Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ulster.ac.ukSlide 1
FIRE SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION: GETTING IT RIGHTProf Ali Nadjai: Director of FireSERTBEng(H), MSc, PhD, Ceng, MIStructE, MIFireE, PGCUT
FireSERTSweden
Abu DhabiHong Kong
USA
Singapore
Qatar
South Africa
Europe
Australia
Canada
North Africa
South America
ChinaMiddle East
Russia
JAPAN
Firesert: Centre of Excellence
Oman
INTRODUCTION
Slide 6
• Provide an internationally competitive research base for fire safety science• Extend/develop the knowledge base for fire safety engineering• Disseminate knowledge to the widest possible audience• To develop and deliver higher technical fire safety education and training programmes
• Support industry and Innovation
Firesert: Centre of Excellence
Fires are recognised as one of the major threats of life and property in many countries. The primary goal of fire protection is to preserve life safety. A second goal is to protect property and safeguard the environment.
Relatively Young disciplinerapidly emerging fieldBroad and interdisciplinary address complex problems
Economic impact of fire in buildings has been estimated at ~1% of GDP – a vast sum now exceeding £10 billion annually
INTRODUCTION
Buildings are at the centre of our social and economic activity. Not only do we spend most of our lives in buildings, we also spend most of our money on buildings.
The built environment is not only the largest industrial sector in economic terms, it is also the largest in terms of resource flow.
INTRODUCTION
Windsor Building Madrid, 12 February 2005
Building Fires – Compartmentation not well respected
Previous Fire Disasters
The next day...
Insurance payout €300 millio2 metro lines closed30,000 people unable to get to work Olympic bid damaged
13th, FEB, 2003
Taegu St. Chungangro St
Arson in the train
Fire propagation over train
Chungangro St
FirePropagation
Train approach
8
Taegu Subway Fire Disaster
100
200
150
50
WOUNDED
DEAD
9
Previous Fire Disaster
100
200
150
50
WOUNDED
DEAD
10
Seoul 10th February 2008, 610 year old landmark top national treasure
Tunnel Fires - Explosive Spalling of Concrete
Channel Tunnel (UK-France, 2008)
A Warehouse without Sprinklers
Matalan, Birmingham 2 March 2006
loss in business turnoverJob lossesproblems with clients and customer if supply cannot be
fulfilled due to fire damage.
Shanghai high rise residential building, 201053 persons died and over 50 injured
Previous Fire Disaster
Saif Belhasa building fire, Tecom 2012 (left) & Tamweel Tower fire 2012 (right).
Shanghai Fire (left) and CCTV Tower, Beijing fire (right).
The rate of fires resulting in extensive fire spread involving combustible exterior wall systems is gradually increasing due to the of energy efficient but combustible materials and the consequences of such fires are very large especially for those smart and green high-tech buildings.
Previous Fire Disaster
what is clear is that there is a need to better understand how façade systems behave in situ, during fires and how the combination of decoration and insulation materials,
Previous Fire of Disaster
Regulatory Reform (FireSafety) Order• Responsible person• Fire Risk Assessment of‘general fire precautions’
• Competent person• Enforced by Fire Authority• Problems:
• Qualifications?• Skills?• Competency
Evaluation?
Legal liabilities
Research is required to improve Buildings fire safety
• Lessons from real fires in real buildings• Full (or large) scale fire tests• Well instrumented and designed small scale fire tests
• Validated design methods
• Materials investigation
• Use of smart technology
• Robustness of building regulations • More robust and safer designs
• Validate d computer software
• Allows optimum design to be determined taking into account life safety, financial impact and environmental issues
17
Challenge
Fire safety
Economic impact of fire in buildings has been estimated at ~1% of GDP – a vast sum now exceeding £10 billion annually
Government
University/Institute Industry
• Commerce & Marketing• Research Development• Design Rules
• Fire Research • Fire testing• Fire Guidance and
design• Software development• Training (CPD)
• EUROPEAN FUNDING• EPSRC FUNDING
Mechanism of working
• Supporting the Next Generation Leaders for Fire Safety and Clean Regeneration Energy Application Technology
Developing Qualified Human Resources“Developing high level research oriented universities”
Select & focus Producing next generation scholars
Improvement and assistance Top class experts
Specialization in Future technologies Continuous support for master course, PhD, and advanced-level researchers
Improvement and assistance of education program
Industry-academic collaboration and international cooperation
Role of the University of Ulster to FireSERT
How Fire spread in Long Corridor Enclosure and Facades
50 cm
300 cm
Propane burner50 cm
155 cm
Facade
- Side view - - Front view -
The enclosure is made of fireboard (4 cm thickness).
