Final Year Project on Fire Fighting systems

Project of Studyof Fire Fighting Systems

A Project ReportBachelor OF Mechanical Engineering And

TechnologySubmitted By

Syed Naqash KazmiWaqar MehmoodAnzar Shafi

Project Supervisor:Farhan Manzoor

Department of TechnologyPIMSAT UNIVERSITY

Study ofFire Fighting Systems

THIS PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TOPIMSAT institute of higher education for

The partial fulfillment of the requirements forawarding the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical

Engineering And Technology

Assigned by: _____________________________Faculty Member’s Signature

Internal ExaminerSign: ____________________

Name: ___________________External Examiner

Sign: ____________________

Name:____________________

Acknowledgment And DedicationWe would all like to thank our project supervisor Mr. Farhan Manzoor for providing usthe opportunity to work under his supervision. He provided us with all the requiredresources, support and guidance at every step to complete this project. His enormous helpallowed us to keep moving on and finish this project well in time. This project would nothave been possible without his help.

We'd like to make special acknowledgement for one of our brother Mr. Waqar Kazmifor providing significant help during the entire course of this project.

Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to ourbeloved parents for their blessings, to our friends/classmates for their help and wishes forthe successful completion of this project.

AbstractIn introductory chapter discusses the complexities of relationship between humans

and fire and the status of human efforts of control the disastrous effects of fire. Asubsequent section examines characteristics and behaviour of fire, with a special note onsmoke movement in building the text covers these topics regarding fire hazard : Firehazard of specific materials such as wood , fibers and explosives. Industrial and processfire hazard (e.g solvent extraction) special fire protection and prevention issues regardingindoor and outdoor storage practices, material handling equipments, electrostaticsignition sources ,etc. Fire safety in building design and construction , with attention tohigh rise structures. Fire hazards in building services (e.g air conditioning and electricalappliance system and the hazards of various types of occupied structure includingresidential business industrial and educational.The role and responsibilities of public firedepartments and water supplies and facilities for fire protection are examined. Severalsections offer detailed discussions of fire protection devices and systems including firealarms, detection devices guard services, Extinguishing agents, water sprinklers, specialsystems and portable fire extinguishers. A chapter on fire hazards in rail rapid transitsystem is include.

Copyright StatementALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This project (study of fire fighting) contains materialprotected under PIMSAT university. Any unauthorized persons reprint or use of thismaterial is prohibited. No part of this project may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or byany information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from theauthor / publisher.

TABLE OF CONTENTSChapter 1

Fire Fighting Systems1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Historical Background 10

1.3 Types of Fire Fighting System 13

Chapter 2

Fire Hydrant System

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Components of Fire Hydrant System 14

2.3 Designing of Fire Hydrant System 15

2.3.1 Drawing And Bill of Quantity 17

2.3.2 Standard of Designing 20

2.3.3 Hydraulic calculation 21

Chapter 3

Fire Sprinkler System

3.1 Introduction 23

3.2 Components of Fire Sprinkler System 24

3.3 Designing of Fire Sprinkler System 24



3.3.3 Hydraulic calculation 29

Chapter 4

Fire Alarm System

4.1 Introduction 30

4.2 Components of Fire Alarm System 30

4.3 Designing of Fire Alarm System 30


Chapter 5

Fire Deluge System

5.1 Introduction 38

5.2 Components of Fire Deluge System 38

5.3 Designing of Fire Deluge System 39



5.3.3 Designing calculation 42

Chapter 6

Foam Top Pourer System

6.1 Introduction 66

6.2 Components of Foam Top Pourer System 66

6.3 Designing of Foam Top Pourer System 66



6.3.3 Designing calculation Method 69

Chapter 7

Foam VESDA System

7.1 Introduction 70

7.2 Components of VESDA System 70

7.3 Designing of VESDA System 70



Chapter 8

Foam FM200 System

8.1 Introduction 74

8.2 Components of FM200 System 74

8.3 Designing of FM200 System 75



Chapter 9

Foam CO2 System

9.1 Introduction 81

9.2 Components of CO2 System 81

9.3 Designing of CO2 System 82



CHAPTER NO 1. STUDY OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

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1.1IntroductionFirefighting is the act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent loss of

life, and/or destruction of property and the environment. Firefighting is a highly technical

skill that requires professionals who have spent years training in both general firefighting

techniques and specialized areas of expertise.

Ancient Rome

There was no public fire-fighting in the Roman Republic. Instead, private individuals

would rely upon their slaves or supporters to take action. This action could involve razing

nearby buildings to prevent the spread of fire as well as bucket brigades. The very

wealthy Marcus Licinius Crassus was infamous for literal fire sales. He would buy

burning buildings, and those adjacent to them at low prices, and rebuild them using his

team of 500 slaves. However there is no mention of the men extinguishing the fires.

There was not an organized fire-fighting force in ancient Rome until Augustus's era.

United Kingdom

Prior to the Great Fire of London in 1666, some parishes in the UK had begun to organise

rudimentary firefighting. After much of London was destroyed, the first fire insurance

was introduced by a man named Nicholas Barbon. To reduce the cost, Barbon formed his

own Fire Brigade, and eventually there were many other such companies. By the start of

the 1800s, those with insurance were given a badge or mark to attach to their properties,

indicating that they were eligible to utilize the services of the fire brigade. Other

buildings with no coverage or insurance with a different company were left to burn

unless they were adjacent to an insured building in which case it was often in the

insurance company's interest to prevent the fire spreading.

In 1833, companies in London merged to form The London Fire Company Establishment.

Steam powered apparatuses were first introduced in the 1850s, allowing a greater

quantity of water to be directed onto a fire.

The steam powered appliances were replaced in the early 1900s with the invention of the

internal combustion engine.

Firefighters' duties

Firefighters' goals are to save lives, property and the environment. A fire can rapidly

spread and endanger many lives; however, with modern firefighting techniques,

catastrophe is usually, but not always, avoided. To prevent fires from starting, a

firefighter's duties can include public education about fire safety and conducting fire

inspections of locations for their adherence to local fire codes.

Because firefighters are often the first responders to people in critical conditions,

firefighters may provide many other valuable services to the community they serve, such

as:

Emergency medical services, as technicians or as licensed paramedics, staffing

ambulances;


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Hazardous materials mitigation (HAZMAT);

Vehicle rescue/extrication;

Search and rescue;

Community disaster support.

Fire risk assessments

Additionally, firefighters may also provide service in specialized fields, such as:

Aircraft/airport rescue;

Wildland fire suppression;

Shipboard and military fire and rescue;

Tactical paramedic support ("SWAT medics");

Tool hoisting;

High angle rope rescue;

Swiftwater rescue.

Trench rescue

Confined space rescue

Building collapse

Cold water rescue

In the US, firefighters also serve the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

as urban search and rescue (USAR) team members.

Hazards caused by fire

One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment

created by combusting materials. The four major hazards associated with these situations

are as follows:

Smoke, which is becoming increasingly dangerous due to the rise in synthetic

household materials.

Oxygen deficient atmosphere, 21% O2 is normal, 19.5% O2 is considered oxygen

deficient.

Elevated temperatures

Toxic atmospheres

To combat these potential effects, firefighters carry self-contained breathing apparatus

(SCBA; an open-circuit positive pressure compressed air system) to prevent smoke

inhalation. These are not oxygen tanks; they carry compressed air. SCBA usually hold 30

to 45 minutes of air, depending upon the size of the tank and the rate of consumption

during strenuous activities.


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Obvious risks are associated with the immense heat. Even without direct contact with the

flames (direct flame impingement), conductive heat can create serious burns from a great

distance. There are a number of comparably serious heat-related risks: burns from

radiated heat, contact with a hot object, hot gases (e.g., air), steam and hot and/or toxic

smoke. Firefighters are equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes

fire-resistant clothing (Nomex or polybenzimidazole fiber (PBI)) and helmets that limit

the transmission of heat towards the body. No PPE, however, can completely protect the

user from the effects of all fire conditions.

Heat can make flammable liquid tanks violently explode, producing what is called a

BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion).[4] Some chemical products such as

ammonium nitrate fertilizers can also explode. Explosions can cause physical trauma or

potentially serious blast or shrapnel injuries.

Heat causes human flesh to burn as fuel, or the water within to boil, causing potentially

severe medical problems. Depending upon the heat of the fire, burns can occur in a

fraction of a second.

Main article: Burn

Additional risks of fire include the following:

smoke can obscure vision, potentially causing a fall, disorientation, or becoming trapped

in the fire;

structural collapse.

According to a University News Bureau Life Sciences article reported by News Editor

Sharita Forest and photographed by L. Brian Stauffer, from the Website of the University

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,: "Three hours of fighting a fire stiffens arteries and

impairs cardiac function in firefighters, according to a new study by Bo Fernhall, a

professor in the department of kinesiology and community health in the College of

Applied Health Sciences, and Gavin Horn, director of research at the Illinois Fire Service

Institute. The conditions (observed in healthy male firefighters) are "also apparently

found in weightlifters and endurance athletes...

Reconnaissance and reading the fire

The first step of a firefighting operation is a reconnaissance to search for the origin of the

fire (which may not be obvious for an indoor fire, especially when there are no witnesses),

and identification of the specific risks and any possible casualties. Any fire occurring

outside may not require reconnaissance; on the other hand, a fire in a cellar or an

underground car park with only a few centimeters of visibility may require a long

reconnaissance to identify the seat of the fire.

The "reading" of the fire is the analysis by the firefighters of the forewarnings of a

thermal accident (flashover, backdraft, smoke explosion), which is performed during the

reconnaissance and the fire suppression maneuvers. The main signs are:

Hot zones, which can be detected with a gloved hand, especially by touching a door

before opening it;


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Soot on windows, which usually means that combustion is incomplete and thus there is a

lack of air;

Smoke going in and out around a door frame, as if the fire breathes, which usually means

a lack of air to support combustion;

Spraying water on the ceiling with a short pulse of a diffused spray (e.g., cone with an

opening angle of 60°) to test the heat of the smoke:

When the temperature is moderate, the water falls down in drops with a sound of rain,

When the temperature is high, it vaporizes with a hiss — this can be the sign of an

extremely dangerous impending flashover

Ideally, part of reconnaissance is to consult an existing preplan for the building. This

provides knowledge of existing structures, firefighter hazards, and can include strategies

and tactics.

Science of extinguishment

See also: Fire Chemistry and Physical properties of wildfires

Fire elements

There are four elements needed to start and sustain a fire and/or flame. These elements

are classified in the “fire tetrahedron” and are:

1. Reducing agent (fuel)

2. Heat

3. Oxidizing agent (oxygen)

4. Chemical Reaction

The reducing agent, or fuel, is the substance or material that is being oxidized or burned

in the combustion process. The most common fuels contain carbon along with

combinations of hydrogen and oxygen. Heat is the energy component of the fire

tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with a fuel, it provides the energy necessary

for ignition, causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that

the combustion reaction can continue, and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid

fuels. The self-sustained chemical chain reaction is a complex reaction that requires a fuel,

an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. An oxidizing agent

is a material or substance that when the proper conditions exist will release gases,

including oxygen. This is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire.

A fire helicopter is used to fight a wildfire 03204490316

A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components of the tetrahedron.

One method to extinguish a fire is to use water. The first way that water extinguishes a

fire is by cooling, which removes heat from the fire. This is possible through water’s

ability to absorb massive amounts of heat by converting water to water vapor. Without

heat, the fuel cannot keep the oxidizer from reducing the fuel to sustain the fire. The

second way water extinguishes a fire is by smothering the fire. When water is heated to

its boiling point, it converts to water vapor. When this conversion takes place, it dilutes


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the oxygen in the air with water vapor, thus removing one of the elements that the fire

requires to burn. This can also be done with foam.

Another way to extinguish a fire is fuel removal. This can be accomplished by stopping

the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of a fire. Another

way to accomplish this is to allow the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed, at which

point the fire will self-extinguish.

One final extinguishing method is chemical flame inhibition. This can be accomplished

through dry chemical and halogenated agents. These agents interrupt the chemical chain

reaction and stop flaming. This method is effective on gas and liquid fuels because they

must flame to burn.

Use of water

Airmen from the 20th Civil Engineer Squadron Fire Protection Flight neutralize a live

fire during a field training exercise at Shaw Air Force Base.

Often, the main way to extinguish a fire is to spray with water. The water has two roles:

in contact with the fire, it vaporizes, and this vapour displaces the oxygen (the volume of

water vapour is 1,700 times greater than liquid water, at 1,000°F (540°C) this expansion

is over 4,000 times); leaving the fire with insufficient combustive agent to continue, and

it dies out.

the vaporization of water absorbs the heat; it cools the smoke, air, walls, objects in the

room, etc., that could act as further fuel, and thus prevents one of the means that fires

grow, which is by "jumping" to nearby heat/fuel sources to start new fires, which then

combine.

The extinguishment is thus a combination of "asphyxia" and cooling. The flame itself is

suppressed by asphyxia, but the cooling is the most important element to master a fire in

a closed area.

Water may be accessed from a pressurized fire hydrant, pumped from water sources such

as lakes or rivers, delivered by tanker truck, or dropped from aircraft tankers in fighting

forest fires. In China, a firefighting tank equipped with water and foam retardant guns is

deployed in cases where access to the area is difficult.

Open air fire

For fires in the open, the seat of the fire is sprayed with a straight spray: the cooling effect

immediately follows the "asphyxia" by vapor[citation needed], and reduces the amount of

water required. A straight spray is used so the water arrives massively to the seat without

being vaporized before. A strong spray may also have a mechanical effect: it can disperse

the combustible product and thus prevent the fire from starting again.

The fire is always fed with air, but the risk to people is limited as they can move away,

except in the case of wildfires or bushfires where they risk being easily surrounded by the

flames.

Spray is aimed at a surface, or object: for this reason, the strategy is sometimes called

two-dimensional attack or 2D attack.


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It might be necessary to protect specific items (house, gas tank, etc.) against infrared

radiation, and thus to use a diffused spray between the fire and the object.

Breathing apparatus is often required as there is still the risk of inhaling smoke or

poisonous gases.

Closed volume fire

Until the 1970s, fires were usually attacked while they declined, so the same strategy that

was used for open air fires was effective. In recent times, fires are now attacked in their

development phase as:

firefighters arrive sooner;

Thermal insulation of houses confines the heat;

modern materials, especially the polymers, produce a lot more heat than traditional

materials (wood, plaster, stone, bricks, etc.).

Additionally, in these conditions, there is a greater risk of backdraft and of flashover.

Spraying of the seat of the fire directly can have unfortunate and dramatic consequences:

the water pushes air in front of it, so the fire is supplied with extra oxygen before the

water reaches it. This activation of the fire, and the mixing of the gases produced by the

water flow, can create a flashover.[citation needed]

The most important issue is not the flames, but control of the fire, i.e., the cooling of the

smoke that can spread and start distant fires, and that endangers the lives of people,

including firefighters. The volume must be cooled before the seat is treated. This strategy

originally of Swedish (Mats Rosander & Krister Giselsson) origin, was further adapted by

London Fire Officer Paul Grimwood following a decade of operational use in the busy

West End of London between 1984–94 (www.firetactics.com) and termed

three-dimensional attack, or 3D attack.

Use of a diffused spray was first proposed by Chief Lloyd Layman of the Parkersburg

Fire Department, at the Fire Department Instructors Conference (FDIC) in 1950 held in

Memphis.

Using Grimwood's modified 3D attack strategy, the ceiling is first sprayed with short

pulses of a diffused spray:

it cools the smoke, thus the smoke is less likely to start a fire when it moves away;

cooler gas become more dense (Charles's law), thus it also reduces the mobility of the

smoke and avoids a "backfire" of water vapour;

it creates an inert "water vapour sky", which prevents roll-over (rolls of flames on the

ceiling created by the burning of hot gases).

Only short pulses of water must be sprayed, otherwise the spraying modifies the

equilibrium, and the gases mix instead of remaining stratified: the hot gases (initially at

the ceiling) move around the room and the temperature rises at the ground, which is

dangerous for firefighters. An alternative is to cool all the atmosphere by spraying the

whole atmosphere as if drawing letters in the air ("penciling").


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The modern methods for an urban fire dictate the use of a massive initial water flow, e.g.

500 L/min for each fire hose. The aim is to absorb as much heat as possible at the

beginning to stop the expansion of the fire, and to reduce the smoke. When the flow is too

small, the cooling is not sufficient, and the steam that is produced can burn firefighters

(the drop of pressure is too small and the vapor is pushed back). Although it may seem

paradoxical, the use of a strong flow with an efficient fire hose and an efficient strategy

(diffused sprayed, small droplets) requires a smaller amount of water: once the

temperature is lowered, only a limited amount of water is necessary to suppress the fire

seat with a straight spray. For a living room of 50 m² (60 square yards), the required

amount of water is estimated as 60 L (15 gal).

