Fire detection overview and design considerations into a dark chamber. A photo diode ... Exhibit the lowest false alarm rate of all automatic fire detector devices, ... be spaced using

1 Fire Detection Overview – CFAA Technical Seminar 2019

Fire detection overview and design considerations

Presented by Tim Renaud – Regional Sales Manager for Western Canada Honeywell | Notifier




Course Agenda

Technology overview of smoke and heat detection Design of smoke and heat detection as per CAN/ULC-S524 Information on other advanced detection technologies to

overcome some challenging applications


Automatic Fire Detectors

Spot Detectors provide detection concentration in a particular location - Heat & Smoke Detectors. Line Detectors provide continuous detection along a path - Thermal Cable & Beam Detectors. Air Sampling Systems draw air through pipes to an enclosed chamber for testing. - (VESDA & Duct Detectors.


Technologies used in Automatic Fire Detectors

Photoelectric Light-Scattering (Reflective) Light-Obscuring (Beam)

Ionization- largely discontinued

Thermal (heat) Duct IR


Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

Light Scattering Type These detectors use a Light-Emitting

Diode (LED) that sends a beam of light into a dark chamber. A photo diode sits on the other side of a partition within the chamber.

Smoke particles entering the chamber deflect some of the light rays into the photocell. The photo cell generates a current when exposed to light, and if the current reaches a certain level, the smoke detector alarms.


Light Scattering Principle Sensing Chamber

LightEmitting

Diode

Photo Diode

Partition


Light Scattering Principle


Heat Detectors Heat detectors are the oldest type of automatic fire

detection device. Not considered direct Life Safety devices, these detectors do contribute to the detection of a fire.


Heat Detectors

Exhibit the lowest false alarm rate of all automatic fire detector devices,

Slowest-responding fire detection devices.

Best used in applications where Fast-developing, large fires are expected. Environment won't allow the use of other fire detection

devices.


Heat Detectors Fixed Detectors alarm when the sensing

element reaches a certain set point. Two common setpoints are in the 135 and 195 degree F range. The Fixed element is generally a non-restorable type, and when activated, must be replaced. Rate-of-Rise Detectors respond when the

rate of temperature increase is greater than an allowable limit (eg.15 degrees in 60 secs.) They are ideally placed in stable environments. The Rate-of-Rise element is restorable when conditions return to normal.


Heat Detectors Rate Compensation Type

Detector responds when temperature

of the surrounding air reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate of temperature rise.

Compensates for Thermal Lag. During fast rate of increase in air temperature, rate

compensation allows the detectors to operate a few degrees ahead of the setting.

Doesn’t respond to momentary fluctuations below the selected protection level, reducing false alarms


Design and Application


Design Issues

Device Selection Smoke - Spot versus beam versus aspiration, Heat - line versus spot. What is/are the total cost(s) of one type versus

another? How does the environment affect device selection? Does the device meet specifications and code?

Placement of Devices (where do you place smoke detectors, heat detectors)?


Design Issues – Smoke Detectors Smoke detector spacing does not need to be

reduced based on ceiling height, but may be affected by beam construction.

Ceilings above 3600mm in room height shall be assessed for spacing based on fire type, growth rate, engineering judgement and mfg. recommendations.

Smoke detectors shall not exceed 83 sq. m


Spot Fire Detector Placement

Smoke Detector

30’

21’

Typical areaof room protection

Maximumradius of protection

Spot detector placement is based on central mounting of a detector in a 30’X 30’ room. No area may be more than 21’from the detector.

21’

30’

70% of detector spacing by ULC


Spot Detector Placement

Smoke Detector

10’

21’

Room Maximumradius of protection

Note that in this application, two detectors are not required because all areas within the room are within 21 feet of the detector.

41’

70% of detector spacing by ULC



15’ 15’

15’ 15’

15’ 15’

15’ 15’

30’

30’

30’

30’



Maximum distance from detector to furthest point of sidewall or corner shall not exceed 70% of detector spacing



Maximum distance between detectors is 12.8 m







A clear space of at least 450 mm shall be maintained between a spot type fire detector and any obstruction, except as specified in Clause 5.7.2.3. (Refer to Figure 4). Obstructions and protrusions not exceeding 100 mm from the ceiling need not be considered as impinging on this clear space.


Spot Fire Detector Placement

Shall not be located closer than 1000mm from the blade tip of a ceiling fan or a unit heater; measured to the edge of the detector. Shall be no closer than 450mm from an air supply or exhaust outlet. Also shall not be in direct air flow.


Smoke Detector placement for beams

This figure applies when both of these conditions are met


Smoke Detector placement for beams

This figure applies if either of these conditions are met


Smoke Detector placement for beams – NEW FOR 2014 standard

If ceiling is level and beam is <10% of ceiling height, then we use smooth ceiling spacing and detectors can be placed on ceiling or under beams.

