Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
FIP-FCPF Knowledge Day
September 28, 2017, Villa Santi Hotel and Resort, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
Gender Knowledge Sessions
AGENDA
The three gender knowledge sessions aim to share lessons and examples of gender-responsive practices, activities, policies, strategies and actions in relation to initiatives in forest landscapes. They are motivated by a widespread desire to take more actions in forest projects to address gender constraints and opportunities in a manner that is project-specific, appropriate, and ‘do-able’. In these learning-based sessions, together we will build our skills in gender-responsive project design, implementation and monitoring.
SESSION 1: Inclusive and Sustainable Forest Management (8:45-10:15am)Room: MEKHALA
Summary: This session will introduce the key gender challenges in the forest sector, and identify the main gender gaps as evidenced by research across different regions. Participants will learn what kinds of actions and project activities can help address gender constraints and opportunities and come away with practical, tangible ideas to apply in their own forest projects and efforts.
Facilitators: Patti Kristjanson, Gender Advisor (Consultant), Program on Forests (PROFOR/World Bank); Anne Kuriakose, Senior Social Development Specialist, Climate Investment Funds (CIF)
•Anne Kuriakose and Patti Kristjanson: Introduction - how incorporating gender adds to sustainable forest management efforts (20 min)
•Dr. Kinnalone Phommasack, Deputy Director of the Laos Department of Forestry: Laos’ experience in incorporating gender into forest-related initiatives (15 min).
•Thuy Thu Pham, Scientist and CIFOR Country Representative, Vietnam: Lessons from international gender and forests research – what is being tried and where; what are some approaches that are working; what evidence and resources are available (25 min)
•Patti Kristjanson: Forest-gender gaps and actions aimed at addressing them (group exercise sharing participants’ experiences, followed by wrap-up) (30 min)
Gender Integration and Social Inclusion in Sustainable Forest Management: Some Considerations
Anne T. Kuriakose, Ph.D.
Sr. Social Development Specialist, CIF
FIP-FCPF Joint Knowledge Day
Luang Prabang, September 28, 2017
“Vulnerability does not fall from the sky”
-- Jesse Ribot, U. of Illinois
Exposure to hazards; Sensitivity to risk
Adaptive capacity to respond
resilience
Endowments of human, financial, natural,
physical and social capital
Entitlements (rights, voice)
Social Development Department
Gender-specific risks in the face of climate change
▪ Women and men have different vulnerabilities to climate impacts
▪ Women and men have different coping strategies and resources
▪ Gender-specific analysis, design, outreach and preparedness activities needed
to overcome traditional barriers and biases
▪ Women’s effective participation in climate planning needs specific support
▪ ASSETS AND ‘RULES’: Women’s access to and control over a share of any new resources and assets that may be introduced through projects is crucial for equitable outcomes
▪ Opportunities to improve development co-benefits require closer examination of
risks and benefits to specific groups, including women.
Some Key Gender Gaps in Climate:
▪ Women and men’s mortality rates in extreme events vary greatly
▪ Cyclone and flood disasters in Bangladesh 1991: death rate among women aged 20-44 was 71
per 1000, vs. just 15 per 1000 for men of same age group
▪ Due to gendered norms re socio-physical mobility, skills
▪ Women’s disproportionate reliance on natural-resource based livelihoods more vulnerable to
climate impacts on these sectors vs men who increasingly predominate in RNFS
▪ Women still lack access to farm inputs, extension, hydromet. services
▪ Channels for outreach: In Kyengeza, Uganda, 80% of men listened to radio for daily weather
forecasts vs. 20% of women
▪ Gender roles in hh reproduction and care place women at increased risk of using negative coping
strategies during climate shocks, such as reducing their own food intake during food shortages
Some Key Gender Gaps in Climate (cont’d):
▪ Women’s particular vulnerability in climate-induced migration
-Tenure insecurity; gender-based violence; loss of social networks; increased labor burden for
women as de facto female heads of hh due to male out-migration
▪ Gender blindness can mean new adaptation assets created or services provided do not reflect
the needs of women or improve their asset base … unless gender lessons learned are deployed
e.g., land reclamation women’s land title/ joint titling; extension targeted to women
farmers, for food as well as for cash crops; channeling financial services and agricultural
credit/ insurance) to women
- ASSETS AND ‘RULES’: Women’s access to and control over a share of any new resources
and assets crucial – ‘PROJECT LAW’
Women’s effective participation in SFM implementation needs specific design attention
from the start
8
HOUSEHOLDS
FORMAL INSTITUTIONS
MARKETSENDOWMENTS
ECONOMICOPPORTUNITIES
AGENCY
INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS
POLICIES
INTERVENTIONS
Gender equality is central to the WBG twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity
Men and women are not homogenous groups, rather, sex is one dimension of identity, along with race, ethnicity and disability, among others. Often these dimensions, combined with factors such as income level and location, can act as sources of disadvantage.