French firefighters used an alternative method in the 1970s: they sprayed water on the hot

walls to create a water vapour atmosphere and asphyxiate the fire. This method is no

longer used because it was risky; the pressure created pushed the hot gases and vapour

towards the firefighters, causing severe burns, and pushed the hot gases into other rooms

where they could start a new fire.

Asphyxiating a fire

In some cases, the use of water is undesirable:

some chemical products react with water and produce poisonous gases, or even burn in

contact with water (e.g., sodium);

some products float on water, e.g., hydrocarbons (gasoline, oil, alcohol, etc.); a burning

layer can then spread and extend;

in case of a pressurised fuel tank, it is necessary to avoid heat shocks that may damage

the tank: the resulting decompression may produce a BLEVE;

electrical fires where water would act as a conductor.

It is then necessary to asphyxiate the fire. This can be done in different ways:

some chemical products react with the fuel and stop the combustion;

a layer of water-based fire retardant foam is projected on the product by the fire hose, to

keep the oxygen in air separated from the fuel;

using carbon dioxide, halon, or sodium bicarbonate;

in the case of very small fires, &/or in the absence of other extinguishing agents, literal

'blanketing' of the flames can eliminate oxygen flow to the fire. A simple, and usually

effective, way to put out a stove-top pan whose contents have become ignited is to put a

lid on the pan and leave it there.

Tactical ventilation or isolation of the fire

One of the main risks of a fire is the smoke: it carries heat and poisonous gases, and

obscures vision. In the case of a fire in a closed location (building), two different

strategies may be used: isolation of the fire, or ventilation.

Paul Grimwood introduced the concept of tactical ventilation in the 1980s to encourage a

better thought-out approach to this aspect of firefighting. Following work with


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Warrington Fire Research Consultants (FRDG 6/94) his terminology and concepts were

adopted officially by the UK fire services, and are now referred to throughout revised

Home Office training manuals (1996–97).

Grimwood's original definition of his 1991 unified strategy stated that, "tactical

ventilation is either the venting, or containment (isolation) actions by on-scene

firefighters, used to take control from the outset of a fire's burning regime, in an effort to

gain tactical advantage during interior structural firefighting operations."

Ventilation affects life safety, fire extinguishment, and property conservation. First, it

pulls fire away from trapped occupants when properly used. In most cases of structural

firefighting a 4x4 foot opening is cut into the roof directly over the fire room. This allows

hot smoke and gases to escape through the opening returning the conditions of the room

to normal. It is important that ventilation is coordinated with interior fire attack as the

opening of a ventilation hole will give the fire air.[clarification needed] It may also "limit

fire spread by channeling fire toward nearby openings and allows fire fighters to safely

attack the fire" as well as limit smoke, heat, and water damage.[8]

Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) consists of using a fan to create excess pressure in a

part of the building; this pressure will push the smoke and the heat out of the building,

and thus secure the rescue and fire fighting operations. It is necessary to have an exit for

the smoke, to know the building very well to predict where the smoke will go, and to

ensure that the doors remain open by wedging or propping them. The main risk of this

method is that it may accelerate the fire, or even create a flashover, e.g., if the smoke and

the heat accumulate in a dead end.

Hydraulic ventilation is the process of directing a stream from the inside of a structure out

the window using a fog pattern.[4] This effectively will pull smoke out of room. Smoke

ejectors may also be used for this purpose.

Categorising fires

In the US, fires are sometimes categorised as "one alarm", "all hands", "two alarm",

"three alarm" (or higher) fires. There is no standard definition for what this means

quantifiably, though it always refers to the level response by the local authorities. In some

cities, the numeric rating refers to the number of fire stations that have been summoned to

the fire. In others, the number counts the number of "dispatches" for additional personnel

and equipment.

Alarms are generally used to define the tiers of the response by what resources are used.

Example:

Structure fire response draws the following equipment:

3 Engine/Pumper Companies

1 Truck/ladder/aerial Company

Heavy Rescue

This is referred to as an Initial Alarm or Box Alarm.

Working fire request (for the same incident)


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Air/Light Units

Other specialized rescue units

Chief Officers/Fireground Commanders (if not on original dispatch)

Note: This is the balance of a First Alarm fire.

Second and subsequent Alarms:

2 Engine Companies

1 Truck Company

The reason behind the "Alarm" is so the Incident Commander doesn't have to request

each apparatus with the dispatcher. He can say "Give me a second alarm here", instead of

saying "Give me a truck company and two engine companies" along with requesting

where they come from.

Keep in mind that categorization of fires varies between each fire department. A single

alarm for one department may be a second alarm for another. Response always depends

on the size of the fire and the department.


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1.2Historical Background (1976-1989)The history of organized firefighting began in ancient Rome while under the rule of

Augustus.[1] Prior to that, there is evidence of fire-fighting machinery in use in Ancient

Egypt, including a water pump invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria in the third century

BC which was later improved upon in a design by Hero Of Alexandria in the first century

BC.

Rome:

The first Roman fire brigade of which we have any substantial history was created by

Marcus Licinius Crassus. Marcus Licinius Crassus was born into a wealthy Roman

family around the year 115 BC, and acquired an enormous fortune through (in the words

of Plutarch) "fire and rapine." One of his most lucrative schemes took advantage of the

fact that Rome had no fire department. Crassus filled this void by creating his own

brigade—500 men strong—which rushed to burning buildings at the first cry of alarm.

Upon arriving at the scene, however, the fire fighters did nothing while their employer

bargained over the price of their services with the distressed property owner. If Crassus

could not negotiate a satisfactory price, his men simply let the structure burn to the

ground, after which he offered to purchase it for a fraction of its value. Augustus took the

basic idea from Crassus and then built on it to form the Vigiles in AD 6[contradictory] to

combat fires using bucket brigades and pumps, as well as poles, hooks and even ballistae

to tear down buildings in advance of the flames. The Vigiles patrolled the streets of Rome

to watch for fires and served as a police force. The later brigades consisted of hundreds of

men, all ready for action. When there was a fire, the men would line up to the nearest

water source and pass buckets hand in hand to the fire.

Rome suffered a number of serious fires, most notably the fire on 19 July AD 64 and

eventually destroyed two thirds of Rome.

Europe:

In Europe, firefighting was quite rudimentary until the 17th century. In 1254, a royal

decree of King Saint Louis of France created the so-called guet bourgeois ("burgess

watch"), allowing the residents of Paris to establish their own night watches, separate

from the king's night watches, to prevent and stop crimes and fires. After the Hundred

Years' War, the population of Paris expanded again, and the city, much larger than any

other city in Europe at the time, was the scene of several great fires in the 16th century.

As a consequence, King Charles IX disbanded the residents' night watches and left the

king's watches as the only one responsible for checking crimes and fires.

London suffered great fires in 798, 982, 989, 1212 and above all in 1666 (Great Fire of

London). The Great Fire of 1666 started in a baker's shop on Pudding Lane, consumed

about two square miles (5 km²) of the city, leaving tens of thousands homeless. Prior to

this fire, London had no organized fire protection system. Afterwards, insurance


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companies formed private fire brigades to protect their clients’ property. Insurance

brigades would only fight fires at buildings the company insured. These buildings were

identified by fire insurance marks. The key breakthrough in firefighting arrived in the

17th century with the first fire engines. Manual pumps, rediscovered in Europe after 1500

(allegedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and in Nuremberg in 1657), were only force pumps

and had a very short range due to the lack of hoses. German inventor Hans Hautsch

improved the manual pump by creating the first suction and force pump and adding some

flexible hoses to the pump. In 1672, Dutch artist,and inventor Jan Van der Heyden's

workshop developed the fire hose. Constructed of flexible leather and coupled every 50

feet (15 m) with brass fittings. The length remains the standard to this day in mainland

Europe whilst in the UK the standard length is either 23m or 25m. The fire engine was

further developed by the Dutch inventor, merchant and manufacturer, John Lofting

(1659–1742) who had worked with Jan Van der Heyden in Amsterdam. Lofting moved to

London in or about 1688, became an English citizen and patented (patent number

263/1690) the "Sucking Worm Engine" in 1690. There was a glowing description of the

firefighting ability of his device in The London Gazette of 17 March 1691, after the issue

of the patent. The British Museum has a print showing Lofting's fire engine at work in

London, the engine being pumped by a team of men. In the print three fire plaques of

early insurance companies are shown, no doubt indicating that Lofting collaborated with

them in firefighting. A later version of what is believed to be one of his fire engines has

been lovingly restored by a retired firefighter, and is on show in Marlow

Buckinghamshire where John Lofting moved in 1700. Patents only lasted for fourteen

years and so the field was open for his competitors after 1704.

Richard Newsham of Bray in Berkshire (just 8 miles from Lofting) produced a similar

engine in 1725, patented it in America and cornered the market there.

Pulled as a cart to the fire, these manual pumps were manned by teams of men and could

deliver up to 160 gallons per minute (12 L/s) at up to 120 feet (36 m).

United States

In 1631 Boston's governor John Winthrop outlawed wooden chimneys and thatched

roofs.[3] In 1648, the New Amsterdam governor Peter Stuyvesant appointed four men to

act as fire wardens.[3] They were empowered to inspect all chimneys and to fine any

violators of the rules. The city burghers later appointed eight prominent citizens to the

"Rattle Watch" - these men volunteered to patrol the streets at night carrying large

wooden rattles.[3] If a fire was seen, the men spun the rattles, then directed the

responding citizens to form bucket brigades. On January 27, 1678 the first fire engine

company went into service with its captain (foreman) Thomas Atkins.[3] In 1736

Benjamin Franklin established the Union Fire Company in Philadelphia.[3]

George Washington was a volunteer firefighter in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1774, as a

member of the Friendship Veterans Fire Engine Company, he bought a new fire engine

and gave it to the town, which was its very first.[4] However the United States did not

have government-run fire departments until around the time of the American Civil War.

Prior to this time, private fire brigades compete with one another to be the first to respond

to a fire because insurance companies paid brigades to save buildings.[citation needed]

Underwriters also employed their own Salvage Corps in some cities. The first known


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female firefighter Molly Williams took her place with the men on the dragropes during

the blizzard of 1818 and pulled the pumper to the fire through the deep snow.

On April 1st of 1853 Cincinnati OH became the first professional fire department by

being made up of 100% full-time, paid employees.

In 2010, 70 percent of firefighters in the United States were volunteer. Only 5% of calls

were actual fires. 65% were medical aid. 8% were false alarms

Modern Development

The first fire brigades in the modern sense were created in France in the early 18th

century. In 1699, a man with bold commercial ideas, François du Mouriez du Périer

(grandfather of French Revolution's general Charles François Dumouriez), solicited an

audience with King Louis XIV. Greatly interested in Jan Van der Heyden's invention, he

successfully demonstrated the new pumps and managed to convince the king to grant him

the monopoly of making and selling "fire-preventing portable pumps" throughout the

kingdom of France. François du Mouriez du Périer offered 12 pumps to the City of Paris,

and the first Paris Fire Brigade, known as the Compagnie des gardes-pompes (literally the

"Company of Pump Guards"), was created in 1716. François du Mouriez du Périer was

appointed directeur des pompes de la Ville de Paris ("director of the City of Paris's

pumps"), i.e. chief of the Paris Fire Brigade, and the position stayed in his family until

1760. In the following years, other fire brigades were created in the large French cities.

Around that time appeared the current French word pompier ("firefighter"), whose literal

meaning is "pumper." On March 11, 1733 the French government decided that the

interventions of the fire brigades would be free of charge. This was decided because

people always waited until the last moment to call the fire brigades to avoid paying the

fee, and it was often too late to stop fires. From 1750 on, the French fire brigades became

para-military units and received uniforms. In 1756 the use of a protective helmet for

firefighters was recommended by King Louis XV, but it took many more years before the

measure was actually enforced on the ground.

In North America, Jamestown, Virginia was virtually destroyed in a fire in January, 1608.

There were no full-time paid firefighters in America until 1850. Even after the formation

of paid fire companies in the United States, there were disagreements and often fights

over territory. New York City companies were famous for sending runners out to fires

with a large barrel to cover the hydrant closest to the fire in advance of the

engines.[citation needed] Often fights would break out between the runners and even the

responding fire companies for the right to fight the fire and receive the insurance money

that would be paid to the company that fought it.[citation needed] Interestingly, during

the 19th century and early 20th century volunteer fire companies served not only as fire

protection but as political machines. The most famous volunteer firefighter politician is

Boss Tweed, head of the notorious Tammany Hall political machine, who got his start in

politics as a member of the Americus Engine Company Number 6 ("The Big Six") in

New York City.

Napoleon Bonaparte, drawing from the century-old experience of the gardes-pompes, is

generally attributed as creating the first "professional" firefighters, known as

Sapeurs-Pompiers ("Sappers-Firefighters"), from the French Army. Created under the


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13

Commandant of Engineers in 1810, the company was organized after a fire at the

ballroom in the Austrian Embassy in Paris which injured several dignitaries.

In the UK, the Great Fire of London in 1666 set in motion changes which laid the

foundations for organised firefighting in the future. In the wake of the Great Fire, the City

Council established the first fire insurance company, "The Fire Office", in 1667, which

employed small teams of Thames watermen as firefighters and provided them with

uniforms and arm badges showing the company to which they belonged.

However, the first organised municipal fire brigade in the world was established in

Edinburgh, Scotland, when the Edinburgh Fire Engine Establishment was formed in 1824,

led by James Braidwood. London followed in 1832 with the London Fire Engine

Establishment.

On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first full-time paid

professional fire department in the United States, and the first in the world to use steam

fire engines. [1][dead link]

The first horse-drawn steam engine for fighting fires was invented in 1829, but not

accepted in structural firefighting until 1860, and ignored for another two years

afterwards. Internal combustion engine fire engines arrived in 1907, built in the United

States, leading to the decline and disappearance of steam engines by 1925.

1.3Types Of Fire Fighting SystemsThere are many types of fire fighting systems and some important types of fire

fighting systems are following.

1. Fire Hydrant System

2. Fire Sprinkler System

3. Fire Alarm System

4. Deluge System

5. Foam Top pourer System

6. Vesda System

7. FM 200 System

8. CO2 Gas Suppression System

9. Fire Vehicle

CHAPTER 2. FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM

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2.1IntroductionIn spite of all chemical developments in the field of fire fighting, water still remains

the most economical and dependable fire extinguishing medium, due to no-cost factorand continuity of supply.

A proper fire hydrant system ensures an adequate, un-interrupted water supply, undersufficient pressure, at all strategic points of a building/factory in such a way that fire canbe attacked immediately, with minimum loss of time and with maximum efficiency.

2.2Components Of Fire Hydrant System2.2.1 Sufficiently large water reservoir2.2.2 Fire pump sets (Main and Standby)2.2.3 Jockey pump set2.2.4 Hydrant valves2.2.5 Fire fighting hoses2.2.6 Branch pipe with nozzles2.2.7 Landing Valves2.2.8 Hoses2.2.9 Couplings2.2.10 Hose Reels2.2.11 Fire Brigade Connectors2.2.12 Branch Pipes & Nozzles


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2.3Designing Of Fire Hydrant SystemAside from the general purpose of delivering water for fire fighting, the hydrant designselected must be based on a number of operational elements. Some issues to considerinclude:

How much water (GPM or L/min) is needed for fire fighting.

How many and what size hose connections are required.

The established hose sizes and coupling threads in the region.

Current (and future) configuration of fire apparatus.

Issues of clearance and visibility.

Operating characteristics of the hydrants.

Amount of head (static pressure) that is present in the system.

Climatic conditions in the area.

Generally speaking, water supply systems in residential areas should be designed todeliver no less than 1000 GPM (3785 L/min) at each individual hydrant. In commercialand multi-story apartment zones, this volume should increase based on the required fireflows of the buildings being protected. If the required fire flows are several thousandGPM, the required flow will usually have to be met by two or more hydrants flowingsimultaneously.

The operations of the fire department or fire brigade must be taken into consideration. Ininstances where new hydrant systems are replacing poor or nonexistent systems, new firefighting approaches need to be developed to make proper use of the new system. Hydrantdesigns should capably and easily provide necessary water to fire engines currently inservice as well as more modern fire engines which may be purchased in the future. Forexample, a fire brigade may have smaller engines equipped with medium diameter hoseand 750 GPM (2850 L/min) pumps, however with a suitable water supply system, thebrigade may upgrade to engines equipped with large diameter hose and pumps with acapacity of 1250 GPM (4732 L/min) or greater. Accordingly it may be appropriate tospecify fire hydrants which have medium diameter hose outlets as well as a largediameter pumper outlet.

In the event of a major emergency, fire companies may be requested from multiplejurisdictions. Hydrant outlet threads should meet the regional standard for compatibilityamong all fire engines, regardless of origin. If no large diameter outlet size and thread hasbeen established, we recommend the 5" Storz configuration.

