Fire Support FIST FSC Handbook

FIRE SUPPORT

HANDBOOK

July 2004

FIRE SUPPORT HANDBOOK

The Distance Learning & Technologies Department (DLTD)

publishes and distributes this manual.

For additional copies or proposed changes contact

Director, Marine Corps Institute Attn: Operations

Marine Corps Institute 912 Charles Poor Street SE

Washington Navy Yard DC 20391-5680

http://www.mci.usmc.mil 1-(800) MCI-USMC

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT Indirect Fire U.S. Artillery and Rocket Characteristics 1 U.S. Mortar Characteristics 3 Artillery/Mortar Template 5 Artillery/Mortar Call For Fire 6 Suppression of Enemy Air Defense 12 Illumination 13 Smoke 16 Final Protective Fire 19 Naval Gunfire Template 21 NGF Guns Up Ready to Fire Report 22 Naval Gunfire CFF 23 Close Air Support U.S. Attack Fixed-Wing Aircraft 26 U.S. Attack Rotary-Wing Aircraft 28 Close Air Support 29 CAS Check-In Brief 30 CAS Multi-Mission “9-Line” Brief 31 In Flight Report 32 NATO Forward Air Controller to Attack Aircraft Briefing 33 AC-130 Call-For-Fire 34 Landing Zone Brief 35 Aviation Brevity Terms 36

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TABLE OF CONTENTS, Cont.

SUBJECT Threat Capabilities Threat Armor 37 Threat Armored Vehicles 38 Threat Attack Helicopters 39 Threat CAS Aircraft/Air Defense 40 Threat Missiles 41 World Artillery, Mortars, and Rocket Launchers 42 Ordnance Selection Guide 44 Fire Support Planning Fire Support Coordination Measures 46 Common Military Symbols Fire Support Coordination Measures Graphics 47 Targets 48 Positions, Frames, Unit Sizes 49 Unit Types 50 Weapons, Points, Maneuvers/Obstacles 51 Quick Fire Plan 52 Target List Worksheet 53 Scheduling Worksheet 54 Mission Templates Artillery/Mortar 55 SEAD 56 Smoke 57 Naval Gunfire 58 GURF Report 59 Communications Communications Frequency Chart 61

U.S. ARTILLERY and ROCKET CHARACTERISTICS

Caliber 105mm1 105mm1 155mm 155mm 155mm1 227mm 227mm1 607mm1

Model M102 M119A1 M198 M777 M109A5/A6 HIMARS MLRS ATACMS

Projectiles HE, HC, WP,

ILLUM, APICM

HE, HC, WP,

ILLUM, APICM

HE, HC, WP, ILLUM, DPICM,

M825 SMK, FASCAM, Copperhead





DPICM DPICM APAM

Fuses PD, VT MT,

MTSQ, CP, Delay

PD, VT MT,

MTSQ, CP, Delay

PD, VT, MT, MTSQ, ET, Delay

PD, VT, MT, MTSQ, Delay

PD, VT, MT, MTSQ, ET, Delay

ET ET ET

Maximum Range (m)

11,400 11,500 18,300 22,0002

30,000 18,200 21,7002

32,0001

45,000

60,000

32,0001

45,000

60,000

165,0001

300,000

Range of RAP (m)

15,300 19,500 30,100 40,000 30,000

Range of DPICM (m)

10,500 14,100 18,000 28,2003

N/A 17,900 28,1003

Minimum Range (m)

8,000 15,000

10,000 13,000

25,000 70,000

U.S. ARTILLERY and ROCKET CHARACTERISTICS, (Continued)

Caliber 105mm1 105mm1 155mm 155mm 155mm1 227mm 227mm1 607mm1

Maximum Rate of Fire (Rounds/min)

10 10 4 4 4 6/20 sec 12/40 sec

2/20 sec

Sustained Rate of Fire (Rounds/min)

3 3 2 2 1

Illum Time (sec)

75 75 120 120 120

HE Burst Width (1 Round)

35 35 50 50 50 100 100

FPF

210 6 guns

210 6 guns

300 6 guns

300 6 guns

300 6 guns 150 3 guns

Notes: 1. U.S. Marine Corps units do not possess these weapons systems. However, Marine Corps units may operate with Army units equipped with these weapons. 2. With M795 HE, M825 smoke ammunition 3. BBDPICM M864

See page 3 for additional information on projectiles and fuses under Legend.

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U.S. MORTAR CHARACTERISTICS

Caliber 60mm 81mm 120mm1

Model M224 M252 M285 Projectiles HE, WP,

ILLUM HE, WP, RP,

ILLUM HE, WP, ILLUM

Fuzes MO MO MO Maximum Range (m)

3,5002 5,6003 7,200

Minimum Range (m)

75 70 200

Maximum Rate of Fire

(Rounds/min)

30 35 15

Sustained Rate of Fire

(Rounds/min)

20 15 5

Illumination Time (sec)

25 60 70

HE Burst Width (1 Round)

28 35 75

FPF

90 3 tubes

35 1 tube

75 1 tube

Notes: 1. U.S. Marine Corps units do not possess these weapons systems.

However, Marine Corps units may operate with Army units equipped with these weapons.

2. With M720 ammunition 3. With M821 ammunition

Legend BBDPICM-Base Bleed DPICM MT-Mechanical Time DPICM-Dual Purpose Improved MTSQ-Mechanical Time Superquick Conventional Munitions PD-Point Detonating CPHD-Copperhead RAP-Rocket Assisted Projectile ET-Electronic Time RP-Red Phosphorus HE-High Explosive SMK-Smoke ILLUM-Illumination VT-Variable Time MO-Multi-option fuze WP-White Phosphorus (VT, PD, Delay)

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ARTILLERY/MORTAR TEMPLATE

“_____ this is _____, (AF / FFE), (POLAR / SHIFT),____________________, over” (Target #/KN PT)

Break transmission for FDC read back “Grid: ____________________, over” Polar: “Dir______ Dist______ U/D______ VA______, over” Shift: “Dir______ R/L______ +/-______ U/D______, over”

Break transmission for FDC read back

Target Description: “___________________________________________” Method of Engagement: “___________________________________________” (See page 6) Method of Fire and Control: “_______________________________________, over” (See page 7)


Message to Observer

“MTO_______________, _____________________, ________, _____________ (Firing Units) (Change to CFF) (Rds i/e) (Target Number)

_______________, __________, __________” Break “Direction ________, over” (PEr) (Angle T) (TOF) (If using a grid mission)

Adjustments

Spotting Correction OT Factor/Notes

HOB RNG DEV L/R +/- U/D

End of Mission

“_____, _____, _____, __________, End of Mission, ________________, over” (L/R) (+/-) (U/D) (Target #) (Surveillance)

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ARTILLERY/MORTAR -- CALL-FOR-FIRE I. OBSERVER IDENTIFICATION: Use callsigns from the CEOI

II. WARNING ORDER: a. Type of Mission:

(1) Adjust Fire (2) Fire for Effect (3) Suppress (Planned Target) (4) Immediate Suppression/Immediate Smoke (5) Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD)

b. Size of Element to Fire: ((11)) Omission indicates a request for one artillery battery. (2) Larger units by stating the last letter of the battalion callsign.

c. Method of Target Location: ((11)) Grid: No announcement. (2) Polar Plot: Announce the word “POLAR.” (3) Shift from a Known Point: Announce the word “SHIFT FROM.”

followed immediately by the designation of the known point or by target number.

--------------------------------------------OVER--------------------------------------------- III. TARGET LOCATION:

a. Grid: Six-digit grid, i.e., "Grid 123456." b. Polar: Direction (mils) and distance (meters) to the target from the

observer’s position. c. Shift: Direction to the target (mils). Lateral Shift (left/right in meters). Range Shift (add/drop in meters). Vertical Shift (up/down in meters) if significant (≥35M). --------------------------------------------OVER----------------------------------------------

IV. TARGET DESCRIPTION: A word picture of the target (i.e., the number and type of vehicles/personnel

observed, what the target is doing, number of elements in the target, degree of protection, size, and shape [length, width, attitude]).

V. METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT (Bold indicates standard):

a. Type Adjustment: ((11)) Area Fire: Standard without request. (2) Precision Fire: Used only with destruction or registration missions.

Observer announces “Destruction.” b. Danger Close: Announced when applicable. (See page 4) c. Mark: Used for orientation. d. Trajectory:

(1) Low Angle: Standard without request. (2) High Angle: Upon request of observer or when required due to masking terrain.

e. Ammunition: (1) Shell/Fuze desired in the Adjustment phase (HE/Q). (2) Shell/Fuze desired in the Fire for Effect phase. (3) Volume of fire desired in Fire for Effect stated in rounds per howitzer.

f. Distribution: Type sheaf desired. (Circular, Parallel, Converged, Open, or Special [Linear, Rectangular, or Irregular])

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V. METHOD OF FIRE AND CONTROL (Bold indicates standard): a. Method of Fire:

(1) One weapon is standard for adjustment phase. (2) Battery/platoon right/left on request. (3) Time interval (5 seconds between adjusting rounds if using more than one weapon.)

b. Method of Control (1) Fire when ready: Standard without request.

(2) At my command (AMC)/By round at my command (BRAMC): Weapons fire at observer’s command until cancelled.