We can now mount smoke detectors under beams in some conditions. This is new for 2014.



If ceiling is level and beam is >10% of ceiling height, then we need to look at the width between beams.

If the width of the beams at centers is <40% of the ceiling height, we half the spacing across and smooth ceiling spacing along.



If ceiling is level and beam is >10% of ceiling height, then we need to look at the width between beams.

If the width of the beams at centers is >40% of the ceiling height, we mount one detector in each pocket at the ceiling; not allowed under beams.


Design Issues – Heat Detectors

On 3000 to 9000mm high ceilings, heat detector spacing must be reduced based on ceiling height tables as per CAN ULC S-524.

Spacing will be FURTHER reduced by beam construction.

Spacing is not required to be reduced to less than 0.4 times the spacing.

Recommend other detection method for high ceilings. Look at beam or aspiration detection.


Design Issues – Heat Detectors

For Sloped Ceilings with a slope of less than 30 degrees, all spot type heat detectors shall be spaced using the spacing for the peak ceiling height.

For sloped ceilings with a slope greater than 30 degrees, the average height of all detectors shall be used other than just the peak height to determine the spacing.

*Note – Heat detectors can have different spacing ratings (ex. System Sensor has 50 feet by UL and 25 feet by FM)


Heat Detector Coverage reduced by ceiling height


Heat Detector Spacing Ceiling Height

(feet) Percent (%) of Listed Spacing

0 -10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 28-30

100 91 84 77 71 64 58 52 46 40 34


Heat Detector Temperature Ranges

Temp. Classification Detector temp range Maximum ceiling temp

Low Ordinary Intermediate High Extra High

39-57 58-79 80-121 122-162 163-204

102-134 135-174 175-250 251-324 325-400

Celsius Fahrenheit

28 47 69 111 152

82 117 156 232 306

Celsius Fahrenheit


Heat Detector Spacing – Beam Contruction Ceiling

New for 2014 – If there are multiple intersecting beams, mount heats under beam at cross point of beams



New in 2014 – 8.10.3.5 – Where beams are less than 300mm depth and less than 2400mm on centre, heat detectors shall be installed on the bottom of beams.



This figure only applies if BOTH conditions are met


Alternative Heat Detector Placement Or if beams are less than 2.4m apart and project 450mm below the ceiling

If D: H > 0.1 and W : H > 0.4, spot type heat shall be located in each beam pocket

If D : H ≤ 0.1 or W : H ≤ 0.4, spot type heat detectors shall be installed on the bottom of the beams


Detector Spacing – Beam Contruction Ceiling

Summary

- If beams project no more than 100mm below the ceiling, ceiling shall be treated as smooth.

FOR HEAT and SMOKE DETECTORS

FOR SMOKE DETECTORS

- If beams project more than 100mm below the ceiling and less than 300mm and the ceiling height is less than 3600mm, 50% spacing. - If beams project more than 300mm below the ceiling, or the ceiling height is more than 3600mm - one detector in each pocket.



2014 additions FOR SMOKE DETECTORS

- If ceiling is level, beam is <10% of ceiling height = smooth ceili ng spacing and can be placed on ceiling or under beams.

- If ceiling is level, beam >10% of ceiling height AND - A. Beam spacing is >.4 Ceiling Height = On Ceiling in

each pocket - B. Beam spacing is <.4 Ceiling Height = Smooth ceiling

spacing parallel and 50% perpendicular to beams, mounted on ceiling or under beams.



Summary

FOR HEAT DETECTORS

-If beams project more than 100mm below the ceiling- 66% spacing. OR follow alternative calculation of beam depth, ceiling height ratio To calculate whether the heat detectors should be in each beam pocket OR under each beam.

-If beams project more than 450mm below the ceiling, or the beam centers are further apart than 2400mm - one detector in each pocket. -Refer to section 8.3 of CAN/ULC-S524-14 for further info on placement for detectors in many irregular ceiling spaces.


Smoke Detector placement in stairs


Photoelectric Beam Smoke Detectors

Light Obscuration Type

In a projected Beam Detector, alarms are generated by diffusing the projected light beam by a specified percentage of obscuration. Total beam blockage generally results in a trouble signal.


Photoelectric Beam Smoke Detectors Ideally suited for high ceilings dusty and dirty environments environments that experience temperature

extremes. WATCH FOR SUNLIGHT: There should be a

minimum of 10° between the pathway of the light source and detector and the line of sight between detector and reflector.