Hydrants need to be readily recognizable and accessible. Placement and installationconsiderations should take into account the shape of the hydrant as well as the positionsof valves and outlets. Specific suggestions regarding hydrant placement are presentedlater in this feature.

Hydrants must be simple and reliable to connect to and to operate. Operating nuts shouldbe pentagonal or triangular in design to reduce tampering by unauthorized persons.


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Discharge valves should be specified to open by turning counter-clockwise and closeclockwise. (Underground valves on water mains and on the hydrant branch line shouldoperate according to local or regional standards.)

Hydrant designs must be appropriate for the amount of head (static pressure) that isapplied to them. The minimum working pressure rating of any fire hydrant should be 150p.s.i. Hydrants installed in higher pressure installations should be rated appropriately. Allfire hydrants should be static tested at twice the rated working pressure.

In temperate climates where hard freezing is not an issue, the most efficient hydrantdesign is the "wet barrel" hydrant where valves are located above ground and can beindependently controlled. In colder climates, dry barrel hydrants will be required whichuse a single operating valve that is located below ground in the base of the riser andwhich charge all outlets simultaneously when turned on.


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2.3.1 Drawing And Bill Of Quantity


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S/#. DESCRIPTION & SPECIFICATIONS QTY.

M.S Pipe Dia 6”, Sch 40, Seamless 360’

M.S Pipe Dia 4” , Sch 40, Seamless 740’

Gate Valve 6”x 6” C.I, Flanged, 2 Nos

Gate Valve 4”x 4” C.I, Flanged, 01 Nos

Fire Hydrant, Pillar Type, with Inlet Flanged 4" size with DoubleDeliveries 2½" Female Instantaneouscoupling with Blank cap and chain.Firechief Brand

09 Nos

of steel sheet with glass front, size 48”x24”x10”, suitable toaccommodate Two length of Fire Hoses2½"x100’ long and One nozzle. FirechiefBrand

09 Nos

Water Jet Nozzle, 18" Long, Firechief Brand, Inlet 2 ½”, Outlet¾” Orifice

09 Nos

OR

TP-400Jet/Spray Fog Nozzle with 2½" male InstantaneousCoupling, Firechief Brand

09Nos

Fire Fighting Pump Electrically Driven:

Max. Output: 500 GPM,

Max. Pressure: 125 psi

Size (Suction): 4”

Size (Delivery): 3”

“KSB” Model: ETA 80/200

Electric Motor (Siemens): 50 H.P, 2900 RPM

Mounting: in steel frame with fittings.

Firechief Brand.

01Set

Fire Hydrant Pump (Diesel Engine Driven)

Max. Output: 500 GPM,

Max. Pressure: 125 psi

Size (Suction): 4”

01


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Size (Delivery): 3”

“KSB” Model: ETA 80/200

With 4 Cylinder 78 HP Diesel Engine, Water Cooled Electric Start(12 V Batters) Fitted With Step-up GearBox,

Manufactured TO ISO-9002 “FIRECHIEF” brand.

Mounting: in steel frame with fittings.

Set

JOCKEY PUMP :

Centrifugal, multi-stage, “Firechief” brand,

Size 1 ½ “ x 1 ¼ “ (38 x 30mm)

Flow 25 GPM (110 lit/min)

Head 165 ft. (50m)

Pressure 75 lbs psi (5 bar)

Construction main body and impeller of

Cast iron, Shaft of carbonsteel

Motor 3HP, 3-phase, Siemens directlycoupled Fitted with Pressure tank,Trim assembly, pressure gauge, ballvalves, Y-strainer and pressure switches

01Set

Pump control cabinet for above mentioned 03 pumps 01Set

Pump room’s fitting & Controls i.e. gate valves, NRV, expansionjoints, headers, pressure gauges, supportsand painting

01Job

Required under ground water tank capacity 32,400 US gallons,for 90 minutes of fire fighting

01 No.

Pipe Support & Paint & Etc. 01 Job


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2.3.2 Standards Of DesigningThe designing of fire hydrant system as per NFPA 14 .

The information of designing regarding the external hydrant system consist in chapter No# 7, page (14 to18) in NFPA 14 & NFPA 22 for water storage tank , NFPA 20 for pump.

The major points of designing are as follows.

7.1 General..............

7.2 Pressure Limitation............

7.3 Location of Hose Connections..........

7.4 Number of stand pipes............

7.5 Interconnection of stand pipes.........

7.6 Minimum sizes for standpipes and branchlines

7.7 System design and sizing of pipe for delivery of system demand...............

7.8 Minimum and Maximum pressure limits...........

7.9 Stand pipes system zones.............

7.10 Flow rates...........

7.11 Drains and test riser............

7.12 Fire department connection


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2.3.3 Hydraulic CalculationHydraulic calculation is the fire safety practice of calculating the flow of liquids througha medium (usually a piping network) to ensure that fires could be extinguished.

Hydraulic calculations are required to prove the flow of water (or water mixed withchemical additive) through piping networks for the purpose of controlling orextinguishing a fire. The hydraulic calculation procedure is defined in the referencemodel codes as published by NFPA (National Fire Protection Association),[1] EN 12845Fixed firefighting system - Automatic sprinkler systems - Design, installation andmaintenance [2] and other international fire design standards.

The calculations prove that the water available (usually from a city water main, elevatedstorage tank, or fire pump) is strong enough (has enough pressure), and plentiful enough

Calculations are based on the worst expected fire, located in the geometrically farthestpoint from the water source (based on the path the extinguishing water is required totravel to get to the fire).

Analysis of the worst expected fire is based on the use of the building and areas. Thehazard rating of various areas is defined by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)Codes. Areas include:

Light Hazard (offices, toilets, and similar areas of light combustibles and light fuelloading)

Ordinary Hazard (car parking, stores, restaurants)

Extra Hazard (flammable chemical use, heavy manufacturing, plastics)

Storage (flammable items stored in solid piles, on shelves, or on racks to a significantheight).

The analysis of hazard gives a design density required to control a fire, which has beenderived from years of fire tests conducted by insurance companies and other testingagencies. The design density is described by two variables that must work together toachieve fire control:

Water flowfrom the sprinkler head (how heavy the rainfall of water from open firesprinklers)

Total area (the expected size of the fire before it will not continue to grow)

The shortened expression of a common design density for a Light Hazard officeis .1/1500, which is fully expressed as," 0.1 GPM per square foot is required to fall from the fire sprinklers onto the fire over themost remote 1,500 square feet (140 m2) of area, which is the maximum expected size of afire in this Light Hazard building area."A common density required for a warehouse type "big box" store that has higherflammability items stored on racks to twenty feet high is .6/2000. Note that the density ofwater to fall per square foot is six times heavier than an office, and the expected fire sizeis larger.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_calculation#cite_note-1



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler


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Storage warehouses commonly use a newer technology type fire sprinkler, ESFR (earlysuppression fast response), which have discharge requirements not based on designdensities, and which are designed to extinguish a fire before the arrival of the firedepartment.

The water available is verified by means of a water flow test (opening a fire hydrant andrecording the water pressures and gallons flow per minute).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESFR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_flow_test

CHAPTER 3.FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

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3.1IntroductionA sprinkler system timer is an electrical device that is used to set an irrigation sprinklersystem to come on automatically at a certain time. Irrigation timers first appeared in theearly 1960s to control large-radius lawn sprinklers, which at the time usually containedtheir own electrically operated valve (most golf-course sprinklers still use this type ofactuation). These timers were large and cumbersome with numerous mechanical parts andwere usually relegated to agricultural and commercial applications. Compact irrigationtimers did not become commonplace until the 1970s when Lawn Genie introduced amechanical timer which measured only ten by six inches and was four inches deep. Thiscontroller proved popular for many years, but was hard to reprogram and it did notoperate valves in immediate succession unless each valve was set to run for an hour. RainBird later introduced the RC-7A to their Rain Clox line, which featured an "at a glance"electromechanical programming interface that proved very easy to operate, and offeredthe ability to omit stations from the program sequence without creating time gaps. Thistimer which became standard issue in many tract homes during the 1980s and proved tobe remarkably durable in its construction, with many still operating today.

Irrigation control systems almost always use 24-volt alternating current transmitted overtwo wires, one of which is "common" and connected to all the valves. Other,less-common systems involve fluid-filled hydraulic tubes to open or close the valves.

Many companies followed with similar designs, such as Rainmaster, Griswold Controls,Toro, and Irritrol.

In the late 1980s, the irrigation company Hydro-Rain introduced the first "hybrid"controller design, called the HR-6100, which combined electronic programming with avisual programming interface involving a single selector dial. This overtook theelectromechanical timers as the most common design, and today nearly all timers sold arehybrid designs.

The 1990s saw the introduction of computer-controlled "central control" systems,pioneered by Rain Bird for use on golf courses. This system was called "MaxiCom" andworked through a set of "cluster control units", each of which in turn synchronized anumber of "satellite" controllers.


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3.2Components Of Fire Sprinkler System

3.2.2 Piping3.2.1 Sprinkle3.2.3 Fire Alarm Check Valve3.2.4 Water Motor Gong3.2.5 Retard Chamber3.2.6 Cut of valves3.2.7 Inspector’s Test valve

3.3Designing Of Fire Sprinkler SystemHere’s the table of contents for this sprinkler irrigation design tutorial. It looks like a lotto cover, but much of it you will skim over because it applies only to very specificsituations that don’t matter for most sprinkler systems. (But if it turns out one of thosespecific situations applies to YOU won’t you be glad that I included it?) You will findthat the tutorial goes quickly once you get started. I suggest you skim through the indexbelow, just so you understand the general process. Then design your sprinkler system insmall steps as you work through the tutorial.

Start Here! Introduction to Irrigation Design: How to use this tutorial, information onsoftware programs to design your sprinkler system, and a few suggestions on those “freedesigns” offered by the sprinkler manufacturing companies. (Big surprise! I don’t totallytrash them!)

Step #1 Collect Information:

Measure Your Yard: How to measure your yard easily and accurately for your sprinklerirrigation system.

City-Slicker Water: How to find the PSI and GPM if you get your water througha pipe from a water-company.

Country-Bumpkin Water: How to find the PSI and GPM if you pump water from a well,creek, lake, etc..

Backwoods Water: How to measure the GPM and PSI for other types of water supplies(Moses would use this section).

Step #2 Select Your Equipment:

Selecting Your Sprinkler Equipment: Determine pressure losses for your sprinklerirrigation system.

Water Meter: Water meters.

Backflow Preventer: How to select a backflow preventer.

Mainlines: What type of pipe to use and how to calculate pressure loss in an irrigationsystem mainline.

Valves: Types of irrigation valves.

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/introduction-to-irrigation-design/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/how-to-measure-and-draw-your-yard-to-scale/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/gpm-psi-municipal-water-source/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/gpm-psi-pumps-and-or-wells/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/gpm-psi-gravity-flow/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/select-sprinkler-equipment/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/water-meters-flow-sensors/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/irrigation-backflow-preventers/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/irrigation-mainlines/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/irrigation-valves/


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Elevation Pressure Loss: How to calculate pressure loss in your irrigation systemcaused by elevation changes.

Sprinkler Heads: How to select your sprinkler heads.

Laterals: Type of pipe to use and pressure losses for the sprinkler system lateral pipes.

Types of Sprinkler Risers: How to connect your sprinklers to the laterals.

Adjustments: Making pressure loss adjustments to balance the system (very important ifyou want the sprinklers to work).

Step #3 Place Sprinkler Heads: How to determine the correct sprinkler spacings, andwhich nozzles to use. Draw in sprinkler heads.

Step #4 Create Valve Zones and Draw in Pipes: Identify hydro-zones, create valve zones,draw the sprinkler piping.

Step #5 Lateral Pipe Sizes: How to calculate the size for each lateral pipe in the irrigationsystem.

Determining Sprinkler Pipe Size Using a Pipe Sizing Chart.

Determining Sprinkler Pipe Size Using a Spreadsheet.

Finished! Some Tips on Automation, Freeze Protection, Costs, Contractors.


http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/elevation-pressure-loss-in-irrigation-systems/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/selecting-a-sprinkler-head/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/sprinkler-system-lateral-pipes/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/types-of-sprinkler-risers/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/balancing-pressure-irrigation/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/sprinkler-coverage-nozzle-selection-sprinkler-spacings/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/hydro-zone-valve-zone-pipe-layout/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/lateral-sprinkler-pipe-size/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/irrigation-pipe-sizing-chart-for-laterals/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/calculating-sprinkler-system-pipe-size-using-a-spreadsheet/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/sprinkler-system-design-automation-costs-contractors-more/


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3.3.2 Standards Of DesigningNFPA 13 and NFPA 14

To provide a reasonable degree of protection for life and property from fire throughstandardization of design, installation, and testing requirements for sprinkler systems,

There are Three Classifications of Occupancies

1.1 Light Hazard Occupancies

2.1 Ordinary Hazard (Group 1)

2.2 Ordinary Hazard (Group 2)

3.1 Extra Hazard (Group 1)

3.2. Extra Hazard (Group 2)

Churches

Clubs

Educational

Hospitals

Institutional

Libraries, except large stack rooms

Museums

Nursing or convalescent homes

Offices, including data processing

Residential

Restaurant seating areas

Theatres and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosceniums

Unused attics

Automobile parking and showrooms

Bakeries

Beverage manufacturing

Canneries

Dairy products manufacturing and processing

Electronic plants

Glass and glass products manufacturing

Laundries

Restaurant service areas


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Cereal mills

Chemical plants — ordinary

Confectionery products

Distilleries

Dry cleaners

Feed mills

Horse stables

Leather goods manufacturing

Libraries — large stack room areas

Machine shops

Metal working

Paper and pulp mills

Paper process plants

Post offices

Printing and publishing

Textile manufacturing

Tire manufacturing

Tobacco products manufacturing

Wood machining

Wood product assembly


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3.3.3 Hydraulic CalculationHydraulic calculation is the fire safety practice of calculating the flow of liquids througha medium (usually a piping network) to ensure that fires could be extinguished.












The shortened expression of a common design density for a Light Hazard officeis .1/1500, which is fully expressed as," 0.1 GPM per square foot is required to fall from the fire sprinklers onto the fire over themost remote 1,500 square feet (140 m2) of area, which is the maximum expected size of afire in this Light Hazard building area."A common density required for a warehouse type "big box" store that has higherflammability items stored on racks to twenty feet high is .6/2000.






CHAPTER 4.FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

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4.1IntroductionAn automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire bymonitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarmsystem is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both.Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate inthe event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location inorder to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systemsto control the spread of fire and smoke.

4.2Components Of Fire Alarm System4.2.1 Smoke Detector4.2.2 Heat Detector4.2.3 Sounder4.2.4 Fire Alarm Control Panel4.2.5 Wire4.2.6 Pipe4.2.7 junction Box4.2.8 Isolator

4.3Designing Of Fire Alarm SystemAfter the fire protection goals are established – usually by referencing the minimumlevels of protection mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies,and other authorities – the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components,arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals. Equipment specificallymanufactured for these purposes are selected and standardized installation methods areanticipated during the design. In the United States, NFPA 72, The National Fire AlarmCode is an established and widely used installation standard.

EN 54 is mandatory standard in the European Union for Fire detection and fire alarmsystems. Every product for fire alarm systems must have a CE mark with an EN 54standard to be delivered and installed in any country of the EU. It is a standard widelyused around the world.[1]

Fire alarm controlpanel (FACP) AKA fire alarm control unit (FACU); This component,the hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs and relaysinformation.

Primary power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 Volt Alternating Currentsource supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, abranch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicatedbranch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supplyenergy to a single appliance.

Secondary (backup) power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealedlead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used tosupply energy in the event of a primary power failure.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_54

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_mark

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_54

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system#cite_note-1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_control_panel


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Initiating devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and areeither manually or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices pull stations, heatdetectors, or smoke detectors. Heat and smoke detectors have different categories of bothkinds. Some categories are beam, photoelectrical, aspiration, and duct.

publicly accessible Alarm Box on a street in San Francisco.

Notification appliances: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm systemor other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action,usually to evacuate. This is done by means of a flashing light, strobe light,electromechanical horn, "beeper horn", chime, bell, speaker, or a combination of thesedevices. The System Sensor Spectralert Advance Horn makes a beeping sound andelectromechanical sound together.

Building safety interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspectsof the built environment and to prepare the building for fire, and to control the spread ofsmoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, humantransport and exit.

Manually actuated devices; also known as fire alarm boxes, manual pull stations, orsimply pull stations, Break glass stations, call points or Buttons. Devices for manual firealarm activation, are installed to be readily located (near the exits), identified, andoperated.

Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any numberof detectable physical changes associated with fire: convected thermal energy; heatdetector, products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector,combustion gasses; fire gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents; water-flowdetector. The newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyze thevisible effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to otherdetection methods.[2]

Notification Appliances utilize audible, visible, tactile, textual or even olfactory stimuli(odorizer)[3][4] to alert the occupants of the need to evacuate or take action in the event

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_alarm.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_alarm.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_box

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_fire_alarm_activation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_detector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_detector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_gas_detector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system#cite_note-chenebert11fire-2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorizer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system#cite_note-NFPA_805-3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system#cite_note-NFPA_12-4


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of fire or other emergency. Evacuation signals may consist of simple appliances thattransmit uncoded information, coded appliances that transmit a predetermined pattern,and or appliances that transmit audible and visible textual information such as live orpre-recorded instructions, and illuminated message displays.

In the United States, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a standardizedaudible tone, with visual notification in all public and common use areas. Emergencysignals are intended to be distinct and understandable to avoid confusion with othersignals.

Temporal Code 3 is the most common audible in a modern system. It chimes three timesat one-second intervals, stops for one second, then repeats. Voice Evacuation is thesecond most common audible in a modern system. Continuous is not common in a newbuilding or old building with modern system, but is found in lots of schools and olderbuildings. Other methods include:

Audible textual appliances, which are employed as part of a fire alarm system thatincludes Emergency Voice Alarm Communications (EVAC) capabilities. High reliabilityspeakers are used to notify the occupants of the need for action in connection with a fireor other emergency. These speakers are employed in large facilities where generalundirected evacuation is considered impracticable or undesirable. The signals from thespeakers are used to direct the occupant's response. The system may be controlled fromone or more locations within the building known as Fire Wardens Stations, or from asingle location designated as the building Fire Command Center. Speakers areautomatically actuated by the fire alarm system in a fire event, and following a pre-alerttone, selected groups of speakers may transmit one or more prerecorded messagesdirecting the occupants to safety. These messages may be repeated in one or morelanguages. Trained personnel activating and speaking into a dedicated microphone cansuppress the replay of automated messages in order to initiate or relay real time voiceinstructions.[5]

Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems (EVACS)[6] to provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages. Voice Alarm systems aretypically used in high-rise buildings, arenas and other large "defend-in-place"occupancies such as Hospitals and Detention facilities where total evacuation is difficultto achieve.[citation needed]

Voice-based systems provide response personnel with the ability to conduct orderlyevacuation and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances.[citationneeded]

In high rise buildings, different evacuation messages may be played to each floor,depending on the location of the fire. The floor the fire is on along with ones above itmay be told to evacuate while floors much lower may simply be asked to standby.[citation needed]

New codes and standards introduced around 2010 especially the new UL Standard 2572,the U.S. Department of Defence's UFC 4-021-01 Design and O&M Mass NotificationSystems, and NFPA 72 2010 edition Chapter 24 have led Fire Alarm SystemManufacturers to expand their systems voice evacuation capabilities to support new

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system#cite_note-18th_Edition-5


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_rise



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requirements for mass notification including support for multiple types of emergencymessaging (i.e. inclement weather emergency, security alerts, amber alerts). The majorrequirements of a mass notification system are to provided prioritized messagingaccording to the local facilities emergency response plan. The emergency response teammust define the priority of potential emergency events at site and the fire alarm systemmust be able to support the promotion and demotion of notifications based on thisemergency response plan. Emergency Communication System's also have requirementsfor visible notification in coordination with any audible notification activities to meetrequirements of theAmerican's with Disabilities Act. Recently many manufacturer's havemade efforts to certify their equipment to meet these new and emerging standards. MassNotification System Categories include the following:

Tier 1 Systems are In-Building and provide the highest level of survivability

Tier 2 Systems are Out of the Building and provide the middle level of survivability

Tier 3 Systems are "At Your Side" and provide the lowest level of survivability

Mass notification systems often extend the notification appliances of a standard fire alarmsystem to include PC based workstations, text based digital signage, and a variety ofremote notification options including email, text message, rss feed, or IVR basedtelephone text-to-speech messaging.

Magnetic Smoke Door Holders: Wall or floor mounted solenoids or electromagnetscontrolled by a fire alarm system or detection component that magnetically securesspring-loaded self-closing smoke tight doors in the open position. Designed tode-magnetize to allow automatic closure of the door on command from the fire control orupon failure of the power source, interconnection or controlling element. Stored energy inthe form of a spring or gravity can then close the door to restrict the passage of smokefrom one space to another in an effort to maintain a tenable atmosphere on either side ofthe door during evacuation and fire fighting efforts in buildings.

Duct Mounted Smoke Detection: Smoke detection mounted in such a manner as tosample the airflow through duct work and other plenums specifically fabricated for thetransport of environmental air into conditioned spaces. Interconnection to the fan motorcontrol circuits are intended to stop air movement, close dampers and generally preventthe recirculation of toxic smoke and fumes produced by fire into occupiable spaces.

Emergency Elevator Service: Activation of automatic initiating devices associated withelevator operation are used to initiate emergency elevator functions, such as recall ofassociated elevator cab(s). Recall will cause the elevator cabs to return to the ground levelfor use by fire service response teams and to ensure that cabs do not return to the floor offire incidence. Phases of operation include primary recall (typically the ground level),alternate/secondary recall (typically a floor adjacent to the ground level – used when theinitiation occurred on the primary level), illumination of the 'fire hat' indicator when analarm occurs in the elevator hoistway or associated control room, and in some cases shunttrip (disconnect) of elevator power (generally used where the control room or hoistway isprotected by fire sprinklers).

Public Address Rack (PAR): An Audio public address rack shall be interfaced with firealarm system, by adding signaling control relay module to either rack power supply unit,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Communication_System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American's_with_Disabilities_Act

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator


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or to main amplifier driving this rack. the purpose is to "mute" the BGM(backgroundmusic) of this rack in case of emeregency in case of fire initiating true alarm.

There are many types of fire alarm systems each suited to different building types andapplications. A fire alarm system can vary dramatically in both price and complexity,from a single panel with a detector and sounder in a small commercial property to anaddressable fire alarm system in a multi-occupancy building. Systems have to protectboth buildings and occupants.[7]

The categories of fire alarm systems are L if they are designed to protect life, P to protectbuildings and M if they are manual systems.

M

Manual systems, e.g. hand bells, gongs, etc. These may be purely manual or manual electric, the lattermay have call points and sounders. They rely on the occupants of the building discovering the fire andacting to warn others by operating the system. Such systems form the basic requirement for places ofemployment with no sleeping risk.

P1The system is installed throughout the building – the objective being to call the fire brigade as early aspossible to ensure that any damage caused by fire is minimized. Small low risk areas can be excepted,such as toilets and cupboards less than 1m².

P2Detection should be provided in parts of the building where the risk of ignition is high and/or the contentsare particularly valuable. Category 2 systems provide fire detection in specified parts of the buildingwhere there is either high risk or where business disruption must be minimised.

L1

A category L1 system is designed for the protection of life and which has automatic detectors installedthroughout all areas of the building (including roof spaces and voids) with the aim of providing theearliest possible warning. A category L1 system is likely to be appropriate for the majority of residentialcare premises. In practice, detectors should be placed in nearly all spaces and voids. With category 1systems, the whole of a building is covered apart from minor exceptions.

L2

A category L2 system designed for the protection of life and which has automatic detectors installed inescape routes, rooms adjoining escape routes and high hazard rooms. In a medium sized premises(sleeping no more than ten residents), a category L2 system is ideal. These fire alarm systems areidentical to an L3 system but with additional detection in an area where there is a high chance of ignition,e.g., kitchen) or where the risk to people is particularly increased (e.g., sleeping risk).

L3

This category is designed to give early warning to everyone. Detectors should be placed in all escaperoutes and all rooms that open onto escape routes. Category 3 systems provide more extensive coverthan category 4. The objective is to warn the occupants of the building early enough to ensure that all areable to exit the building before escape routes become impassable.

L4 Category 4 systems cover escape routes and circulation areas only. Therefore, detectors will be placedin escape routes, although this may not be suitable depending on the risk assessment or if the size and



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complexity of a building is increased. Detectors might be sited in other areas of the building, but theobjective is to protect the escape route.

L5This is the "all other situations" category, e.g., computer rooms, which may be protected with anextinguishing system triggered by automatic detection. Category 5 systems are the "custom" categoryand relate to some special requirement that cannot be covered by any other category.

Zoning

An important consideration when designing fire alarms is that of individual zones.[9] Specifically:

A single zone should not exceed 2,000m² in floor space.

Where addressable systems are in place, two faults should not remove protection from an areagreater than 10,000m².

A building may be viewed as a single zone if the floor space is less than 300m².

Where the floor space exceeds 300m² then all zones should be restricted to a single floor level.

Stairwells, lift shafts or other vertical shafts (non stop risers) within a single fire compartmentshould be considered as one or more separate zones.

The maximum distance traveled within a zone to locate the fire should not exceed 60m.



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S. # DESCRIPTION UNIT Ground Floor Total

1 Smoke Detector Nos. 33 33

2 Heat Detector Nos. 6 6

3 Manual Cal Point Nos. 4 4

4 Sounder Nos. 4 4

5 Isolator Nos. 3 3

6 Junction Box Nos. 4 4

7 Fire Alarm Panel ( 6 Loop ) Nos. - 1

9 2 Core 1.5mm Wire Meter 480 480

11 Pvc Pipe Feet 620 620

12 Pvc Pipe 1.5" Feet 120

13 Pvc Duct Feet 140 140

14 Pipe Support & Etc Job 1 1

CHAPTER 5. DELUGE SYSTEM

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5.1IntroductionDeluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are open,in that the heat sensing operating element is removed, or specifically designed as such. Thesesystems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide asimultaneous application of water over the entire hazard. They are sometimes installed in personnelegress paths or building openings to slow travel of fire (e.g., openings in a fire-rated wall).

Water is not present in the piping until the system operates. Because the sprinkler orifices are open,the piping is at atmospheric pressure. To prevent the water supply pressure from forcing water intothe piping, a deluge valve is used in the water supply connection, which is a mechanically latchedvalve. It is a non-resetting valve, and stays open once tripped.

Because the heat sensing elements present in the automatic sprinklers have been removed (resultingin open sprinklers), the deluge valve must be opened as signaled by a fire alarm system. The type offire alarm initiating device is selected mainly based on the hazard (e.g., smoke detectors, heatdetectors, or optical flame detectors). The initiation device signals the fire alarm panel, which in turnsignals the deluge valve to open. Activation can also be manual, depending on the system goals.Manual activation is usually via an electric or pneumatic fire alarm pull station, which signals thefire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open.

Operation - Activation of a fire alarm initiating device, or a manual pull station, signals the firealarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open, allowing water to enter the pipingsystem. Water flows from all sprinklers simultaneously.

5.2Components Of Deluge System5.2.1 Water Spray Nozzle5.2.2 Sprinkler5.2.3 Deluge Valve5.2.4 Water Motor Gong5.2.5 Piping5.2.6 Pressure Gauge5.2.7 Solenoid valve5.2.8 Flow Detector valve5.2.9 Alarm Panel


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5.3Designing Of Fire Deluge SystemHere’s the table of contents for this sprinkler irrigation design tutorial. It looks like a lot to cover, butmuch of it you will skim over because it applies only to very specific situations that don’t matter formost sprinkler systems. (But if it turns out one of those specific situations applies to YOU won’t yoube glad that I included it?) You will find that the tutorial goes quickly once you get started. I suggestyou skim through the index below, just so you understand the general process. Then design yoursprinkler system in small steps as you work through the tutorial.

Start Here! Introduction to Irrigation Design: How to use this tutorial, information on softwareprograms to design your sprinkler system, and a few suggestions on those “free designs” offered bythe sprinkler manufacturing companies. (Big surprise! I don’t totally trash them!)

Step #1 Collect Information:

Measure Your Yard: How to measure your yard easily and accurately for your sprinklerirrigation system.

City-Slicker Water: How to find the PSI and GPM if you get your water througha pipe from a water-company.

Country-Bumpkin Water: How to find the PSI and GPM if you pump water from a well,creek, lake, etc..

Backwoods Water: How to measure the GPM and PSI for other types of water supplies(Moses would use this section).

Step #2 Select Your Equipment:

Selecting Your Sprinkler Equipment: Determine pressure losses for your sprinkler irrigation system.

Water Meter: Water meters.

Backflow Preventer: How to select a backflow preventer.

Mainlines: What type of pipe to use and how to calculate pressure loss in an irrigation systemmainline.

Valves: Types of irrigation valves.

Elevation Pressure Loss: How to calculate pressure loss in your irrigation systemcaused by elevation changes.

Sprinkler Heads: How to select your sprinkler heads.

Laterals: Type of pipe to use and pressure losses for the sprinkler system lateral pipes.

Types of Sprinkler Risers: How to connect your sprinklers to the laterals.

Adjustments: Making pressure loss adjustments to balance the system (very important if you wantthe sprinklers to work).

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/introduction-to-irrigation-design/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/how-to-measure-and-draw-your-yard-to-scale/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/gpm-psi-municipal-water-source/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/gpm-psi-pumps-and-or-wells/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/gpm-psi-gravity-flow/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/select-sprinkler-equipment/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/water-meters-flow-sensors/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/irrigation-backflow-preventers/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/irrigation-mainlines/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/irrigation-valves/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/elevation-pressure-loss-in-irrigation-systems/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/selecting-a-sprinkler-head/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/sprinkler-system-lateral-pipes/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/types-of-sprinkler-risers/

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/balancing-pressure-irrigation/


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S/# Item / Description Unit TransformerNo.1 Total

PIPE1 Pipe dia 3”, Seamless,Sch-40 Feet 160 160

2 Pipe dia 2-1/2”, Seamless,Sch-40 Feet 180 180

3 Pipe dia 1-1/2”, Seamless,Sch-40 Feet 20 20

4 Pipe dia 1”, Seamless,Sch-40 Feet 180 180

5 Gate Valve 3", KITZ, Japan Nos. 3 3

6

Deluge Valve 3" size, complete with Water motor Gong, Trimassembly, retard chamber, pressure gauges, electrical actuator &pressure switch etc. UL / FM approved. Make Globe USA. Nos. 1 1

7 Sprinkler, K-Factor 4.2, GL-4210, 79 degree Nos. 14 14

8 Water Spray Nozzle 1/2" NPT, Nos. 43 43

FIFTING1 Tee : 3"x3"x3",Sch-40 Seamless Nos. 1 1

2 Tee : 3"x3"x2-1/2",Sch-40 Seamless Nos. 4 4

3 Tee : 2½”x2½”x2½”,Sch-40 Seamless Nos. 4 4

4 Tee 1"x1"x1",Sch-40 Seamless Nos. 15 15

5 Elbow 3” ,Sch-40 Seamless Nos. 9 9

6 Elbow 2½” ,Sch-40 Seamless Nos. 4 4

7 Elbow 1” ,Sch-40 Seamless Nos. 20 20

8 Socket 1/2" Threadred Nos. 45 45

9 Socket 1" Nos. 15 15

10 Barrel Nippel 1/2" Threaded Nos. 40 40

11 Union 1" Nos. 4 4

12 Flange 3”,Weld Type Class 150 Slip-on Type Nos. 16 16

13 Flange 2-1/2”,Weld Type Class 150 Slip-on Type Nos. 24 24

14 Nut & Bolt 1/2”x 2.5”With Spring Washer KG 9 9

15 M.S Channel 100x50x4mm Feet 120 120

16 M.S Angle 50x50x4mm Feet 20 20

17 M.S Plate 200x300x6mm Nos. 8 8

18 Rawal Bolt 1/2"x2.5" Nos. 19 19


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19 U Clamp 3" With Bolt Nos. 12 12

20 U Clamp 2.5" With Bolt Nos. 12 12

21 U Clamp 1.5" With Bolt Nos. 2 2

22 U Clamp 1" With Bolt Nos. 12 12

23 Paint , Gas Kit , Etc. Taflon Tape Job Lum Sum

5.3.2 Standards Of Designing(a) Extinguishment of fire by water spray is accomplished by cooling, smothering fromproduced steam, emulsification of some liquids, dilution in some cases, or a combination of thesefactors.(b) Control of fires is accomplished by an application of water spray to the burning materialsproducing controlled burning. The principle of control may be applied where combustiblematerials are not susceptible to complete extinguishment by water spray or where completeextinguishment is not considered desirable.(c) Effective exposure protection is accomplished by application of water spray directly to theexposed structures or equipment to remove or reduce the heat transferred to them from theexposing fire. Water spray curtains are less effective than direct application but can, underfavorable conditions, provide some protection against fire exposure through subdivision of fire


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NominalPipe Size

OutsideDiameter

Inside

Diameter

Wall

Thickness

Inside

Diameter

Wall

Thickness

Inside

Diameter

in. in.

(mm) in.

(mm) in.

(mm) in.

(mm) in.

(mm) in.

