The nexus between energy, environment anddevelopment is central to Energy Pact Foun-dation’s mission and raison d’être. This inter-related set of complex issues requires inte-grated and farsighted approaches at theglobal level that are also inclusive of the in-terests of countries at all levels of develop-ment. Currently, however, such approachesare still in their infancy and specialized sec-tor-specific approaches and practices tend toprevail. Different players pursue their objec-tives and agendas, often at cross-purposesand without concern for the broader picture.Significantly, the interrelationships betweenenergy, environment and development havemoved to the top of global agenda and haveacquired geo-strategic importance.The Energy Pact Foundation has been estab-lished to serve as a meeting point to facilitatethe airing of the perspectives and interests ofdifferent communities and stakeholders --whether the North, the South, governments,international organizations, NGOs, businessand finance, scholars, scientists, engineers,thinkers, and common citizens, in the hopethat this will contribute to the evolving processof dealing with the energy-environment-development issues in an integrated mannerand as a single global challenge.Geneva, the birthplace and home of so manyintergovernmental and non-governmental or-ganizations, venue of key global confer-ences, and a major international businessand banking centre was considered a highlyappropriate location for the Foundation, espe-cially in view of the interest and support of theGeneva and Swiss federal authorities.Judging by the interest and response of boththe participants and audience (which num-bered 700) from different perspectives andbackgrounds, the Conference on Energy, En-vironment and Development, the Foundation'sfirst public activity was a success. It demon-strated the value of such a forum at a timewhen the international community is enteringa new phase of closer multilateral coopera-

tion required by the gravity of global prob-lems, such as the current world financial/eco-nomic crisis and the mounting concern overglobal warming and its implications. TheConference proceedings will be taken intoaccount in consolidating and orienting theFoundation, strengthening it institutionally andfinancially, and planning its work and activi-ties for the coming period. The Foundation in-tends to continue to provide a forum for theairing and debating of views, and to act asa source of ideas and initiatives, with suffi-cient agility to be able to respond to needsand change.

The introductoryoverview of the Energy-Environment-Development triadicrelationships, whichfollows, highlights someof the dimensionsinvolved in this intricatesubject matter. It draws inpart on the Conferencedeliberations illustratedby a sample of excerptsfrom some of the manyvaluable and interestingremarks made duringthe proceedings bythe participants.

For extensive coverage of theConference and its proceedingsconsult the Foundation’s website

www.energypact.org

CONFERENCE NEWSLETTER

First annual multi stakeholder conference on the global issues ofENERGY, ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENTThe Energy Pact Foundation organized a major conference on the broad topicof Energy-Environment-Development in Geneva on 16-17 March 2009.

Geneva, March 16-17, 2009

This is a challengethat… affectsthe worldeconomy asa whole

GERHARD SCHRÖDER

Our responseto globalwarming isrooted inknowledgeALI I. AL-NAIMI

We haveto makeinconvenientdecisions

ASHOK KHOSLA

AN OVERVIEW OFTHE ISSUES

INTRODUCTORYCONCEPTS

ENERGY enables modern society, indeedcivilization, and the world economy tofunction and sustain itself by fuelling indus-trial, agricultural, commercial, transporta-tion, power generation activities, as wellas by providing for habitat and subsis-tence needs.The ENVIRONMENT provides sources ofenergy, air, water and other resourcesneeded to sustain life and enable the con-tinued functioning of society and the econ-omy.DEVELOPMENT is the socio-economicprocess that shapes and manages humansociety and the economy in a manner thatsatisfies the material and other needs ofthe world's population, while enabling theinternational community to evolve throughmutual cooperation and co-exist in peace.The realization of economic and social de-velopment depends on the availability ofadequate energy, which can only be as-sured by drawing on the environment andnatural resources and through advances inscience and technology (S&T). The neces-sary harmonious relationship with the en-vironment can only be attained throughpolicies that include sound energy poli-cies, promote sustainable lifestyles andsustainable development, and that them-selves combine appropriate social andorganizational responses, adequate fi-nancing, and S&T theoretical advancesand innovation, and their application.

The complex clusters of issues manifest them-selves in specific ways within individualstates and geographical locations. They arealso the subject of both cooperation andcontroversy in international relations.

