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First Aid: Basics TheCHEERingTeam
Basic first aid • Basicfirstaidissomethingthatanyonecando!• Seeminglysmallactssuchasthesecangreatlydecreasepotentialsufferingandmortality
• Youprobablyalreadyknowsomebasicfirstaid!• Puttingacoldclothonsomeonewithafever• Pattingsomeoneonthebackwhentheyarechoking
One important thing to remember: • AlwaysmakesurethatYOUaresafewhengivingfirstaid• Washyourhandsbeforeandafterhelpingsomeone• Wearglovesifpossible• Removeanyhazardousobjects(e.g.,brokenglass)beforeapproaching
• Bleeding• Recognisingsignsofinfection
• Burns• Choking• HeatExhaustion&HeatStroke
• Fainting• Unconscious&breathing• Panicattacks
First aid we will learn today:
Bleeding • Bleedingiswhenbloodexitsthebodythroughawoundintheskin
• Whataretherisks?• Lossofblood–whatiscomingout• Infectionenteringthewound–whatisgoingin
• Bleedingcanbemoreorlessserious.Whatshouldyoudo?• Inallcases,applypressureandelevatethewoundabovethelevelofthehearttostopthebleeding
• Cleanthewoundwithcleanwaterand/oriodine• Youcanthencoveritusingaplasterorgauze(ifitisasmallwoundthatyoucancleanorabandage(ifitisabigwound)
• Avoidputtingcreamsinthewoundifpossible,asthiscanintroduceinfection
Bleeding: more serious situations • Ifthereissomethinginthewound(e.g.,apieceofglass):• Applypressuresideways(squeezingtheedgesofthewoundtogether),NOTontop
• Don’ttaketheobjectout,unlessitisverysmall,asthiscouldmakethebleedingworse
• Takethemtohospitalifpossible
• Ifthebleedingisverysevere:• Thepersonmaybecomecold,pale,andsweaty.Thisiscalled“medicalshock”
• “Medicalshock”meanstheyhavelostalargeamountofbloodandtheirorgansarestruggling
• Totreatthis,liethepersonontheirback(withthewoundstillelevated)andraisetheirlegsup(e.g.,onachair).Thishelpsreturnbloodtotheirvitalorgans
• Thencallanambulance–medicalshockisverysevereandneedstobeseenbyadoctor
Nosebleeds • Nosebleedsarequitecommon,especiallyinchildren,andareusuallynothingtoworryabout• Don’tworryifthereisquitealotofblood–thenosecontainsmanyfragilebloodvessels,soitcanbleedalotHowever,thisnormallyisn’taproblem
• Totreatanosebleed:• Pinchthesoftpartofthenose• Sitthepersondownandleanthemforwards(notbackwards!)
• Wait!
• Whenshouldyouworryaboutanosebleed?• Ifthebloodcomingoutofthenoseisthinandwatery(thiscouldindicateaheadinjury)
• Ifthebleedinglastsforover30minutes
Bruising
• Bruisinghappenswhenbrokenbloodvesselsleakbloodundertheskin,causingpainandswelling• Totreatbruising:
• Applyice,placingathinclothorlayerbetweentheiceandskintopreventfrostbite
• Applyicefor20minutesatatime—20minon,20minoff
Recognising signs of infection • Manywoundswillnotgetinfectedbecausethebody’simmunesystemissostrong,eveninbabies!
• Keysignsofinfectiontolookoutfor:• Atthesiteofthewound:
• Swelling(theskinbeginstolook“tight”andshiny)• Redness• Pain• Heat• Pus
• Intherestofthebody:• Fever/chills• Nausea/vomiting• Fatigue• Swollenlymphnodesintheneckorarmpit
• Ifyouareseeingthesesigns,youneedtogotoadoctortogetantibioticsorothertreatment
Burns • Whataretherisks?
