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Steve Leyton Protection Design & Consulting
Steve Leyton is President of Protection Design & Consulting in San Diego, CA and a member of the Fire Smarts Faculty. He began his career in 1981 on the design/build side of fire sprinkler industry and founded PD&C in 1995. Since then, the firm’s work has been focused on Architectural as well as Contractor clients.
Professional affiliations include membership in NFPA, International Code Council (ICC), American Fire Sprinkler Association (AFSA), National Fire Sprinkler Association (NFSA), California Fire Prevention Officers Northern and Southern Sections, and the San Diego Fire Protection Association. In code development, he is a member of the NFPA14, NFPA 13D/13R and NFPA 5000 Technical Committees. He served as Chair of the installation committee for the California State Fire Marshal’s Residential Sprinkler Code Adoption Task Group and Co-Chair of the ICC Ad-Hoc Committee on Residential Fire Sprinklers.
Over the course of his career, Steve has worked on all manner of residential, commercial/ industrial, institutional and high-rise projects in the United States, Mexico and Asia.
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NFPA’s preferred definition of automatic sprinkler:
A fire suppression or control device that operates automatically when its heat-activated element is heated to its thermal rating or above, allowing water to discharge over a specified area.
Sprinklers are categorized based on the following: Orientation (upright, pendent, sidewall) Area of coverage Specific characteristics of its ability to control or suppress a fire Thermal response Discharge (spray pattern) characteristics - standard, extended, etc. Limitations by use or occupancy – residential, storage, standard
Key characteristics of sprinklers: Temperature rating Thermal sensitivity which is a measurement of how quickly a
sprinkler activates once it is exposed to its temperature rating Orifice size which is the diameter of the opening through which
water flows
Sprinklers must discharge a minimum flow rate
• Based on area of coverage
• Based on whether ceiling is sloped
• Pressure affected by orifice size or K-factor
Available pressure impacted by pipe size, fittings and overall friction loss.
Sprinklers must discharge a minimum flow rate
Based on area of coverage
Whether ceiling is sloped and to what rise
Pressure driven by orifice size and K-factor
Available pressure impacted by pipe size, fittings and overall friction loss.
Residential sprinklers available in two pendent styles with different trim and cover plates:
Recessed (aka semi-recessed)
Concealed (dome type)
Concealed (flat plate)
Costs and listings vary – it is critical to assure that a certain sprinkler is listed for the application!!
Each manufacturer offers a variety of factory finishes for both sprinklers and escutcheons.
Custom finishes available by special order; typically referenced by paint card number.
No field painting of sprinklers or cover plates; only factory-applied coatings are allowed.
Some sprinklers have limited areas of coverage
Can vary by manufacturer and K-factor
Some not listed for slopes; some listed for slopes up to 4:12; some listed for slopes up to 8:12.
Manufacturers are aggressively testing new sprinklers for exposed beams and slopes.
Operational SensitivityFor “Horizontal Ceilings” (maximum 2 inch rise for 12 inch run), the sprinklers are to be installed with a deflector to ceiling distance of 1-3/8 to 4 inches or in the recessed position using only the Style 20 RecessedEscutcheon as shown in Figure 2.
NotesThe “Beam Ceiling Design Criteria” section starting on Page 4 permits deflector to ceiling distances up to 15-3/4 inches. So as to help avoid obstructions to water distribution, a maximum 12 inch deflector-to-ceiling distance is permitted for NFPA 13DandNFPA 13R applications where the sprinklers are located in closets.
(Tyco Technical Bulletin TFP400)
Meter Rating
Safe flow rate and rated flow rate not related
Two basic meter types, turbine and disk
New push for “listed” meters.
Unscientific tests show that meters will perform at double their rated flow and beyond.
Backflow requirements vary by purveyor.
Restrictions may force “Design To Available Meter”
Both NFPA 13D and P2904 require concurrent domestic allowance be hydraulically accounted for in MP systems. This is also a commonly enforced amendment nationwide.