(mm) in

1 1.315 (33.4) 1.097 (27.9) 0.109 (2.8) _ _ _ _ 1.049 (26.6) 0.1

1 1/4 1.660 (42.2) 1.442 (36.6) 0.109 (2.8) _ _ _ _ 1.380 (35.1) 0.1

1 1/2 1.900 (48.3) 1.682 (42.7) 0.109 (2.8) _ _ _ _ 1.610 (40.9) 0.1

2 2.375 (60.3) 2.157 (54.8) 0.109 (2.8) _ _ _ _ 2.067 (52.5) 0.1

2 1/2 2.875 (73.0) 2.635 (66.9) 0.120 (3.0) _ _ _ _ 2.469 (62.7) 0.2

3 3.500 (88.9) 3.260 (82.8) 0.120 (3.0) _ _ _ _ 3.068 (77.9) 0.2

3 1/2 4.000 (101.6) 3.760 (95.5) 0.120 (3.0) _ _ _ _ 3.548 (90.1) 0.2

4 4.500 (114.3) 4.260 (108.2) 0.120 (3.0) _ _ _ _ 4.026 (102.3) 0.2

5 5.563 (141.3) 5.295 (134.5) 0.134 (3.4) _ _ _ _ 5.047 (128.2) 0.2

6 6.625 (168.3) 6.357 (161.5) 0.1342 (3.4) _ _ _ _ 6.065 (154.1) 0.2

8 8.625 (219.1) 8.249 (209.5) 0.1882 (4.8) 8.071 (205.0) 0.277 (7.0) _ _ _

10

10.75 (273.1) 10.37 (263.4) 0.1882 (4.8) 10.14 (257.6) 0.307 (7.8) _ _ _

areas. Unfavorable conditions can include such factors as windage, thermal updrafts, andinadequate drainage.(d) Start of fire is prevented by the use of water sprays to dissolve, dilute, disperse, or coolflammable materials or to reduce flammable vapor concentrations below the Lower FlammableLimit (LFL).In special cases, where adequate safeguards have been provided, water spray systems for theprotection of structures, equipment, or personnel in the presence of such materials asdescribed in 1-7.4 might be acceptable.Painting of spray nozzles can retard the thermal response of the heat-responsive element,can interfere with the free movement of parts, and can render the spray nozzle inoperative.Moreover, painting can invite the application of subsequent coatings, thus increasing thepossibility of altering the discharge pattern for all types of nozzles.

Table A-2-3.2 Steel Pipe DimensionsSchedule 101 Schedule 30 Schedule

NOTE 1: Schedule 10 defined to 5 in. (127 mm) nominal pipe size by ASTM A 135.


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NOTE 2: Wall thickness specified in 2-3.2.

Other types of pipe and tube that have been investigated and listed for water sprayapplications include lightweight steel pipe. While these products can offer advantages, suchas ease of handling and installation, cost-effectiveness, and reduction of friction losses, it isimportant to recognize that they also have limitations that are to be considered by thosecontemplating their use or acceptance.Corrosion studies for lightweight steel pipe have shown that, in comparison to Schedule 40pipe, its effective life might be reduced, with the level of reduction being related to its wallthickness. Further information with respect to corrosion resistance is contained in the individuallistings of such products.The investigation of pipe and tube other than described in Table 2-3.1 should involveconsideration of many factors, including:(a) Pressure rating;(b) Beam strength (hangers and spacing);(c) Unsupported vertical stability;(d) Movement during system operation (affecting water distribution);(e) Corrosion (internal and external), chemical and electrolytic;(f) Resistance to failure where exposed to elevated temperatures;(g) Methods of joining (strength, permanence, fire hazard); and(h) Physical characteristics related to integrity during earthquakes.Rubber-gasketed pipe fittings and couplings should not be installed where ambienttemperatures can be expected to exceed 150qF (66qC) unless listed for this service. If themanufacturer further limits a given gasket compound, those recommendations should befollowed.Some steel piping material having lesser wall thickness than specified in 2-5.1.2 has beenlisted for use in water spray systems when joined with threaded connections. The servicelife of such products can be significantly less than that of Schedule 40 steel pipe, and it should bedetermined if this service life will be sufficient for the application intended.All such threads should be checked by the installer using working ring gauges conforming tothe Basic Dimensions of Ring Gauges for USA (American) Standard Taper Pipe Threads, NPT,in accordance with ANSI/ASME B1.20.1, Table 8.


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Listed, shaped, contoured nipples meet the definition of fabricated fittings.The fire hazard of the brazing process should be suitably safeguarded.These valves include, but are not limited to, deluge valves, alarm check valves,preaction valves, and high-speed valves.Accessories might include:Manualemergency stations,(b) Flammable gas detectors,


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(c) Smoke detectors,(d) Heat detectors,(e) Fire detectors, or(f) Control panels.Where installing wet pilot systems, special attention should be given to height limitationsabove the system actuation valve due to concern of water column. Refer tomanufacturer's information and listing.Manual means of actuation can include pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical, mechanical, or anycombination thereof.The strainer should be capable of continued operation without serious increase in head loss fora period estimated to be ample when considering the type of protection provided, the conditionof the water, and similar local circumstances.All alarm apparatus should be located and installed such that all parts are accessible forinspection, removal, and repair, and should be adequately supported.The minimum clearances listed in Table 3-1.2 are for the purpose of electrical clearance undernormal conditions; they are not intended for use as "safe" distances during fixed water spraysystem operation.The clearances are based upon minimum general practices related to design Basic InsulationLevel (BIL) values. To coordinate the required clearance with the electrical design, the designBIL of the equipment being protected should be used as a basis, although this is not material atnominal line voltages of 161 kV or less.Up to electrical system voltages of 161 kV, the design BIL kV and corresponding minimumclearances, phase to ground, have been established through long usage.At voltages higher than 161 kV, uniformity in the relationship between design BIL kV and thevarious electrical system voltages has not been established in practice. For these higher systemvoltages it has become common practice to use BIL levels dependent on the degree of protectionthat is to be obtained. For example, in 230 kV systems, BILs of 1050, 900, 825, 750, and 650kV have been utilized.Required clearance to ground may also be affected by switching surge duty, a power systemdesign factor that along with BIL should correlate with selected minimum clearances. Electricaldesign engineers may be able to furnish clearances dictated by switching surge duty. Table3-1.2 deals only with clearances required by design BIL. The selected clearance to groundshould satisfy the greater of switching surge or BIL duty, rather than to be based upon nominalvoltage.Possible design variations in the clearance required at higher voltages are evident in the table,where a range of BIL values is indicated opposite the various voltages in the high voltage portionof the table. However, the clearance between uninsulated energized parts of the electricalsystem equipment and any portion of the water spray system should not be less than theminimum clearance provided elsewhere for electrical system insulation on any individualcomponent.Water spray systems are usually applied to special fire protection problems beyond the


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capability of a standard sprinkler system. They are specifically designed for fire control,extinguishment, prevention, or exposure protection. These systems typically require that the


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water be applied rapidly to all protected surfaces at the same time, an objective that may not bepossible with closed nozzles. In addition, to protect specific surfaces, the use of special nozzleswith directional discharge is employed. The placement of these nozzles to provide propercoverage is often in conflict with the required placement to ensure prompt operation whereautomatic nozzles are used. Thus, the standard contemplates that open nozzles will normally beemployed and that a separate detection system will be used to actuate the system.There are cases, however, where it is desirable to use closed nozzles to limit the discharge ofwater to prevent equipment damage (such as when water spray is used to protect turbinebearings), or there are environmental concerns. Automatic nozzles should only be used whereopen nozzles present such problems and the position of the nozzles can meet both the coverageand response time design objectives.In cases where the piping cannot be supported by structural members, piping arrangements thatare essentially self-supporting are often employed together with such hangers as are necessary.Areas considered to have an explosion potential may include those having:(a) Highly exothermic reactions that are relatively difficult to control, such as nitration,oxidation, halogenation, hydrogenation, alkylation, or polymerization;(b) Flammable liquids or gases where a flammable vapor or release of more than 10 tons in a5-minute time period is possible; and(c) Other particularly hazardous operations where a explosion hazard may exist.To limit the potential for explosion damage, the following guidelines should be used:(a) System actuation valves should be remotely located (at least 50 ft) from the area to beprotected, housed within a blast resistant valve house or behind a blast wall designed for at leasta 3 psig static overpressure.(b) Piping should be located underground wherever possible. Risers should riseaboveground behind a protecting steel column or other structural element. Other pipingshould be located behind structural elements providing shielding from explosion overpressuresand flying debris.(c) The number of system actuation valves manifolded together should be limited to no morethan three.(d) Fire water mains should be buried, and accessible post indicator isolation valves should beprovided.

(e) All water spray piping 21/2 in. (63 mm) or larger should be of the welded-flanged type.


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Suitable suction provisions can entail the following:(a) Suitable suction hydrants accessible to apparatus on primary or auxiliary supplies, or both;

and(b) Suitable all-weather landings or locations where pumper apparatus can take suction atsurface water supplies.Fire department connections should be located and arranged so that hose lines can be readilyand conveniently attached without interference from nearby objects including buildings, fences,posts, or other fire department connections. Where a hydrant is not available, other water supplysources such as a natural body of water, a tank, or a reservoir should be utilized. The waterauthority should be consulted when a nonpotable water supply is proposed as a suction sourcefor the fire department.Care should be taken in the selection of strainers, particularly where nozzle waterways are lessthan 1/4 in. (6.5 mm) in dimension. Consideration should be given to the size of screenperforation, the volume available for accumulation without excessive friction loss, and thefacility for inspection and cleaning.Where detectors are located outdoors or without a ceiling over them to trap the heat, theirspacing should be reduced if prompt detection is to be achieved. In general, thermal detectorsare to be located within the hot air currents created by the fire if they are to operate. A50-percent reduction in the spacing between detectors is required in the absence of test data on a


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particular detector and fire size. Some guidance might be available from the manufacturer.The sensitivity of other detectors, (e.g., flammable gas detectors) can also be adversely affectedby wind or the lack of walls or ceilings surrounding the hazard.Heat collectors located above the pilot sprinklers or other thermal detectors for the solepurpose of trapping heat are not recommended, they are considered protected canopies (see3-5.1.2). They can provide some benefit if they are of sufficient size (18 in. u 18 in., or larger)to trap heat. Smaller collectors can reduce sensitivity by causing a "dead" air space.However, shields or canopies needed to protect the detector from the weather should not beeliminated because of concerns they might reduce detector sensitivity.Other types of detectors such as UV detectors that do not rely on air currents to detect a fire orhazardous condition might not require a reduced spacing when used outdoors.Use of flammable gas detectors should consider the following:(a) Calibration. Automatic flammable gas detection equipment should be calibrated for thespecific flammable gas to be detected.(b) Operation — Alarms. Flammable gas detectors typically are equipped with twoindependently adjustable alarms for detection of flammable gas. Each unit should be equippedwith a visual indication of alarm points, unit malfunction, and normal operation. Typically, thefirst alarm point is set between 10 percent and 25 percent of the LFL and the second alarm pointtrips the water spray system between 25 percent and 65 percent of the LFL. Where theanalyzers alarm in a continuously manned location, remote manual operation of the water spraysystem from a continuously manned location is sometimes utilized with the flammable gasanalyzers alarming only in lieu of the automatic trip arrangement.(c) Inadvertent Activation. A reduction in the potential to inadvertently activate a system canbe attained by designing cross zone activation into the system. With a cross zone activationscheme, the activation of a water spray system is triggered by the "high" alarm condition of anytwo or more detectors comprising the system.(d)Wiring. Flammable gas detectors should not be wired in series.(e) Multiple Channel Systems. Where a multiple channel flammable gas detector system isutilized, continuous, instantaneous analysis should be provided on all channels and an alarm ortrip should be indicated immediately at the analyzer. No more than one water spray systemshould be actuated by a single multiple channel analyzer.Water spray system design should conform to the applicable provisions of NFPA 80A,Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, except whereotherwise recommended herein.Prompt operation of the water spray system is needed to meet the design objectives. In mostinstallations, the delivery of effective water spray from all open nozzles should take place within30 seconds after detection. This may be accomplished by the remote starting of fire pumps. Theuse of devices such as timers would delay system actuation and negatively affect the system'sintended performance.Large system size may decrease system reliability and increase transfer time, water wastage,and environmental impact. Large systems should generally be limited to a discharge


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rate of 2500 gpm to 3000 gpm (9463 L/min to 11,355 L/min).For large areas protected by many adjacent systems, it may not be necessary to base the designflow rate on all systems operating simultaneously. Provided that floor drainage is sloped andsectionalized to reduce the flow of flammables to adjacentareas, and assuming that detection systems are carefully designed, the maximum design flow ratecould be determined by adding the flow rate for any system to the flow rates for allimmediately adjacent systems. (See example in Table A-4-1.5.2.) The largest sum determinedfrom considering all logical combinations should be used. This maximum anticipated flow ratebasis is valid when the systems selected are judged to represent the worst case situation.Assuming that the above conditions are met, some fires involving several adjacent water spraysystems could be adequately controlled with fewer systems operating. Careful engineeringjudgment should beused in the determination and calculation of the actuation, capacity, and duration of adjacentwater spray systems.

System System System System

1 2 3 4

Flow 1800 gpm 6813 L/min 2100 gpm 7949 L/min 1950 gpm 7381 L/min 2300 gpm 8706 L/min 2400 gp

Pressure 80 psi 3.8 kPa 95 psi 4.6 kPa 105 psi 5.0 kPa 100 psi 4.8 kPa 90 ps

NOTE: Flow and pressure required at the point of supply (other common hydraulic point).

Combined System Flow Balanced to Highest Pressure

System Flow System Flow System Flow System

(gpm) (L/min) (gpm) (L/min) (gpm) (L/min)

1 2062 7805 2 2208 8357 3 1950 7381 4

2 2208 8357 3 1950 7381 4 2357 8921 5

3 1950 7381 4 2357 8921 5 2592 9811 6

Total 6220 23,542 Total 6515 24,659 Total 6899 26,113 Total

The combination of Systems 3, 4, and 5 creates the largest flow at the highest pressure at the point of supply(or other common hydraulic point). Therefore, the design flow rate for this installation is selected as 6899gpm at 105 psi (26,113 L/min at 5.0 kPa). Total water demand would be 6899 (26,113 L/min), plus anallowance for hose stream application.Systems shall be permitted to be combined in a logical manner such that systems that can be expected to be

involved in the same incident and are expected to operate simultaneously are combined to determine thedesign flow rate.

The rapid removal of spills and fire protection water from the area protected by a water spraysystem can greatly reduce the amount of fuel involved in a fire. In addition, if water dischargeis not controlled, hydrocarbons or other liquid fuels may spread into adjacent areas and


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increase the size of the fire, exposing additional property and making the fire more difficult tocontrol or extinguish.An example of a protected hazard that may not require a system for controlling or containingwater spray discharge would be a rubber belt conveyor located in an aboveground conveyorhousing.Each of the methods listed has advantages and disadvantages. In most cases, a combination ofmethods should be used in designing an effective control or containment system.The characteristics of any hazardous materials in the protected area should be considered inthe design of a control or containment system, including volume, solubility in water,flammability, reactivity, environmental concerns (e.g., toxicity), and vapor pressure atambient and normal processing conditions. For example, particular attention should be givento the removal of burning flammable liquids away from process vessels containing reactivematerials sensitive to heat.Curbing, along with appropriate grading, can be of significant benefit in preventing water orburning liquid from spreading horizontally into adjacent areas. Grading should ideally be slopedat a pitch not less than 1 percent away from critical equipment and toward drains, trenches,ditches, or other safe area. Concrete surfacing is most desirable, but other hard surfacing orcrushed rock or equivalent is suitable.Process areas and buildings handling hydrocarbons or hazardous chemicals normally have aclosed drain system to capture leaks, spills, normal drainage, wash down, etc. In some cases, itmay not be practical to design the closed drain system to accommodate the full flow from the fireprotection systems. Additionally, even where designed with adequate capacity, floor drains willoften become clogged with debris during a fire. The excess that cannot be carried off by theclosed drain system will then overflow to the surface drainage systems, which might includestorm sewers, open ditches, streets, or similar features. The proper design of area drainageshould anticipate where the excess will flow so that it may be safely routed and controlled.See NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, for diking requirements for the tankstorage of flammable and combustible liquids.Diking is not a desirable means of containing water spray discharge where buildings, processstructures, or important equipment are being protected from exposure to flammable orcombustible liquids.Underground or enclosed drains are preferred over open trenches since enclosed drainsprovide a method of removing spilled liquids from the area without exposing equipment toburning liquids. Further, trenches can act as collection points for heavier-than-air vapors. Ifused, trenches should be routed in a way that will not carry fire protection water and burningliquids through another fire area. If unavoidable, fire stops (weirs) should be provided in thetrench system between the fire areas.Trenches should be twice as wide as deep, and in no case should the depth exceed the width.Trenches should be provided with covers that are 1/3 open grating and 2/3 solid plate or concrete.(See Figure A-4-2.3.)