• Infection• Skindamage&scarring
• Typicalsymptomsofburntskin:• Redness• Swelling• Blisters&peelingskin(afteralittlewhile)
• Totreataburn:• Continuouslycooltheareausingrunning,coldwaterforatleast10minutes,oruntilthepainstops
Burns: do’s and don’ts DO:• Cooltheburnusingcoldwater• Looselycovertheburnedareawithaclean,dry,andnon-fluffymaterial(e.g.,clingfilm,acleanplasticbag,anon-fluffytowel)
• Payspecialattentioniftheburn:• Islargerthanthesizeofthe
person’shand• Isontheface,hands,orfeet• Doesnotcauseblisteringand
theseislittlepain(thisisasignthattheburnisverydeep)
• Ifoneofthesearethecase,youmayhavetoseeadoctor
DON’T:• Useice:thisdamagestheskin
• Useburncreams:thesecanintroduceinfection
• Wrapanythingaroundtheburncompletely,astheburnmayswellandthenthebandagewouldcutoffbloodsupplytopartsofthebodybeyondthebandage
Choking • Chokinghappenswhenanobjectgetsstuckintheairway,reducingorcompletelystoppingbreathing
• Signsofchoking:• Difficultybreathing,coughing,andspeaking(e.g.,wheezing,cannotcough)
• Red/purple,puffyface• Signsofdistressorpanic• Pointingtothroatorneck
• Wetreatchokingdifferentlyinbabiesandlargerchildren/adults
Choking: babies • Babiesoftenputthingsintheirmouths,somaychokeatanytime,onanything!
• Whatshouldyoudo?1. Laythebabyface-downonyourthigh.Supporttheir
head.Hitthebabybetweentheshoulderbladesusingtheheelofyourhand,upto5times.
2. Checkthebaby’smouthbyturningthebabyface-up.Removeanythingobviousthatyoucansee.
3. Ifthisdoesn’twork,use2fingerstogivedownwardchestthruststotrytomovetheobject.Repeatupto5times.
4. Ifstillchoking,youwillneedtotakethebabytohospitalimmediately.Repeatsteps1-3untilyougetthere.
• Let’stryit!
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3
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Choking: larger children & adults • Theprocedureissimilar,butyoucanuseabitmoreforce
• Whatshouldyoudo?1. Encouragethepersontocough.Iftheycancough,they
maybeabletoclearitwithouthelp.Iftheycannotcough,youwillneedtohelpthem
2. Leanthepersonforwards,andslapthemonthebackbetweentheirshoulderswiththeheelofyourhand,upto5times
3. Checkiftheobjectisgoneandtheycanbreathe4. Ifthisdoesn’twork,standbehindthemandputyourarms
aroundthem.Putonefistbetweenthebottomoftheirribsandtheirbellybutton.Putyourotherhandontop,andsqueezeupwardsandinwardssharply,upto5times
5. Checkiftheobjectisgoneandtheycanbreathe6. Ifthisisn’tworking,callanambulanceandrepeatsteps
1-5untiltheygettohospital
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Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke • Heatexhaustionandheatstrokearebotharecausedbyexposuretoextremeheat• Heatexhaustionhappensfirstand,ifleftuntreated,canprogresstoheatstroke
• Whataretherisks?• Heatstrokecancausedamagetothemajorbodyorgansandsystems
• Heatstrokecanbelife-threatening
• Signsofheatexhaustion:• Heavysweating,goosebumpsoncold,clammyskin,rapidandweakpulse,dizziness,nausea
• Signsofheatstroke:• Hot,red,dryskin,rapidandstrongpulse,confusedmentalstate,nauseaandvomiting,rapidbreathing
Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke • Keydifferences
• Heatexhaustion:Lotsofsweat;cool,pale,clammyskin• Heatstroke:Nosweat;hot,ret,dryskin
• Whatshouldyoudo?• HeatExhaustion
• Moveoutofdirectheatexposure• Loosenorremoveclothing• Runcoolwateroverskin,orcoverskinincoolwettowel
• Drinkrehydratingfluids• Heatstroke
• Callanambulance• Inthemeantime,movetocoolerplace,applyiceorcooltowelstoneck,armpits,andgroin,donotgiveanythingtodrink
Fainting • Faintingisashortperiodofunconsciousness
• Ithappenswhenthebraindoesnotreceiveenoughbloodfromthebody
• Oftenthepersonwillfalltothegroundorslumpintheirchair
• Commoncausesoffainting:• Standingupforlongperiodsoftime,especiallywhenit’shot
• Emotionalstress• Pain• Fear(e.g.,phobiasofbloodorneedles)• Hormonal/nutritionalimbalances(ex.Iron-deficiency)
• Faintingisusuallynothingserious–thepersonwillwakeupveryquickly(althoughprobablywithaheadache!)
