Finals chapt 5-9.docx

8/17/2019 Finals chapt 5-9.docx

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Go, Jenicca Pamela Y. 1F-PH

Exercise #5

1.Products for altering gastric H !.

Protecti"es for intestinal inflammation

dsor$ents for internal toxins %. &at'artics or (axati"es for constiation

!. Petic ulcer - a secified circumscri$ed erosion Eso'ageal ulcer - located in t'e eso'agus Gastric ulcer - located in t'e

stomac' )uodenal ulcer - located in t'e duodenum.

*. ntacids are a"aila$le o"er t'e counter and are ta+en $ mout' to uic+l relie"e occasional 'eart$urn, t'e maor smtom of

gastroeso'ageal reflux disease, or acid indigestion. /reatment 0it' antacids alone is smtomatic and onl ustified for minor

smtoms. &riteria of an ideal antacid rearation /'e antacid s'ould not $e a$sor$a$le or cause sstemic al+alosis /'e antacid

s'ould not $e a laxati"e or causes constiation /'e antacid s'ould exert its effect raidl and o"er a long eriod of time /'e

antacid s'ould $uffer in t'e H %-2 range /'e reaction of t'e antacid 0it' gastric H&l acid s'ould not cause a large e"olution of

gas /'e antacid s'ould ro$a$l in'i$it esin

%. 3odium $icar$onate antacids- used in laundr detergents and additi"es, mac'ine dis'0as'ing roducts, surface cleaners, toilet

cleaners and ot'er 'ouse'old cleaning roducts. 4t is also used as a food additi"e.

&alcium &ar$onate- d'esi"es and sealants

nimal and et feeds

&aret-$ac+ing

&onstruction concrete, lasters, as'alt6

En"ironment desul'urisation of flue gas6

Fertilisers and agricultural liming

Food and 'armaceuticals

Glass and ceramics

House'old roducts

Paints and surface-coatings

Paer

Plastics and comosites

u$$er and elastomers

luminum Hdroxide- used as a mordant in deing, manufacture of aluminosilicate glass, a 'ig' melting oint glass used in

coo+ing utensils, t'e 0aterroofing of fa$rics, and t'e roduction of fire cla, aer, otter, and rinting in+s.

5. !H&l 8 &a&9* --: H!9 8 &9! 8 &a&l!

;g9H6!s6 8 !H&la6 < !H!9l6 8 ;g&l!a6

2. =a- attracts 0ater and causes transort of ot'er electroltes

>- romote t'e 0ell$eing of t'e atient

7. troine, (oeramide, (acto$acillus acido'ilus, ?ismut' 3u$saliclate, ttaulgige, crofelemer and etc.

@. (axati"es are used to treat constiationAt'e assage of small amounts of 'ard, dr stools, usuall fe0er t'an t'ree times a

0ee+. &onstiation ma $e caused $ se"eral conditions, some of 0'ic' are otentiall serious, and reuire medical attention

=eurologicAcaused $ failure of ner"es to stimulate mo"ement of t'e muscles of t'e intestines. 9$structi"eAfailure of t'e

muscles in t'e intestine to oen, or resence of a mass t'atBs $loc+ing assage of t'e feces t'roug' t'e intestine.

http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-11325-sodium+bicarbonate+oral.aspxhttp://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-11325-sodium+bicarbonate+oral.aspx


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EndocrineCmeta$olicAcaused $ some diseases including 'ot'roidism. ;edicinalAcaused $ some drugs, including narcotic

analgesics, iron, and some drugs used in cancer treatment.

D. /es of laxati"es

3timulant laxati"es act $ local irritation on t'e intestinal tract, 0'ic' increases eristaltic acti"it. 3timulant laxati"es induce

$o0el mo"ements $ increasing t'e contraction of muscles in t'e intestines, and are effecti"e 0'en used on a s'ort-term $asis.

?ul+-forming laxati"es s0ell 0'en 0et and 0it' t'e increased $ul+ stimulates eristalsis. /'e dissol"e or s0ell in t'e

intestines, lu$ricate and soften t'e stool, and ma+e t'e assage of stool easier and more freuent.