(3) Cannot observe: Fire will not be observed. (4) Time on target: Rounds impact at a specified time. (5) Continuous illumination: FDC will determine when to fire. (See page 13) (6) Coordinated illumination: The firing of HE in coordination with

illumination at optimum illumination. Observer may determine when illumination is fired or may use “At My Command” procedures. (See page 11)

(7) Cease Loading: Used on missions with two or more rounds in effect. Causes the firing unit to stop loading rounds. (8) Check Firing: Temporary halt in firing. “Cancel check firing” resumes mission. (9) Continuous Firing: Firing as rapidly as possible at prescribed rate of fire.

Continued until suspended by Cease Loading or Check Firing.

(10) Repeat: Can be given during AF or FFE missions. (11) Followed by: Used to describe changes to subsequent volleys (HE followed by WP). (12) Request Splash: FDC will announce, “splash” 5 seconds before round impacts. (13) Do not load: FDC computes data, but no projectile is loaded.

-------------------------------------------------OVER------------------------------------------------- DANGER CLOSE

The term DANGER CLOSE will be included in the Method of Engagement portion of the call-for-fire when the target is within 600 meters of any friendly troops for both mortars and field artillery, and 2000 meters when using MLRS. The creeping method of adjustment will be used exclusively during DANGER CLOSE missions when adjusting rounds toward friendly troops. Range or deviation changes are made by creeping the rounds to the target with corrections of no more than 100m.

OBSERVER-TARGET LINE (OTL) The OTL is an imaginary straight line from the observer/spotter to the target. When determining direction to a target, you have determined it along the OTL. All corrections are made in respect to the OTL.

RANGE CORRECTION During an adjustment on a target, the observer should establish a range bracket early in the adjustment. With the first definite range spotting, the observer should make a range correction causing the next round to be spotted opposite that of the previous round. If the first definite range spotting is SHORT, the observer should ADD to obtain an OVER spotting on the next round. Likewise, if a spotting is OVER, he should DROP to obtain a SHORT on the next round. The observer then splits each range correction in half, successively moving each round closer to the target. Use the following ranges to bracket: 800, 400, 200, 100, 50.

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DEVIATION CORRECTIONS

The distance in meters that the burst is to be moved (left or right) is determined by the WERM rule. Multiply the deviation in mils (from the spotting) by the Observer-to-Target distance in thousands of meters (the OT factor). The OT factor is determined by dividing your estimated range to the target by a thousand and expressing to the nearest whole number. Deviation corrections are expressed to the nearest 10 meters. A deviation correction of less than 30 meters is considered a minor deviation and should not be transmitted during this portion of the fire mission. The computed deviation correction is announced to the FDC as, “LEFT (RIGHT) so much,” the direction of the correction being opposite that of the spotting.

Quick OT Factor Chart

Range OT Factor Below 1000m Do not express (900m = OT of .9, 800m = OT of .8, etc) 1000-1400 1 1500-2500 2 2600-3400 3

In the example above, the burst is approximately 45 mils from the target at a range of 1500 meters. Using the WERM rule we can determine that the burst needs to move 90 meters to the left: W=(R/1000) x M W=(1500/1000) x 45 W=(1.5~=2) x 45 W=90

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DETERMINING DIRECTION TO A TARGET Determining direction is an essential skill for the FO. Direction is an integral part of terrain-map association, adjustment of fire, and target location. There are four methods to determine direction:

a. USING A MEASURING DEVICE. Using a lensatic or M2 compass the FO can measure direction. The FO will add/subtract the GM angle to determine the grid direction to send to the FDC only when using a lensatic compass or if using a non-declinated M2 compasses. The FO can use other measuring devices such as an aiming circle or a laser device that can provide direction to the nearest mil.

b. MEASURING FROM A REFERENCE POINT. By determining the

angular deviation in mils between the reference point and the target, a direction can be computed by applying the deviation to the known direction. Use the RALS rule (right add, left subtract). Angular deviation can be determined by any instrument with a reticle pattern or by hand measurement.

c. SCALING FROM THE MAP. Using a protractor or an OF fan

(Observed fire fan), the FO can scale direction from a map to an accuracy of 10 mils.

d. ESTIMATING. With a thorough terrain-map analysis the FO can

estimate direction by visualizing the eight cardinal directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW,W, NW). Least accurate method.

The FO should try to be as accurate as possible. The use of mils is preferred. All measured directions sent need to be expressed to the nearest 10 mils, prior to sending it to the FDC.

ESTIMATING ANGLES IN MILS WITH THE HAND

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SENDING THE CALL-FOR-FIRE The standard call-for-fire is transmitted using field artillery radiotelephone procedures in three radio transmissions:

a. Observer’s identification and warning order b. Target location c. Target description, method of engagement, and method of fire and

control

Example: Standard Call-for-Fire

OBSERVER (“SUMO”)

FIRE DIRECTION CENTER

(“NIGHTMARE”) Nightmare, this is Sumo, Adjust Fire, over

Sumo, this is Nightmare, Adjust Fire, out

Grid 123456, over Grid 123456, out

3 tanks and 3 BMPs in the open, DPICM in effect, at my command, over

3 tanks and 3 BMPs in the open, DPICM in effect, at my command, out

Example: Immediate Suppression This is Sumo, immediate suppression, grid 123456, over

This is Nightmare, immediate suppression, grid 123456, out

The simplified call-for-fire (used only with suppress and immediate suppression/smoke missions) is sent in one radio call containing, at a minimum, the observer’s identification, warning order, and target location.

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MESSAGE TO OBSERVER

A MTO will be sent to the observer from the FDC, usually prior to the first subsequent correction. The observer will read back the MTO to the FDC. Bolded items are always announced. Four Standard Elements: 1. Unit(s) to fire: unit to adjust, unit to FFE; if same, unit is only stated once 2. Changes to CFF: changes in SH/FZ, trajectory, or anything else 3. Number of rounds in effect: number of volleys fired in FFE phase 4. Target number: assigned by FDC Additional information possibly included: 5. Probable Error in Range: if > 38meters, for precision fire if > 25meters 6. Angle T: if > 500 mils or if requested, expressed to nearest 100 mils 7. Time of Flight: announced for moving targets, high-angle, aerial observers, or when requested

Standard Commands: 1. SHOT: reported by the FDC when rounds are fired, but only for initial volley of FFE 2. SPLASH: announced 5 seconds prior to impact, during high-angle and aerial observer missions, or when requested 3. ROUNDS COMPLETE: announced once all rounds of multiple volley fire (FFE) are complete

SEQUENCE OF SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS

1. OT Direction: if > 100 mil change 2. Danger Close (Cancel): when entering (or leaving) danger close limits 3. Trajectory: low or high angle 4. Method of Fire: 2 guns in adjustment 5. Distribution: sheaf adjustment 6. Shell: to change during adjustment 7. Fuze: to change during adjustment 8. Volume of fire: to change number of volleys in FFE 9. Deviation: L/R ___ Meters 10. Range: +/- ____ Meters 11. HOB: U/D ____ Meters 12. Target Description: if changed 13. Mission Type and/or Method of Control: i.e., FFE, AMC 14. Splash: to receive notice 5 seconds prior to round impacting 15. Repeat: to apply same firing data as previous round

ENDING THE MISSION

Upon achieving the desired effects on target, the observer needs to transmit an end of mission statement to the firing unit, which is composed of four parts. Bolded items are always announced. Refinement: Allows observer to make corrections under the normal deviation and range restrictions. (Use if recording the target) Record as target: Tells the FDC to save the firing data for future missions End of Mission: Ends the current mission Surveillance: Should be brief but should provide casualty/damage information as accurately as possible Example (with refinements): “Left 10, add 20, record as target AB1001, end of mission, target suppressed, over” Example (without refinements): “End of mission, 2 tanks burning, infantry fleeing north, over”

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SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE

SEAD Call-For-Fire: “________this is________, SEAD, (Polar, Laser Polar, Shift from Known Point) , over” (FDC) (FO) “Grid to Suppress_____________, Grid to Mark_________________, over” (‘Negative Mark’ if Arty is not marking) “________________, Shell/Fuze (if other than standard), _________________________, (ADA system type) (Interrupted/Continuous/Non-standard,

include timeline) CAS TOT____________, over” - MTO will follow from FDC - No adjustments are made - Schedule is fired - Send RREMS Notes: - HE/VT is standard suppression SH/FZ combination - WP/Q is standard mark SH/FZ combination - Timelines:

s=suppression round m=marking round - Suppression rounds impact every 30 seconds, unless instructed otherwise - WP mark impacts at -: 30 - ILLUM on deck mark impacts at -: 45 - Using non-standard, back end timeline can be controlled AMC

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ILLUMINATION

COORDINATED ILLUMINATION

To start an illumination mission: Standard First CFF Transmission Standard Second CFF Transmission Third Transmission: “Suspected (target description), Illumination (2 guns, range and/or lateral spread), over” To adjust an illumination round: - Minimum corrections for ILLUM: Dev 200M Range 200M HOB 50M - Use standard method to correct deviation and range. - Correction of ILLUM height-of-burst (HOB): If illumination burns on the deck- 1. Count the number of seconds the Illum burns on the ground. 2. Multiply the (number of seconds) x (Rate of descent (M/sec)) = Meter adjustment. 3. Express to the nearest 50M and send as an Up correction. If illumination burns out during descent- 1. Measure the number of mils above the ground where the Illum burned out. 2. Multiply the (number of mils) x (the OT factor) = Meter adjustment. 3. Express to the nearest 50M and send as a Down correction. - Adjust until target area is best illuminated, then send: “Illumination mark, over” “Coordinated illumination, over” Follow with standard CFF format - Adjust HE mission onto target and FFE (FDC controls timing of ILLUM) - Send RREMS for HE mission – ILLUM mission automatically ends Notes: - Precede all corrections with “HE” or “ILLUM” Example: “ILLUM, Add 200 HE, Right 60, Add 200, over” - If ILLUM is corrected, a new “illumination mark” must be sent. - Range and/or Lateral Spread will be applied along the OT line in an automated FDC only if the AFATDS has the observer’s location entered in the database. Default is the gun-target line (GTL). - Observer can control timing of ILLUM and HE missions by using AMC in each mission. No “illumination mark or “coordinated illumination” would be sent in this situation. Two separate missions.

