Finals PHIST Reviewer 1st Edition (Chap 11-14)

8/8/2019 Finals PHIST Reviewer 1st Edition (Chap 11-14)

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Finals PHIST Reviewer 1 st Edition- RoyVincent C. DubouzetChapter XI- War of ResistanceFebruary 4,1899 - Private Robert W.Grayson of the Nebraska Volunteers shotand killed a Filipino soldier who wascrossing the San Juan del Monte Bridge ,thus began a war between the formerallies.Fall of Malolos - General Arthur McArthurand his troops moved towards Malolos andtheir prime objective was to capture it.Aguinaldo moved the captital to SanFernando Pampanga, then to San IsidroNueva Ecija. Pedro Paterno tried tonegotiate a truce but Otis wantedunconditional surrender.First Philippine Commission - headed by Dr. Jacob Gold Shurman , proclaimed onApril 4,1899 if the establishment of American sovereignty in the Philippines.US Secretary General John Hay asked for Philippine autonomy . The PhilippineGovernment (under the influence of Mabini) clamored for independence underthe protection of the US. A new cabinet,the Peace Cabinet , headed by Dr. PedroPaterno, replaced Mabini and aimed tonegotiate peace with the Americans.Death of Gen. Luna- General Luna was awriter, swordsman, a doctor of pharmacyand a militarist. He enabled the Filipinos towin against the Americans despite the lackof arms and poor military discipline. Hehad little self-control and thus he madeenemies even amongst members. While hewas fighting in Bayambang, Pangasinan,he was summoned to report to AguinaldosHeadquarters in Cabanatuan along withCol. Francisco Roman. He was fooled whenhe arrived there and found not Aguinaldobut his hated Kawit Company and his

enemy Buencamino. He heard a rifle shotdownstairs and as he descended toreprimand the erring soldier, he wasganged up and beaten. He ran to the plazabut was shot to death, along with Col.Roman who tried to help him. Lunas deathwas a serious blow, to the point that someFilipino officers surrendered to theAmericans; internal disagreements

occurred and Aguinaldos troops suffereddefeats.Guerilla Warfare- Gen. Aguinaldo tookcommand after the death of Gen. Luna.Aguinaldo transferred the capital of thecountry to Tarlac, then to Bayambang,Pangasinan . There, Aguinaldodecentralized the regular army intoguerilla commands under a guerillacommander. This proved effective becausethe Filipinos knew the terrain very well andthus caused heavy damage against theAmericans. This kept on very well until1902.Other Resistance in the Provinces-Most of the provinces in Southern Luzonwas taken by the Americans under Gen.

Juan Cailles and Trias. Ge. William Kobetried to capture the whole of Bicol Regionbut met fierce resistance from GeneralsVito Belarmino and Jose Paua, On March27, Gen. Paua gave up but Belarmino keptup the fight for another year. Visayas andits near islands also resisted the Americanoccupancy. Iloilo was defended by MartinDelgado, Vicente Lukban in Samar andLeyte. On February 2, Cebu City wascaptured. Bohol was occupied in March ,Marinduque and Masbate in May, andRomblon in December. Juan Araneta andAniceto Lacson raised the cry of Philippinefreedom in Silay, Negros. On November 5,1898 they recaptured Bacolod but wastaken by Gen. James Smith. The Morosremained neutral. In August 1899, theBates Treaty was signed between Gen.