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Drains should be in sufficient number such that the required runoff is handled withoutformation of significant pools.The actual flow rate may be determined by plotting the demand curve (fixed water supplysystems) and the water supply curve on semi-exponential (N1.85) graph paper. Theintersection of the demand curve and the supply curve provides a realistic estimate of the actualflow rate that would be anticipated.Judgment should be used in determining the chance of having a major fire simultaneous witha heavy rainfall. For areas experiencing little rainfall, drainage calculations can ignorerainfall. For areas experiencing frequent rainfall, a flow rate from rainfall may ormay not be warranted, depending on the hazards being protected and other factors. If included,a rainfall rate less than the highest anticipated would ordinarily be used, as it is not likely that themaximum fire and rainfall demands would occur simultaneously. The effect of rainfall on thesize of any areas designed to contain runoff should also be considered.It is desirable to contain runoff for the anticipated duration of any fire. However, in largechemical or petrochemical facilities, a major fire can last for 8 hours or more, resulting inextremely large holding basins or retention ponds. Where the anticipated incident durationresults in retention basins that are of impractical size, methods to limit the duration of runoffmay be required.When an extended duration is anticipated, a duration of 4 hours is usually considered thepractical maximum. During that time it is often possible to isolate equipment and reduce theflow rate of water and other materials so that the continuous discharge flow rate is less than theinitial flow rate. If a significant amount of flammable materials can be removed from theprotected area, it may be possible to shut down water spray systems and manually fight the fire,greatly reducing the amount of material that needs to be contained.Smaller facilities with limited holdups may not require as long a duration. For example, ifthe exposing fire is caused by a spill of 500 gal (1893 L) or less, with good drainage andcontainment systems, the anticipated duration may be as little as 30 minutes to 1 hour. Inspecial circumstances (e.g., involving prompt manual response), an anticipated duration less than30 minutes would be acceptable.Finally, other standards and regulations may dictate the amount of containment required.For example, NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, contains requirements forwarehouses and other areas containing flammable liquids. Also, local environmental


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regulations and building codes might contain criteria for duration and amount of material to becollected.

(a) Surface Cooling. Where extinguishment by surface cooling is contemplated, the designprovides for complete water spray coverage over the entire surface. Surface cooling is noteffective on gaseous products or flammable liquids, and is not generally satisfactory forcombustible liquids having flash points below 140qF (60qC).(b) Smothering by Steam Produced. Where this effect is contemplated, the intensity of theexpected fire should be sufficient to generate adequate steam from the applied water spray, andconditions should be otherwise favorable for the smothering effect. The water spray is to beapplied to essentially all the areas of expected fire. This effect should not be contemplatedwhere the material protected could generate oxygen when heated.(c) Emulsification. This effect should be contemplated only for liquids not miscible with water.The water spray should be applied over the entire area of flammable liquids. For those liquidshaving low viscosities, the coverage should be uniform and the minimum rate required should beapplied with the nozzle pressure not less than the minimum on which approval is based. Formore viscous materials, the coverage should be complete but need not be so uniform and the unitrate of application may be lower. A water additive that reduces the surface tension of watermay be considered where the effect of emulsification is contemplated.(d) Dilution. Where extinguishment by dilution is contemplated, the material should bemiscible with water. The application rate should be adequate to effect extinguishment withinthe required period of time based upon the expected volume of material and the percentage ofdilution necessary to render the liquid nonflammable, but not less than that required for controland cooling purposes.(e) Other Factors. The system design may contemplate other extinguishing factors, such as acontinuous film of water over the surface where the material is not miscible with water and has adensity much greater than 1.0 (such as asphalt, tar, carbon disulfide, and some nitrocellulosesolutions). Water spray may also be used on some materials to produce extinguishment as aresult of rapid cooling below the temperature at which the material will decompose chemically ata self-sustaining rate.

NOTE: For the effect of droplet size, refer to Engineering Criteria for Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems, J.R. Mawhinney, P.E., presented at the Water Mist Fire Suppression Workshop at NIST, March 1-2, 1993.Limited test data exists that documents the minimum water application rates needed forextinguishment of certain combustibles or flammables. Much additional test work isneeded before minimum rates can be established for all materials.Interlocks should be provided between the fire detection system and the electrical systemsto de-energize all power circuits that are not connected to critical processes.


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System operation for a duration of several hours may be necessary before the required activitiesare completed.Control of burning by directional water spray is not intended to preclude the installation ofexposure protection for pump and compressor connections, exposed piping, compressor casings,drivers, lubrication systems, and related equipment.

(a) Generally, the upper portions of equipment and the upper levels of supporting structuresare less severely exposed by fire than are the lower portions or levels, due to the accumulation atgrade level of fuel from spillage or equipment rupture. Consideration may thus be given toreducing the degree of (or eliminating) water spray protection for the upper portions of highequipment or levels of structures, provided a serious accumulation of fuel or torch action frombroken process piping or equipment cannot occur at these elevations and serious fire exposuredoes not exist. Examples are certain types of distillation columns [above the 30-ft or 40-ft(9.2-m or 12.2-m)] level and above the third or fourth level of multi-level open structures.

(b) The densities specified for exposure protection include a safety factor of 0.05 gpm/ft2 [2.0(L/min)/m2] to compensate for unanticipated wastage.In determining the duration of the exposing fire, consideration should be given to the


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properties and quantities of the exposing combustibles and the anticipated effect of availablemanual fire fighting. System operation for several hours may be required.

(a) It has been established that uninsulated vessels, under average plant conditions, envelopedwith flame can be expected to absorb heat at a rate of at least 20,000 Btu/hr/ft2 (63,100 W/m2) ofexposed surface wetted by the contents. Unwetted, uninsulated steel equipment absorbs heatrapidly, and failure occurs from overpressure or overheating, or both, when such equipment isexposed to fire. Figure A-4-5.2(a) is a time-temperature curve showing the lengths of timerequired for vessels of different sizes containing volatile materials to have their contents heatedto 100qF (38qC) from a starting temperature of 70qF (21qC) for tank contents and 60qF (16qC)for the tank steel. (See Requirements for Relief of Overpressure in Vessels Exposed to Fire;Transactions of the ASME, January, 1944, 1-53; Venting of Tanks Exposed to Fire; and HeatInput to Vessels.)The application of water spray to a vessel enveloped by fire will reduce the heat input rate to avalue on the order of 6000 Btu/hr/ft2 (18,930 W/m2) of exposed surface wetted by the contentswhere the unit rate of water application is 0.20 gpm/ft2 [8.2 (L/min)/m2] of exposed surface.The 6000 Btu/hr/ft2 (18,930 W/m2) rate was also established in Rubber Reserve CompanyMemorandum 123, Protection of Vessels Exposed to Fire, February 28, 1945. Figure A-4-5.2(b)shows the estimated time for volatile liquid contents of atmospheric storage tanks to reach theboiling point where absorbing heat at 6000 Btu/hr/ft2 (18,930 W/m2). This may be comparedwith Figure A-4-5.2(a) to show the benefits derived from water spray systems.(b) Where the temperature of a vessel or its contents should be limited, higher densities thanspecified in 4-5.2.1 may be required.(c) Internally insulated or lined vessels require special consideration to determine necessarywater spray requirements.


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Water spray systems designed for extinguishment, exposure protection, or control of burning candisperse flammable gases for fire prevention. When designing water spray systems primarily fordispersion of flammable gases (for fire prevention), the following should be considered:(a) Spray nozzles should be of the size and type to discharge a dense spray into the area ofpossible flammable vapor release at sufficient velocity to rapidly dilute the flammable vapors to alevel below the lower flammable limit.(b) Spray nozzles should be positioned to provide coverage of potential leak sources such asflanges, flexible connections, pumps, valves, vessels, containers, etc.


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Examples of combined systems include:(a) Open nozzle water spray protection for a vessel combined with area protection provided bya deluge system.(b) Automatic nozzle water spray protection for cable trays combined with area protectionprovided by a wet pipe system.Generally, the water spray component of a combined system is intended to supplement theprotection provided by the sprinkler or deluge portion. The water spray usually is intended tocover a specific hazard or to cover specific areas or equipment items that cannot be otherwiseadequately covered. Therefore, the required density from the sprinkler system should not bereduced when supplemental water spray is provided.However, it would be acceptable to adjust the extent of water spray coverage when a portion ofthe coverage is provided by the sprinkler deluge portion of a combined system. For example,pressure vessels within the process structure protected by area deluge are typically provided withsupplemental water spray on the bottom surfaces where the top surfaces are adequately coveredby the deluge system above.Different arrangements from those required for other types of detection systems may berequired. In particular, it should be remembered that most listed detection devices are tested inan indoor, ceiling-mounted environment, while many water spray systems are installed outdoors.This can affect the type of detector chosen and its installed spacing.Installations with temperature fluctuations include transformer protection involving heatexchangers having automatic fans and installations involving industrial ovens and furnaces.Additionally, protection of machinery involving movement of a hazardous material such as a beltconveyor would require a detection system having a faster response time than normal andappropriate interlocks to stop drive units, etc.Though not an aspect that can be designed prior to installation, the response time goal for thedetection system is generally 40 seconds from exposure to initiation of the system actuation valve.The intent of the paragraph is to ensure that artificial delays are not built into the detection(initiating device) system.The minimum operating pressure is required for proper pattern development and to overcomethe effects of wind. For nozzles with orifices of 3/8 in. or less, a minimum pressure of30 psi (1.4 kPa) is recommended.Figure A-5-1.3(a) shows a hypothetical water spray system layout. Figure A-5-1.3(b) shows asample calculation for this system, using pipe sizing and nozzles with constants such that thevelocity pressures generally exceed 5 percent of the total pressures, and the designer elected toinclude velocity pressures. Figure A-5-1.3(c) shows a sample calculation for this system, usingpipe sizing and nozzles with constants such that velocity pressures are less than 5 percent of thetotal pressures, and the velocity pressures were not included in the calculation. Figure A-5-1.3(d)shows a graphical representation of the results of hydraulic calculations shown in FigureA-5-1.3(c), assuming 250 gpm (946 L/min) outside hydrant flow requirements and 4.0 psi (0.28bars) of underground friction loss.

CHAPTER 5.DELUGE SYSTEM

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3.3.3 Designing Calculation MethodHydraulic calculation is the fire safety practice of calculating the flow of liquids througha medium (usually a piping network) to ensure that fires could be extinguished.

















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The shortened expression of a common design density for a Light Hazard officeis .1/1500, which is fully expressed as," 0.1 GPM per square foot is required to fall from the fire sprinklers onto the fire over themost remote 1,500 square feet (140 m2) of area, which is the maximum expected size of afire in this Light Hazard building area."A common density required for a warehouse type "big box" store that has higherflammability items stored on racks to twenty feet high is .6/2000. Note that the density ofwater to fall per square foot is six times heavier than an office, and the expected fire sizeis larger.

Storage warehouses commonly use a newer technology type fire sprinkler, ESFR (earlysuppression fast response), which have discharge requirements not based on designdensities, and which are designed to extinguish a fire before the arrival of the firedepartment.

The water available is verified by means of a water flow test (opening a fire hydrant andrecording the water pressures and gallons flow per minute).


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESFR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_flow_test

CHAPTER 6.FOAM TOP POURER SYSTEM

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6.1IntroductionDelta Foam Top Pourer sets come in four sizes with individual capacities from 120 to3600 litres per minute.

Individual units are pre-engineered to give precise flow and pressure characteristics.These flow rates are optimised to provide the correct minimum application rate to thehazard being protected.

The Foam Top Pourers have a frangible glass seal which breaks under pressure from thefoam that is then deflected onto the tank shell cooling it and gently pouring it onto thefuel surface. The Delta Foam Top Pourer sets all have an easily removable coverallowing for system testing without the need to break the seal and facilitating inspectionand maintenance.

Individual performance curves are available upon request for each of the four models.

A special adaptor fixing kit is available from Delta’s foam equipment range to enableexternal tank fixing. The kit consists of a special flange adaptor with fixed threaded studs.An appropriate ANSI 150lb flange size hole is cut into the tank shell and the adaptor isbolted into place. The Foam Top Pourer Set flange can then be easily offered up to thelocating studs and fastened into position-all nuts, washers and gaskets are provided.

6.2Components Of System6.2.1 FTP6.2.2 Piping6.2.3 Cut of Valve6.2.4 Foam Tank6.2.5 Water Tank6.2.6 Pump Set

6.3Designing Of Foam Top Porer SystemMedium- and high-expansion foams are aggregations of bubbles that are

mechanically generated by the passage of air or other gases through a net, screen, orother porous medium that is wetted by an aqueous solution of surface active foamingagents. Under proper conditions,fire-fighting foams of expansions from 20:1 to 1000:1 can be generated. These foamsprovide a unique agent for transporting water to inaccessible places; for total floodingof confined spaces; and for volumetric displacement of vapor, heat, and smoke. Testshave shown that, under certain circumstances, high expansion foam, when used inconjunction with water sprinklers, will provide more positive control andextinguishment than either extinguishment system by itself. High-piled storage ofrolled paper stock is an example. Optimum efficiency in any one type of hazarddepends to some extent on the rate of application and the foam expansion andstability.


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S/#. DESCRIPTION & SPECIFICATIONS QTY.

1. M.S Pipe Dia 6” (Schedule 40) 660’



4. Reducer 6”x 4” C.S Sch-40 Concentric Weld 06

5. Tee 6”x6”x6” Sch-40 C.S Weld 03

6. Elbow 6”x 90o,Sch-40 C.S. Weld 04

7. Elbow 6”x 45o,Sch-40 C.S. Weld 04

8. Elbow 4”x 90 o, Sch-40 C.S. Weld 03



11. Gate Valve 6”x 6” C.I China Flanged, Flanged 03



14. Flange 6” Weld Type Class 150 Slip-on Type 25

15. Flange 4” Weld Type Class 150 Slip-on Type 25

16. Flange 3” Weld Type Class 150 Slip-on Type 4517.

Nut & Bolt 5/8”x 3” With Spring Washer 44kg18.

Nut & Bolt ½”x 2 ½” With Spring Washer 9kg19.

FTP-1700 0620.

FTP-700 0121.

FTP-360 0122.

FTP-260 0223.

FTP-150 02


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6.3.2 Standards Of Designingome important types of hazards that medium- and high-expansion foam systemscan satisfactorily protect include:(a) Ordinary combustibles,(b)Flammable andcombustible liquids, (c)Combinations of (a) and (b),

(d) Liquefied natural gas (high-expansion foam only).NOTE: Under certain circumstances it might be possible to utilize medium- orhigh-expansion foam systems for control of fires involving flammable liquids orgases issuing under pressure, but no general recommendations can be made in thisstandard due to the infinite variety of particular situations that can be encounteredin actual practice.The discharge of large amounts of medium- or high-expansion foam can inundate

personnel, blocking vision, making hearing difficult, creating some discomfort inbreathing, and causing spatial disorientation. This breathing discomfort will increasewith a reduction in expansion ratio of the foam while under the effect of sprinklerdischarge.

6.3.3 Designing Calculation MethodProduct Storage: Gasoline/HFO/LFO/DieselTank Diameter: 28 metersDesign Pressure: 5 barFuel Surface Area: Pi x d2 /4

3.1416 x 28 x25 /4615 m2

Min. Foam Application Rate:surface Area x 4.1 LPM

615 x 4.1 = 2522 LPM

Total Flow Rate: 2522 LPMFoam Mixing Ratio: 3% minimumQty. Foam per min: 2522 x 3% = 75.66 LPMOperation of Duration: 30 MinTotal Qty. Foam: 75.66 x 30 = 2270 Litres.

CHAPTER 7.VESDA SYSTEM

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7.1 IntroductionAn aspirating smoke detector (ASD), consists of a central detection unit which draws airthrough a network of pipes to detect smoke.[1] The sampling chamber is based on anephelometer that detects the presence of smoke particles suspended in air by detectingthe light scattered by them in the chamber.

In most cases aspirating smoke detectors require a fan unit to draw in a sample of airfrom the protected area through its network of pipes, such as is the case for Wagner, SafeFire Detection's ProSeries and Xtralis ASD systems.

7.2 Components Of Vesda System7.2.1 Panel

7.2.2 PPRC Tube

7.2.3 VESDA Nozzle

7.2.4 End Cap

7.3 Designing Of Vesda SystemASD design corrects shortcomings of conventional smoke detectors by using samplingpipe with multiple holes. The air samples are captured and filtered, removing anycontaminants or dust to avoid false alarms and then processed by a centralized, highlysensitive laser detection unit. If smoke is detected, the systems alarm is triggered, andsignals then are processed through centralized monitoring stations within a few seconds.