4 Opening dimensions (Width× Height) :
0.10 × 0.25 m2, 0.10 × 0.25 m2, 0.10 × 0.25 m2, 0.10 × 0.25 m2
Flame moving horizontally from the back (location of
the burner) towards the opening then ejected (i.e.
external burning).
Time (min)
0 10 20 30 40 50
HR
R (k
W)
0
10
20
30
40Theoretical HRRActual HRR1500 A0 H0
1/2
Growth(Fuel-controlled)
Ventilation-controlled
Ejected flame
Decay
SteadyState
HRR profile
Time (min)
0 10 20 30 40
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
0
250
500
750
1000
Box FBox EBox DBox CBox BBox A
Fire GrowthVentilation-controlled stage
HRR = 1500 A0 H01/2
Flame comes out
Steady-state
(Maximum HRR)
Temperature profiles
Temperature Profiles
EXP. DATA:
No external burning
FDS 5.3.0:
External burning
FDS 4.0.7:
External burning
How people Behave in fireand modelling fire evacuation
How real building failed in fires
a) Early stages, b) spreading in the northwest side, c) extended to entire floor levels
26
How to use FEM to Analyse failure mechanisms
Actions on structures exposed to fireEN 1991-1-2
Structural Fire Safety Engineeringvs. Classification
Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-2
Natural Fire Safety Concept
1- Implemented in Eurocode 1 Fire Part
2- Some National Fire Regulations includenow alternative requirements based onNatural Fire
List of needed physical parameters
Characteristics of the fire compartment
Characteristic of the Fire for different buildings
Fire load density
Rate of Heat Release CurveStationary State and Decay Phase
Rate of Heat Release CurveStationary State and Decay Phase
Fire Engineer Code of practice
Solution
Structural Fire Specialist
Research StructuralKnowledge
Experiences
StructuralEngineer
Code of practice
Arch
itect
s
Analysis / Calculations
How Fire Engineers interact with other members
Simplified Fire Models
Fully Engulfed Compartment : Parametric Fire
Case study 1: Localised Fire in Large Compartment
Reason for the project
41
2. State-of-the-art and reason for the project
Y
Annex C of EN 1991-1-2:Flame impacting the ceiling
Annex C of EN 1991-1-2:Flame not impacting the ceiling
How to calculate the temperature in a column subjected to the radiation of the fire ?
Flame axis
L
z D
f
H
Y = Height of the free zone
concrete slab
θgbeam
Localised Fire: Annex C of EN 1991-1-2
DESIGN OF COLUMNS SUBJECT TO LOCALISED FIRES
It assumes that the shape of the fire on the ground is circular and is intended for localised fires that do not exceed a diameter of 10 m and a heat release rate of 50 MW.
The effects of a local fire result in four distinct regions, each of which receives different levels of heat flux. These regions can be split as follows:1- Outside the fire2- Inside the fire3- Inside the fire, in the smoke layer4- Outside the fire, in the smoke layer
46
Analytical method and validation
Modelling of the flameStep 1: The surface of the fire is transformed into an equivalent discus
Step 2: The evolution of Heat Release Rate is calculated according to EN 1991-1-2 Annex E (growing
phase, plateau, decaying phase)
Step 3: The flame length Lf is calculated by application of EN 1991-1-2 Annex C
Step 4: The action of the fire is represented by a virtual solid flame, conic or cylindric, defined by
Deq and Lf
HRRmax (fuel or ventilation controlled)paraboli
c
constant
lineartime
Q (or HRR)
Deq Deq
Lf
Cone model
Cylinder model
47
Analytical method and validation
Simplified model
Sub-division of the flame into cylinders and rings
If the flame does touch the ceiling
(Lf > Hceiling)
If the flame does not touch the ceiling
(Lf < Hceiling or no ceiling)
48
Analytical method and validation
Simplified model
Model validation based on Ulster tests (and FDS modelling)
Case 1a1 pan
D = 0.7 mGauges at 0.5/1.8 m
Case 1b1 pan
D = 0.7 mGauges at 1.0/1.6 m
Gauge location
Experiment mean
FDS Simulatio
n Cylinder
flameConic flameHeight Distance
m m kW/m² kW/m² kW/m² kW/m²
1.0 0.5 30.6 28.5 74.0 39.01.0 1.0 13.8 12.9 33.2 17.91.0 1.6 5.9 5.5 15.5 8.51.0 1.8 4.2 3.8 10.8 6.02.0 0.5 6.2 11.2 22.0 5.92.0 1.0 4.5 5.9 14.1 5.52.0 1.6 3.0 3.7 8.8 4.12.0 1.8 2.3 2.6 6.7 3.3
Water mist suppression researchImproving water mist performance using chemical additives
– Various additives testing– Novel small compartment experimental set-up
Low pressure water mist systems– Feasibility studies aimed at improving system
performance
Case 2: Fire Protection
The compartment is designed to represent a modern open plan office15x 9 m. In this test, both the perimeter beams and the columns are protected (including connections) with the internal beams unprotected.
