13+n1B(9A )

91B= (3.04 !+53.13 !+0.01361286 !+(2 ) (0.408407 ! )) ( 4.83 dB100!)91B=2.693471382dB

91Bat Site A

2.693471382dB

#or !o!l leng!+ *= 4ending ! Si!e A

11+12+13+n1B=3.04 !+51.883039 !+0.0255997 !+2 (0.408407 ! )

55.76545305 !

#or !o!l co;4ine *)eg6ide lo// fro; Si!e A nd "



103/170

9T=91B at Site A +91B at Site %

9T=2.693471382 dB+2.693471382 dB=5.38694271382 dB


DGC Total distance #"H B.?>>>3?

% Oe!ating F!e0uenc&

GzH


104/170

1.0.2.3 et Path %oss

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


9T 4aveguide total loss at

Site A and Site % d%H

5.386942764

(31 F!ee Sace -at$ Loss d%H 143.7093641

R1 Rado"e loss d%HRado"e Seci/cationH

0.8

-1 Inse!tion Loss d%HConnecto!s

Seci/cationH

0.01

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

8#1 Net -at$ Loss d%

#or;6l 9

-

(1)8#1=9T+(31+2 (R1 )+4

8#1=5.386942764 +143.7093641+2 (.8 )+4(.01)

8#1=150.7363068 dB



105/170

1.0.3 (ade 4argin

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


8#1 Net -at$ Loss d%H 150.7363068

GT Radio F!e0uenc& Total

Gain d%iH

85.28176957

#o T!ans"itte! Outut -oe!

d%"HRadio E0ui"ent

Seci/cationH

??

Rs -!i"a!& S&ste" !eceive!t$!es$old d%"H

Radio E0ui"ent

Seci/cationH


106/170

#or;6l 9

R(M=R31( 3)

(M=32.46949553 dB!(70.5 dB!)

(M=38.04546274 dB

1.0.! )eliability of the 4ain System

R5leig+ Di/!ri46!ion T4le

#de Mrgin Bd" Relia'ilit& H

> >B

$> >>

%> >>.>



107/170

&> >>.>>

'> >>.>>>

7> >>.>>>>

4e de!ive o! t$e o!"ula o! !elia'ilit& it$ an a!'it!a!& value o

ade "a!gin. T$e ade "a!gin is in a!it$"etic se!ies 'ecause eac$

to consecutive te!"s $ave a die!ence o sa"e value o d=10

(irst ter! :a1=8

3econd ter!: a2=18=8+10=a1+d

Thirdter!:a 3=28=8+2 (10 )=a1+2 d

I n=3 , t$en n1=2

/a n=a1+( n1 ) d

Sincean is t$e ade "a!gin, n is de!ived as ollos9

(M(dB)=a1+ (n1 ) d

8+(n1 )10

8+10 n10

(M(dB)=10 n2

n=(M(dB )+2

10

Fo! t$e !elia'ilit& let us conside! a geo"et!ic se!ies su't!acted !o"

;BB6



108/170

(irst ter! :b1=90=10010=100101=10010(21)

3econd ter!: b2=99=1001=100100=10010(22)

Thirdter!:b 3=99.9=1000.1=100101

=10010(23 )

(ourthter!:b4=99.99=1000.01=100102=10010(24)

I n=4 ,

T$en bn=10010(2n)

Since6 bn=reliabilit"( )

reliabilit" ( )=10010(2n)

Su'stituting n o!(MdB+2

10 !elia'ilit& $as o!"ula in te!"s o

Fade +a!gin

reliabilit" ( )=10010(2((M(dB )210 ))

reliabilit" ( )=10010(20(M(dB )210 )

reliabilit" ( )=10010(18(M(dB )

10

)

4$e!e 6 !elia'ilit& is in e!cent ( ) and Fade +a!gin is in d%H

Reliabilit" o% the Main 3"ste!=10010( 1838.0454627410 )

Reliabilit" o% the Main 3"ste!=99.99010414



109/170

1.0.# ot5Standby System

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


R3 -!i"a!& s&ste" !eceive!

t$!es$old d%"H


110/170

Reliabilit" o% the )ot3tandb" 3"ste!=99.87541845113260

1.0./ Overall System )eliability 6171 redundancy8

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


R) Relia'ilit& o t$e $ot

stand'& s&ste" H

>>.2


111/170

U T$e 5navaila'ilit& o

t$e Ove!all S&ste"

Relia'ilit& ;;

!edundanc&H

sec

"r /

!in

"r /

hr

"r

#or;6l 9U=1RT

U=10.9999998758636110=0.0000001232842088416670

U=0.0000001241363886128610 (365da"s1"r )(

24hr1 da" )(60!ins1 hr )(

60 sec1 !in)