The Strategy
builds on
the WDR 2012
conceptual
framework
Social and Gender Analysis in Forestry
Gender division of labor within household and at community level
Distribution of rights and resources
▪ Gender division of labor: What forest-related tasks are undertaken by women, men, girls
and boys?
▪ Who has the access and power to decide whether and how forest resources are to be used?
Who has control over the output or product (and its sale and income generated therein)?
▪ Who has access to which markets and why? What support (information, producer groups,
value addition) could improve this?
▪ How are women and men included in each aspect of decision making regarding forest
resources under the project, and on forest products for use at individual, household and community levels?
▪ INTERSECTIONS: Similar social analyses can be undertaken with reference to income tiers,
ethnic groups, migrants, regarding tenure regimes, access to resources and markets,
participation
Some key Social and Gender Axes
1. Land and tree tenure (including use/ access, ownership/ ‘disposal’ rights), customary tenure, incl. for NTFP • What new assets are being created under the project? (nurseries, land allocation, even mechanisms for market
access, product branding)? Access to improved services? (credit, extension?)• How are benefits being distributed; women’s place in value chain (what level); title/ownership rights. Communal
tenure/ management plans?
2. Governance and participation - what design elements are included to expand participatory planning in NRM? How is representativeness being ensured? (particularly when moving across geographic scales - from village to district level, to regional and national; reflecting priorities for investment; presence of conflicts). At which level can participants be expected to reflect their realities most fully? Are there related/ ancillary investments planned (social infrastructure)?
3. Economic and non-economic benefits (including broad livelihood benefits beyond income , e.g., improved food security, reduced resource conflict, improved health from changes in energy source) – How are these judged/ prioritized in the approach, and by whom? Women, men, other social groups’ specific preferences? E.g., Gender impacts of investments in particular agricultural sectors; agro-forestry over other emphases.
4. Value chain development – women, men participating as workers, owners, buyers… Dedicated technical support
5. Capacity building – in what areas, for whom? What assumptions are being made?
GENDER Integration in SFM “Improving women’s tenure security, livelihoods base and
participation in forest governance through more gender-responsive forest programming”
Consider full set of forest users and producers in landscape-based approach:
Context: Women specialize in particular tree crops; food security priorities in addition to cash income goals;
Challenges: communal tenure requirements; land titling; exclusion from extension, finance, markets
Opportunities for:
o Women’s improved tenure security, livelihoods, food security impacts [ENDOWMENTS]o Improved participation in local resource governance (forest committees) [VOICE/AGENCY]
o New benefit streams through e.g.,
o i. Payment for environmental services -- “triple win” of ecosystem resilience// women’s participation in
governance// realization of forest rents;
o Ii. Forest product value chains: Women’s expanding economic role/ participation as workers and owners -- both value addition to traditional ‘women’s products’ NTFP (Burkina Faso); and non-
traditional formal employment in e.g., community forest enterprises (Mexico) [ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITIES]
FIP portfolio: Mix of policy, regulation and institutional capacity, and on-the ground activities
through communities, financial intermediaries and private sector operators;
Gender work represented across range of interventions, tools, instruments
** Move from focus on targets and requirements alone, to how gender perspective informs
the overall approach and its execution (both ‘content and process’).
