ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

FIRES IN MINE WASTE DUMPS AND CONNECTED HAZARD FOR ENVIRONMENT,

POLISH EXPERIENCESPOLISH EXPERIENCES

Zenon Różański

Paweł Wrona

1

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

1. Waste material from coal mines in Poland

2. Fire hazard on coal waste dump

3 Gases emission to the atmosphere3. Gases emission to the atmosphere

4. Prevention and extinguishing

2

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

1. Waste material from coal mines in Poland

3

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Production of coal waste in Poland (GUS)

41 tone of coal around 0,4 tone of waste material

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Coal waste utilization in Poland (GUS)

5

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Until recently there were 136 coal waste dumps inside The Upper Silesia Region and approx. 750mln Mg of waste material were being located therebeing located there. Total area was approx. 3500ha

Coal waste dumps are located mainly in t l t f Th U Sil i C lcentral part of The Upper Silesian Coal

Basin, near the cities: Ruda Śląska, Zabrze, Bytom, Katowice and inside Rybnik Coal Region

The Upper Silesian Coal Basin

Rybnik Coal Region

PIG 2001

6

PIG 2001

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

The coal waste dump “Skalny” of Bolesław SmiałyThe coal waste dump Skalny of Bolesław Smiały Coal Mine in Laziska Gorne

The coal waste dump „Szarlota” of Rydułtowy-Anna Coal Mine – the largest conic dumps in Poland

7

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Mineral composition of mine wastes in Poland, % (Skarżyńska 1997)

Mineral Content, %

Illite 28 - 82

Kaolinite 9 - 65

Mixture of layers:sility-montmorillinite 0 - 5

Chl it 0 10Chlorite 0 - 10

Quartz 3 - 37

Pyrite 0 - 8

Coal substance 15 - 30

8

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Petrography composition of coal wastes in The Upper Silesia (Skarżyńska 1988)

Kind of rock Content, %

Claystones 40 – 98

Mudstones 2 – 40

Carbonaceous shales 2 – 25

Sandstones 0 – 33

Coal 3 – 10

9

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

2. Fire hazard on coal waste dump

10

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Fires exogenous – external heat sources

Fires endogenous – oxidation of coal substance

There are three necessary conditions causing endogenous fire process:

presence of sufficient quantity of a flammable material• presence of sufficient quantity of a flammable material,

• easy air flow to the inside of a dump,

• possibility of heat accumulation in a dump.

11

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

I th f i d i t th ti ith i ifi t h t t t d thIn the presence of air and moisture, the reactions with significant heat output proceed on the surface of coal grains included in wastes :

C + O2 CO2 + Q

2C + O2 2CO + Q

C + 2H2O CO2 + 2H2 + Q

In addition, the other reactions occur :

C + CO2 2CO – Q

C +H2O CO + H2 – Q

C +2H2 CH4 – Q

where: Q - heat

12

where: Q heat

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

And next exothermic reactions :

2CO O 2CO 570 2 kJ/ l2CO + O2 2CO2 + 570,2 kJ/mol

2H2 + O2 2H2O + 231,5 kJ/mol

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O + 890,9 kJ/mol4 2 2 2 ,

CO + H2O CO2 + H2 + 40,4 kJ/mol

Oxidation of pyrite, sulfur and hydrogen sulfide :

2FeS2 + 7O2 + 2H2O 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 + Q

S + O2 SO2 + Q

2H2S + 3O2 2H2O + 2SO2 + Q

13

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

3. Gases emission to the atmosphere

14

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Burning surface of coal waste dump – gases emission to the atmosphere

15

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Measurements of gas velocity and of concentration of gases

16

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

CO2 CO H2 CH4 C2H6

Mean concentration Si and values of emission Ei of the basic fire gases from unitary surface (1m2) of thermally active dump

Si % vol. 4,363 1,1765 0,3614 0,27 0,048

Si g/m3 85701,79 14706,25 322,6786 2169,643 642,8571

Ei 10-3 m3/s 0 13521 0 03646 0 0112 0 00837 0 00149Ei 10 m /s 0,13521 0,03646 0,0112 0,00837 0,00149

Ei kg/year 8375,64 1437,24 31,54 212,04 62,83

Considering an assumption that there is hypothetical small dump with area equals 10 ha and intensive

fire is at 5 % of surface (0,5 ha) and intensity of the process is constant, therefore total gases stream

could be 15,5 m3/s = 5580 m3/h.

Emission of selected gases from would be: ECO2 = 41 878,2 Mg/year;

E = 1 060 2 Mg/year;ECH4 = 1 060,2 Mg/year;ECO = 7 186,2 Mg/year;

EH2 = 157,7 Mg/year;

EC2H6 = 314,15 Mg/year.