Sponsor: EU £ 1.6 Million (2007- Oct 2010)
Design Safe structuresAvoid and eliminate catastrophic collapse.
Case study 3:
Fire Test
EUROCODE DESIGN
RFS-PR-06102: Fire Resistance of Long Span Cellular Beams Made of Rolled
Profiles (FCEB)Starts: 28 August 2007Ends: 31 July 2011Value (Euro): 1.6 Million
Engineering Physical Science Research Council(EPSRC):
EP/F001525/1 Performance of Cellular Composite Floor Beams under Severe 2008 – end April 2011
Fire Conditions, Value (£) £408,000Starts: May
New strength mode in the Design Code
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200
Red
uctio
n fa
ctor
sTemperature ( C)
kEa,θ
kap,θ
kay,θ
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200
Red
uctio
n fa
ctor
s (x
1E-
3)
Temperature ( C)
kEa,θ
kap,θ
kay,θ
54
MACS+ Design Example
• Gravity design case
• MACS+ membrane design case
• Fire load design case
02 ASD Westok - Projects
Past Facade Fires – Castledawson Fire Test conducted by Nadjai 2010
Low energy, lightweight building components and thermally effective facades for zero carbon buildings (ENERGY-BUILD)
Membrane Action of Composite Structures in Case of Fire
Ali Nadjai, Olivier Vassart, Bin Zhao
Design Guide
Experimental Investigation of Localised fire on Glazing Facades systems having different orientations
Prof A NADJAI
Vertical Glazed Facade Test Vertical Glazed Facade Inclined Glazed Facade Test Inclined Glazed Facade
Vertical Glazed Facade Model StressesInclined Glazed Facade Test
Inclined Glazed Facade Model Stresses
Pre Test & Post Test Pictures
Intumescent Paint Sample
Precision Weighing
TGA
DSC
Results Graphs
Post Test TGA
Post Test DSC
DSC Test Equipment
TGA Resin Results GraphTGA Resin results Table
DSC Resin Results Graph DSC Resin Results Table
Time Temperature Sample MassMinutes °C %
5 80 99.353910 130 94.410815 180 89.442420 230 87.003725 280 84.817830 330 80.445835 380 55.208840 430 49.27645 480 46.489550 530 43.0669
Time Temperature PowerMinutes °C mW
5 80.1667 -9.4305710 130.333 -8.1313515 180.5 -5.3532720 230.667 -4.2353125 280.833 -3.5050730 331 -3.1613735 380 1.3176240 430.167 -5.5074445 480.333 -6.8589350 530.5 -8.27674
TGA Test Equipment
Resin Sample
Scientific Material Analysis
Low energy, lightweight building components and thermally effective facades for zero carbon buildings (ENERGY-BUILD)
UNIQUE: FROM NANOSIZE TO 20 MW FIRES
NANOCOMPOSITESINTRINSIC FLAMM.
PROPERTIES
(TGA, FTIR, MDSC, UNIV. FLAMM. APPARATUS)
LARGE SCALE (20MW)
MATERIAL AND CFD MODELLING
Major projects: FIRENET (EU) 2M FAÇADE FIRES (EPSRC, Japan) £200KPREDFIRE NANO (EU) Eu3M Industrial R&D, Brominated Substitutes Eu4M
Solid Phase TGA, DTA, DSC, ATRMilligram size samples thermal and toxicity analysis
2018-07-15
Fire Station
Risk Level 2
Risk Level 1
Risk Level 3
Technique of predicting Fire and suppression root
Latest Fire Detection technique
Early Fire Suppression equipment
62
Thank you for your attention!!!