Unlike passive smoke detection systems including spot detectors, ASD systems activelydraw smoke to the detector through bore holes within a piping system that runsthroughout the protected area. Furthermore, ASD systems incorporate integritymonitoring to ensure an alert is raised at any time the ASD’s ability to detect smoke iscompromised. This is not the case with passive devices that are generally only electricallymonitored with no ability to determine if smoke can actually reach the detection element.

ASD systems incorporate more than one level of alarm, generally configurable. Thisallows an ASD system to provide very early warning of an event, prompting investigationat the earliest smouldering stage of a fire when it is easily addressed. Other alarm levelsmay be configured to provide fire alarm inputs to fire systems as well as releasingsuppression systems. ASD alarm sensitivities are configurable and can be programmed tolevels ranging from thousands of times more sensitive than a conventional detector, tomuch less sensitive. The detectors work best in non-volatile environments.They can alsobe used in computer cabinets to alert users to the overheating of computer cables orindividual computer components.


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Sr.# Equipment/Item UnitJUICE CONTOLROOM GROUND

FLOOR

JUICECONTROLROOM FIRST

FLOOR

TRANSFORMERROOM TOTTAL

1 PIPE SS-304 Grade 25mm Feet 80 60 40 180

2 SS-304 Grade Bend 25mm Nos 3 2 10 15

4 SS-304 Grade Sccket 25mm Nos 4 2 2 8

5 SS-304 Grade End Cap 25mm Nos 0 1 1 2

6 SS-304 Grade Tube Support /Clamps 25 mm Nos 26 20 14 60

7 Vesda Nozzle / Hole 3 mm As PerSite Nos. 4 4 3 11

8 Teflon Tape Nos. 15 15 15 45

9 Rawal Plug 12 # Packets 1 1 1 3

10 Hilti Bolt 2.5"x6mm for support Nos. 52 40 30 122

11 Pipe Clip 3/4"x1.5mm Nos. 26 20 14 60

12Power Supply of Vesda Panel WithBattery 24V 5 Amp. With Charger &Accessories

Job 1 1 2

13 VESDA PANNEL VLF 250 Nos. 1 1 2

14 Hilti Bolt 2.5"x6mm for pannel Nos. 4 4 8


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7.3.2 Standards Of DesigningVESDA ASPIRE2 by Xtralis Pipe Network Design Software is a Windows®-basedapplication that aids the specification and design of pipe networks for VESDA aspiratingsmoke detectors. It provides the designer with tools to speed the design process andensure optimum network performance and installation. ASPIRE2 also makes designimplementation easy with automatic generation of lists of all required components and anInstallation Data Pack.

Ensures optimum design of Xtralis VESDA aspirating smoke detection pipe networks,including branched networks

Accurately models pipe network designs to environmental performance criteria

Speeds the design process by automating adjustment of hole sizes

Allows different detector performance requirements within one building

Unique building constraints can be easily accommodated

Custom design elements can be documented to guide the installation team

3D schematics to aid design and installation

Professional reports and materials lists can be generated to add to client submissions

Supports both metric and American measurement systems

Compatible with other Windows® – based applications

Set multiple detector alarm thresholds within a detector (Europe only)

Sampling Point Sensitivity tab to confirm EN 54-20* compliance (Europe only)


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7.1 IntroductionAn aspirating smoke detector (ASD), consists of a central detection unit which draws airthrough a network of pipes to detect smoke.[1] The sampling chamber is based on anephelometer that detects the presence of smoke particles suspended in air by detectingthe light scattered by them in the chamber.

In most cases aspirating smoke detectors require a fan unit to draw in a sample of airfrom the protected area through its network of pipes, such as is the case for Wagner, SafeFire Detection's ProSeries and Xtralis ASD systems.

7.2 Components Of Vesda System7.2.1 Panel

7.2.2 PPRC Tube

7.2.3 VESDA Nozzle

7.2.4 End Cap

7.3 Designing Of Vesda SystemASD design corrects shortcomings of conventional smoke detectors by using samplingpipe with multiple holes. The air samples are captured and filtered, removing anycontaminants or dust to avoid false alarms and then processed by a centralized, highlysensitive laser detection unit. If smoke is detected, the systems alarm is triggered, andsignals then are processed through centralized monitoring stations within a few seconds.

Unlike passive smoke detection systems including spot detectors, ASD systems activelydraw smoke to the detector through bore holes within a piping system that runsthroughout the protected area. Furthermore, ASD systems incorporate integritymonitoring to ensure an alert is raised at any time the ASD’s ability to detect smoke iscompromised. This is not the case with passive devices that are generally only electricallymonitored with no ability to determine if smoke can actually reach the detection element.

ASD systems incorporate more than one level of alarm, generally configurable. Thisallows an ASD system to provide very early warning of an event, prompting investigationat the earliest smouldering stage of a fire when it is easily addressed. Other alarm levelsmay be configured to provide fire alarm inputs to fire systems as well as releasingsuppression systems. ASD alarm sensitivities are configurable and can be programmed tolevels ranging from thousands of times more sensitive than a conventional detector, tomuch less sensitive. The detectors work best in non-volatile environments.They can alsobe used in computer cabinets to alert users to the overheating of computer cables orindividual computer components.


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Sr.# Equipment/Item UnitJUICE CONTOLROOM GROUND

FLOOR

JUICECONTROLROOM FIRST

FLOOR

TRANSFORMERROOM TOTTAL

1 PIPE SS-304 Grade 25mm Feet 80 60 40 180

2 SS-304 Grade Bend 25mm Nos 3 2 10 15

4 SS-304 Grade Sccket 25mm Nos 4 2 2 8

5 SS-304 Grade End Cap 25mm Nos 0 1 1 2

6 SS-304 Grade Tube Support /Clamps 25 mm Nos 26 20 14 60

7 Vesda Nozzle / Hole 3 mm As PerSite Nos. 4 4 3 11

8 Teflon Tape Nos. 15 15 15 45

9 Rawal Plug 12 # Packets 1 1 1 3

10 Hilti Bolt 2.5"x6mm for support Nos. 52 40 30 122

11 Pipe Clip 3/4"x1.5mm Nos. 26 20 14 60

12Power Supply of Vesda Panel WithBattery 24V 5 Amp. With Charger &Accessories

Job 1 1 2

13 VESDA PANNEL VLF 250 Nos. 1 1 2

14 Hilti Bolt 2.5"x6mm for pannel Nos. 4 4 8


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7.3.2 Standards Of DesigningVESDA ASPIRE2 by Xtralis Pipe Network Design Software is a Windows®-basedapplication that aids the specification and design of pipe networks for VESDA aspiratingsmoke detectors. It provides the designer with tools to speed the design process andensure optimum network performance and installation. ASPIRE2 also makes designimplementation easy with automatic generation of lists of all required components and anInstallation Data Pack.

Ensures optimum design of Xtralis VESDA aspirating smoke detection pipe networks,including branched networks

Accurately models pipe network designs to environmental performance criteria

Speeds the design process by automating adjustment of hole sizes

Allows different detector performance requirements within one building

Unique building constraints can be easily accommodated

Custom design elements can be documented to guide the installation team

3D schematics to aid design and installation

Professional reports and materials lists can be generated to add to client submissions

Supports both metric and American measurement systems

Compatible with other Windows® – based applications

Set multiple detector alarm thresholds within a detector (Europe only)

Sampling Point Sensitivity tab to confirm EN 54-20* compliance (Europe only)

CHAPTER 8.FM 200 SYSTEM

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8.1 IntroductionHFC-227ea finds use in fire suppression systems in data processing andtelecommunication facilities, and in protection of many flammable liquids and gases.HFC-227ea falls in the category of Clean Agents and is governed by NFPA 2001 -Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. Effective fire suppression requiresintroducing a concentration of the HFC-227ea agent between 6.25% and 9% dependingon the hazard being protected. Its NOAEL level for cardiac sensitization is 9%. TheUnited States Environmental Protection Agency allows concentration of 9% volume inoccupied spaces without mandated egress time, or up to 10.5% for a limited time. Mostfire suppression systems are designed to provide concentration of 6.25-9%.

The HFC-227ea fire suppression agent was the first non-ozone depleting replacement forHalon 1301.[citation needed] In addition, HFC-227ea leaves no residue on valuableequipment after discharge.

HFC-227ea contains no chlorine or bromine atoms, presenting no ozone depletion effect.Its atmospheric lifetime is approximated between 31 and 42 years. It leaves no residue oroily deposits and can be removed by ventilation of the affected space.

As an aerosol propellant, HFC-227ea is used in pharmaceutical metered dose inhalerssuch as those used for dispensing asthma medication.

8.2 Components Of FM 200 System8.2.1 Smoke Detector / Heat Detector

8.2.2 Manual Call point

8.2.3 Audible alarm

8.2.4 Visual alarm

8.2.5 Abort Switch

8.2.6 FM-200 Cylinder

8.2.7 Manual Actuator

8.2.8 2-way Pneumatic Head

8.2.9 1-Way Pneumatic Head

8.2.10 Extinguishing Control Panel

8.2.11 Piping

8.2.12 Discharge nozzles

8.2.13 Manifold

8.2.14 Release hose

8.2.15 Discharge hose


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8.3 Designing Of FM 200 SystemSpecifications for clean agent fire extinguishing systems shall be prepared under the

supervision of a person fully experienced and qualified in the design of clean agentextinguishing systems and with the advice of the authority having jurisdiction. Thespecifications shall include all pertinent items necessary for the proper design of thesystem such as the designation of the authority having jurisdiction, variances from thestandard to be permitted by the authority having jurisdiction, design criteria, systemsequence of operations, the type and extent of the approval testing to be performedafter installation of the system, and owner training requirements.Working plans and calculations shall be submitted for approval to the authorityhaving jurisdiction before installation or remodeling begins. These documents shallbe prepared only by persons fully experienced and qualified in the design of cleanagent extinguishing systems. Deviation from these documents shall requirepermission of the authority having jurisdiction.



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B.O.Q of FM-200 FireSuppression System(Mechanical)

Sr.# Equipment/Item Husky TotalQuantity Unit

1 Pipe Dia 4” Seamless Sch 40 40 40 Feet


3 Pipe Dia 2-1/2” Seamless Sch 40 20 20 Feet





8 Pipe Dia 1/2” Seamless Sch 40 0 0 Feet


10 Discharge Nozzle Dia 3/8" 0 0 Nos


12 Discharge Nozzle Dia 1" 3 3 Nos

13 Discharge Nozzle Dia 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos



16 Tee 4"X4"X4" 1 1 Nos

17 Tee 3"X3"X2.5" 2 2 Nos

18 Tee 2"X2"X2" 0 0 Nos

19 Tee 1.5"X1.5"X1.5" 0 0 Nos

20 Tee 1-1/4"X1-1/4"X1-1/4" 0 0 Nos


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21 Elbow 2.5" 7 7 Nos

22 Elbow 2" 0 0 Nos

23 Elbow 1.5" 0 0 Nos

24 Elbow 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos

25 Flange 4" 12 12 Nos


27 Flange 2.5" 4 4 Nos



30 Flange 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos

31 Nut Bolt 5/8"x3" 9 9 Kg

32 Nut Bolt 1/2"x3" 6 6 Kg

33 Rwal Bolt 5/8"x3" 250 250 Nos

34 Angle 1.5"x1.5"x4mm 100 100 Feet

35 U-Clamp 4" 6 6 Nos


37 U-Clamp 2.5" 4 4 Nos


39 U-Clamp 1.5" 0 0 Nos

40 U-Clamp 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos

41 Teflon Tapes 20 20 Nos

42 Socket 2.5" 3 3 Nos


44 Socket 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos

45 Socket 1" 3 3 Nos

46 Socket 1/2" 0 0 Nos


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47 Required CO2 Gas 600 600 KG

48 Pilot Cylinder 1 1 Nos

49 Cylinder of 45 Kg of CO2 Gas, 13 13 Nos

50 Cylinder Stand with Bracket 13 13 Nos

B.O.Q of FM-200 FireSuppression System( Electrical)


1 Smoke Detector 8 8 Nos

2 Manual Call Point 1 1 Nos

3 First Stage Sounder 1 1 Nos

4 Second Stage Sounder With Flasher 1 1 Nos

5 Abort Switch 1 1 Nos

6 Solenoid Valve 1 1 Nos

7 Extinguishing Control Panel 1 1 Nos

8 Cable 1.5mm single Core 400 400 Feet

9 Mnaual Head Actuator 1 1 Nos

Accessories / Miscellaneous Items Electrical

1 PVC Pipe 190 190 Feet

2 PVC Duct 20 20 Feet

3 Tee 3/4"x3/4"x3/4" 6 6 Nos

4 Elbow 3/4" 25 25 Nos

5 U-clamp 3/4" 50 50 Nos

6 Screw 40 40 Nos


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7 Rwal Plug 3 3 Packet

8 Bit 2 2 Nos

8.3.2 Standards Of DesigningWorking plans shall be drawn to an indicated scale, and shall show the followingitems that pertain to the design of the system:(a) Name of owner and occupant;(b) Location, including street address;(c) Point of compass and symbol legend;(d) Location and construction of protected enclosure walls andpartitions; (e) Location of fire walls;(f) Enclosure cross section, full height or schematic diagram, including

location and construction of building floor/ceiling assemblies above and below,raised access floor and suspended ceiling;(g) Type of clean agent being used;(h) Design extinguishing or inerting concentration;(i) Description of occupancies and hazards being protected, designating

whether or not the enclosure is normally occupied;(j) Description of exposures surrounding the enclosure;(k) Description of the agent storage containers used including internal

volume, storage pressure, and nominal capacity expressed in units of agentmass, or volume at standardonditions of temperature and pressure;(l) Description of nozzle(s) used including size, orifice port configuration, and

equivalent orifice area;(m) Description of pipe and fittings used including material specifications, grade,

and pressure rating;(n) Description of wire or cable used including classification, gauge (AWG),

shielding, number of strands in conductor, conductor material, and color codingschedule. Segregation requirements of various system conductors shall be clearlyindicated. The required method of making wire terminations shall be detailed;(o) Description of the method of detector mounting;(p) Equipment schedule or bill of materials for each piece of equipment or

device showing device name, manufacturer, model or part number, quantity, anddescription;(q) Plan view of protected area showing enclosure partitions (full and partial height);

agent distribution system including agent storage containers, piping, and nozzles;


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type of pipe hangers and rigid pipe supports; detection, alarm, and control systemincluding all devices and schematic of wiring interconnection between them;end-of-line device locations; location of controlled devices such as dampers andshutters; location of instructional signage;(r) Isometric view of agent distribution system showing the length and diameter

of each pipe segment; node reference numbers relating to the flow calculations;fittings including reducersand strainers; orientation of tees, nozzles including size, orifice port configuration,flow rate, and equivalent orifice area;(s) Scale drawing showing the layout of the annunciator panel graphics if

required by the authority having jurisdiction;(t) Details of each unique rigid pipe support configuration showing method of

securement to the pipe and to the building structure;(u) Details of the method of container securement showing method of

securement to the container and to the building structure;(v) Complete step-by-step description of the system sequence of operations

including functioning of abort and maintenance switches, delay timers, andemergency power shutdown;(w) Point-to-point wiring schematic diagrams showing all circuit connections to

the system control panel and graphic annunciator panel;(x) Point-to-point wiring schematic diagrams showing all circuit connections to

external or add-on relays;(y) Complete calculations to determine enclosure volume, quantity of clean agent,

and size of backup batteries. Method used to determine number and location ofaudible and visual indicating devices, and number and location of detectors; and(z) Details of any special features.

low calculations along with the working plans shall be submitted to the authorityhaving jurisdiction for approval. The version of the flow calculation program shallbe identified on the computer calculation printout.`hen such material changes from approved plans are made, corrected “as installed”plans shall be provided.

CHAPTER 9.CO2 SYSTEM

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9.1 IntroductionCarbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed oftwo oxygen atoms each covalently double bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standardtemperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state, as a trace gas at aconcentration of 0.039 per cent by volume.[1]

As part of the carbon cycle, plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesizecarbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.[2] However,photosynthesis cannot occur in darkness and at night some carbon dioxide is produced by plantsduring respiration.[3] Carbon dioxide is produced by combustion of coal or hydrocarbons, thefermentation of sugars in beer and winemaking and by respiration of all living organisms. It isexhaled in the breath of humans and other land animals. It is emitted from volcanoes, hot springs,geysers and other places where the earth's crust is thin and is freed from carbonate rocks bydissolution. CO2 is also found in lakes, at depth under the sea and commingled with oil and gasdeposits.