U=3.88789081sec

"r :0.06479818

!in

"r :0.00107997

hr

"r

T$e unavaila'ilit& o t$e ove!all s&ste" it$ ;; !edundanc&H

3.88789081sec

"r /0.06479818

!in

"r /0.00107997

hr

"r

1.0.0 9navailability ,ase on )adio (re'uency Pro"agation

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


(M Fade +a!gin o t$e "ains&ste" d%H

?2.B@@3=


112/170

DGC Total Distance "iH ?;.@B@;


113/170

0.25 (%or a4erageinland areas )

0.25 (%or 4er" dr"!ountainousareas )

31.4041758157695 3(1.25$ 106)(1 038.04546274

10 )

7.2751.6Undp=(1 )(.25)

Undp=0.00003632442465046420 ( 365 da"s1"r )( 24hr

1 da" )( 60!ins

1 hr )( 60sec

1!in)

Undp=1145.527056sec

"r /19.15785072

!in

"r / 0.319297512

hr

"r

T$e unavaila'ilit& 'ase on !adio !e0uenc& !oagation is

1145.527056sec"r

: 19.1585072 !in"r

:0.319297512 hr"r

4it$ !elia'ilit& o 99.99636756



114/170

1.0.: )eliability with S"ace Diversity

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9


(M Fade +a!gin o t$e "ain

s&ste" d%H

?2.B@@3=


115/170

#or;6l 9

s

-sd=(1.2$103 )( %G)*DGC)

8.247422682(1 038.04546274

10 )

-sd=(1.2$ 103)( 7.275

50.539996073505)

-sd=74.91379863168370

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

UT Total unavaila'ilit& it$

sace dive!sit&

5nitless

#or;6l 9 UT=Undp

-sd

UT=0.00003632442465046420

74.91379863168370 =0.0000004848829630046470

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

RT Total !elia'ilit& it$

sace dive!sit&

#or;6l 9RT=1UT

RT=10.0000004848829630=0.9999995151

Total !elia'ilit& it$ sace dive!sit& is 99.99995151

1.: Overall System )eliability of the System and Pro"agated

)adio ave with ot5 Standby and Diversity

Gi)en Pr;e!er/9




116/170

RT3 Total !elia'ilit& o t$e

s&ste" it$ otstand'&

!otection H

>>.>>>>2


117/170

T$e ove!all unavaila'ilit& o t$e s&ste" and t$e !oagated !adio

ave it$ $otstand'& and sace dive!sit& !otection is

0.0000018836sec

"r:0.0000000313940873!in

"r :0.000000000523234788hr

"r

Overall 9navailability ime able

Ti;e R!e O6!ge Ti;e

Second/ 0er d5 B.BBBBBBBB;3B32=3

;Second/ 0er ;on!+ B.BBBBBB;@2=B;33>@2;3?@@>;=2Min6!e/ 0er 5er B.BBBBBBB?;?>@B2


118/170

1.; %in< ,udget


#T0 T!ans"itted -oe! d%"HRadio E0ui"ent Seci/cationH

??

GT0 / GR0 Gain o t$e antenna o Site A

and Site % d%iH

@=.3@B22@

(31 F!ee Sace -at$ Loss d%H ;@?.?3@;

91A 4aveguide loss at Site A d%H =.3>?@?@


119/170

BA=3.513471382 dB

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

BB %!anc$ing loss at

Site %

d%

#or;6l 9 BB=91B+R1+2(-1)

BB=2.693471382 dB+0.8dB+2(0.01 dB)

BB=3.513471382 dB

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

ER# Eective !adiated

oe!

d%"

#or;6l 9ER#=#T


120/170

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

E-R# Eective isot!oic

!adiated oe!

d%"

#or;6l 9E-R#=ER#+GT0

E-R#=29.48652862 dB!+42.64088479 dBi

E-R#=72.12741341 dB!

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

E-R3 Eective isot!oic

!eceived signal

d%"

#or;6l 9 E-R3=E-R#(31

E-R3=72.12741341 dB!143.7093641 dB

E-R3=71.58195066 dB

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

ER3 Eective !eceived

signal

d%"

#or;6l 9 ER3=E-R3+GR0

ER3=71.58195066 dB+42.64088479

ER3=28.94106587 dB!

Un1no*n Pr;e!er/9



121/170

Vri4le Pr;e!er Uni!

R31 Received signal

level

d%"

#or;6l 9R31=ER3BB

R31=28.94106587 dB!3.513471382 dB

R31=32.45453726 dB!

T$e !eceive signal level at t$e !eceive! side is 32.45453726 dB!



122/170

Illustration for %in< ,udget


#SL

RWTW GAT@ GAR@


123/170

-TW ER- EIR- EIRS ERS RSL

;BB

B

B

B

;BB

?=.BBBB

=


124/170

2. ower %ayout



125/170

3. aveguide %ayout



126/170



127/170

!.