Design principle:
“Special outreach to assure the participation of women…in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of activities” and consideration of gender elements in DGM decision-making.
Peru:
▪ Supporting IP communities in Amazon to improve SFM practices in native community land titling and community forest management. $500,000 of project funds set aside for subprojects proposed or managed by women in e.g., food security, agroforestry, and timber.
Burkina Faso:
▪ Strengthening local community capacity in five regions for REDD+ participation at local, national, global levels. Beneficiaries targeted include 40% female beneficiaries; training of forest users in improved practices to include 20% women.
Democratic Republic of Congo:
▪ Enhancing local capacity and community-led projects include a special focus on women’s leadership in forest management. National steering committee - targets of 20% of positions held by women; Preference for micro-projects specifically benefiting women.
Brazil:
▪ Productive activities in forestry, incl. agroforestry, agro-and NTFP processing, and handicraft development. Emphasis on development of female entrepreneurship, and use of gender-sensitive beneficiary assessment methods in project evaluation to ensure match with felt needs of female and male members.
DGM Projects: Designing for Gender Impact
Advancing SFM through:
i. Full and effective participation of
indigenous peoples and local communities in REDD+ and FIP
processes in-country, and
ii. Support their tenure rights, forest
stewardship roles and traditional forest management systems in
these processes.
Range of available tools, approaches
▪ CIF Gender in Sustainable Forest Management - sector overview and case studies
▪ New World Bank LSMS Forestry module – Forestry-related income for households, food security; community-level: seasonal calendar, forest products and pricing, community benefits, forest institutions, environmental services
▪ PROFOR toolkit – Participatory wealth ranking, landscape analysis, timeline and trends, livelihoods, forest problems/solutions, forest product ranking – to identify specific needs, constraints, knowledge, reliance of poor, women, indigenous groups
▪ IUCN-ROAM (Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology) – for assessing national and sub-national landscape restoration opportunities (including gender aspects)
▪ CIFOR – GEIRS (Gender equality in research scale): Checklist that classifies projects according to their degree of gender integration
Gender and Forestry – Sample Indicators
1. [INCOME/ DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS] Over project period, percentage change in household incomes from forest-based activities among female-headed households and poor households in project area
2. [FOREST MANAGEMENT] Percentage of women and men participating as members and as leaders in forest committees under project
3. [FOREST-BASED EMPLOYMENT] No. and percentage of women and men under project directly employed in forest enterprises, annually.
4. [NUTRITION/ FOOD SECURITY] Changes in range and type of non-timber forest products accessed by women and men, for food, medicine, or other non-income uses.
5. [CAPACITY-BUILDING] No. of trainees (male, female) and learning events offered on community-based resource management, forest enterprises, and others
6. [SERVICE/ RESOURCE ACCESS LEVELS] Levels of satisfaction among women and men with access to and quality of improved extension services or other interventions
7. [CONFLICT RESOLUTION – INDIVIDUAL LEVEL] No. of conflicts over natural resource access or land ownership per year (male, female) from Year 1 to close.
8. [CONFLICT RESOLUTION – COMMUNITY LEVEL] - Community satisfaction (disaggregated by gender) with changes in forest access and forest resources dispute resolution.