Fainting • Totreatfainting:
• Raisetheirlegsontoachair,orkneeldownandputtheirlegsonyourshoulders• Thishelpsreturnbloodtotheirbrainsothattheywillrecoverfaster
• Openawindoworfanthemtocoolthemdown• Iftheyhitanythingwhentheyfell,checkforawound(e.g.,onthebackofthehead)
• Thesecanalsobedoneifsomeonefeelsfaintbuthasnotyetcollapsed
Unconscious and breathing • Whensomeoneisunconscious,youneedtocheckiftheyarebreathing• Tilttheirchinup–thisstopsthetonguefromblockingtheirairway
• Then:• Look• Listen• Feel
• Iftheyarebreathing,youneedtoputthemintherecoveryposition
• Iftheyarenotbreathing,administerCPRifyouknowhowtodososafelyandeffectively
Treating unconsciousness: Recovery position for babies
• Thepositionaimstokeeptheairwayopen,andallowanyspitorvomittodrainfromthemouthsothatthepersondoesnotchoke
• Forbabies:• Holdthebabyinyourarmswiththeirheadtilteddownwards
• Callanambulance
Treating unconsciousness: Recovery position for adults • Foradults:
1. Callanambulance.2. Putthearmclosesttoyouatarightangle,with
thepalmfacingup(likea‘Stop’signal).3. Taketheotherhand,andplacethebackofthe
handtothecheeknearestyou.Holdthishandinplace.
4. Withyourotherhand,liftthekneefurthestawayfromyouuntilitisbent,withthefootflatonthefloor.
5. Rollthepersontowardsyouusingtheirkneeasalever.
6. Straightenthetoplegsothatitisatarightangle,tostopthemrollingbackover.
7. Opentheairwaybytiltingthechinup.
Panic attacks • Apanicattackisasuddenfeelingofverystronganxiety,fear,ordiscomfort.Panicattackscanlastfrom5to30minutes• Panicattacksarepsychological,accompaniedbyphysicalsymptoms:• Shaking• Hyperventilating(breathingveryquicklyandshallowly)
• Feelingdizzyordisorientated• Drymouth• Someonehavingapanicattackmaystruggletoobeycommands,andmaysaythingsthatsoundirrational
• Theycanbecausedbyastressfulorfearfulsituation,orcanoccurseeminglyoutofnowhere
Panic attacks • Ifyouexperienceregularpanicattacks,thesethingscanhelp:• Gotoseeadoctor• Reducingyourcaffeineintake(e.g.,coffee)• Reducingsmokingordrinkingalcohol• Takeregularexercise(e.g.,briskwalking)• Practisebreathingexercisesoryoga,evenwhenyouarenothavingapanicattack
Panic attacks • Whatshouldyoudo?
• Staycalmyourself• Takethepersontoaquiet,uncrowdedplace• Reassurethemthattheyaresafe,theirfeelingsarenatural,andthefeelingswillpass
• Focusonbreathing:• Encouragethemtocontroltheirbreathing• Itisusefultoexhaleforlongerthantheyinhale;forexample,”inhalefor5,exhalefor7”
• Thiswillhelptoslowtheirheartrate,andgivethemasenseofcontrol,whichwillmakethemfeelcalmer
• Focusonphysicalenvironment:• Encouragethemtofeelphysicallypresent• Youcanaskthemtofocusontheweightoftheirbodyonthechair/floor,andtotouchthematerialsaroundthem.Thiswillhelpdistractthemfromtheirthoughts
• Let’stryit!
Thank you for coming! Doyouhaveanyquestions?