CONTINUOUS ILLUMINATION

Due to the amount of ammunition expended, this is the least desirable method for illuminating the target area. Follow the directions above to initiate and adjust the illumination. After “illumination mark” send “continuous illumination.” The FDC will fire illumination continually while the FO adjusts HE.

EMPLOYMENT FACTORS FOR ILLUMINATING SHELLS

WEAPON SYSTEM PROJ

INITIAL HOB (M)

BURST DIAMETER

(M)

BURN TIME (sec)

CONT. ILLUM (ROUND(S)/MIN)

RATE OF DESCENT (M/S)

M314A2 750 800 60 2 10 105-MM

M314A3 750 800 70-75 2 10

155-MM M485A2 600 1000 120 1 5

60-MM M83A3 400 725 25 3 3

M301A1 400 500 60 2 6

M301A2 400 500 60 2 6 81-MM

M301A3 600 500 60 2 6

120-MM M930 600 2500 90 1 5

MK 88 500 500 45 4 10 5”/54 NGF

MK 91 500 500 72 4 2

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Illumination Employment Considerations

The amount of illumination required for a particular mission depends on the OT distance; the conditions of visibility; and the size, width, and depth of the area to be illuminated.

Number of Guns

Used Best When Announce

One Gun Effective illumination achieved with one round

Illumination

Two Guns (mortars)

Area requires more than one round

Illumination, two guns

Two Guns Range Spread

Target area has greater depth then width

Illumination, range spread

Two Guns Lateral Spread

Target area has greater width than depth

Illumination, lateral spread

Four Gun Illumination

Diamond pattern for large area

Illumination, range and lateral spread

Illumination Range Spread Illumination Lateral Spread Used to add depth Used to add width

Illumination Range and Lateral Spread Used to add depth and width

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Friendly Forces

Enemy Location

SMOKE

Immediate Smoke: Provides obscuring, protecting, or marking smoke over small areas.

“_____ this is ____, immediate smoke, grid ______, over” (FDC) (FO) - Any method of target location can be used - SH/FZ combination and volume based on unit SOP - Normally fired at target to be obscured - Observer can compensate/offset for wind if necessary Quick Smoke: Provides obscuring, screening, or deceiving smoke over larger areas. “_____ this is ____, adjust fire, over” (FDC) (FO) “Grid ______, over” “Screen (target description), L – Length of smoke screen in meters, M – MTL direction (0000-6390, expressed to nearest 10 mils), D I Wind Direction in relation to MTL

R (Right Cross, Left Cross, Head Wind, or Tail Wind) T – Time (duration) of smoke screen in minutes, smoke in effect, over” Example: “Nightmare this is Sumo, adjust fire, over” “Grid 256985, over” “Screen infantry company dug in, length 800, MTL 0630, Tail wind, four

minutes, smoke in effect, over.” - Send OT direction after MTO for grid missions - AF or FFE and any method of target location can be used

Maneuver Target Line (MTL) The MTL is a horizontal clockwise angle measured from grid north. Depending on the situation, the MTL can extend from the observer’s location to and through the target, or it can extend from the most vulnerable point along the route of march to and through the target. The MTL is determined to an accuracy of 10 mils.

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Adjustment Procedures: -Minimum Corrections: Dev 50 M Range 100 M HOB 50 M - Shell HE/Q is used to adjust - Request, “smoke” when splitting the 200M bracket White Phosphorous (WP) M110A2: - With fuze PD, adjust for range and deviation only - With fuze TI, adjust HOB to 20 meters Felt Wedge WP M825: - The following corrections can be made to the effects observed: Graze burst “Graze, up 100, repeat, over” Thick/dense, separated clouds “Up 50, repeat, over” Thin/uneven clouds “Down 50, repeat, over”

Smoke Munitions Data

Average Obscuration Length (m/Round) Delivery

System Type of Round

Time To Build

Effective Smoke

Average Burning Time

Crosswind

Headwind/ Tailwind

WP ½ min 1 - 1 ½ min 150 50 155 mm

M825 ½ min 5 - 8 min 350 100 – 200 RP ½ min 1 ½ - 2 min 90 – 150 40 – 50

81 mm WP ½ min 1 min 100 40

60 mm WP ½ min 1 min 150 40 5-inch/54 WP ½ min 1 min 150 40

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Smoke Effects on Electro-optical Systems

Spectral Region

Electro-optical System Type of Smoke

Visible 0.40 - 0.75pm

Viewers: - Daylight sights - Naked eye - Camera lens - Binoculars/standard optics - Battle space television - Manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) missiles (AT-3) - Night sights

All

Viewers: - Semiautomatic command to line

of sight (SACLOS) missiles (AT-4 and AT-5)

- Night sights

All Near infrared

0.75 - 4pm

Sensors: - Laser designators - Laser range finders

All

Mid infrared 4 - 14pm

Viewers: - Passive thermal sights

WP, RP, type III

Infrared obscurant, dust

Far infrared 14 - 100pm

Sensors: - Thermal imager - Terminal homing missiles (AT-6)

WP, RP, type III

Infrared obscurant, dust

Millimeter wave and lower frequency 1.00

mm

Radar Radio Microwaves

WP, developmental

obscurants

X-ray and higher

Frequency

Directed electromagnetic pulse Nuclear weapons

Oil smoke (attenuation

only), developmental

obscurants

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FINAL PROTECTIVE FIRE

PLANNING INFORMATION - Final Protective Fire (FPF), in fire support operations, is continuous artillery and/or mortar fires on a preplanned target. A FPF is fired to stop and destroy an enemy force crossing into a defensive area. Artillery and/or mortar FPFs should be integrated with the maneuver direct fire FPLs/PDFs. - A FPF is fired at the maximum rate of fire until the firing unit is requested to stop, ammunition is exhausted, or the firing unit is forced to move. - The regimental commander normally allocates artillery FPFs to the maneuver battalions, which may allocate them to the company level. - The battalion commander normally allocates battalion mortar FPFs to the company level. - Authority to shoot an FPF is that of the lowest maneuver commander in whose area the FPF is placed or his authorized representative. - The FO has the responsibility to adjust in the FPF when the tactical situation permits. The FO may adjust one gun or all guns designated to fire the FPF. - The FPF is cancelled when it is no longer required. - A unit cannot be laid on both an FPF and a priority target. - The FPF data table below is neither precise nor restrictive; it is merely derived from the bursting diameter of rounds.

FPF PLANNING DATA

SIZE NUMBER OF PIECES OR GUNS

LENGTH WIDTH

6 (PLATOON) 360 60 120 MM

1 (SQUAD) 75

8 (PLATOON) 280 35 81 MM

4 (SECTION) 140 35

60 MM 3 (SECTION) 90 30

3 GUNS 105 35 105 MM

6 GUNS 210 35

4 GUNS 200 50

6 GUNS 300 50 155 MM

8 GUNS 400 50

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Establishing a FPF Standard first CFF transmission Standard second CFF transmission Third transmission: “FPF, Length _______, Attitude _______, Danger Close, Delay, over” - Attitude indicates the direction of the axis of the sheaf, from 0000-6300. - Fuze delay should be used in adjustments in order to reduce friendly

casualties. - Creeping fire should be used while adjusting the FPF Mortar and Artillery Manual FDC - Entire unit fires one volley, centered on initial grid sent - Begin adjusting with Flank piece, whose round impacted, closest to the FPF

line - Adjust to within 50 meters, and then send final correction: “Number _______, drop _______, number _______ is adjusted, number _______ repeat over.” - FDC makes the adjustment, but does not fire the –50 corrected data - This procedure is continued until all guns are adjusted Automated Artillery FDC - The unit fires one round with a selected howitzer (normally centerpiece).

