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What to do in an What to do in an emergency?emergency?
1.1. Assess the situation - DO NOT Assess the situation - DO NOT PUT YOURSELF IN DANGER!PUT YOURSELF IN DANGER!
Check the scene for hazards and Check the scene for hazards and unsafe conditions (hazardous material, unsafe conditions (hazardous material, unstable ground or vehicles, violence, unstable ground or vehicles, violence, falling, rockfall, severe cold exposure, falling, rockfall, severe cold exposure, flooding etc.). flooding etc.). Train yourself to look Train yourself to look for hazards at an accident scenefor hazards at an accident scene
Can you make the scene safe or do Can you make the scene safe or do you require help? (police, power you require help? (police, power company, gas company, HazMat etc.)company, gas company, HazMat etc.)
Can you stabilize the equipment Can you stabilize the equipment or machinery?or machinery?
The accident Scene The accident Scene MUST BE MUST BE SAFE FOR YOUSAFE FOR YOU
You can’t help anyone if you become a You can’t help anyone if you become a victim!victim!
What to do in an What to do in an emergency?emergency?
2.2. Make the area safeMake the area safe
3.3. Assess all casualties and attend Assess all casualties and attend first to any first to any unconsciousunconscious casualtiescasualties
4.4. Send for help - do not delaySend for help - do not delay
5.5. Start to provide first aid for the Start to provide first aid for the victimsvictims
What to do in an What to do in an emergency?emergency?
Start first aid only after ensuring safety (the victim's AND yours)
“A dead rescuer never did anyone any good”
Universal Precautions Universal Precautions (BSI)(BSI)
BBody ody SSubstance ubstance IIsolationsolation Latex or Vinyl GlovesLatex or Vinyl Gloves One Way Breathing MaskOne Way Breathing Mask Eye protectionEye protection
Why?Why? HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS HBVHBV
Do not dismiss U.P. because you know the person
STEP 1: PRIMARY STEP 1: PRIMARY SURVEYSURVEY
Does the person respond? Tap or gently Does the person respond? Tap or gently shake the victim. Shout loudly, "Are you shake the victim. Shout loudly, "Are you OK?". Of course, if you ask a victim 'Are you OK?". Of course, if you ask a victim 'Are you alright?' and get a 'No, dammit, I think I've alright?' and get a 'No, dammit, I think I've broken my ankle' then you can guess that broken my ankle' then you can guess that airway and breathing are OK and he/she is airway and breathing are OK and he/she is consciousconscious
If there is no response, your priorities are to:If there is no response, your priorities are to: shout for help/call emergency;shout for help/call emergency; check for signs of life (check for signs of life (ABCABC - - AAirways, irways,
BBreathing, reathing, CCirculation) without moving irculation) without moving the victimthe victim
if it’s impossibly, turn the victim face up if it’s impossibly, turn the victim face up carefully, trying to keep his/her head carefully, trying to keep his/her head and neck on one axis with torsoand neck on one axis with torso
A B CA B C
A (Airway)To open the airway: place your hand on the casualty's forehead
and gently tilt the head back; lift the chin with two fingertips
B (Breathing)Look, listen and feel for normal
breathing from 3 to 5 seconds: look for chest movement; listen at the casualty's mouth for breath
sounds; feel for air on your cheek
A B CA B C
B (Breathing)If you can’t determine any signs of
breathing: make 2 rescue breathings, observing the
chest’s moving if you feel that the air doesn’t pass into
victim’s lungs, it means that airways are obstructed
C (Circulation)Carotid Pulse, 5 to 10 SecondsCarotid Pulse, 5 to 10 Seconds
Recovery positionRecovery position If the victim is unresponsive, has an open If the victim is unresponsive, has an open
airway, and is breathing spontaneously, turn airway, and is breathing spontaneously, turn the victim onto his or her side (recovery the victim onto his or her side (recovery position) with the victim's hand in frontposition) with the victim's hand in front
Be aware of the potential for nerve and Be aware of the potential for nerve and vessel injury if the victim lies on one arm vessel injury if the victim lies on one arm for a prolonged period; it may be for a prolonged period; it may be necessary to roll the victim to the other necessary to roll the victim to the other sideside
If victim’s airways are If victim’s airways are obstructed:obstructed:
kneel, striding the victim’s hips; place one hand on top of the other between the navel and
the rib cage; give 5 abdominal thrusts (from behind to forward and
from the top to down) to dislodge any object blocking the airway (if the victim is a pregnant woman you have to give 5 thrusts on sternum);
remove obstructing material; check for breathing; if you detect no signs of breathing begin rescue breathing
again; repeat this actions till the airways becomes passable; recheck the pulse every minute
if the victim has the pulse, provide rescue breathings till he/she begins breathe independently;
as soon as breathing returns, place the person in the recovery position