3tool softeners, called emollient laxati"es, re"ent 'ardening of t'e feces $ adding moisture to t'e stool.

3aline cat'artics act $ increasing t'e osmotic load of t'e gastrointestinal tract.

1. P'os'ate, $i'os'ate, tartrate, magnesium, and sulfate ions are usuall used as saline cat'artics.

11. a. Preciitated c'al+ - calcium car$onate

$. ;il+ of magnesia - ;agnesium Hdroxide susension

c. ;agnesia - ;agnesium oxide

d. m'ogel - luminum Hdroxide

e. Esom 3alt - ;agnesium 3ulfate

f. Porcelain &la - >aolin

g. 'ite ?ismut' - ?ismut' 3u$nitrate

'. ;aalox - luminum Hdroxide gel - magnesium 'droxide

i. Fe'lingBs solution - l+aline &uric /artrate

. Gelusil - luminum Hdroxide Gel - magnesium trisilicate

+. ;lanta - 3imet'icone

l. Ga"ison - lginic acid - sodium $icar$onate

m. (imonada Purgante - magnesium citrate

n. &ream of tartar - otassium $itartrate

o. oc'elle 3alt - otassium sodium tartrate

. Glau$erBs salt - 3odium sulfate


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Exercise #2

1 Ho0 can one categorie a roduct for external use

- a roduct used externall is categoried as toical 0'ic' means use of comounds on $od surfaces! Gi"e some roerties of toical rotecti"e.

- toical rotecti"e s'ould $e insolu$le, c'emicall inert and adsorti"e

* 'at are t'e ad"antages of using smaller articles for rotecti"e- smaller articles offer larger surface area, allo0ing rotecti"e and adsor$ent to ad'ere eac' ot'er, ad'ere $etter to t'e

surface of t'e s+in and adsor$ moisture more efficientl

% =ame some rotecti"e roducts.

• /alc

• Iinc oxide

• &alamine

•

/itanium dioxide• 3ilicon olmers

5 'at is t'e ad"antage of inc stearate o"er rotecti"e roducts- it is not 0etted $ moisture

2 'at roert of /itanium )ioxide ma+es it useful as a solar ra rotecti"e

- t'e oacit of /itanium dioxide7 Exlain t'e * mec'anisms of action of antimicro$ial agents

a 9xidation rotein 'as a secific function in t'e microorganism, t'e formation of t'e disulfate $ridge 0ill alter its

functionK t'e c'ange 0ill cause t'e destruction of microorganisms $ Halogenation t'e su$stitution of t'e c'lorine atom for 'drogen roduces c'anges in 'drogen $onding

resonsi$le for roer conformation of rotein moleculec Protein Preciitation "arious olar grous on t'e rotein act as ligands. /'e comlexation of t'e metal results in

t'e radical c'ange in t'e roerties of t'e rotein

@ Gi"e some 0as of controlling antimicro$ialC astringent actions.

- ma+e solutions of aroriate concentration of desired use of 0ater solu$le comounds- solu$le comounds ma also $e controlled $ lacing t'em in a "e'icle 0'ic' 0ill slo0 t'eir release to t'e site of

action

- comlexation of ligand

- snt'esis into solu$le formD Exlain astringent action.

- alication of a "er dilute solution of a metal cation to a local or surface rotein reciitant actionK its effect is

descri$ed as a Ls'rin+ageM or LfirmingM of tissues1 =ame some official anti$acterial agents and gi"e its mec'anism of action.

Hdrogen Peroxide solution N oxgen acts as an oxidiing agent on $acteria


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Potassium Permanganate N oxidation of rotein on ot'er $io-organic su$stances in neutral media

3odium Hoc'lorite solution N (a$arrueOs 3olution

&'lorinated (ime N assing c'lorine gas o"er sla+ed lime

&'loramines N c'lorine gas is dissol"ed in neutral or acidic 0ater to form 'oc'lorous acid

Po"idone-4odine N mem$er of iodo'ors 0'ic' slo0l li$erates iodine in solution

3il"er =itrate N rotein reciitant

mmoniated ;ercur N rotein reciitant

3u$limed sulfur N 1g dissol"es in ! m( car$on disulfide

Preciitated 3ulfur N 3ulfur 9intment 3P at conc. ?et0een D.5 to 1.5Q3ulfurated Potas' N mixture of otassium olsulfides and otassium t'iosulfate

3elenium 3ulfide N used in s'amoos

11 Gi"e t'e meaning of 1 "olumes of Hdrogen Peroxide.- 4t indicated t'at 1 m( of t'e solution 0ill li$erate a total of 1 m( of oxgen at standard temerature and ressure.