The FO observes and corrects the round just as in an adjust fire mission. That round represents the center of the linear sheaf

- Final correction should include, “end of mission.” This indicates to the FDC that the adjustment phase is complete

- The FDC processes the mission but does not fire it. Data is determined for each howitzer. The howitzers receive individual piece data and remain laid on the FPF when not in other missions

Non-Adjusted FPF Standard first transmission (use fire-for-effect, vice adjust fire) Standard second transmission Third transmission:

“Establish as FPF, Attitude _______, Danger Close, Delay, over” - Essential for FDC to be automated. If not possible, FO should consider the

proximity of the FPF to friendly troops

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NAVAL GUNFIRE TEMPLATE

“_____ this is _____, Fire Mission, target number ________________, over” (assign from block)

Break transmission for ship read back “Grid: ____________, Altitude ____________, Direction ____________, Polar: “Dir ____________ Dist ____________ U/D ____________ , Shift: “From reference point (target number) ____________, Dir ____________, R/L ____________ +/- ____________ U/D ____________,

Include

Target Description: ________________________________________

Method of Engagement: ________________________________________ (See page 23)

Method of Control: ________________________________________, over” (See page 24)

Break transmission for ship read back Pre-Firing Report

“______________, _____________, Ready, _______________, Break…. Fire, over” (GTL) (LOF/illum only) (TOF) “First Salvo at _______________, _______________, _______________” (Point of Aim) (Summit) (Changes)

Adjustments



End of Mission

“_____, _____, _____, Record as Target _______, End of Mission, ________, over” (L/R) (+/-) (U/D) (Target #) (Surveillance)

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NGF GUNS UP READY TO FIRE REPORT Purpose: To report the capabilities of the NGF ship Occasion: When ship comes on station and is ready to fire

ELEMENT INFORMATION LINE A Callsign of ship and DTG of message assigning ship to

the NGF mission LINE B “On station and ready” and DTG (local) end of NGF

ship’s assignment LINE C Planned firing location (grid). If the ship will be firing

from a track, the approximate center of the track LINE D Significant reduction in capability, including mount

causalities and/or ammo shortages LINE E Ammo aboard, by type, available for NGF LINE F Any other information of value

GUNS UP READY TO FIRE (GURF) REPORT

LINE A: ___________________________________________________ LINE B:___________________________________________________ LINE C:___________________________________________________ LINE D:___________________________________________________ LINE E:___________________________________________________ LINE F: ___________________________________________________

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NAVAL GUNFIRE CFF

I. OBSERVER IDENTIFICATION: Use callsigns from the CEOI II. WARNING ORDER/TARGET NUMBER: Announce, “Fire mission, target number” (Spotter assigns from target block) --------------------------------------------OVER--------------------------------------------- III. TARGET LOCATION

a. Grid: Announce: “Grid” “Altitude” (meters understood, measured from mean sea level)

“Direction” (if method of control is spotter adjust) b. Polar: Announce: “Direction” (OTL) “Distance” (meters understood) “Up (or down)” (vertical shift, meters understood) c. Shift: Announce: “From reference point (or target number)” “Direction” (OTL) Lateral shift (if any, meters understood) Range shift (if any, meters understood) Vertical shift (if any, meters understood)

IV. TARGET DESCRIPTION

Include what the target is and what its doing, number of elements in the target or physical dimensions, attitude (mils understood), and degree of protection.

V. METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT (Bold indicates standard) a. Danger Close: Friendly troops within 750 meters Send cardinal direction and distance from the target to nearest friendly unit b. Trajectory:

(1) Full Charge (2) Reduced Charge (3) High Angle

c. Ammunition: Shell/fuse desired in adjustment phase and FFE (HE/Q) d. Number of Guns: One or two guns e. Number of Salvos: Indicates number of rounds fired per gun

(1) Send when entering FFE or if adjusting with more than one salvo (2) If omitted, ship will fire one salvo

f. Special Instructions: (1) Interval: Used to cause FFE rounds to be fired with a specific time interval

between each salvo Announce “interval” followed by a desired time interval (seconds understood).

(2) Sustained Fire: Used if there is a specific period of time in which fire for effect salvos must be spread over. Include the number of salvos and period of

time in which they are required to be fired. (3) Time on Target: Used when initial salvos in fire for effect are to impact at a

specific time. (4) Coordinated Illum: Used to inform the ship that HE will be requested

simultaneously, after adjusting illumination. (5) Continuous Illum: Used when spotter requires constant light on a target. Use with

discretion.

24

VI. METHOD OF CONTROL (Bold indicates standard)

g. Method of Control: (1) Spotter Adjust: Method standard (2) Fire For Effect (FFE): Used to enter into FFE phase without adjustments. Indicate

number of salvos requested. Can be modified by the command, “cannot observe” when firing on a suspected target and when neither the ship nor spotter can see the target.

(3) Ship Adjust: Used if the spotter believes the ship has a better view of the target. Use when possible.

(4) At My Command: Used to control the firing of each salvo in adjustment, and the first adjustment in FFE. Ship will announce, “ready, over.” Spotter sends, “fire” when he is ready for the ship to fire. Remains in effect throughout the mission or when cancelled (announce, “cancel at my command”).

--------------------------------------------OVER---------------------------------------------

PRE-FIRING REPORT

a. Gun-Target Line (GTL): Firing direction of ship. b. Line of Fire (LOF): Used with illumination to indicate the illumination projectile

trajectory. May be different from GTL. c. Ready/Time of Flight (TOF): Ship will report, “ready,” followed by TOF (seconds

understood). Spotter reads back and announces, “break…fire, over.” d. First Salvo: Used in danger close situations. Ship will confirm the point of aim reported

by spotter. e. Summit: Highest altitude above mean sea level of flight path. Standard for aerial

observers, ground observers may request. Reported in feet for aerial observers and meters to ground units.

f. Any Changes: Used if ship changes any portion of fire request.

REPORT UPON FIRING

SHOT / SPLASH- announced every volley in adjust and 1st FFE volley. No acknowledgement needed.

ERROR CORRECTION

a. Correction: Spotter has made an error in his transmission. Immediately transmit, “correction” followed by the corrected data

b. Wrong: Error made during readback. Announce, “wrong” followed by the correct data

SEQUENCE OF SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS:

1. Direction: if > 100 mil change 2. Danger Close (Cancel): < 750 meters 3. Trajectory: Full/Reduced charge or High Angle 4. Shell: to change during adjustment 5. Fuze: to change during adjustment 6. Deviation: L/R ___ meters 7. Range: +/- ___ meters 8. HOB: U/D ___ meters 9. Number of Guns: If more than one in adjustment/FFE 10. Number of Salvos: If more than one used in adjustment/FFE 11. Method of Control: i.e. Ship Adjust, FFE

FIRE FOR EFFECT PHASE

Enter the FFE phase when:

a. Splitting the 100-meter bracket for a point target b. Splitting the 200-meter bracket for an area target

25

ENDING THE MISSION Upon achieving the desired effects on target, the observer needs to transmit an end of mission statement to the firing unit, which is composed of four parts. Bolded items are always announced. Refinement: Allows observer to make corrections under the normal deviation and range restrictions. (Use if recording the target) Record as target: Spotter assigns from target block. End of Mission: Ends the current mission. Surveillance: Should be brief but should provide casualty/damage information as accurately as possible. Fresh Target Shift New Target Shift (To shift to a higher priority target (To conduct two during a fire mission) simultaneous missions) 1. Spotter ID: omitted 1. Spotter ID: omitted 2. Fresh Target, Target #_______ 2. New Target, Target # _______ 3. Target Loc: Adjusted from last Salvo 3. Target Loc: Sent from last Salvo 4. Target Description: Always sent 4. Target Description: Always sent 5. Method of Engagement: omit if same 5. Method of Eng.: omit if same 6. Method of Control: omit if same 6. Method of Control: omit if same “Fresh Target, Target number ____, “New Target, Target number ____, R/L ____, +/- ____, U/D ____, +/- ____, U/D ____, (Description), over.” (Description), over.” Spotter can return to original target Ship must have two mounts and by using the fresh target shift format. an MK-86 gunfire control system.

Spotter must preface each correction with target number.

Naval Gunfire Capabilities

Weapon Full Charge

Max Range

(m)

RAP (M)

Reduced Charge

Max Range

(m)

Fire Rate (max/sust)

Ammo Fuzes

5”/54

23,100

29,181

12,200

20/16

HE,

ILLUM, WP, HC,

RAP

Q, MT, CVT,

VT, DEL

5”/62

82,000

(ERGM), 40,000

(Mk 172 ICM), 23,100 (Conv)

29,181

12,200

10/3-5

(ERGM) 20/10-12 (Conv)

HE, HC, ILLUM,

WP, RAP, ERGM,

ICM (Mk 172)

Q, MT, CVT, VT,

DEL, GPS

26

U.S. ATTACK FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT

Laser Capability

Aircraft M/D/S

Owning Service

Ordnance

LST LTD

Marking Capability

Other Systems

AV-8B USMC LGBs(1) AGM-65 Maverick GP bombs CBUs 2.75’ rockets 5.00” rockets LUU-2 flares LUU-19 flares 25-mm cannon

Yes No Rockets TV NVG GPS FLIR

AV-8B II+

USMC Same as above No No Rockets FLIR NVG GPS Radar

AV-8B (with Lightening II pods)

USMC Same as above (off-board designator not required for LGBs)

Yes Yes Rockets Laser IR marker

CCD TV FLIR NVG GPS

A-10 Army AGM-65 Maverick LGBs (1) GP bombs CBUs Rockets 30-mm cannon

Yes No

AC-130H USAF (SOF)

105-mm howitzer 40-mm cannon 25-mm cannon

No Yes GLINT, IZLID 105-mm High Explosive (HE), 40-mm ZIRC/MISCH LTD-1688 only

FLIR LLLTV Radar GPS

AC-130U USAF (SOF)