Projected Beam Principle

Smoke from the fire in the protected area diffuses the intensity of the beam at the receiver

Transmitter Receiver


Single Ended Beam Detector

OSID-R by Xtralis


Beam Detector

Typically, S = 60 feet (18.3 m) maximum

Install at 60cm- 90cm below ceiling


Beam Detector


OSID-DE Detector Open Area Smoke Imaging Detection


OSID Detector

An active Emitter with wide beam LEDs transmit 2 different wavelengths IR and UV to the Imager

Intelligent software locates the specific pixels on the multi pixel CMOS Imager illuminated by the uniquely coded Emitter

Relative strengths of the 2 wavelength

signals are compared to detect smoke and discriminate against nuisance alarm particulates

Building movement and alignment is managed by Imager software without any need for controlled motor drives


OSID Detector Placement and Design





Typically, S = 60 feet (18.3 m) maximum but design at 49 feet (15m)



•Unique solution with Imagers in center serving battery powered Emitters along the perimeter •Power only to the centre units


Aspiration Detector Placement and Design




Standard Detection to Very Early Warning Detection – Solutions for All Environments

ECO Gas Detection

OSID-DE - Open-area Smoke Detection

ECO

ECO-Ex

OSI-10

OSI-90

OSE-SP

OSE--SPW

OSE-HPW

VESDA — World’s Leading ASD Brand

VLC-EX VLC VLF

VLS VFT-15 VLI VLP

VLC Marine

Sensepoint XCL on VEA CO Detection on 40

addressable aspiration points!

Xtralis ASD

XAS-1 XAS-2

VESDA-E Next Generation ASD

VEU-A00-NTF VEU-A10-NTF

VEA-040-A10-NTF VEA-040-A00-NTF

VEP-A00-P-NTF

VEP-A10-P-NTF

VEP-A00-1P-NTF

Analytics

iVESDA

Direct connection to the Notifier SLC

OSID-R – Single Ended Open-area Smoke Detection

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Here we capture advanced detection portfolio – we have solutions for all environments be it a standard detection or very early warning detection.


Aspiration Detector – When to use?

When to use Aspiration versus regular Spot detection?

Spot detectors offer a good solution to standard spaces requiring detection between 0.5% obs/ft to 2% obs/ft. Aspiration is a better solution when: •EWFD or VEWFD is required •Accessibility to the area is limited to restricted after installation for testing and maintenance •Aesthetics are a concern •Challenging or harsh environments •Temperature extremes


When to use Aspiration versus Beam detection?

•Tighter spaces between warehousing shelves •Building Shift •In rack protection possible •Higher sensitivity required in very high rooms (may compensate for dilution caused by height) •Quicker response times required •Wider range of temperatures •Sunlight issues

Aspiration Detector – When to use?


Aspiration Detector – Code reference CAN/ULC-S524-14 5.10 AIR SAMPLING TYPE DETECTORS 5.10.1 Location and detector spacing of air sampling type detectors shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's documented installation instructions. 5.10.2 Air sampling type networks shall be designed on the basis of and be supported by sound dynamic fluid principles to ensure proper performance. Network design details shall include calculations showing the flow characteristics of the piping network and for each sampling point. 5.10.3 Air sampling detectors shall give a trouble signal where the airflow is outside the manufacturer's specified range. The sampling ports and in-line filter (where used) shall be kept clear in accordance with the manufacturer's documented instructions.


Aspiration Detector – Code References 5.10.4 Air sampling pipe networks shall: - A Be airtight; - B Be permanently fixed; - C Be conspicuously labelled as smoke detector sampling pipe; - D Have warning signs not to disturb or alter the sampling pipe affixed at direction changes, each side of wall, floors or similar barriers and at intervals on piping not more than 6000 mm apart; and - E Have inlet ports not less than 100 mm from the wall or ceiling.





Aspiration detection can be designed to sense smoke even when stratification occurs in a large space. Recommended to provide ports for stratification when ceiling height > 30ft.

By designing the piping network with sensing holes down the walls, detection is now able to sense smoke at multiple heights.



Aspiration detection in smooth ceiling / pockets formed by beam depths < OR =300mm



Aspiration detection in ceiling pockets formed by beam depths >300mm or ceiling heights >3.6m


Detection Coverage in Data Centres

NFPA Regulatory Requirements

VEWFD EWFD SFD

Sample Port Spacing

200 sq. ft. (18.5 sq. m)

400 sq. ft. (37 sq. m)

900 sq. ft. (84 sq. m)

Transport Time 60 Seconds 90 Seconds 120 Seconds

Pre-Alarm 0.2%obs/ft. (0.6 obs/m)

N/A N/A

Alarm 1.0% obs/ft.

(3.1% obs/m)

1.5% obs/ft. (4.6% obs/m)

3.2% obs/ft. (10% obs/m)


QUESTIONS?

Tim Renaud – Regional Sales Manager Notifier – Western Canada

Leaders in Life. Safety. Technology. Leaders in Life. Safety. Technology.

Thank You for Attending!

Documents

Fire detection overview and design considerations into a dark chamber. A photo diode ... Exhibit the lowest false alarm rate of all automatic fire detector devices, ... be spaced using