John C. Bates of the US and Sultan JamululKiram II of Sulu and was approved by Pres.McKinley. The treaty states that: The Sulusultanate which is weaker will be defended by the much mightier Americans but nointerference of the US. In 1903 However, aMoro province was established by theAmerican authorities and a more forward

policy challenged the existing traditionalleaders. This agreement was abolished in1904. The Moro province was under the USMilitary until 1914.The Death of Gregorio del Pilar (TiradPass thing)- While Aguinaldo wasmarching northwards, he asked Gen. delPilar to watch his back. Gen. del Pilartogether with his 60 riflemen took a standat Tirad Pass which gave Aguinaldo time to


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escape to the Cordilleras. On December 2 ,Gen. del Pilar engaged more than 300Americans under Major Peyton March whoretreated. Januario Galut revealed a secretpath to the other side of Tirad Pass andGen. del Pilar and his men was shot andkilled by the Americans.The Capture of Aguinaldo- Pres.Aguinaldo left Bayambang ang establisheda capital in Palanan, Isabela, the last capital of the First Philippine Republic.Cecilio Segismundo was intercepted by theAmericans in Nueva Ecija as he was aboutto deliver a message regardingreinforcements for Baldomero Aguinaldoand Gen. Urbano Lacuna. This messagegave Gen. Funston a hint to thewhereabouts of Aguinaldo. Gen. Funstonand his men disguised themselves as thereinforcements and easily entered theheadquarters of Aguinaldo in Palanan.With the signal from Tal Placido, Gen.Funston and other officers arrestedAguinaldo where he was taken as a well-treated prisoner in the Malacanang Palace.On April 19, 1901 he took the oath of allegiance to the US and issued a policyadvising Filipinos to accept American rule.Malvar Takes Over- After the capture of Aguinaldo he took leadership and reversedAguinaldos policy of favoring the eliteover peasants. This resulted in support inthe struggle. He launched major offensesagainst several American-held towns inBatangas, proving that the war isnt over.Gen. James Franklin Bell resorted to adifferent tactic to counter Malvar. Heintercepted food support for Malvar whichdemoralized Malvars men and supporters.Malvar finally surrendered on April 13,1902.The Balangiga Massacre- GeneralVicente Lukban was assigned by Aguinaldoto organize a resistance in Balangiga,

Samar. On the night of September 27, theAmerican sentries were surprised by theunusual number of women hurrying tochurch carrying small coffins. At 6:02September 28, 1901 that morning, PedroSanchez, the native chief police, lined upthe native laborers to start the dailycleaning of the town. He fired a rifle (gavea signal) and suddenly the native laborerswho were actually Lukbans men attacked

the entire Company C. This was consideredthe worst disaster suffered by theAmerican Soldiers. Captain Book Millersailed immediately to Balangiga andexecuted Filipinos along the way. President

Theodore Roosevelt ordered thepacification of Samar. Gen. Jake Smithordered his men to kill anybody capable of carrying arms. As many as 50,000 Filipinosdied in the Kill and Burn Policy. This ledto the widespread criticisms of USatrocities in the Philippines. A week laterafter the hearing in 1902, President

Theodore Roosevelt declared the war wasover.Results of The War- The Americans lost4,234 men, fought 2,811 recorded battlesand spent USD 600,000,000. The Filipinoslost 16,000 men in war, 200,000 perishedbecause of famine and disease, and untoldmillion pesos worth of property wasdestroyed.

Chapter XII- The First Phase of AmericanRuleThe Second Philippine Commission-McKinley sent a second commission (firstwas Shurmans) headed by Judge Howard

Taft on March 16,1900. They arrived in June and began surveying the situation inthe islands. Willian Howard Taft introducedfree primary education and ensuredEnglish proficiency. The two commissionscan be summarized as follows: 1. TheAmericans are not conquerors but friends2. They colonized the Philippines to ensurethe welfare of the Filipinos.The Military Government- PresidentMcKinley ordered a military government beset up in the Philippines. Gen. WesleyMerrit became the first military governoron August 26, 1898. He was succeeded by

Gen. Elwood Otis until 1900. Gen. Otis wassucceeded by Gen. Arthur McArthur whoexercised military powers over thecountry. The Military Governor was therepresentative of the US President in thePhilippines. He exercised executive,legislative and judicial powers. However,he later gave up his judicial powers to a

Judiciary. In 1900, he transferred hislegislative powers to the Philippine


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Commission and the following year, hisexecutive powers to the civil governor.