Gender Arenas of Change
Institutional (gender norms; organizational
systems)
Market
(e.g., labor pipelines in green growth sectors)
Individual
(e.g., skills; livelihoods)
From ‘Mainstreaming’ to Institutional Change
Influence Area Design Type Specific Examples from CIF Projects from GAP Phase 1
Program examples
from:
*** GENDER-POSITIVE TRANSFORMATION
GOVERNANCE, VOICE & AGENCY 7-Enhancing women’s formal roles in natural resource governance
PPCR, FIP
SECTOR CHANGE 6-Sector training for women, incl. RE industry pipeline development
SREP, CTF
** STRATEGIC GENDER INTERESTS
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES5-Strategies/ targets for women’s employment (e.g., women-owned energy enterprises)
SREP, CTF
4-Ancillary services (e.g., targeted credit schemes) CTF, PCR, FIP
* GENDER MAINSTREAMING
ORGANIZATIONAL MAINSTREAMING
3-Gender focal points in climate planning units; gender budgeting and planning approaches
PPCR, SREP
PROJECT ASSESSMENT & DESIGN
2-Gender-sensitive project design (e.g., in mass rapid transit) Allprograms
TARGETING
1-Identification/ tracking of female beneficiary targets (including re national social inclusion goals) at national and CIF reporting levels
SREP, PPCR, FIP,Partial in CTF
CIF Gender Program’s theory of change
CIF-wide and Program Governance
• CIF policy requirenents
• Gender-inclusive country ownership support
• Gender technical support
• Representation of women's Interests
• South-South learning on gender integration
• Gender-sensitive M&E
Local and National Institutions
• Women's leadership, skill, mobility opportunities
• Resource governance
• Participatory resilience planning
• National gender mainstr. mechanisms (gender focal points, gender budgeting)
Green Growth and Sustainable Livelihoods
• Energy access• RE employment
• Inclusive transport• Agricultural productivity
and food security • Productive landscapes
• Disaster risk reduction• Tenure security
• Climate-health nexus
Gender-Transformative
Impacts
.....Improved asset position, voice and livelihood status of
women
www.climateinvestmentfunds.org
@CIF_Action
https://www.youtube.com/user/CIFaction
https://www.flickr.com/photos/cifaction/sets
Anne T. Kuriakose, Ph.D.
+1-202-473-8289
[Insert title of presentation here]
DR. KINNALONE PHOMMASACK
DEPUTY DIRECTOR, LAO REDD+ DIVISION (DOF, MAF)
28 SEPTEMBER 2017, LUANG PRABANG, LAO PDR
Gender and Women’s Involvement in
Sustainable Forest Management & REDD+
Gender roles vary by ethnic group
49 major ethnic groups, over 200 sub-groups
In some groups, women and girls disadvantaged in
education (lower fluency in Lao), and participation in public decision-making and development projects,
including in forestry programs
Gender differences in use and knowledge of forests
and forest resources influence participation in forestry
activities
Women collect
and process many kinds of
non-timber forest products
Framework for Gender Issues
Women and girls have equal rights under the Lao Constitution and legal framework
Lao PDR supports the Convention to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
The National Committee for the Advancement of Women (NCAW) has the mandate to work on gender issues. All Ministries have branches of NCAW.
The Lao Women’s Union (LWU) is a mass organization that supports women’s participation in development
LWU and NCAW both work from the national to the grassroots levels, and aim to encourage women’s participation in development and forestry activities
NCAW in Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Policy Level Consultation
MAF Committee
for the Advancement of Women
MAF Gender Mainstreaming Framework
Stakehloder Engagement
Pathership
MAF/Gender Network and Cooperation
Deputy DirectorInstution Leadership for
Promotion Gender Equqlity
MAF Departments Deputy Directors
Commitee for Advancement of Women(CAW)
Gender mainsreaming managers
CAW staff Agents of Charge
All Staff Acive Participants
Lao Women 's Union and other mass
organizations under party
Donors, International Finance Institutions. UN agencies,
Bilateral, Donors Agencies, INGOs, Philanthrophic
Foundations
Vice MinisterSub-Commitee for Advancement of
Women(Sub-CAW)/MAFPolitical Leadership for Promotion
Gender Equqlity
PAFO Deputy DirectorCommitee for
Advancement of Women(CAW)/Gender
DAFO Deputy DirectorCommitee for
Advancement of Women(CAW)/Gender
Mainstreaming Network
Division for Advancement of Women(DAW)
Permament Secrarial for the gender
The Sustainable Forestry for Rural Development –
Scaling Up (SUFORD-SU) project (under FIP) has
used LWU and sub-CAW to work with women, as well as men, at village level in 13 provinces
Work with women on forestry, agriculture, village development, weaving, other alternative livelihood
issues
Many other forestry projects follow similar approaches
SUFORD-SU Engagement of Women
NCAW targets for participation of women (& men) in agriculture and forestry ensure that women (& men)
participate in decision making & get benefits
Work with LWU from central to grassroots
Gender analysis on access and use of natural
resources
Gender-disaggregated focal group discussions at
the village level to ensure women’s voices are heard
SUFORD-SU: Community Engagement
SUFORD-SU staff work in over 1000 villages in 13 provinces.