Design



128/170

Summary

Si!e A Si!e "

"/ic Infor;!ion

Loc!ion%!g&. Santo Do"ingo,

Caas, Ta!lac

%!g&. %angad,

Ca'anatuan Cit&,

Nueva Eci(a

L!i!6de ; =BK=2.3*N ; =2K;.>3?B


129/170

An!enn

Orien!!ion

T!ue No!t$

72 0'51.39 ) E

8

T!ue No!t$

10751 '59.89 ) #

8

An!enn Til!ing 0 10

'

4.50469 0 10

'

21.48027

Di/!nce fro;

!+e Reec!ion

Poin!

=.B>?=2;= #" =.@@3


130/170

on Rdio

#re86enc5

Pro0g!ion

Reli4ili!5 *i!+

S0ce Di)er/i!5 >>.>>>>;;;.>>>>>>>>>>>@B

O)erll

Un)il4ili!5

B.BBBBB;22?3@=?>


131/170

C!e "e"'e!s s$ould ea! $ig$ visi'ilit& clot$es $en o!#ing it$

o! nea! const!uction e0ui"ent, eseciall& c!anes

a!d$ats o! $el"ets a!e !e0ui!ed at all ti"es o! cli"'e!s and

g!ound c!e

Avoid o!#ing di!ectl& unde! t$e toe! $en cli"'e!s a!e on t$e

toe!

Esta'lis$ a o!# zone unde! t$e toe! e0ual to $al t$e total $eig$t,t$e distance t$at tools o! $a!da!e could all aa& !o" andMo!

!icoc$et o t$e toe!

Esta'lis$ )e8clusion zones* o at least tice t$e $eig$t o! onloo#e!s

and "edia

Cli"'e!s s$ould onl& use 'uc#ets, ouc$es, 'ags and oc#ets o!

tools, a!ts, and $a!da!e t$at can 'e closed, zied, astened, o!

ot$e!ise secu!el& closed

5se tools and gea! /tted it$ loos o! slings so t$e& can 'e secu!ed

it$ ca!a'ine!s to t$e cli"'e!, o! to t$e toe!

Qee ve$icles a!#ed at least one$al t$e toe! $eig$t aa& !o"

t$e 'ase o t$e toe! to avoid da"age !o" accidentall& d!oed

tools o! e0ui"ent

All $aul !oes s$ould 'e t$e !oe! st!engt$ and dia"ete! o! tools

to 'e used



132/170

Ade0uate and !oe! ulle& s&ste"s and anc$o! oints a!e essential

o! liting and $auling. -!og!essive catu!e o! !oe s&ste"s is $ig$l&

encou!aged.

&lectrical Safety

Voltage ove! B volts is conside!ed dange!ous and !e0ui!es

a!o!iate -e!sonal -!otective E0ui"ent.

Fi!e !eta!dant clot$ing, gloves, and ace s$ields "a& 'e necessa!&

o! a!ticula! elect!ical tas#s. T$e!eo!e, an&one not 0uali/ed s$ould

not oen live elect!ical enclosu!es o! ca'inets.

All cli"'e!s s$ould !actice )Loc#outMTagout* 'eo!e cli"'ing an&

toe! installing aH adloc#sH on elect!ical disconnects and oe!

sou!ces $eneve! !actica'le. A sea!ate adloc# s$ould 'e used

'& eac$ o!#e!, and onl& one #e& s$ould 'e in ci!culation o! eac$

loc#. -e! OSA !egulations, onl& $e o! s$e $o alied t$e loc# s$all

'e alloed to !e"ove it.


MULTIPLELOCK

DEVICE BHASP

Pdloc1 nd Ke5 TAG B#RONT AND

"ACK


133/170

Note t$at t$e!e a!e ce!tain conditions t$at !e0ui!e oe! 'e !esent

to test, t!ou'les$oot, o! !eosition t$e "ac$ine 'ut $en suc$

"aneuve!s a!e not unde!a& t$e s&ste" s$ould 'e deene!gized

and ut into an elect!icall& sae o!#ing condition.

Power $ontact Induction

T$e (oint occuanc& o oles and suo!t !esent oe!

contactMinduction !o'le" and t$e necessit& o! const!ucting oe!

and co""unicationKs acilities nea! eac$ ot$e! and t$e advantages to

'ot$ t$e inte!est "ust 'e ca!eull& conte"lated.