Thus, only his military powers heexercised.The Civil Government- this was theresult of the Spooner Amendment of 1901sponsored by Sen. John Spooner of Wisconsin, USA. This authorized the USPresident to establish a civil government inthe Philippines. William Howard Taft wasthe first civilian governor-general of thePhilippines on July 4, 1901. He exercisedlegislative as well as limited executivepowers. He outlined a development plandescribed as the Philippines for theFilipinos that in every measure, it shouldbe weighted for the welfare of theFilipinos. He expanded his system of freepublic education and designed economicpolicies to promote the development of thecountry. Filipinos interpreted this as apromise of independence. A judicialsystem was established including asupreme court. A legal code wasformulated to replace old Spanishordinances. The Philippine constabularywas organized to control guerilla andbanditry.The Philippine Bill of 1902- on July 1,1902, the US Congress passed theCooper Act or better known as thePhilippine Bill of 1902. It was the firstorganic law for the Philippines enacted bythe US Congress. This bill, sponsored byUS Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin, laid the foundation of theAmerican democratic regime in thePhilippines. This law provided the Bill of Rights for the Filipinos, the PhilippineAssembly to be elected by Filipinos, thecreation of executive department(commerce, police, finance, justice, andpublic instruction), and the appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to

meet with the US Congress to discussPhilippine affairs, except that they werenot allowed to vote.The Rise of Political Parties- The mostimportant step in establishing a newpolitical system was the coalition of thePhilippine elite called ilustrados. Pardode Tavera and Benito Legarda quitAguinaldos government because of adisagreement with Mabini. They worked

closely with Shurman and Taft advocatingacceptance of US. They formed thefederalista party , which favored theannexation of the Philippines to the UnitedStates. Those who opposed the annexationformed the Nacionalista party whose oneof the leaders was Manuel Luis Quezon.

The Nacionalista party became far morepopular because it was pro-independence.

Their efforts finally led to the promise of Philippine Independence through the

Tydings-McDuffie Act.The Philippine Assembly- In accordancewith the Philippine Bill of 1902, alegislature would be established composedof the lower house - the PhilippineAssembly which would be popularlyelected and the upper house - consisting of the Philippine Commission which was to beappointed by the US President. The twohouses would share legislative powersalthough the upper house alone wouldpass laws relating to Moros and non-Christian people. The first election for thePhilippine Assembly was convened at theold Manila Grand Opera House on October 16, 1907 . The Nationalists won themajority seats. The Philippine Assemblywas the first step towards Filipino-American cooperation. For the first timesince the Malolos Congress, the Filipinoswere represented in the legislative bodyby their duly elected delegates which waspreviously exercised by the AmericanGovernor General. However, a situation of conflict arose, because the legislative armof the government consisted of an electiveAssembly (composed of Filipinos) and anappointive Commission (later to becomethe Senate, the majority of the memberswere Americans) This conflict was resolvedwhen legislative powers were vested bythe Jones Law in a bicameral legislaturecomposed exclusively of Filipinos. The

Philippine Assembly sent two Filipinos tothe US Congress to represent Filipinointerests there as resident commissioners.

Though they do not vote, the residentcommissioners advocated laws beneficialto the Philippines and opposed those,which would prejudice the Filipinos.Harrisons Administration- Elections inAmerica had an important implication onthe Philippine Politics. Woodrow Wilson


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won the 1912 Presidential elections andappointed Francis Burton Harrison asgovernor-general of the Philippines. Duringhis term, the Filipino members became themajority in the Philippine Commission. Hisadministration was one of the harmoniouscollaboration with the Filipinos. Wilsonappointed five Filipinos to the PhilippineCommission of the legislature giving it aFilipino majority for the first time. Harrisonon the other hand undertook the rapidFilipinization of the civil service whichangered the Americans in the Philippines.Harrison rarely challenged the legislatureand was accused of being a plaything of the leaders of the Nationalista Party.