Staff include men and women from different ethnic groups:
District Agriculture and Forestry Office (DAFO)
Lao Front for National Construction (ethnic languages)
Lao Women’s Union (women)
They work with villagers on participatory forest management and village livelihood development plans.
In some communities, women and men can discuss together freely in community meetings
In many communities, women staff discuss with women villagers separately, so that women more freely participate.
11/16/2017
11
Women facilitators with local language skills are part of project extension
and livelihood teams, especially in minority ethnic group communities.
Project dissemination by Hmong extension staff member in Hmong language in Bolikhamxay Province
Women and REDD+
Village women discussing drivers of deforestation and
forest degradation
In REDD+ consultations,
the same approach was used – involving LWU and
LNFC staff to reach women and ethnic minorities.
REDD+ Consultations
Shaping the REDD+ Program
Forestry is still a male-dominated career field in Lao PDR, with few women foresters
For the National REDD+ Program, however:
LWU and LNFC have been engaged in Safeguards and Stakeholder Participation Technical Working Group
Eight out of 36 participants in the six Technical Working Groups have been women
Many women government staff & technical advisers
Growing
involvement of women in the
REDD+ planning process
Thank you !
Pham Thu Thuy, Bimbika Basnett and Amy DuchelleCenter for International Forestry ResearchFIP-FCPF Knowledge Day Sept 28 in Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
Lessons from international gender and forests research
OUTLINE
• Why does gender equality matter in forestry?
• How are gender issues be addressed through
forestry policy and interventions? What is
being tried and where ?
• Lessons learnt
• The role of research and available resources
WHY DOES GENDER EQUALITY MATTER IN FORESTRY?
• Forestry needs to incorporate perceptions,
interests and needs of different groups of
women to be truly sustainable, both for
people and environment.
• Gender disparities in voice and
representation; division of work; access
and command over resources; and
opportunities are pressing developmental
challenges (SDG5).
• Forestry sector can serve to both
exacerbate and/or address gender
inequalities.
HOW ARE GENDER ISSUES BE ADDRESSED THROUGH FORESTRY POLICY AND INTERVENTIONS ? WHAT IS BEING TRIED AND WHERE ?
SOME FINDINGS FROM CIFOR’S RESEARCH
Research at Global, national, sub-national, project, community, households level
POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT NETWORK (PEN)
• Most comprehensive analysis of poverty-forest linkages to date (24 countries ─
364 villages ─ 8,000+ households)
• Gender differentiations in the collection and use of forest products; men generated
more income and specialized in cash products (particularly in Asia and Latin
America), whilst women were more involved in collecting products for household
subsistence needs (Sunderland et al. 2015).
• Men play a much more important and diverse role in the contribution of forest
products to rural livelihoods than is often reported
www1.cifor.org/pen
MANY OF THE CLAIMS THAT ORIGINATE FROM THE GENDER AND FOREST LITERATURE DO NOT HOLD USING THE PEN GLOBAL DATA
“Is harvesting of forest products mainly undertaken by women? mainly undertaken by women?”
• The data do not support this claim
• For unprocessed products,
this claim only holds in Sub-
Saharan Africa
• For processed products, it does not hold in any
geographical location
Sunderland et al. 2014
GLOBAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON REDD+
GENDER AND WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN REDD+ NATIONAL DECISION-MAKING (PHAM ET AL. 2017)
• A Strong Legal Framework for gender equality does not necessarily result in
women’s participation:
– Laws and regulations on gender and on forests are reasonably comprehensive
when considered separately, but when considered together, there are
inconsistencies.