if the victim’s heart doesn’t beat start the CPR IMMEDIATELY after the airways becomes passable
CCardio-ardio-PPulmonary ulmonary RResuscitation (CPR)esuscitation (CPR)
tilt the head back, lift the chin with two fingertips
make 2 rescue breathings
place the heel of one hand on the sternum approximately 2 cm above of xiphoid process and the heel of the other one directly on top of the first
with your arms straight, lean over the person and press straight down on the breastbone so it goes down 4-5 cm. After the each compression, allow the chest rise completely before repeating
make 30 chest compressions at the rate of 100 per minute
CCardio-ardio-PPulmonary ulmonary RResuscitation (CPR)esuscitation (CPR)
Check for presence of breathing and pulse every 2-3 Check for presence of breathing and pulse every 2-3 minutesminutes
Repeat all cycle until emergency help arrives, or the Repeat all cycle until emergency help arrives, or the person takes the breath or starts to move, or until person takes the breath or starts to move, or until you are too exhausted to continueyou are too exhausted to continue
When breathing and heart beating returns, place the When breathing and heart beating returns, place the person in recovery positionperson in recovery position
There are few differences between CPR for adults, for There are few differences between CPR for adults, for children from 1 to 8 years old and for infants less children from 1 to 8 years old and for infants less than 1 year: than 1 year:
CPR for children from 1 to 8 years old:CPR for children from 1 to 8 years old: you place on the breastbone the heel of you place on the breastbone the heel of ONEONE hand and hand and
perform compressions on the depth of perform compressions on the depth of 33 cm cm rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults
(app. (app. 2/32/3 – – 1/21/2 of adult’s lung capacity) of adult’s lung capacity)
CPR for infants less than 1 year:CPR for infants less than 1 year: you place on the breastbone only you place on the breastbone only 2 fingers2 fingers 1 cm below 1 cm below
the line between the nipples and perform compressions the line between the nipples and perform compressions on the depth of on the depth of 22 cm cm
rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults and rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults and children (app. children (app. 1/31/3 – – 1/41/4 of adult’s lung capacity) of adult’s lung capacity)
CCardio-ardio-PPulmonary ulmonary RResuscitation (CPR)esuscitation (CPR)
ChokingChoking
Choking occurs when food or a foreign object obstructs the throat and interferes with normal breathing.
If the victim can speak or cough forcibly and is getting sufficient air, do not interfere with his attempts to cough the obstruction from his throat.
If victim cannot speak or is not getting sufficient air, have someone call emergency while you perform abdominal thrusts
Choking Choking (Heimlich maneuver)(Heimlich maneuver)
Stand directly behind the victim and wrap your arms around his stomach
Make a fist with one hand and place that fist just above the navel and well below the ribs, with the thumb and forefinger side toward you
ChokingChoking
Grasp this fist with the other hand and pull it quickly toward you with an inward and slightly upward thrust. Repeat if necessary
If the victim becomes unconscious:
Lay the victim on his back
If the object is visible, use your forefinger to reach deeply into the victim's mouth (along the inside of the cheek) and try to sweep the obstruction out of the victim's throat. (This step should be performed only on someone 9 years of age or older)
Even if this is not successful, attempt rescue breathing
If rescue breathing is not working due to the obstruction, sit straddling the victim's thighs and perform abdominal thrusts by pushing onto the victim above the naval below the ribs with the heel of the hand five times from this position
Choking (for infants)Choking (for infants)
Place the victim's head in a downward position on the rescuer's forearm with the head and neck stabilized
With the heel of the rescuer's hand, administer five rapid back blows between the victim's shoulder blades
If the obstruction remains, turn the victim face up and rest on a firm surface
Deliver five rapid thrusts over the breastbone using two fingers
If the victim is still not breathing normally, administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation as specified for an infant
Repeat the above steps as necessary. If the obstructioncannot be removed, call for medical help immediately
Severe bleedingSevere bleeding
Apply direct pressure to the wound Manual pressure on gauze or other cloth placed over the bleeding
source. If bleeding continues, do not remove the gauze; add more gauze on top and apply more pressure
An elastic bandage firmly wrapped over gauze to hold it in place with pressure
Raise and support the injured part (unless broken)
If the bleeding is very serious, apply pressure to the nearest major pressure point. Only use the pressure points if elevation and direct pressure haven't controlled the bleeding
Never use a tourniquet except in response to an extreme emergency, such as a amputated arm or leg