Jones Law of 1916- A major step wastaken in the direction of independencewhen the US Congress passed the secondorganic law commonly referred to as the

Jones Act. William Atkinson Jones alongwith resident commissioner Quezonintroduced the bill which provides for thecomplete independence of the Philippines.

The bill was signed by President Wilsoninto a law on August 29, 1916. Itspreamble stated the intent to grantPhilippine Independence as soon as astable government was established. Thelaw provided for three branches of government patterned after the US. Theexecutive branch was to be headed by anAmerican governor-general appointed bythe US President. The cabinet assisted thegovernor general and its members werethe heads of the various executivedepartments of the Philippine government.

The vice-governor was to be the secretaryof public instructions. The legislative

power was vested in the PhilippineLegislature to be composed of the Senateand the House of Representatives. ThePhilippine Senate replaced the PhilippineCommission. Two from the Senates 24

members and 9 from the House of theRepresentatives were appointed by thegovernor-general. The legislative actionwas subjected to the veto- on thegovernor-general and could not pass lawsaffecting rights of US Citizens. The judicial

power was vested in the Supreme Court asin lower courts created by law. TheSupreme Court justices were to beappointed by the president of the US with

the consent of the Senate. TheNacionalista party won the majority of theseats, Quezon was chosen as the

president of the Senate and Osmenacontinued as the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Jones Act remainedthe basic legislation for the administrationuntil the US Congress passed a newlegislation which became effective inestablishing the Commonwealth of thePhilippines.Independence Missions- the PhilippineLegislature sent the first IndependenceMission to the US. Speaker Osmenaexpressed the Filipinos and the Partysadvocacy for complete, absolute, andimmediate independence. In Washington,resident Commissioner Quezon did his partin focusing the minds of the Americans onPhilippine Independence. Theindependence missions did not achievetheir goal because many Americansopposed the grant of PhilippineIndependence at that time. Among thesewere American businessmen who fearedthat this might mean huge losses for theirbusinesses.Wood and the Filipino Leaders-Leonard Wood had ideas contrary to theindependence goals since according tohim; withdrawal from the island would bedisastrous for the Filipinos. He aroused theintense opposition of the Nacionalistamembers by his use of veto power for 126times of the different bills passed in his sixyears in office. He abolished the Council of State and close cooperation between theexecutive and the legislative branchesinitiated by Harrison. The NacionalistaParty created a political deadlock whenFilipino officials resigned creating acabinet crisis, leaving their positionsvacant until Woods term ended. Hissuccessor, Hawes, reversed Woods

policies and re-established effectiveworking relations with Filipino politicians.The Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934-Quezon himself went to Washington andnegotiated the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act. This provided for a 10-yeartransition period to independence duringwhich the Commonwealth of thePhilippines would be established.


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Constitutional Convention of 1934- toconvene a draft for the Constitution of thePhilippines, preparatory to theestablishment of a semi-autonomousgovernment to be known as theCommonwealth of the Philippines. On July 10 of the same year, Claro M. Recto waselected president of the ConstitutionalConvention. The Convention approved forthe draft of the constitution. For the firsttime since the Malolos Congress, theFilipinos wrote a constitution that reflectedtheir ideals. It was not intended only as theConstitution of the Commonwealth butalso as the constitution of the futurerepublic. Pres. Roosevelt signed it onMarch 23,1935.Chapter XIII- The CommonwealthGovernment (1935-1941)On September 15,1935 a nationalelections for the new officials of the soonGovernment of the Commonwealth of thePhilippines took place. The three mainpolitical parties taking part in thiselections were the Nationalist Party(Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmena), theNational Socialist Party (General EmilioAguinaldo and Meliza) and the RepublicanParty (Bishop Gregorio Aglipay andNorberto Nabong) The Nationalist Partywon on November 15,1935, the Philippinesentered upon a new era in its history; theexecutive, legislative, and the judicialbranches of the government were now allin the hands of the Filipinos.Quezons Policies:

more government, less politics Adopted programs with regard to

social justice, education, andeconomic betterment to providedomestic stability.