– Technical capacity to bridge this gap is currently lacking.
o Key factors that need to be put in place to ensure women’s equitable participation in
decision-making:
* A clear, well-monitored and well-enforced legal framework that supports women’s
participation in decision-making
o Organizational capacity and interest in gender equity
o Women need to be well-represented in decision-making bodies and more
importantly, structures need to be in place to allow and capture women’s voices
GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN REDD+ AND PES (PHAM ET AL. 2015)
• National level:
➢ Many policies emphasize gender equity but limited guidance on how to do it
➢ Many women are represented in the national REDD+ steering committee but limited influence on the
policy outcomes
➢ Many influential orgs shaping REDD+ but only a small number represented by women
• Provincial/district level:
➢ Many political commitments but there is little evidence on policy and concrete actions
➢ The lower the level of government is, the weaker their interest and capacity
➢ Many leadership positions were provided to women, but few women are eligible to apply
• Commune/village level:
➢ Inadequate understanding of women’s interests and preferences on payments modalities result in
ineffective, inefficient and inequitable implementation of REDD+
➢ Information is available through various channels but women are often not able to access which limits
their opportunities to engage in PES and REDD+
➢ Many social organizations are mandated to represent women’s interest and voice in decision making
but they do not perform this role effectively
• 77 villages in 20 REDD+ sites in 6 countries (Brazil, Cameroon, Indonesia, Peru, Tanzania)
• women are not as informed about REDD+ or initiative activities as their male counterparts in the same village and played little role in decision making
• Interventions that do not seek to address imbalances at the outset may be doomed to perpetuate them
• promoting “women’s participation” alone is an insufficient solutionSource: Larson et al. 2015
LESSONS LEARNT
• Gender disaggregated data should be collected at both national and local levels
• Gender-responsive analyses are needed to understand real and perceived gender differences
and anticipate risks and need to be incorporated throughout from policy design to
implementation
• Enhancing women’s voice, representation and leadership is needed but participation only
partial solution to addressing women’s strategic needs in ways that could strengthen their
position in forestry and conservation
• Mainstreaming gender into forestry policies requires not only a policy on gender equity in
place but also political will and sufficient capacity of government agencies at various levels of
governance
• Inclusion of man and boy is also essential
• Global comparative studies useful in understanding gendered patterns of natural resource
management, since long-held gender assumptions hold true in certain contexts but not others
• Time to re-frame the consideration of gender equality in forestry in terms of women's rights,
rather than justifying women's inclusion on the grounds that it would lead to other beneficial
outcomes
LESSONS LEARNT
• Women cannot simply be
added into forestry programs
and policies:
o Policies and Incentives
need to be in place
o rights need to be more
secure
o contributions must be
recognized
o opportunities need to be
expanded
WHAT ROLE HAS/CAN APPLIED RESEARCH PLAY?
• Research as part of the
change process.
• Independent, balanced
and rigorous empirical
data, analysis and
recommendations.
• Impact assessments
• Forecasting
• Partnerships and capacity
strengthening
• Connecting at different
levels
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE KEY RESOURCES AVAILABLE?
• Rigorous and balanced evidence, analysis and assessments
• Tools and analysis
• Research disseminated for various audience through multiple channels
• Tailored support and advise
cifor.orgblog.cifor.org
ForestsTreesAgroforestry.org
THANK YOUwww.cifor.org/gender
www.foreststreesagroforestry/research-portfolio/gender-analysis-and-researchPham Thu Thuy – [email protected]
Bimbika Sijapati Basnett – [email protected] Amy Duchelle- Amy Duchelle
Gender Gaps, Approaches, Analysis and Actions in Forest Landscapes
P. KristjansonPROFOR
FIP-FCPF Knowledge DayLaos, Sept 28, 2017
What is a gender gap?