1! Ho0 can ou reare )iluted 3odium Hoc'lorite from t'e official 3odium Hoc'lorite 0'ic' meets 3P

3tandards- /'e solution is reared $ diluting 3odium Hoc'lorite 3olution 0it' fi"e times t'e uantit of urified 0ater and

adusting t'e H 0it' a 5Q solution of sodium $icar$onate until no color is roduced 0it' 'enol't'alein.1* =ame some 4odine Prearations.

- 3ome iodine rearations are 4odine solution and 4odine tincture.

1% Gi"e some antidotes for 4odine oisoning.- ntidotes used for iodine oisoning is gastric la"age 0it' a solu$le starc' solution or administration of a 5Q sodium

t'iosulfate solution.

15 =ame some sil"er nitrate rearations 0it' t'eir corresonding uses.3il"er =itrate 3P *1 N antimicro$ial and astringent

3il"er =itrate 9't'almic 3olutions 3P *1 N instillation into t'e ees of ne0$orn $a$iesK effecti"e against gonococcal

organismsK 0et dressing for t'ird degree $urns

/oug'ened 3il"er =itrate 3P *1 N esc'arotics and germicide

12 )ifferentiate t'e +inds of sulfur and gi"e t'eir manner of rearation.3u$limed 3ulfur 3P *1 N condensing t'e sulfur "aors roduced $ 'eating an form of sulfur

Preciitated 3ulfur 3P *1 N mixing sulfur 0it' metal 'droxides to form sulfides and t'iosulfates

3ulfurated Potas' N mixture comosed of otassium olsulfides and otassium t'iosulfate17 Gi"e some uses of astringent comounds.

3ttic N constriction of small caillaries to sto t'e $leeding of small cuts

ntiersirant N constriction of ores at t'e surface of t'e s+in to decrease ersirationestriction of t'e sul of $lood to t'e surface of mucous mem$ranes as a means of reducing inflammation.

&orrosi"esN direct actions on s+in to remo"e un0anted tissues1@ =ame some comounds used as astringent official in t'e comendia.

- Iinc 3ulfate 3P *1, Iinc &'loride 3P *1, luminum &'loride 3P *1, lum 3P *1, luminum 3P *1 and

luminum cetate 3olution 3P *1

Exercise #7

1. /'e formation of caries is attri$uted to t'e actions of acids mostl lactic, o$tained from oral $acterial meta$olism of dietar

car$o'drates. /'e $uild-u of laue on t'e toot' surface usuall aids t'e deca rocess $ forming oc+ets or cre"ices on t'e

teet' surface in 0'ic' food articles can lode and can $e degraded $ t'e $acteria of t'e mout'.

!. /'ere are t0o current 'ot'esis. First, t'at fluoride decreases t'e solu$ilit of enamel in acid. 3econd, t'e $acterial in'i$ition

'ot'esis 0'ic' is $ased on t'e enme in'i$itor roerties of fluoride.

*. Fluoride is administered $ t0o routes orall and toicall.


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%. /'e fluoride salt used for dental ro'laxis is sodium fluoride.

5. )entifrices are astes or o0ders for cleaning t'e teet'. 9ne examle of dentifrice is t'e umice 0'ic' is a dental a$rasi"e.

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Exercise #@

1. /'e 5 official gases used as in'alants are oxgen, car$on dioxide, 'elium, nitrous oxide and nitrogen

!.