105-mm howitzer 40-mm cannon 25-mm cannon

No Yes GLINT 105-mm HE, 40-mm ZIRC/MISCH Codable LTD

FLIR ALLTV Radar GPS

F-14 (With LANTIRN)

USN LGBs GP bombs 20-mm cannon Aerial mines LUU-2 flares

No Yes Laser WP Rockets

FLIR GPS NVG Radar

F-15E USAF LGBs GP bombs CBUs 20-mm cannon

No Yes Laser FLIR Radar Air-to-Air Missile

(1) Although these aircraft can carry and release LGBs, they require off-board designation for terminal guidance. (2) GPS on some aircraft LGBs=Laser Guided Bombs CBUs=Cluster Bomb Units

27

U.S. ATTACK FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT, (Continued)

Laser

Capability Aircraft M/D/S

Owning Service

Ordnance

LST LTD

Marking Capability

Other Systems

F-15E USAF LGBs GP bombs CBUs 20-mm cannon

No Yes Laser FLIR Radar Air-to-Air Missile

F-16 (without LANTIRN)

USAF AGM-65 Maverick LGBs (1) GP bombs CBUs 20-mm cannon

No No WP rockets HE rockets

Radar GPSs (2)

F-16 C/D (with LANTIRN)

USAF AGM-65 Maverick LGBs GP bombs CBUs JDAM 20-mm cannon

No Yes Laser WP rockets HE rockets

FLIR GPS NVG Radar

F-16 (with Lightening II)

USAF AGM-65 Maverick LGBs (1) GP bombs CBUs 20-mm cannon

Yes Yes Laser IR Marker WP rockets

F/A-18 USN USMC

LGBs AGM-65 Maverick AGM-84 SLAM AGM-88 HARM JDAM JSOW GP bombs CBUs Aerial mines LUU-2/19 flares 2.75’ rockets 5.00” rockets 20-mm cannon Mk 77 Firebomb SLAM ER

Yes- w/LDT pod

Yes- w/TFLIR pod

Laser WP rockets HE rockets

FLIR- (w/pod) GPS NVG Radar IR Pointer (FA-18D) only

(1) Although these aircraft can carry and release LGB’s, they require off-board designation for terminal guidance.

(2) GPS on some aircraft LGBs=Laser Guided Bombs CBUs=Cluster Bomb Units

28

U.S. ATTACK ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT

Laser Capability

Marking Capability

Other Systems

A/C M/D/S

Owning Service

Ordnance Max Range

(m)

Max RDS

LST LTD AH-1W USMC BGM-71

(TOW) AGM-114 (Hellfire) 5.0” rockets 2.75” rockets 20-MM cannon

3750 8000 7200 6-7500 18-2200

8 8 16 76 750

No Yes Laser Rockets

FLIR, NVG

GPS, IR Pointer, DVO,

CCDTV

AH-64A USA AGM-114L 2.75” rockets 30-mm cannon

8000 6-7500 3000

16 76 1200

Yes Yes (1)

Laser Rockets

FLIR NVG

AH-64D (including Longbow)

USA AGM-114L 2.75” rockets 30-MM cannon

8000 6-7500 3000

16 76 1200

Yes Yes (1)

Laser Rockets

FLIR, NVG GPS,

IDM (1) Radar

UH-1N USMC 2.75” rockets .50 cal machinegun 7.62-MM (GAU-17)

6-7500 1830 1000

76 500 5000

No No Rockets FLIR, NVG GPS

Oh-58D (Kiowa Warrior)

USA AGM-114L Hellfire 2.75” rockets .50 cal machinegun

8000 6-7500 1830

16 76 500

Yes Yes Laser Rockets

FLIR, NVG

(1) The AH64 helicopters cannot designate laser codes 1711 to 1788. (2) The AH-1W can designate codes 1111-1788, but has max effectiveness from 1111-1488. IMD=Improved Data Modem

29

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT Terminal air control (Types 1-3):

Type Used

1 When visual acquisition of attacking aircraft and target under attack are necessary. 2 When visual acquisition of either attacking aircraft or target at weapons release is

not possible or when attacking aircraft are not in a position to acquire the mark/target prior to weapons release/launch.

3 When risk assessment indicates that CAS attacks impose low risk of fratricide. Notes:

- Control type will be broadcast upon aircraft check-in. - Multiple control types can be in effect at one time (i.e. Helicopters under Type 2 and fixed wing under

Type 1). - Observer maintains flexibility to change the type at any time within guidelines established by

supported commander.

Type 1 Execution

Step Action Step Action 1 Visually acquire the target 7 Attack aircraft will provide “IN” call

indicating maneuvering for weapons firing solution

2 Send a CAS briefing to attack aircraft 8 Attack aircraft will visually acquire target or mark

3 Attack aircraft will verify target coordinates correlate with expected target area

9 Visually acquire the attacking aircraft

4 Attack aircraft will read-back Line 4, Line 6 and any restrictions

10 Ensure attack will not affect friendlies by visual acquisition and analysis of attack aircraft geometry/nose position to determine weapon impact point

5 Aircraft will provide an “IP Inbound” call 11 Provide a “Cleared Hot” or “Abort” based on the above procedures being met

6 Mark/designate the target

Type 2 Execution

Step Action Step Action 1 Controller or observer will see the target 5 When using GPS/INS guided weapons,

attack aircraft will confirm that briefed target location and elevation have been accepted by the munition

2 Send a CAS briefing to attack aircraft 6 Aircraft will provide an “IP Inbound” call 3 Attack aircraft will verify target

coordinates correlate with expected target area

7 Attack aircraft will provide “IN” call indicating maneuvering for weapons firing solution


8 Provide a “Cleared Hot” or “Abort”

Type 3 Execution

Step Action Step Action 1 Send a CAS briefing to attack aircraft 4 Give “Cleared to engage” when attack

aircraft have sufficient situational awareness

2 Attack aircraft will verify target coordinates correlate with expected target area

5 Monitor the engagement by all means available


6 Attack platform will provide “attack complete” to controller

30

CAS CHECK-IN BRIEF

(Aircraft Transmits to Controller)

Aircraft: “__________________________ this is __________________________” (Controller Callsign) (Aircraft Callsign) 1. Identification/ Mission Number: “_____________________________________” Note: Authentication and appropriate response suggested here. The brief

may be abbreviated for brevity or security (“as fragged” or “by exception”).

2. Number and Type of Aircraft: “_______________________________________” 3. Position and Altitude: “______________________________________________” 4. Ordnance: “_______________________________________________________” 5. Time on station (TOS): “____________________________________________” 6. Abort Code: “_____________________________________________________” (If applicable) Remarks: “________________________________(NVG, LST, special mission info)

(Aircraft Transmits to Controller)

Aircraft: “__________________________ this is __________________________” (Controller Callsign) (Aircraft Callsign) 1. Identification/ Mission Number: “_____________________________________” Note: Authentication and appropriate response suggested here. The brief

may be abbreviated for brevity or security (“as fragged” or “by exception”).

2. Number and Type of Aircraft: “_______________________________________” 3. Position and Altitude: “______________________________________________” 4. Ordnance: “_______________________________________________________” 5. Time on station (TOS): “____________________________________________” 6. Abort Code: “_____________________________________________________” (If applicable) Remarks: “________________________________(NVG, LST, special mission info)

31

CAS MULTI-MISSION “9 LINE” BRIEF Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measurement are standard unless otherwise specified. Lines 4, 6, and any restrictions are mandatory readback items (indicated by boldface type). Controller may request read-back of additional items as required. Controller: “__________, this is __________, type _________ control __________” (Aircraft) (controller) (1, 2, or 3)

1. IP/ BP (IP/BP to Target)

2. HEADING (Deg Mag)

Offset L / R

Offset L / R

3. DISTANCE (IP in NM BP in Meters)

4. TARGET ELEV (FT MSL)

5. TARGET DESC (General)

6. TARGET LOCATION (LAT/LONG OR Grid or Offsets or Visual)

7. MARK (WP, laser, IR)

CODE

CODE

8. FRIENDLIES (From Target, Dir & Dist

in Meters )

Marked By

Marked By

9. “EGRESS…” (Card Dir and/or CP)

REMARKS: Restrictions (FAH OR ALT) Threats, ACA (SEAD GTL)…

TOT

AMPLIFYING INFORMATION (AS REQD)

32

IN FLIGHT REPORT

Aircraft: “____________________ this is ___________________ INFLTREP, over” (Controller Callsign) (Aircraft Callsign) Note: Authentication and appropriate response suggested here. The brief may be abbreviated for brevity or security (“as fragged” or “by exception”). 1. Callsign: “________________________________________________” 2. Mission Number: “________________________________________” 3. Location: “_______________________________________________” (LAT/LONG, UTM grid, place name) 4. Time On Target: “_________________________________________” 5. Results: “ _________________________________________________” REMARKS: “________________________________________________________” (Target area weather, significant sightings, EEIs…)

Aircraft: “______________________ this is __________________INFLTREP, over” (Controller Callsign) (Aircraft Callsign) Note: Authentication and appropriate response suggested here. The brief may be abbreviated for brevity or security (“as fragged” or “by exception”). 1. Callsign: “________________________________________________ _________” 2. Mission Number: “___________________________________________________” 3. Location: “_________________________________________________________” (LAT/LONG, UTM grid, place name) 4. Time On Target: “___________________________________________________” 5. Results: “ __________________________________________________________” REMARKS: “________________________________________________________” (Target area weather, significant sightings, EEIs…)

33

NATO FAC TO ATTACK AIRCRAFT BRIEFING

MISSION C/S _____________________ ABORT CODE _______________ Note: 1.) A-J are mandatory brief items, (K-O are optional).