17

Considering potential emission of CH4 (Global Warming Potential for CH4 is 21 times higher than GWP for CO2) –annual emission of gases influencing and increasing green house effect equals 60 000 MgCO2eq.

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Waste material temperature in examined area85°C

65°C

151°Csurface

65 C165°C

242°Cdepth 0,25 m

250°C

242 C200°C

93°C

depth 0,25 m

250°C

400°C 130°C463°C 492°Cdepth 1,0 m

18

400 C460°C

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

High temperature and limited oxygen access

low temperature carbonization or even coking during which coal is under thermal decomposition (pyrolisys)

Dark stains at the surface – it’s the effect of coal pyrolisys and condensation of its products

• sulfur dioxide SO2

Other gas productswhich may be emmited :

• nitrogen dioxide NO2• aliphatic and aromatic

hydrocarbons• hydrogen sulfide H2S• coal disulfide CS2

Smell discomfort

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Smell discomfort

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Dusting during operating process of the dump

20

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

4. Prevention and extinguishing

21

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Monitoring - quick detection of the dumps thermal activity

Methods of the thermal state estimation:

Monitoring - quick detection of the dumps thermal activity

Methods of the thermal state estimation:

• Observation of external symptoms of self-heating process,

• Control of the interior atmosphere of the dump, mainly the tests of CO, CO2 contents as well as oxygen concentration drop,

• Waste material temperature measurement on the dump surface or/and inside it.

22

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

External symptoms of self-heating process

23

Flames, steam and fume emission of the dump surface

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

External symptoms of self-heating process

Disappearing of snow cover during winter time

24

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

External symptoms of self-heating process

Dark stains on the surface

25Sulphur efflorescence

at the fume emission places

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Control of the interior atmosphere of the dump -mainly the tests of CO, CO2 and O2 contentsy 2 2

26

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Measurement of waste material temperature

Infrared Pyrometer – measurements ofsurface temperature

IR mapping (Thermovision) as a way to controlIR mapping (Thermovision) as a way to control thermal activity of a dump

27Phot. www.testo.pl

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Measurement of waste material temperature

Measurement inside the dump

Thermometers with special temperature sensors (thermocouples)(thermocouples)

28

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Extinguishing and prevention of spontaneous fires l t don coal waste dumps

Prevention consists in reduce one of three conditions necessary to endogenous fire process In practice it’s realized by:endogenous fire process. In practice it s realized by:

- reduction of flammable components in waste material,- cut off or limitation of oxygen accesscut off or limitation of oxygen access,- limitation of heat accumulation possibility.

There are many methods used on Polish coal waste dumps with better or worse effects.It isresult of many years of experiences of research institutes, coal mines and companies dealingwith land reclamation (Central Mining Institute, Institute of Mining SUT, Barosz-Gwimet andothers)

29

others).

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

High pressure injection of water-ash mixtures into a dump

Hole with perforated pipe

po¿arfire

materia³ odpadowy

stanowisko przygotownia pulpy popio³owo-wodnejwater-ash mixturepreparation stand

waste material

30

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

High pressure injection of water-ash mixtures into a dump

po¿arfire

materia³ odpadowy

stanowisko przygotownia pulpy popio³owo-wodnejwater-ash mixturepreparation stand

waste material

31

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

High pressure injection of water-ash mixtures into a dump

po¿arfire

Air-tight zone

materia³ odpadowy

stanowisko przygotownia pulpy popio³owo-wodnejwater-ash mixturepreparation stand

waste material

32

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension

Waste materialfire

33

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension

Waste materialfire

34

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension

Waste materialfire

35

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension

Waste materialfire

36

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension

37

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Forming of thickened reclamation embankment around the dump and filling the area between the dump

and embankment with ash water suspensionand embankment with ash-water suspension

insulation trench

coal waste dump

reclamation embankment

fireWaste material

38

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Forming of thickened reclamation embankment around the dump and filling the area between the dump

and embankment with ash water suspensionand embankment with ash-water suspension

39

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Forming of thickened reclamation embankment around the dump and filling the area between the dump

and embankment with ash water suspensionand embankment with ash-water suspension

40

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Enclosure of a dump with compacted waste material and with special chimneys left (chimney should be made from coarse grained material)- (chimney should be made from coarse-grained material)

coal waste dump

reclamation

coarse-grained material

embankment

Waste material

41

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Exploitation of burning material and its simultaneous cooling out

42

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Extinguishing and cooling down the dump with inert gas (carbon dioxide)

43

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Cooling and heat recovery from the thermal active coal waste dumps

by vertical concentric heat exchangersby vertical concentric heat exchangers

0 3m

insulating layer

w

waste material fire

warm water

cold water

0 3m

440 3m

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Reclamation of coal waste dumps

Reclamation of areas devastated by the industry (including coal waste dumps) is divided into four stages:

- preparation (documentation),

- basic (technical),

- detailed (biological),

- land development.

