First Aid

First AidFirst Aid

Chapter 4

Bleeding and Shock

External BleedingExternal Bleeding

Blood can be seen coming from an open wound


Hemorrhage: large amount of blood in a

short time


Types:

3 types.

Classified according to

source.

Arterial Venous Capillary


Types: ArterialBlood spurts from woundMost serious

Blood lost at a fast rate

Less likely to clot

Arteries carry blood away from the heart


Types:

Venous

Flows steadily

Easier to control

Deep vein cuts can

be hard to control

Veins return blood to the heart


Types: CapillaryBlood oozesUsually not seriousCan be easily controlledOften will clot by itself

Capillaries connect veins and arteries


What to do:

First Aid is the same regardless of type of bleeding


What to do:

Control the Bleeding!


What to do:

Put on gloves.

Apply pressure to wound with a clean or sterile gauze pad (4x4).


What to do:

Elevate above the heart.

Reduces blood flow.


What to do:

Wrap with kling or kerlex.


What to do:

Tie directly over wound


What to do:

Check pulse below dsg site

Radial

Post Tib


What to do:

If bleeding does not stop in 10 minutes:

Press harder over a wider area for another 10 minutes.


What to do:

If bleeding continues use pressure point above dsg site

Pressure point:

Brachial

Femoral

brachial

femoral


What NOT to do:

Touch wound with bare hands


What NOT to do:

Use direct pressure on an eye wound


What NOT to do:Remove a blood soaked bandage. (instead you should apply another on top.)

Removing a blood soaked bandage is

like removing a scab.


What NOT to do:

Apply the bandage too tight

Will cut off circulation.

Internal BleedingInternal Bleeding

Skin is unbroken.

Blood is not visible.

Can be difficult to

detect.Can be life threatening.


What to look for:Bruises

Painful, tender, rigid abdomen

Fractured ribs

Vomiting or coughing up blood

Stools that are black or have bright red blood


What to do:Monitor ABCH

If vomiting, keep lying on side

Treat for shock

SMA

Do not give anything to

eat or drink.

ShockShock

Circulatory System Failure.3 components in the Circulatory System:

Pump: heartPipes: vessels

Fluid:blood

ShockShock

Most seriously injured victims should automatically be treated for shock

ShockShock

3 Types: Pump failure Fluid Loss Pipe Failure

ShockShock

Pump failure:Failure of

to pump sufficient blood.

Ex: heart attack

ShockShock

Fluid Loss:Loss of significant amount of fluid from body. Usually blood

Could also be from fluid loss

through: burns

diarrhea vomiting

ShockShock

Pipe Failure:Blood vessels enlarge and blood supply is not enough to fill them

Spinal cord damage

DrugsExtreme fear, fright

ShockShock

What to look for:

Pulse rapid, weak

Nausea, vomiting

Skin: pale, bluish, cold, clammy, profuse sweating

Breathing, shallow, labored, rapid Pupils: dull or dilated

ShockShock

What to do:Lay down Cover with blanket

Elevate legs (8-12 inches)

ShockShock

What NOT to do:Raise legs if suspect spine injury or stroke

ShockShock

What NOT to do:Place victims with breathing difficulties, heart attack or eye injuries on their backs.

(They need head elevated)

ShockShockWhat NOT to do:Place 3rd trimester pregnant victim on their back.

(Place on left side instead)

Right side

Left side

ShockShock

What NOT to do:

Raise the legs more than 12 inches.

Effects breathing.

Abd organ s push up against

diaphragm

AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis

Life threatening allergic reaction


Common Causes: Medications Food Insect stings Plant pollen Radiological

dyes

AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxisWhat to look for: Sneezing, coughing,

wheezing SOB Swelling in throat,

tongue or mouth Rapid pulse Cyanosis Dizziness Nausea/vomiting


What to do: Check ABC SMA Help victim use

epinephrine

(if they have epipen)

Learning Activities 4Learning Activities 4

1. 1. Most cases of bleeding Most cases of bleeding require more than direct require more than direct pressurepressure. .

No

Bleeding


2. Remove an d replace 2. Remove an d replace blood soaked dressingsblood soaked dressings. .

No

Bleeding


3. 3. Elevate and use direct Elevate and use direct pressure to control pressure to control bleedingbleeding. .

Yes

Bleeding


4. If direct pressure and 4. If direct pressure and elevation do not control elevation do not control bleeding, use a tourniquetbleeding, use a tourniquet. .

No

Bleeding


5. 5. Tourniquets are often Tourniquets are often neededneeded. .

No

Bleeding

Learning Activities 4Learning Activities 4ScenerioScenerio: 25y/o badly cut on thigh with saw. : 25y/o badly cut on thigh with saw.

Blood flowing heavy. Cut is 6-8 Blood flowing heavy. Cut is 6-8

inchesinches long. What to do? long. What to do?

Apply pressure

Elevate

Femoral pressure point if needed


1. 1. Most severely injured Most severely injured victims should have victims should have their legs raisedtheir legs raised..

Yes

Shock


2. 2. Give the victim Give the victim something to drink.something to drink.

No

Shock


3. 3. Put blankets under and Put blankets under and over the victim.over the victim.

Yes

Shock


4. 4. If head injuries,place If head injuries,place on side.on side.

No

Shock


5. 5. If breathing difficulties, or If breathing difficulties, or chest injury, place on chest injury, place on back with legs raised.back with legs raised.

No

Shock


Tx for shock

Elevate legs

Cove with blanket

No food or drink

Shock scenario: bleeding controlled. Pale, anxious and restless. What to do?


1.1. Anaphylaxis is another form of fainting

No

Anaphylaxis


2.2. Anaphylaxis can kill

Yes

Anaphylaxis


3.3. Ask the victim if they have Dr.Rx epinephrine

Yes

Anaphylaxis


Check ABC

SMA

Use epipen if available

Anaphylaxis scenario:Susan weeding. Begins slapping her legs. Stung by yellow jackets. Feels hot, is coughing, sneezing, wheezing. Face is getting puffy. What to do?

First Aid KitFirst Aid Kit

Item Quantity

4 x 4 1

Gloves 1 pair

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First Aid