2.) Items A, D, G, H underlined are mandatory read back (even if “NONE”). 3.) Heading and bearings magnetic unless true is requested.

A.) IP: _____________________________________________________”

B.) BEARING: “____________________________________________”

C.) DISTANCE : “________________________________Nautical Miles”

D.) TARGET LOCATION UTM OR LAT/LONG:

“_______________________________________________________”

E.) TARGET ELEVATION: “___________________________________”

F.) TARGET DESCRIPTION: “_________________________________”

G.) MANDATORY HEADING: “_______________________________”

H.) FRIENDLY FORCES: “___________________________________”

I.) ATTACK TIME TOT: “____________________________________”

J.) ATTACK CLEARANCE FAC C/S___________ TAD ____________

K.) TARGET INDICATION: REFERENCE PT [ ] SMOKE [ ] LIGHT/MIRROR [ ]

LASER CODE: “______________________________________” DESIGNATOR TO TARGET LINE (DTL): “_______________”

L.) THREATS: “______________________________________________”

M.) WEATHER (IF SIGNIFICANT): “____________________________”

N.) HAZARDS “______________________________________________”

O.) EGRESS “________________________________________________”

34

AC-130 CALL-FOR-FIRE

First Transmission

“____________________ this is __________________, fire mission, over.” (Aircraft Callsign) (Observer) Second Transmission “My position __________________________, marked by _____________________, (Grid, BP, SBF, INT) (Beacon, IR Strobe, etc.)

__________________________, _________________________________, (Direction to target in degrees) (Dist to target in meters as one number)

__________________________, over.” (Target Description) Remarks: “_______________________________________________________, over”

(Threats, danger close clearance, restriction, etc.”) As Required: 1.) Clearance: Transmission of the fire mission is clearance to fire. Danger close is

200m with the 105mm and 125m with the 40mm, 25mm. For closer fire, the observer must accept responsibility for increased risk. State “Cleared Danger Close” in remarks. This clearance may be preplanned.

2.) Adjust Fire: Adjust from impact by giving and cardinal/intercardinal direction and

distance (meters understood). Don’ts: 1.) Do not ask the gunship to identify colors. 2.) Do not reference clock positions. 3.) Do not pass run-in headings/no-fire headings. 4.) Do not correct left/right or short/long.

35

LANDING ZONE BRIEF 1. MISSION NO. ___________________ 2. LOCATION ___________________

COOR/RAD/DEM _______/______/_____ 3. UNIT CALLSIGN ___________________ 4. FREQUENCY PRI UHF ________ FM _______ SEC UHF ________ FM _______ 5. LZ MARKING ___________________ 6. WIND DIRECTION/VELOCITY __________/_________ 7. ELEVATION/SIZE __________/_________ 8. OBSTACLES ___________________ 9. FRIENDLY POSITIONS: DIRECTION/DISTANCE __________/_________ 10. ENEMY POSITIONS: DIRECTION/DISTANCE __________/_________ 11. LAST FIRE RECEIVED: TIME/TYPE __________/_________ 12. DIRECTION OF FIRE/DISTANCE __________/_________ 13. CLEARANCE TO FIRE: DIRECTION/DISTANCE __________/_________ 14. APPROACH/RETIREMENT (RECOMMENDED) __________/_________ 15. PERSONNEL/EQUIPMENT __________/_________ 16. OTHER ____________________

36

AVIATION BREVITY TERMS

Laser Operations

10 SECONDS: Standby for “LASER ON” call in approximately 10 seconds. LASER ON: Start laser designation. SPOT: Aircraft acquires laser spot. SHIFT: Shift laser illumination (slowly). TERMINATE: Cease laser illumination.

Night IR CONTACT: Aircraft sights a specific reference point. ROPE: Call made by the exception of the terminal controller is to illuminate the aircraft with an IR pointer. SNAKE: Call made for the terminal controller to jiggle the IR beam on the target. SPARKLE: Mark the target with an IR pointer. Also used by an AC-130 to mark the target with 40mm. STEADY: Steady the beam. STOP: Stop the beam. TALLY: Enemy position/target is in sight; opposite of NO JOY. VISUAL: The terminal controller has the aircraft in sight, or the aircraft has a positive ID on the terminal controller’s or friendlies pos.

Other Terms ABORT: Abort the pass. Do not release any ordnance. ANGELS: Height of friendly aircraft in thousands of feet. BENT: System indicated is inoperative. BINGO: Minimum fuel remaining for safe return to base. BLIND: No visual contact with friendly aircraft or ground positions; opposite of VISUAL. CHATTER MARK: Begin using briefed radio procedures to counter jamming. CLEARED HOT: Ordnance release is authorized. CONTINUE: Continue the pass. Aircraft is not yet cleared to release any ordnance. CYCLOPS: Any UAV. DASH: Aircraft position within a flight. Use if specific callsign is unknown. JOKER: Fuel state above BINGO at which separation/bug-out/event termination should begin. NO JOY: Aircrew does not have visual contact with the target/bandit/landmark. OFFSET (direction): Informative call indicating maneuver in a specified direction with reference to the target. PUSHING: Departing designated point. SMOKE: Smoke marker used to mark a position. WINCHESTER: All ordnance is expended. YARDSTICK: Visual reference to assist pilot in approx. distances.

37

THREAT ARMOR

THREAT Main Gun (mm)

Max Rate of

Fire (rds/min)

Max Range (m):

Effective (m):

Optional Arms

Crew Rd

Speed (km/h)

Rd Range (km)

T-55AMV (Russia)

100 5-7 2500-4000 1000-2500

7.62 12.7

AT-10

4 50

390/600 w/extra tanks

T-62M (Russia)

115 3-5 1500-4000 1200-2000

7.62 AT-10

4 45


T-64B (Russia)

125 6-8 3000-5000 2000-3000

7.62 12.7 AT-8

3 60

500 w/extra tanks

T-72B (Russia)

125 4-6 3000-5000 2000-3000

7.62 12.7

AT-11

3 60

500/900 w/external

tanks

T-80U (Russia)

125 7-8 3000-5000 2000-4000

7.62 12.7

AT-11

3 70


T-90 (Russia)

125 7-8 3000-5000 2000-4000

7.62 12.7

AT-11

3 60


Type 59-II

(China) 105 6-10

3000-5000 1500-3000

2 x 7.62 12.7

4 50

440/600 w/external

tanks

Type 85-IIM

(China) 125 4-6

3000-5000 2000-3000

7.62 12.7

3 57

700/900 w/external

tanks

38

THREAT ARMORED VEHICLES

THREAT Type Main Gun (mm)

Max Effective

Range (meters)

Optional Arms

Total Personnel

(crew/troops)

Rd Speed (km/h)

Rd Range (km)

BRDM –2 (Russia)

2 X 2 Wheeled Recon

14.5 2000 7.62 4/0 95 750

BRM-3K (Russia)

Tracked Recon

30 Auto gun

2500-4000 7.62 6/0 70 600

BTR-60 (Russia)

4 x4 Wheeled

APC

7.62 14.5

1000 2000

N/A 2/8 80 500

BTR-70 (Russia)

3 x 3 Wheeled

APC

14.5 AT-3/4/5

2000 3000-4000

7.62

2/8 80 600

BTR-80A (Russia)

4 x 4 Wheeled

APC 30 gun 2000-4000

7.62

2/8 90 800

BTR-94 (Russia)

4 x 4 Wheeled

APC 23 gun 1500 7.62 3/10 80 800

BTR-152 (Russia)

3 x 3 Wheeled

APC 7.62 1000 12.7 2/17 65 650

BTR-D (Russia)

Tracked APC

7.62 1000 N/A 1/12 61 500

BMD-1 (Russia)

Tracked IFV

73 Smooth AT-3

800-1000 3000

7.62

2/6 65 600

BMD-2 (Russia)

Tracked IFV

30 Auto gun

AT4/5

1500 2000-4000

7.62 2/8 80 450

BMD-3 (Russia)

Tracked IFV

30 Auto gun

AT-5

1500 4000

30mm GL 7.62 5.45

3/7 70 500

BMP-1 (Russia)

Tracked IFV

73 Smooth AT-3

800-1300 3000

7.62 3/8 65 600

BMP-2 (Russia)

Tracked IFV

30 Auto

AT-4/5

1500-4000 2000-4000

7.62 3/7 65 600

BMP-3 (Russia)

Tracked IFV

100 gun

AT-10 30

Auto

4000-5200 4000

1500-4000 7.62 3/7 70 600

MT-LB (Russia)

Tracked Multi-

purpose Vehicle

7.62 1000 N/A 2/11 61.5+ 500

VTT-323 (N.