&omound 3nonms ses

3odium Fluoride -- )ental ro'lactic agent

3tannous Fluoride -- For toical fluoride alication

Pumice Pumice stone )ental a$rasi"e

romatic mmonia 3irit -- /o re"i"e unconscious erson

mmonium &ar$onate ?a+erOs 3alt Princial source of ammonia

=itrous oxide (aug'ing Gas 4n'alation 0'en momentar anest'es

desired

mmonium c'loride 3almiac romatic acidifier

Potassium 4odide +alium Jodatum For ast'ma

3odium =itrate =atrium ntidote for canide oisoning

3odium t'iosulfate antic'lor ntidote &anide oisoning

cti"ated &'arcoal &ar$on ligni General urose antidote

&uric sulfate ?lue "itriol ntidote for 'os'orus oioning

&alcium sulfate Gsum, ala$aster sed as )rierite

&olloidal 3illicon )ioxide -- )iluent, susending agent

&alcium stearate -- /o eect t'e ta$let cleanl lea"ing no

$e'ind t'e mold

;agnesium stearate -- /o eect t'e ta$let cleanl lea"ing no

$e'ind t'e mold

?entonite 3oa cla 3usending agent

*. colors of t'e clinder.

9xgen- green-colored

&ar$on dioxide- gra metallic color

Helium- $ro0n

=itrogen-$lac+

%. 'at roortion of 'drogen and 'elium gi"es a lig'ter resira$le air

?ecause t'e relati"el lo0 densit of 'elium and conseuentl 'ig' diffusi$ilit, a mixture of @ arts of 'elium and ! arts of

oxgen is used in resirator diseases.

5. Gi"e a c'emical test to differentiate oxgen and nitrous oxide.

=itrous oxide can $e distinguis'ed from oxgen using t'e follo0ing test 0it' nitric oxide, oxgen forms reddis'

$ro0n "aors of =9! and =!9* 0'ile nitrous oxide 0ill not 'a"e an reaction.


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2. 'at is t'e use of nitrous oxide in dentistr

/'is gas is largel used $ in'alation 0'en momentar anest'esia is desired, as $ a dentist for t'e extraction of teet',

oening of t'e a$scesses and t'e li+e.

7. Gi"e t'e use of t'e resirator stimulants.

/'e are used to re"i"e an unconscious erson 0'o ma 'a"e fainted or L'ad t'e 0ind +noc+ed out of 'imM.

@. =ame t'e onl official inorganic agent used as resirator stimulant and gi"e its acti"e ingredients.

romatic mmonia 3irit is t'e onl official inorganic agent used as resirator stimulant and its acti"e ingredients are

mmonium &ar$onate =F RS and 3trong mmonia 3olution =F RS.

D. 'at are t'e exectorants and gi"e t'e mec'anisms of antidotal action

Exectorants are used orall to stimulate t'e flo0 of resirator tract secretions. /'e are mucoltic destroing or

destroing t'e acti"e agents 0'ic' ma+e u t'e mucus. cetlcsteine is a mucoltic t'at decreases t'e "icosit of mucus. 4t is

also an antidote to acetamino'en 'eatotoxicit. Examles of t'is are mmonium &'loride and Potassium 4odide

1. )efine antidote and gi"e mec'anisms of antidotal action.

n antidote is an agent t'at counteracts a oison. /'e mec'anism of antidotal action usuall occurs in one of t'e t'ree

0as

a. ? counteracting t'e effects of a oison $ roducing ot'er effects 'siological antidote6.

$. ? c'anging t'e c'emical nature of t'e oison c'emical antidote6.

c. ? re"enting t'e adsortion of t'e oison into t'e $od mec'anical antidote6.

11. =ame some ta$leting aids and gi"e examles.

T &alcium 3ulfate- laster of aris used for ma+ing suorti"e casts and dental imressions6

T &olloidal 3ilicon )ioxide- ta$let diluent, susending and t'ic+ening agent.

1!. Gi"e t'e roert of ?entonite ma+ing it a good susending agent.

- 4t is insolu$le in 0ater, $ut s0ells to aroximatel 1! times its "olume 0'en added to 0ater. /'is roert of adsor$ing large

amounts of 0ater ena$les it to form 'ig'l "iscous susensions or gels. ?entonite is insolu$le in and does not s0ell in inorganic

sol"ents.