• A disproportionate difference or disparity between the sexes
Gender gaps in Forestry
• Gendered governance – women’s ability to participate in community-based forest governance less than men’s
• Tree tenure – women’s access to trees and products are more limited than men’s
• Forest spaces – spatial patterns of forest use reflect gender norms and taboos, and men’s greater access to transport
Gender gaps in Forestry, cont’d
• Gendered division of labour – gender specialization in collection of forest products
• Ecological knowledge – women and men have distinct and complementary knowledge
None of these gaps are static and they shift over time! Simple actions can help address these gaps.
Source: Elias et al. 2017
Gender Equity
Fairness in the treatment of women and men, according to their respective needs.
A gender equity goal often requires built-in measures to compensate for the historical and social disadvantages faced by women or men.
Gender Equality
Gender Equality vs. Equity
≠
Women and men have equal access to social goods, services and resources and equal opportunities in all spheres of life
Approaches
Source: Manfre & Rubin 2012
Gender-blind: do not account for differences between men and women. Overlook women’s groups and interests and reinforce unequal power relations
Gender-aware: demonstrate knowledge of women’s and men’s needs, interests and assets; collect sex-disaggregated data. Do not set out to address underlying inequalities
Gender-transformative: account for gender differences and inequalities and designs to address them and transform relationships between men and women that produce inequalities
Transformative gender approaches require:
• Critical awareness of gender roles and norms
• Involving men and boys to encourage collaboration and discourage conflict
• Challenging distribution of resources and allocation of duties
• Increasing women’s bargaining power
Examples
• household approaches that foster equitable decision-making and relationships
• participatory action research that empowers those involved and build social capital
• initiatives to foster behavioral change – e.g. awareness campaigns, radio, TV, social media and other communication-based approaches
• supporting collective action and networks
Gender Analysis
• Sex-disaggregated data: information that is collected about males and females
• Gender-disaggregated data: analytical indicators derived from sex-disaggregated data on social and economic attributes
• Gender analysis: used to understand the relationships between men and women, their access to resources, their activities, and the constraints they face. It generally requires sex-disaggregated data.
Source: Doss and Kieran, 2016
Gender Analysis, cont’d
A method (there are many) that:
1. Describes existing gender relations in a particular environment, e.g. within a household or firm, community, ethnic group.
2. Systematically organizes and interprets information about gender relations to identify gender-based constraints and make clear the importance of gender differences for achieving development objectives.
Outcomes of gender analyses
• Description of men’s and women’s roles
• Identification of gender-based constraints that shape men’s & women’s ability to:– actively participate
– benefit from
– be empowered
within the sector, forest landscape, forest value chain, or the project, program, policy, intervention, etc being planned
• Recommendations for overcoming those constraints & improving opportunities for both men and women
Where are gender differences found in forest and agroforestry value chains?
• Gendered participation in chain activities (e.g. harvesting, processing, trading)
• Gendered benefits (e.g. income, food, social capital)
Factors contributing to gender differences
Economic
– globalisation, migration, urbanisation, etc
Governance, political and institutional
– overlapping customary and formal institutions, laws and regulations, devolution
Environmental
– resource degradation, climate change
Value chain interventions that enhance gender equity
• Equitable training opportunities aimed at meeting women’s and men’s needs and constraints (e.g. agroforestry techniques, beekeeping, business skills development)
• Inclusive market-oriented activities such quality improvement campaigns, networking with traders, trade fairs, etc.
• Targeted credit for NTFPs to women and other traditionally less empowered groups
Value chain interventions that enhance gender equity, cont’d
• Support to collective action (forest user groups, NTFP marketing groups, etc)
• Awareness campaigns highlighting women’s and men’s forest-related opportunities (e.g. through social media, radio, TV)
• Interventions introducing labour-saving technologies that free up women’s time (e.g. nut cracking machines, trees for fodder and woodfuel, energy efficient stoves, biogas plants)
Source: Haverhals et al. 2014.