Korea)

Tracked APC

2 x 14.5

ATGM

1500 3000

N/A 3/9 80 450

WZ 551 (China)

3 x 3 Wheeled

APC

25 Auto gun

2000 7.62 3/10 85 600

YW 531A/C (China)

Tracked APC

12.7 800-1600 N/A 4/10 42/66 500

39

THREAT ATTACK HELICOPTERS

THREAT Armament Options Cruising Speed (km/h)

Range (km): Max Load

Normal Load W/Aux fuel

Crew/ Passengers

Mi-2 Hoplite (Russia)

23mm Gun 7.62/12.7 MG 57mm Rockets

AT-3 SA-7b

194 580 340 790

1/6-8

Mi-8 Hip

(Russia)

Twin 23mm Gun pod 2 x 7.62 or 1 x 12.7 MG

12.7 MG Pod 80mm Rocket pods 57mm Rocket pods

AT-2/3 250/500 kg bombs

225 Unk 460 950

2-3/24

Mi-17 Hip

(Russia)

Twin 23mm Gun pod 2 x 7.62 or 1 x 12.7 MG

12.7 MG Pod 80mm Rocket pods 57mm Rocket pods

AT-2/3 250/500 kg bombs

240 Unk 495 1065

2-3/24

Mi-24 Hind

(Russia)

Twin 30mm Gun 12.7 (4 barrel) MG

Twin 23mm Gun pods 80mm Rocket pods 57mm Rocket pods

AT-2/6 250/500 kg bombs

295 Unk 450 950

2/8

Mi-28 Havoc

(Russia)

30mm Cannon Twin 23mm Gun pod

4 x 57 or 80mm Rocket pod

500 kg Bomb 4 x AT-6/9

260 Unk 475 1100

2/0

Ka-50 Hokum (Russia)

2 x 23mm Gun Pods 30mm Cannon 500 kg Bombs 80mm Rocket

AT-16 AAM

270 Unk 460 Unk

2/0

40

THREAT CAS AIRCRAFT

Threat Armament Options Combat Range (km)

MiG-21 Fishbed (Russia)

23mm Gun, 30mm Gun Bombs, Rockets

465 – 925

MiG-25 Foxbat (Russia)

Missiles, Bombs 1730

MiG-23/27 Flogger (Russia)

23mm Gun 30mm Gun

Bombs, Rockets 1150

MiG-29 Falcrum (Russia)

30mm Cannon Bombs, Rockets

630-1500

Su-17 Fitter (Russia)

2 x 30mm Guns Bombs, Rockets

330 – 685

Su-24D Fencer (Russia)

23mm Gun Bombs (Inc. nuclear)

Rockets 950

Su-25 Frogfoot (Russia)

30mm Gun Bombs, Rockets

ATGM’s 556

Su-27 Flanker (Russia)

30mm Cannon Gun Pods

Bombs, Rockets 1500

THREAT AIR DEFENSE

THREAT

# of Barrels & Caliber (mm)

Max Effective

Range (m)

Mobility

Crew

M-1939 (Russia)

1 x 37 3000 Towed 8

KS-19M2 (Russia)

1 x 100 4000 (sight) 12600 (radar)

Towed 15

S-60 (Russia)

1 x 57 4000 (sight) 6000 (radar)

Towed 7

ZPU-4 (Russia)

4 x 14.5 1400 Towed 5

ZU-23 (Russia)

2 x 23 3500 Towed 5

Type 65 (China)

2 x 37 2500 Towed 5-8

ZSU-23-4 (Russia)

4 x 23 2500 SP 4

2S6M (Russia)

2 x 30 SA-19

4000 8-10 km

SP 4

ZSU-57-2 (Russia)

2 x 57 12000 SP 6

41

THREAT MISSILES

THREAT

Max Effective

AA Range (km)

Max

Effective Altitude

(km)

# Pods/Rails x # SAM’s

Ready to Fire Mobility

SA-7b Grail 5.5

4.5

Man-portable

SA-14 Gremlin 6

6

Man-portable

SA-16 Gimlet 4.5-5.2

2-3.5 Man-portable

SA-18 Grouse 5

3.5 Man-portable

SA-3 Goa 29

18.3 2 x 1 N/A

SA-5 Gammon 250

29 1 x 1 N/A

SA-6 Gainful 25

15 3 x 1 SP

SA-8b Gecko 15

12 2 x 2 3 x 3 Wheel

SA-10 Grumble 90

27 4 x 1 4 x 4 Wheel

SA-11 Gadfly 36

22 4 x 1 SP

SA-13b Gopher 5-7

3.5 2 x 2

SP BRDM-2

SA-15b Gauntlet 12

6 2 x 4 SP

42

WORLD ARTILLERY, MORTARS, AND ROCKET LAUNCHERS

Rate of Fire

Manufacturer/ Weapon

Basic Range

(Meters)

BB/RAP

Range (Meters)

Max

Sust

Countries Possessing

AUSTRIA GHN-45, 155mm towed

30,300

39,600

7/min

2/min

Iran, Iraq, Thailand

BRAZIL ASTROS II, MRL

30,000 60,000

32/min 4/min

Reload Reload

Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar

CHINA WS-1, 320mm MRL Type 83, 273mm MRL Type 71, 180mm MRL WA 021, 155mm Towed Type 83, 152mm Towed Type 82/85, 130mm MRL Type 59-1, 130mm Towed

30,000 30,400

27,500

80,000 40,000 20,000 39,000 38,000 15,000 38,000

4/min 4/min 10/min 5/min 4/min

60/5min 10/min

Reload Reload Reload 2/min 2/min Reload 10/min

None None None None Iraq Thailand Iran, Iraq, Oman, N Korea, Egypt, Lebanon

FRANCE GCT, 155mm SP GCT, 155mm Towed MkF3, 155mm SP

23,000 24,000 20,000

29,000 32,000 25,000

6/min

3/18sec 3/min

2/min 6/min 1/min

Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia Cyprus Iraq, Kuwait, UAE

GERMANY PzH 2000, 155mm SP

30,000

40,000

3/10 sec

9/min

None

IRAN N10, 450mm MRP

150,000

1/min

2/hour

None

IRAQ ARABEL 100, 400mm MRL ARABEL 50, 262mm MRL

100,000 50,000

4/min 12/min

Reload Reload

None Frmr Yugoslavia, Bosnia Serb Army, Croatia

ISRAEL 845, 155mm Towed M71, 155mm Towed

24,000 23,500

39,000 30,000

5/min 5/min

2/min 2/min

None Singapore, Thailand, South Africa

ITALY PALMARIA, 155mm SP

24,700

30,000

3/20sec

4/min

Libya, Nigeria

NORTH KOREA M1985, 240mm MRL M1987, 170mm SP M46, 130mm SP BM 11, 122mm MRL M1981, 122mm SP M1992, 120mm SP mortar

40,000 27,500

23,900 8,700

43,000

20,500

12/min UNK 6/min 30/min UNK UNK

Reload UNK

1.1/mm Reload UNK UNK

Iran Iran, Iraq None PLO, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Uganda None None

43

WORLD ARTILLERY, MORTARS, AND ROCKET LAUNCHERS, (Continued)

Manufacturer/ Weapon

Basic Range

(Meters)

BB/RAP Range

(Meters)

Rate of Fire

Countries Possessing

RUSSIA/CIS FROG-7, MRL SMERCH, 30mm MRL 2S4, 240mm SP Mortar M240, 240mm T Mortar BM 27, 220mm MRL 2S7, 203mm SP 2S3, 180mm Towed 2S3, 152mm SP 2S19, 152mm SP 2S5, 152mm SP 2A36, 152mm Towed D-20, 152mm Towed BM 14, 122mm MRL BM 21, 140mm MRL 2S1, 122mm SP D-30, 122mm Towed 2S9, 120mm SP Mortar 2S23, 120mm SP Mortar 2B9, 82mm SP/T Mortar

9,600 9,700

37,500

30,400 20,600 24,700 28,400 28,400 17,230

15,300 15,300 8,900 8,900 4,300

70,000

70,000 18,000 18,000

35,000 47,000

43,800 24,000 30,000 37,000 37,000 30,000

9,800

20,400

22,000 22,000 13,000 12,900

1/min

12/min 1/min 1/min

16/min 2/min

1/min 4/min 8/min 5/min 5/min 5/min

16/min

40/min

8/min 8/min 6/min 10/min

120/min

1/hour

Reload 40/hour 38/hour

Reload 2/min

1/2min 1/min 8/min 5/min 1/min 1/min

Reload

Reload

1.1/min 1.1/min 6/min 10/min

Frmr Warsaw Pact, Afghan, Algeria, Cuba, Egypt, Iraq, North Korea, Libya, Syria, Yemen Kuwait, UAE Iraq, Czech Republic IRA, Iraq, North Korea, Egypt Oman, Lebanon Afghanistan, Syria Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia India, Iraq, Egypt, Syria Hungary, Iraq, Libya, Syria None None Finland Algeria, China, Cuba, Egypt, Vietnam, Frmr Yugoslavia Algeria, Afghanistan, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Syria, N Korea, Vietnam China, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, others None China Afghanistan None Hungary