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17


Exercise #D

1 'at are t'e maor articles of deca Gi"e t'eir sm$ols and eui"alents

• l'a articles U, %He!86- 4t is eui"alent to a Helium nucleus, containing ! rotons and ! neutrons of an atomic mass of % and atomic

num$er of !.

• ?eta articles V8, V-6-

o =egatron- emitted $ unsta$le nuclei 'a"ing neutrons in excess of rotons.

o Positron- is identical to t'e electron 0it' t'e excetion of 'a"ing a ositi"e c'arge.

• Gamma radiation W6 4t ma $e descri$ed as a 'oton of electromagnetic radiation.

2 'en 0ill a radioacti"e element emit a $eta article ositron

-4t 0ill emit 0'en t'e neutrons in excess of rotons. 4f t'e neutron or roton ratio exceeds sta$le limits, a

transformation of a neutron to a roton 0ill occur, 0it' t'e exulsion of $eta radiation. Elements emitting ositron

radiation 0ill deca to t'e element 'a"ing t'e next lo0est atomic num$er.

3 Gi"e t'e distracti"e $iological effects of radiation.

-4t is directl related to its interaction 0it' molecules resent in t'e tissue to form a$normal amounts of ion andCor free

radicals. /'ese c'emical secies can alter t'e local H or ser"e to initiate free radical c'ain reactions, resulting in t'e

roduction of eroxides or ot'er toxic comounds. /'ese and ot'er e"ents can create a 'ostile en"ironment for tissue

cells, leading to necrosis and ultimatel, comlete destructio of t'e tissue or organ.

4'at are t'e common means of measuring radioacti"it in diagnostic rocedures-4t deends uon a num$er of factors related to t'e a$ilit of t'e radiation to enetrate tissue, t'e energ of t'e

radiation, t'e articular tissue and t'e surface area exosed and t'e dose rate of t'e radiation.

5 'at isotoes are imortant as radio'armaceutical

-/'ose emitting $eta and gamma radiation since t'e can enetrate $od tissues, 4sotoes 0'ic' can $e concentrated in

secific manner in certain organ or cells, 4sotoes 0'ic' s'ould $e eliminated from t'e $od easil and aside from t'e


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associated radioacti"it, t'e and t'e deca roducts s'ould $e of lo0 toxicit.

6 sing t'e follo0ing format, ta$ulate t'e different rearations studied

adio'armaceutical Prearations 3nonms ses

1 3odium &'romate &r 51 4nection &'romitoe 3odium ac'romate -51 )iagnostic determination of red $lood

mass, "olume X sur"i"al time, and scan

of t'e sleen.

2 Gold u 1D@ 4nection urocoloid -1D@, ureotoe, uroscan )iagnostic rearation for scintil

scanning of t'e li"er.

3 3odium 4odide 4 1!* 3olution

3odium 4odide 4 1*1 &asules and 3olution

4odotoe 4 1!5

4odotoe 4-1*1

)iagnostic aid in t'e stud of t'e functi

t'e t'roid gland, for scanning of t'

gland. For 4-1*1, determination of ca

outut.

4 3odium ose ?engal 4-1*1 4nection o$engatoe 4-1*1 adioacti"e tracer in t'e determination o

li"er function.

5 3odium 4odo'iurate 4-1*1

4nection

Hiuran -1*1 )iagnostic agent to determine +idne func

6 &'lormerodin Hg 1D7 4nection

and Hg !* 4nection

3cintillation scanning of t'e +idnes

and $rain.

7 3odium P'os'ate P *! 3olution P'os'otoe /reatment of olct'emia "era incre

?&6, localiation of intraocular tumor

@ /ec'netium /c DDm 4nection 3odium Pertec'netate ?rain scanning to determine t'e re

and location of neolastic lesions.

D &anoco$alamin &o -57 and &o -2

&asules and solutions

)iagnostic agent for ernicious anemia

7 'at are radioaue contrast media Gi"e some comounds used as suc'.

-/'ese are c'emical comounds containing elements of 'ig' atomic num$er 0'ic' 0ill sto t'e assage of x-ras.

Examle ?arium 3ulfate ?a39%6

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Finals chapt 5-9.docx