Coal waste dump of Rydultowy-Anna Coal Mine –

45

one of several reclaimed objects - recreational direction with sport objects

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

ConclusionsTwo major directions:

Basing on foreign experiences – necessity of reclamation and waste dumps management -significant outlay is required.

Taking advantages from nowadays road engineering works – profits for Coal Companies d l dand land recovery.

46Alpine Center on coal waste dump in Bottrop

(phot. MGG)Constuction of A1 highway near Gliwice

(phot. A. Grygiel)

Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

Thank you for your attention

47

Silesian University of Technology, Department of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Poland

ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010

References

Barosz, S., Tabor, A. 2004. Nowe sposoby ograniczania pozarów w zwałowiskach odpadów górniczcyh na przykładzie doświadczeń z obiektów kopalń„Anna”, „Rydułtowy”, „Marcel” i „Chwałowice”. 9th Scientifically-Technical Conference proceedings: Działania proekologiczne samomorządówterytorialnych oraz zakładów przemysłowych subregionu zachodniego województwa śląskiego po wstąpieniu do UE. NOT SITG, Jastrzębie Zdrój, 20October 2004, 333-338(in Polish).Buchwald, P., Korski, J. 2006. Zastosowanie ciekłego CO2 do profilaktyki i zwalczania ognisk pozarowych składowisk odpadów pogórniczych. Proceedingsof Conference 4 Szkola Aerologii Górniczej, Krakow, 2006 (in Polish).COOL’S 2009. Project in frame of the Innovative Economy Programme of European Funds "System zarzadzania likwidacja emisji CO2 ze zwałowiskodpadów powęglowych" Central Mining Institute & The Silesian University of Technology, Poland 2009, http://cools.gig.euKorski, J., Henslok, P., Friede, R. 2005: Uwagi o przyczynach powstawania pozarow skladowisk odpadow gorniczych, zwalczaniu pozarow i profilaktyceprzeciwpozarowej. Seminarium Instytutu Mechaniki Gorotworu Krakow: PAN (in Polish)Molka, M. 1999. Czy zwałowiska górnicze musza się palić? Ekoprofit, no. 9 (in Polish).Rocznik statystyczny przemysłu. Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 1984-2009 (in Polish).Rozanski Z., 2009. The potential gas emission from a thermally active coal waste dump. Kwartalnik Górnictwo i Geologia. T. 4, z. 3. Wyd. PolitechnikiiŚląskiej. Gliwice 2009, 103-109.Saranczuk, W. I. 1978. Borba s gorienijem parodnych otwalow. Kijow: Naukowa Dumka (in Russian).Sikorska-Mayakowska, M., Barszcz, A., Grabowski, D., Lewandowski, P., Strzelecki R., 2001. Waloryzacja środowiska przyrodniczego i identyfikacja jegozagrożeń na terenie województwa śląskiego. Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Śląskiego, Warsaw (in Polish).Skarzynska, K.M., Kozielska-Sroka E., Setmajer J., 1988. Charakterystyka petrograficzna odpadów powęglowych w aspekcie ich wykorzystania wbudownictwie hydrotechnicznym. Przegląd Górniczy no 3, 1988 (in Polish).Skarzynska, K.M., 1997. Odpady powęglowe i ich zastosowanie w inżynierii lądowej i wodnej. Krakow: Wyd. Akad. Roln (in Polish).Stochlak J., Szczerbinski J., 1981. Własności chemiczne i fizyczne skal przywęgłowych i odpadów przeróbczych Lubelskiego Zagłębia Węglowego.Przegląd Górniczy No. 5 (in Polish).Sulkowski, J., Drenda, J., Rozanski, Z., Wrona, P. 2008. Noticed in mining areas, environmental hazard connected with outflow of gases from abandonedmines and with spontaneous ignition of coal waste dumps. Proceedings of 21st World Mining Congress. 7-11 September 2008. Gospodarka SurowcamiMineralnymi. t. 24, z. 3/1, Wydaw. IGSMiE PAN, Krakow 2008 , 319-333Szafer, M. 1985. Nowe metody prewencji pożarowej i rekultywacji technicznej zwałów odpadów kopalnianych. Przegląd Górniczy no 9. Katowice: Wyd.SITG (in Polish)Szczepanska, J., 1987. Zwałowiska odpadów węgla kamiennego jako ogniska zanieczyszczeń środowiska wodnego. Zeszyty Naukowe AGH, Geologia nr35 (in Polish).Urbanski H., 1983. Rekultywacja techniczna usypisk odpadów kopalnianych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zwalczania pożarów. Training proceedingsSITG. Wyd. SITG, Katowice 1983 (in Polish).