SOUTH AFRICA G-6, 155mm SP G-5, 155mm Towed

30,800 30,200

39,600 39,000

3/21sec 3/min

4/min 3/min

UAE, Oman None

UNITED KINGDOM FH 70, 155mm Towed

24,700

31,500

3/13sec

2/min

Germany, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia

FRMR YOUGOSLAVIA M-77, 128mm MRL

20,600

32/min

Reload

Bosnia, Bosnian Serb Army, Croatia, Iraq, Serbia, Monte Negro

44

ORDNANCE SELECTION GUIDE

Target

Weapon/Ordnance

Personnel: In the open

Mortar-HE/Q or VT Artillery-HE/Q, VT or time; DPICM NGF-HE/Q, VT or time Air-general purpose, fuel air explosive, cluster, firebombs, guns

In fighting holes Mortar-HE/VT Artillery-HE/VT or time NGF-HE/VT or time Air-fuel air explosive, general purpose, cluster

Under light cover Mortar-HE/Delay Artillery-HE/Delay or HE/Q/VT mix NGF-HE/Delay Air-general purpose, rockets, guns, cluster

Under heavy cover

Artillery-HE/CP, HE/Q, Copperhead NGF-armor piercing or HE/Delay Air-general purpose, guided weapons

Armored vehicles Mortar- HE/Q or VT Artillery- HE/Q, VT, or time; DPICM; Copperhead NGF-HE/Q or delay Air-guided weapons, general purpose, rockets, guns, cluster

Field Artillery Artillery-DPICM, HE/VT, WP, FASCAM NGF-HE/Q or VT, WP Air-cluster, guided weapons, general purpose bombs

Antiaircraft artillery: Automatic

Mortar-HE/VT, WP Artillery-DPICM, HE/VT, WP, smoke NGF-HE/Q or VT, WP Air-cluster, guided weapons, general purpose bombs, firebombs, guns

Self-propelled

Same as armored vehicles

45

ORDNANCE SELECTION GUIDE, (Continued)

Missile launcher Mortar-HE/VT Artillery-DPICM, HE/VT NGF-HE/Q or VT Air-missiles, guided and cluster weapons, general purpose, firebombs

Radar Installations Mortar-HE/Q or VT Artillery-DPICM, HE/VT NGF-HE/Q or VT Air-missiles, guided/cluster weapons, general purpose, fuel air explosive, guns, rockets

Field fortifications Mortar-HE/Delay, WP Artillery-HE/CP or delay, DPICM, WP NGF-HE/CP or delay, HE/Q, WP Air-general purpose, guided bombs, rockets

Supply depots/dumps Mortar-HE/VT, WP Artillery-HE/VT or time, DPICM, WP NGF-HE/VT or time, WP Air-cluster, firebombs, general purpose, guided bombs, rockets

Land transportation: Roads

Mortar-HE/Delay Artillery-HE/Delay or CP, FASCAM NGF-HE/Delay or CP Air-general purpose bombs

Trucks Mortar-HE/Q or VT, WP Artillery-HE/Q or VT, DPICM, WP NGF-HE/Q or VT, WP Air-guided missiles and cluster weapons, general purpose, guns, rockets

Buildings Mortar-HE/Delay, HE/Q or VT, WP Artillery-HE/CP or delay, HE/Q, WP NGF-HE/CP or delay, HE/Q, WP Air-guided bombs and missiles, general purpose

46

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES Permissive Battlefield Coordination Line (BCL) The BCL facilitates the expeditious attack of surface targets of opportunity between the measure and the FSCL. Coordinated Fire Line (CFL) The CFL is a line beyond which conventional, indirect, surface fire support means may fire at any time within the zone of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination. Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL) The FSCL delineates the coordination requirements for the attack of surface targets beyond the coordinating measure. It applies to all fires using any type of ammunition against surface targets. Forces attacking beyond an FSCL must coordinate with all affected commanders in sufficient time to allow necessary reaction to avoid fratricide. Free Fire Area (FFA) An FFA is a specific designated area into which any weapon system may fire without additional coordination with the establishing headquarters. Restrictive No-Fire Area (NFA) An NFA is an area where no fires or effects of fires are allowed. Two exceptions are when establishing headquarters approves fires temporarily with the NFA on a mission-by-mission basis, and when an enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force. Restrictive Fire Area (RFA) An RFA is an area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires that exceed those restrictions will not be delivered without prior coordination with the establishing headquarters. Restrictive Fire Line (RFL) An RFL is a line established between converging friendly forces that prohibits fires, or effects from fires, across the line without coordination with the affected force. Airspace Coordination Area (ACA) An ACA is a three-dimensional block of airspace in a target area, established by the appropriate ground commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. An ACA may be formal or informal.

47

COMMON MILITARY SYMBOLS

Fire Support Coordination Graphics

Permissive Restrictive

48

TARGETS

49

POSITION, FRAMES, UNIT SIZES

50

UNIT TYPES

51

WEAPONS, POINTS, MANEUVERS

OBSTACLES

52

TARGET LIST WORK SHEET For use of this form, see FM 6-20; the proponent agency is TRADOC

SHEET _____ OF _____ LINE

# TARGET #

a DESCRIPTION

b LOCATION

c ALTITUDE

d ATTITUDE

e SIZE SOURCE /

ACCURACY h

REMARKS i

LENGTH f

WIDTH g

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

( ) SCHEDULING WORK SHEET

REMARKS LINE NO.

ORGANIZA-TION AND CALIBER

FIRING UNITS

55

ARTILLERY/MORTAR TEMPLATE “_____ this is _____, (AF / FFE), (POLAR / SHIFT),____________________, over” (Target #/KN PT)

Break transmission for FDC read back “Grid: ____________________, over” Polar: “Dir______ Dist______ U/D______ VA______, over” Shift: “Dir______ R/L______ +/-______ U/D______, over”


Target Description: “____________________________________________”

Method of Engagement: “____________________________________________”

(See page 6)

Method of Fire and Control: “_______________________________________, over” (See page 7)


Message to Observer

“MTO_______________, _____________________, ________, _____________ (Firing Units) (Change to CFF) (Rds i/e) (Target Number)

_______________, __________, __________” Break “Direction ________, over” (PEr) (Angle T) (TOF) (If using a grid mission)

Adjustments



End of Mission

“_____, _____, _____, __________, End of Mission, ________________, over” (L/R) (+/-) (U/D) (Target #) (Surveillance)

56

SEAD TEMPLATE

“________this is________, SEAD, (POLAR/SHIFT), ____________, over” (FDC) (FO) (Target #/KN PT)

“Grid to Suppress_________________,

Grid to Mark _________________, over” (‘Negative Mark’ if Arty is not marking)

“____________________________, ______________________________

(ADA system type) (Shell/Fuze, if other than standard)

______________________________________________ (Interrupted/Continuous/Non-standard, include timeline)

CAS TOT____________, over”

Timelines

57

SMOKE TEMPLATE

Quick Smoke “_______, this is _______, adjust fire, over” (FDC) (FO) “Grid __________, over” “Screen _______________________, (Target Description)

Length: __________________ MTL: ___________________ DIR: ___________________ Time: ___________________, smoke in effect, over”

Friendly Forces

Enemy Location

58

NAVAL GUNFIRE TEMPLATE

“_____ this is _____, Fire Mission, target number ________________, over” (assign from block)

Break transmission for ship read back

“Grid: ____________, Altitude ____________, Direction ____________,

Polar: “Dir ____________ Dist ____________ U/D ____________ ,

Shift: “From reference point (target number) ____________, Dir ____________, R/L ____________ +/- ____________ U/D ____________,

Include

Target Description: ________________________________________

Method of Engagement: ________________________________________ (See page 23)

Method of Control: ________________________________________, over” (See page 24)

Break transmission for ship read back Pre-Firing Report

“_______________, _______________, Ready, _______________, Break…. Fire, over” (GTL) (LOF/illum only) (TOF)

“First Salvo at _______________, _______________, _______________”

(Point of Aim) (Summit) (Changes)

Adjustments



End of Mission

“_____, _____, _____, Record as Target ________, End of Mission, ___________, over” (L/R) (+/-) (U/D) (Target #) (Surveillance)

59

GURF REPORT

LINE A (Call Sign): _______________________________________ LINE B (Ship off-station): ________________________________________ LINE C (Firing Loc/Track): _______________________________________ LINE D (Reduced Cap): ________________________________________ LINE E (Ammo Avail/Type):_______________________________________ LINE F (Other): ________________________________________

60

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61

COMMUNICATIONS FREQUENCY CHART

Net (Type) Primary Secondary Callsign

TACP Local (VHF) _________ _________ _________

TAR (HF) _________ _________ _________

TAD 1 (UHF/VHF) _________ _________ _________

TAD 2 (UHF/HF) _________ _________ _________

FAC (A) (UFH/VHF) _________ _________ _________

TAC (A) (HF/UHF) _________ _________ _________

LF FSCC (VHF) _________ _________ _________

BN FSCC (VHF) _________ _________ _________

ARTY COF (VHF) _________ _________ _________

MORTAR COF (VHF) _________ _________ _________

NGF SPOT (HF) _________ _________ _________

CO TAC 1 (VHF) _________ _________ _________

CO TAC 2 (VHF) _________ _________ _________

BN TAC 1 (VHF) _________ _________ _________

BN TAC 1 (VHF) _________ _________ _________

_________ _________ _________ _________

______ ______ ______ ______

Documents

Fire Support FIST FSC Handbook