AHJ can decide whether or not to count domestic allowance against meter rating.
Viking 4.3K Recessed
Viking 4.9K Recessed
Sprinklers available in a range of appearances and coverage areas
Offer efficiencies of piping runs
Of particular benefit when piping from low ceilinged area into higher volume compartments
Application and installation must be in accordance with manufacturer’s listings and guide
Not always a listed sprinkler for the application
Beams, obstructions and slopes must be factored
Use your resources! Manufacturers offer application guides and technical support.
Stand-Alone Tree Simplest design, dead-end mains & lines
Stand-Alone Loop Can be single or multi-story Compounded with vertical supply risers
Multi-purpose – Looped, Passive Purge
Multi-purpose - Network
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Pipe or tube used in sprinkler systems shall be of the materials specified in Table 5.2.1.1 or shall be in accordance with 5.2.2.
The chemical properties, physical properties, and dimensions of pipe materials shall be at least equivalent to the standards cited in Table 5.2.1.1.
Table 5.2.1.1 Pipe or Tube Materials and Dimensions
Materials and Dimensions Standard
Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use
ASTM A 795
Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless ASTM A 53
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe ANSI B 36.10M
Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe ASTM A 135
Seamless Copper Tube [Copper Tube (Drawn, Seamless)] ASTM B 75
Seamless Copper Water Tube ASTM B 88
Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube ASTM B 251
Liquid and Paste Fluxes for Soldering Applications of Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube
ASTM B 813
Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding (BCuP, copper- phosphorus, or copper-phosphorus-silver brazing filler metal)
AWS A5.8
Solder Metal [alloy grades containing less than 0.2 percent lead as identified in ASTM B 32, Table 5, Section 1, and having a solidus temperature that exceeds 400°F (204°C)]
ASTM B 32
Pipe used in sprinkler systems other than those addressed in 5.2.1.3 shall be designed to withstand a working pressure of not less than 175 psi (12.1 bar)
Nonmetallic pipe used in multipurpose piping systems not equipped with a fire department connection shall be designed to withstand a working pressure of not less than 130 psi (8.9 bar) at 120°F (49°C).
Types of pipe other than those specified in Table 5.2.1.1 shall be permitted to be used where listed for sprinkler system use.
7.4 Piping Support
7.4.1 Listed pipe shall be supported in accordance with any listing limitations.
7.4.2 Pipe that is not listed, and listed pipe with listing limitations that do not include piping support requirements, shall be supported from structural members using support methods comparable to those required by applicable local plumbing codes.
P2904.3 Sprinkler piping system.
Sprinkler piping shall be supported in accordance with the requirements for cold water distribution piping. Sprinkler piping shall comply with the material requirements for cold water distribution piping. For multipurpose piping systems, the sprinkler piping shall connect to and be a part of the cold water distribution piping system.
P2904.3.1 Nonmetallic pipe and tubing. Nonmetallic pipe and tubing, such as CPVC and PEX, shall be listed for use in residential fire sprinkler systems.
Raw pellets manufactured by two firms
BlazeMaster, manufactured by Lubrizol Raw materials only Numerous brands of Blazemaster Products Viking, Tyco, Harvel, Nibco, IPEX
FlameGuard, manufactured by Spears Raw materials and finished products Directly distributed
Products are cross-listed and universally compatible
Pipe and fittings specifically designed and for fire protection systems UL 1821 FM 1635
Same working pressure rating as metallic piping 175 PSI at 120°F
Can be installed exposed in basements; flame resistance lends well to garage installations
Special listing requires use of listed hangers and supports at specified on-center spacing
Pipe and fittings specifically designed and for fire protection systems UL 1821 NSF
Lower working pressure rating 130 PSI at 120°F
Must be concealed – low flame resistance rating
Applications currently limited to MP systems by NFPA 13D
Both CPVC and PEX require restraint to prevent sprinklers from up
CPVC utilizes additional supports near sprinklers
PEX utilizes self-anchoring fittings