Government Survey Board- helpseffect the needed changes in theadministration of the country.

To make changes in all threebranches of the government; toextend the civil service; to classifyand standardize governmentpositions; and to appoint Americanadvisers on education, taxation,military affairs, and others.

Some of the bureaus and officescreated: Council of National

Defense, Board of National Relief,Mindanao and Sulu Commission, andthe Civil Board Appeals.

Social Justice Program: Court of Industrial Relations- to

settle disputes between employersand laborers, questions about labor,minimum wages, workingconditions and other mattersaffecting their relations.

National Rice and Corn Corporation-to stabilize the price of rice with theaim of protecting producers andconsumers and to serve as anagency of the government to meetlocal or national emergencies incase of rice shortage.

Agricultural and Industrial Bank andFarmers Cooperative- establishedto afford easier terms in applying

for and acquiring farm lands. National Sugar Board- established to

conduct survey of the sugarindustry and to assist thegovernment in its efforts to solvethe social problems confronting thecountry.

National Relief Administration-established to coordinate under itssole management the differentrelief activities of the governmentwith those undertaken by private

relief institutions. A minimum of eight hours daily

work; Tenancy Law favorable of farmers.

Act No. 20- Quezon authorized theinstitution of expropriationproceedings and/or acquire largelanded estates to resell them atnominal costs and under easy termsto tenants. He also created theposition of Public Defenders to helplitigants in their court suits.

Administrative Undertakings of Quezon:

Education- free primary education;National Council of Educationheaded by Dr. Rafael Palma as anadvisory body on educationalmatters; Private School Lawdesigned to upgrade privateeducation in the Philippines; Office


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of Adult Education to teach Filipinoshow to read and write, citizenshiptraining and to inform the masseson vocational and cultural matters;Schools taught about the lives of thegreat Filipinos; Institute of NationalLanguage to study various nativelanguages and dialects and Tagalogwas the basis of the NationalLanguage; the Department of Public Instruction issued an ordermaking the National Language partof school curriculum.

Industrial and AgriculturalPrograms- for full economicdevelopment; National EconomicCouncil to advise the governmenton economic and financial mattersand supervise and operate neededindustries such as food and mining;

National Power Corporation(NAPOCOR) to develop waterresources to provide cheap powerfor industries and homes.

Public Welfare- assembled healthinstitutions to strengthen andupgrade their services and todiscuss matters affecting the healthof the people. Children of poorfamilies were given opportunities tomake themselves useful citizensand efficient workers in order to

contribute in nation building. Transportation andCommunication- improvedtransportation and communicationfacilities in the country. Industrialand overseas shipping wasencouraged. Good roads andbridges were built to speed uptransportation. Travel facilities werealso improved by extending themain line of Manila RailroadCompany from San Fernando, La

Union to Legaspi, Albay, it was anetwork of bus and truck lines thatconnected Manila to the RemoteBarrios; Act No. 168 created theBureau of Aeronautics, commercialair transportation grew rapidly withthe opening of commercial flights toand from the US; Communicationwas made easier and faster byimproving telephone and telegraph

systems throughout the country.Radio Braodcasting was inauguratedby private firms.

Women Suffrage- one of the mostsignificant achievements of theCommonwealth. Filipino Womengained the right to vote and to runfor public office. In 1937 localelections, 24 women were elected tovarious offices. One was CarmenPlanas, the first woman councilor of Manila and Mrs. Elisa Ochoa, thefirst woman Representative to thePhilippine Congress.

Security Concerns- NationalDefense Act, responsible of organizing, training, andmaintaining internal peace andorder and the protection of thecountry from external attack.

General MacArthur served as amilitary adviser, but before he couldfully implement his plan, war brokeout in the Pacific.

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Finals PHIST Reviewer 1st Edition (Chap 11-14)