Good const!uction and ade0uate sacing 'eteen oe! and

co""unicationKs acilities a!e /!st line o deense against oe!

contact and induction $aza!ds. T$is essentiall& #ees o!eign

otential out o t$e co""unication lant

Second "easu!e is to !ovide at$s to g!ound on t$e

co""unication acilities suJcient to !event e8cessive voltage

!ise in t$e co""unication lant and utilization o cu!!ent li"iting

devices

Insulation on t$e co""unication conducto!s "a&, in "an&

instances it$stand seconda!& oe! otential 'ut deendence

on insulation alone int!oduces a conside!a'le $aza!d

4$e!e t$e ossi'ilit& o oe! line contact is e"inent, e0ui"ent

connected to suc$ lines s$ould 'e !ovided it$ !otecto! ca'le

o disc$a!ging suJcient cu!!ent to use t$e line conducto! o! t$e&

s$ould 'e !ovided it$ line uses and su!ge a!!este!. S$all

!otecto!s ill 'e ade0uatel& !ounded to !event e8cessive !ise

in otential at t$e e0ui"ent locations.

Isolating t!anso!"e! andMo! neut!alizing t!anso!"e!s andMo!

a!o!iate devices s$ould utilize to !event distu!'ances in

co""unications ci!cuits e8osed to a!ise in g!ound otential



134/170

+$ and D$ Safety

T$e!e a!e to !o'a'le a&s oe! line caused e0ui"ent da"age

occu!s.

To*er S!ri1e/

Su!ge cu!!ent "a& also a!!ive to st!ess e0ui"ent it$in t$e

'uilding it$ a st!i#e to t$e co""unication toe!. In an ideal

installation, t$e toe!, 'ul#$ead, e0ui"ent and utilit& g!ounds a!e

all tied toget$e! it$ a single oint g!ound.

T$e one a& to t$eo!eticall& li"it st!ess on t$e e0ui"entKs

oe! sulies is to !ovide additional inductance isolationH o! t$eoe! line at$ inside t$e e0ui"ent 'uilding.

Po*er Line S!ri1e/

Su!ge cu!!ent "a& 'e i"osed on a oe! line '& a lig$tning

st!i#e nea! t$e e0ui"ent o! on an ove!$ead utilit& line. Cu!!ent

"a& di!ectl& ente! 'u!ied lines $en lig$tning st!i#es a st!eet lig$t

o! "a& 'e conducted to a 'u!ied oe! line i lig$tning st!i#es nea!

t$e line. 4$ic$eve! a& t$e su!ge cu!!ent ente!s, it causes a 'i

di!ectional o o su!ge cu!!ent on t$e oe! line. Cu!!ent os

'ot$ toa!d t$e e0ui"ent 'uilding and aa& !o" it, toa!d t$e

nea!est dist!i'ution t!anso!"e!.

4$en t$e su!ge cu!!ent oing toa!d t$e e0ui"ent 'uilding

!eac$es a dist!i'ution t!anso!"e!, a!t o t$e ene!g& is dive!ted tog!ound. Ene!g& not dive!ted to g!ound is couled t$!oug$ t$e

t!anso!"e! '& a!cing noncatast!o$icH o! caacitive couling.

Su!ge cu!!ent continues toa!d t$e e0ui"ent 'uilding on 'ot$ t$e

)neut!al* and )$ot* conducto!s o t$e oe! line.

At t$e 'uildingKs "ain oe! line ent!ance anel t$e neut!al is tied

to g!ound, !educing neut!al conducto! ene!g&. +ost o t$e ene!g&

!o" t$e lig$tning st!i#e s$ould !e"ain on t$e )$ot conducto!s*.



135/170

-round

Eve!&one ag!ees t$at g!ounding is i"o!tant to !educe t$e

occu!!ence o lig$tning da"age.

T$e!e a!e t$!ee i"o!tant !easons o! !oe! g!ounding6 ensu!ing

e!sonnel saet&, "ini"izing !adio !e0uenc& inte!e!ence and !eventing

e0ui"ent da"age !o" lig$tning.

A good g!ound is a loi"edance 'ond to an eective ea!t$

elect!ode s&ste", $ic$ is a neto!# o 'u!ied conducto!s a!ound t$e

toe! designed to c!eate a lo !esistancetoea!t$. Toe! ea!t$ elect!ode

s&ste"s t&icall& consist o a set o d!iven g!ound !ods con/gu!ed in a

!ing a!ound t$e toe!, it$ t$e !ods 'onded toget$e! '& a la!ge coe!

conducto! A4G size ;MB o! la!ge!H. Eac$ leg o t$e toe! s$ould 'e

'onded to t$e ea!t$elect!ode s&ste" using an e8ot$e!"ic eld.

&lectric Shoc


136/170

Co""unication toe!s a!e designed to 'e e8t!e"el& eJcient

st!uctu!es, in so"e cases, !ising to ove! =BBB eet in $eig$t. T$is

eJcienc& co"es at a cost, as t$e!e a!e "an& toe!s t$at do not

!ovide t$e cli"'e! it$ ade0uate cli"'ing acilities and !oe! tie[o oints. Additionall&, o!#ing on a toe! is oten ve!& diJcult

since t$e!e a!e t&a

Documents

Final Wireless Microwave Communication