9.2 Components Of Co2 System9.2.1 Smoke Detector / Heat Detector

9.2.2 Manual Call point

9.2.3 Audible alarm

9.2.4 Visual alarm

9.2.5 Abort Switch

9.2.6 CO2 Cylinder

9.2.7 Pilot Cylinder

9.2.8 Manual Actuator

9.2.9 2-way Pneumatic Head

9.2.10 1-Way Pneumatic Head

9.2.11 Extinguishing Control Panel

9.2.12 Piping

9.2.13 Discharge nozzles

9.2.14 Manifold

9.2.15 Release hose

9.2.16 Discharge hose

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9.3 Designing Of Co2 SystemNFPA 12 is perhaps the most widely accepted standard for the design, installation, operation andmaintenance of fire fighting systems using carbon dioxide as the extinguishing medium. This standarddeals with two (2) types of systems:

- high pressure systems: In these systems, carbon dioxide is stored in pressure containers (cylinders) atambient temperatures. High pressure systems are mostly used nowadays.

- low pressure systems: In these systems, carbon dioxide is stored in pressure containers at a controlledlow temperature of 0 degF (or -18 degC). Low pressure systems are used in special applications,especially when we want to maximize the density of fire fighting medium per storage space, like forexample for fire-fighting purposes of gas turbines enclosures.

Due to its toxicity, carbon dioxide is not to be used in normally occupied spaces like offices, libraries,computer rooms etc. However, it is widely used for fight fighting purposes in unoccupied and/or remoteswitchgear rooms, battery rooms, data rooms, cable tunnels.

Basic things to consider during design of a carbon dioxide fire fighting system

After we determine which areas will be fire protected with carbon dioxide, we must estimate the mostprobable type of fire that will develop upon fire initiation. Based on NFPA 12, two (2) major types of fireexist:

- surface fires

- deep-seated fires

Surface fires are relatively easy to extinguish. They are mostly fires which are caused by flammablesolids, gas or liquids.

On the other hand, deep-seated fire are more difficult rivals. Deep-seated fires are mostly smolderingfires, like for example a cable fire. Bigger quantities of carbon dioxide are necessary for theirextinguishment compared to surface fires, since exposed material will also have to be cooled to atemperature that will not allow its re-ignition.

Once we have decided the type of fire, we can proceed to calculate the necessary quantities of carbondioxide.

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For this purpose, we must calculate the net volume of the protected space. This calculation does notnormally take into consideration false ceilings and/or false floors.

Carbon dioxide requirements for surface fires

Once the net volume is known, we proceed to determine the design concentration of carbon dioxide thatis required for the type of flammable material involved. In no case shall a concentration less than 34% beused. Design concentrations are typically calculated by adding a safety factor of 20% to the minimumconcentration factors shown at Table 5.3.2.2 of NFPA 12, i.e. design concentration = 1,2 * minimumconcentration

For a design concentration of 34%, NFPA 12 stipulated flooding factors will have to be applied as aminimum:

Picture 1– Carbon dioxide volume factors for surface fires

http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/CO2-VOLUME-FACTORS3.png

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We take note that the smaller a space, the bigger the necessary quantity of carbon dioxide. For materialsrequiring a design concentration bigger than 34%, the quantities calculated until now will have to bemultiplied with the volume factor given in Figure 5.3.4 of NFPA 12

Minimum calculated quantities will have to be increased in order to take into consideration any of thefollowing reasons:

- openings that cannot be closed

- ventilation systems that cannot be shut down during carbon dioxide discharge

- a small percentage of carbon dioxide is vaporised during discharge without contributing to the puttingout of the fire

Although no specific rules exist, it is usual that minimum calculated quantities are multiplied by a factor of1.1 in order to take into consideration all these parameters.

Carbon dioxide requirements for deep-seated fires

Here, the calculation is more straight-forward. Knowing the protected space net volume, we use thevolume factors of Table 5.4.2.1 of NFPA 12

Table 5.4.2.1 of NFPA 12 (2005 edition)

Picture 2– Design carbon dioxide concentration for deep-seated fires

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Additional safety factors, similar to surface fires are also used here in order to take into considerationuncloseable openings, ventilation systems that cannot be shut down etc.

Selection of number of cylinders

Individual cylinders shall be used having a nominal weight capacity of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35, 50, 75, 100,or 120 lb (2.3, 4.5, 6.8, 9.1, 11.4, 15.9, 22.7, 34.1, 45.4, or 54.4 kg respectively).

Depending on the calculated quantities of carbon dioxide that is necessary for each space, we proceed toorder the final amount of carbon dioxide cylinders for all protected spaces, taking into consideration thefollowing:

- For redundancy reasons, overall selected amount of carbon dioxide cylinders is divided in two (2) banksof cylinders: the main bank of cylinders and the reserve or auxiliary bank of cylinders.

- Calculation of the overall amount of cylinders is not done by adding the number of necessary cylindersper space, since it is very unlikely that a fire develops simultaneously in all spaces. If for example, spaceA needs seven (7) cylinders, space B needs ten (10) cylinders and space C needs fifteen (15) cylinders,then we shall order thirty (30) cylinders, 15 for each bank so as to cover the worst case scenario: fireoutbreak at space C.

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B.O.Q of CO2 System(Mechanical)













12 Discharge Nozzle Dia 1" 3 3 Nos




16 Tee 4"X4"X4" 1 1 Nos

17 Tee 3"X3"X2.5" 2 2 Nos

18 Tee 2"X2"X2" 0 0 Nos

19 Tee 1.5"X1.5"X1.5" 0 0 Nos

20 Tee 1-1/4"X1-1/4"X1-1/4" 0 0 Nos

21 Elbow 2.5" 7 7 Nos

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22 Elbow 2" 0 0 Nos

23 Elbow 1.5" 0 0 Nos

24 Elbow 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos






30 Flange 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos

31 Nut Bolt 5/8"x3" 9 9 Kg

32 Nut Bolt 1/2"x3" 6 6 Kg

33 Rwal Bolt 5/8"x3" 250 250 Nos

34 Angle 1.5"x1.5"x4mm 100 100 Feet



37 U-Clamp 2.5" 4 4 Nos


39 U-Clamp 1.5" 0 0 Nos

40 U-Clamp 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos

41 Teflon Tapes 20 20 Nos



44 Socket 1-1/4" 0 0 Nos

45 Socket 1" 3 3 Nos

46 Socket 1/2" 0 0 Nos

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47 Required CO2 Gas 600 600 KG

48 Pilot Cylinder 1 1 Nos

49 Cylinder of 45 Kg of CO2 Gas, 13 13 Nos

50 Cylinder Stand with Bracket 13 13 Nos

B.O.Q of CO2 FireSuppression System( Electrical)


1 Smoke Detector 8 8 Nos

2 Manual Call Point 1 1 Nos

3 First Stage Sounder 1 1 Nos

4 Second Stage Sounder With Flasher 1 1 Nos

5 Abort Switch 1 1 Nos

6 Solenoid Valve 1 1 Nos

7 Extinguishing Control Panel 1 1 Nos

8 Cable 1.5mm single Core 400 400 Feet

9 Mnaual Head Actuator 1 1 Nos

Accessories / Miscellaneous Items Electrical

1 PVC Pipe 190 190 Feet

2 PVC Duct 20 20 Feet

3 Tee 3/4"x3/4"x3/4" 6 6 Nos

4 Elbow 3/4" 25 25 Nos

5 U-clamp 3/4" 50 50 Nos

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6 Screw 40 40 Nos

7 Rwal Plug 3 3 Packet

8 Bit 2 2 Nos

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9.3.2 Standards Of DesigningSpecifications for Halon 1301 fire extinguishing systems shall be prepared under the

supervision of a person fully experienced and qualified in the design of Halon 1301extinguishing systems and with the advice of the authority having jurisdiction. The specificationsshall include all pertinent items necessary for the proper design of the system such as thedesignation of the authority having jurisdiction, variances from the standard to be permitted bythe authority having jurisdiction, and the type and extent of the approval testing to be performedafter installation of the system.Plans and calculations shall be submitted for approval to the authority having jurisdiction beforeinstallation begins. Their preparation shall be entrusted to none but persons fully experienced andqualified in the design of Halon 1301 extinguishing systems.These plans shall be drawn to an indicated scale or be suitably dimensioned and shall be madeso they can be easily reproduced.These plans shall contain sufficient detail to enable an evaluation of the hazard(s) and theeffectiveness of the system. The detail of the hazards shall include the materials involved in thehazards, the location of the hazards, the enclosure or limits and isolation of the hazards, and theexposures to the hazards.The detail on the system shall include information and calculations on the amount of Halon 1301;container storage pressure; internal volume of the container; the location, type, and flow rate ofeach nozzle including equivalent orifice area; the location, size, and equivalent lengths of pipe,fittings, and hose; and the location and size of the storage facility. Details of pipe size reductionmethod and orientation of tees shall be clearly indicated. Information shall besubmitted pertaining to the location and function of the detection devices, operating devices,auxiliary equipment, and electrical circuitry, if used. Apparatus and devices used shall beidentified. Any special features shall be adequately explained. The manufacturer’s version of theflow calculation program shall be identified on the computer calculation printout. Only thecurrently listed calculation method shall be used.An as-built instruction and maintenance manual that includes a full sequence of operation and a

full set of drawings and calculations shall be maintained in a clearly identified protective enclosureat or near the system control panel.

When field conditions necessitate any material change from approved plans, the change shallbe submitted for approval.

The inerting concentrations shall be used where conditions for subsequent reflash orexplosion could exist. These conditions are where both:

(a) The quantity of fuel permitted in the enclosure is sufficient to develop a concentrationequal to or greater than one-half of the lower flammable limit throughout the enclosure, and

(b) The volatility of the fuel before the fire is sufficient to reach the lower flammable limit inair (maximum ambient temperature or fuel temperature exceeds the closed cup flash pointtemperature) or the system response is not rapid enough to detect and extinguish the fire beforethe volatility of the fuel is increased to a dangerous level as a result of the fire.

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CAUTION: Under certain conditions, it may be dangerous to extinguish a burning gasjet. As a first measure, the gas supply should be shut off.

The minimum design concentrations specified in Table 3-4.1.1 shall be used to inertatmospheres involving several flammable liquids and gases. Design inerting concentrations notgiven in Table 3-4.1.1 shall be determined by test plus a 10 percent safety factor. The minimum


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design concentration shall be 5 percent.For a particular fuel, either flame extinguishment or inerting concentrations shall be used.

Fuel Minimum Conc. % by Volume*

Acetone 7.6

Benzene 5.0

Ethanol 11.1

Ethylene 13.2

Hydrogen 31.4

Methane 7.7

n-Heptane 6.9

Propane 6.7

NOTE: See A-3-4.2.1 for basis of this table.

For combinations of fuels, the flame extinguishment or inerting value for the fuel requiringthe greatest concentration shall be used unless tests are made on the actual mixture.


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Flammable solids may be classed as those that do not develop deep-seated fires and those thatdo.To protect materials that do not develop deep-seated fires, a minimum concentration of 5

percent shall be used.Where the solid material is in such a form that a deep-seated fire can be established before aflame extinguishing concentration has been achieved, provision shall be made to the satisfactionof the authority having jurisdiction for means to effect complete extinguishment of the fire.

The amount of Halon 1301 required to achieve the design concentration shall be calculatedfrom the following formula:

s = 2.2062 + 0.005046 twhere t = minimum anticipated temperature of the protected volume, °F(s = 0.147 81 + 0.000 567 twhere t = minimum anticipated temperature of the protected volume, °C)C = Halon 1301 concentration, percent by volumeV = Net volume of hazard, cu ft (m3) (enclosed volume minus fixed structures impervious to

halon)This calculation includes an allowance for normal leakage from a “tight” enclosure due to

agent expansion.In addition to the concentration requirements, additional quantities of agent are required to

compensate for any special conditions that would affect the extinguishing efficiency.

The design quantity of Halon 1301 shall be adjusted to compensate for altitudes of more than3000 ft (1000 m) above or below sea level and pressures that vary by 10 percent above or belowstandard sea level pressure (29.92 in. Hg at 70°F). The Halon 1301 quantity shall be corrected bymultiplying the quantity determined in 3-5.1 and 3-5.2 by the ratio of average ambient enclosurepressure to standard sea level pressure.


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The minimum design rate of application shall be based on the quantity of agent required for thedesired concentration and the time allotted to achieve the desired concentration.The agent discharge shall be substantially completed in a nominal 10 seconds or as otherwiserequired by the authority having jurisdiction.

This period shall be measured as the interval between the first appearance of liquid at thenozzle and the time when the discharge becomes predominantly gaseous. This point isdistinguished by a marked change in both the sound and the appearance of the discharge.

When an extended discharge is necessary the rate shall be sufficient to maintain the desiredconcentration for the duration of application.

Nozzles shall be of the type listed for the intended purpose and shall be placed within theprotected enclosure in compliance with listed limitations with regard to spacing, floor coverage,and alignment.

The type of nozzles selected, their number, and their placement shall be such that the designconcentration will be established in all parts of the hazard enclosure and such that the dischargewill not unduly splash flammable liquids or create dust clouds that might extend the fire, createan explosion, or otherwise adversely affect the contents or integrity of the enclosure.

At least semiannually, all systems shall be thoroughly inspected, tested, and documented forproper operation by trained competent personnel. Tests shall be in accordance with theappropriate NFPA or Canadian standards.

The documented report with recommendations shall be filed with the owner.The agent quantity and pressure of refillable containers shall be checked. If a container shows

a loss in net weight of more than 5 percent or a loss in pressure (adjusted for temperature) ofmore than 10 percent, it shall be refilled or replaced. When the amount of agent in the containeris determined by special measuring devices in lieu of weighing, these devices shall be listed.

All halon removed from refillable containers during service or maintenance procedures shall


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be collected for recycling.Factory-charged nonrefillable containers that do not have a means of pressure indication shall

be weighed at least semiannually. If a container shows a loss in net weight of more than 5percent, it shall be replaced. All factory-charged nonrefillable containers removed from usefulservice shall be returned for recycling of the agent.

The weight and pressure of the container shall be recorded on a tag attached to the container.

D.O.T., C.T.C., or similar design Halon 1301 cylinders shall not be recharged without a retestif more than five years have elapsed since the date of the last test and inspection. The retest mayconsist of a complete visual inspection as described in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49,Section 173.34(e)(10).

Cylinders continuously in service without discharging shall be given a complete externalvisual inspection every five years, in accordance with Compressed Gas Association pamphletC-6, Section 3, except that the cylinders need not be emptied or stamped while under pressure.1

1Subpart C, Section 178.36 to and including 178.68 of Title 49, Transportation,Code of Federal Regulations, Parts170-190. Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC20401. In Canada, the corresponding information is set forth in the “Canadian Transport Commission’s Regulationsfor Transportation of Dangerous Commodities by Rail,” available from the Queen’s Printer, Ottawa, Ontario.

Where external visual inspection indicates that the container has been damaged, additionalstrength tests shall be required.

CAUTION: If additional tests used include hydrostatic testing, containers should bethoroughly dried before refilling.

Before recharging a container, a visual inspection of its interior shall be performed.

All system hoses shall be examined annually for damage. If visual examination shows anydeficiency, the hose shall be immediately replaced or tested as specified in 4-3.1.

All hoses shall be tested at 1500 psi for 600 psi charging pressure systems, and at 900 psi for360 psi charging pressure systems. The test shall be performed as follows:

(a) Remove the hose from any attachment.(b) The hose assembly is then to be placed in a protective enclosure designed to permit visual


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observation of the test.(c) The hose must be completely filled with water before testing.(d) Pressure then is applied at a rate-of-pressure rise to reach the test pressure within a

minimum of one minute. The test pressure is to be maintained for one full minute. Observationsare then made to note any distortion or leakage.

(e) If the test pressure has not dropped or if the couplings have not moved, the pressure isreleased. The hose assembly is then considered to have passed the hydrostatic test if nopermanent distortion has taken place.

(f) Hose assembly passing the test must be completely dried internally. If heat is used fordrying, the temperature must not exceed 150°F (66°C).

(g) Hose assemblies failing a hydrostatic test must be destroyed. They shall be replaced withnew assemblies.

(h) Each hose assembly passing the hydrostatic test shall be marked to show the date of test.All hoses shall be tested every five years in accordance with 4-3.1.

At least every six months the halon-protected enclosure shall be thoroughly inspected todetermine if penetrations or other changes have occurred that could adversely affect halonleakage.

Where the inspection indicates that conditions that could result in inability to maintain thehalon concentration, they shall be corrected. If uncertainty still exists, the enclosures shall beretested for integrity.

These systems shall be maintained in full operating condition at all times. Use, impairment,and restoration of this protection shall be reported promptly to the authority having jurisdiction.

Any troubles or impairments shall be corrected at once by competent personnel.Any penetrations made through the halon-protected enclosure shall be sealed immediately. The

method of sealing shall restore the original fire resistance rating and tightness of the enclosure.

All persons who may be expected to inspect, test, maintain, or operate fire extinguishingsystems shall be thoroughly trained and kept thoroughly trained in the functions they areexpected to perform.

Personnel working in a halon-protected enclosure shall receive training regarding halon safetyissues.