Without ENERGY economic developmentand modern society would not be possi-ble. The increased growth in the use of en-ergy and rising worldwide demand for en-ergy resources (old and new) in responseto growing needs not only sharpen the tra-ditional geopolitical issues given rise bythe quest for access to and control of suchresources, but also pose major new prob-lems for society due to the environmentalimpacts associated with energy uses, in-cluding climate change and global warm-ing. All have serious implications, includ-ing the potential to undermine prospectsfor further development. Fossil fuels arenon-renewable. They still meet most of theglobal demand for energy, and are likelyto do so in the foreseeable future. How-ever, as they are potentially exhaustible,they will need to be supplemented, andeventually replaced by alternative, renew-able energies developed through researchand development (R&D) and S&T ad-vances.ENVIRONMENT is the source of both re-newable and non-renewable energy.However, the environment is increasinglyimpacted by energy exploitation and uses,and in general by human activities, eco-nomic growth and development. The envi-ronmental limits and constraints need to betaken into account and respected, as is thecase with global climate change.DEVELOPMENT, both economic and so-cial, makes it possible to attain and sustaina number of societal needs, goals and ex-pectations of modern society around theglobe. However, by its very nature, devel-opment makes demands on the environ-ment, including through the quest for anduse of energy. This can degrade the envi-ronment, which, in turn, can both under-mine the development of large parts of theglobe and possibly put at risk the sustain-ability of modern civilization.

Today, these three domains continue to belargely managed as separate issues. Giventheir interdependence, global significanceand consequences, it is urgent that they be

dealt with as an interdependent Energy-Envi-ronment-Development (EED) problematique.The resulting highly complex, tangled sets ofinterrelationships call for global reasoningand approaches.

ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTAND DEVELOPMENT THENATURE OF THECHALLENGEThe EED challenge facing the world is bothhighly complex and momentous. In essence,however, it can be posed as follows:

How to secure in an equitable and sustain-able manner a sufficient and adequatesupply of energy to meet the steadily in-creasing demand from energy- and re-source-intensive economies and societieswhile accommodating the energy needsthat will arise on the transition of those stillliving in poverty and subsistence to higherliving standards and also meeting theneeds of the growing world population,projected to reach 9 billion by 2050.How to avoid or minimize the negative im-pacts of energy on the environment, bothby mitigating or eliminating the impact ofthe exploitation and use of existing energysources, especially fossil fuels, and by de-veloping alternative, renewable, environ-ment-friendly energy sources that help meetthe potentially substantial increase in de-mand. This requires building-up produc-tion, transportation and distribution net-works, as part of the transition toalternative energies and energy systems.How to improve the efficiency of energyuse by the whole economy and societyand by individual citizens so as to reducetheir collective environmental footprint, andmodify the patterns of production and con-sumption and the associated lifestyles im-plicit in or promoted by current develop-ment policies, and economic growth.

MANAGING ENERGDEVELOPMENT GLOA pioneering venture for the international community

How, in a highly unequal and fragmentedglobal community, can appropriate inter-national mechanisms and regimes, basedon differentiated responsibilities and equi-table distribution of costs and benefits, bedevised, negotiated and implemented.

Efforts to achieve the above imply majorchanges and discontinuities of an ideologi-cal, political, economic, social and culturalcharacter that constitute significant depar-tures from the existing system. Major S&T ef-forts which will be also needed to attainmany of these qualitative and quantitativegoals, as will purposeful innovation policiesand practices.

In the current global setting,the above objectives mayseem far-reaching andunrealistic in scope and withrespect to their implications.Yet, in a number ofdeveloped countries, and inregional groupings in theNorth, some efforts of thisnature are underway, thoughwith varying degrees ofsuccess. The North, however,is not and cannot remain anisland unto itself, isolatedfrom and unconcerned withthe rest of the planet.

To be meaningful, any new approach mustbe global in character and scope, not onlybecause the North draws on global re-sources, including those in the South, and im-pacts the global environment the most in or-der to sustain itself and its way of life, butbecause such an approach is essential if thepeoples of the South are to achieve wide-spread economic development, especiallythe 3 billion who continue to live in marginaland subsistence conditions that trap them indire poverty. In essence, to end widespreadpoverty and underdevelopment requiresglobal efforts to revive and update the inter-national development agenda.

Ultimately, the overarching imperative is forthe international community to:

ENSURE THAT THE CHALLENGESPOSED BY THE ENERGY-ENVIRON-MENT-DEVELOPMENT TRIAD ACT AS APOSITIVE FORCE FOR CHANGE ANDARE DEALT WITH IN A COOPERATIVEAND PEACEFUL WAY AS A JOINTGLOBAL UNDERTAKING;ENSURE THAT THE APPARENT CONTRA-DICTIONS POSED BY THE EED CHAL-LENGES DO NOT BECOME A SOURCEOF CONTINUED DOMINATION BY THEPOWERFUL, OR OF CONFLICT, AG-GRESSION, AND WAR ALL OF WHICHUNDERMINE KEY DEVELOPMENT ANDENVIRONMENT OBJECTIVES AND PER-PETUATE SOCIAL AND GLOBAL DIVI-SIONS, ULTIMATELY THREATENING THEFUTURE OF HUMANKIND.

To pull together various threads and dealwith them as an integrated,global set of issues will be an unprece-dented, pioneering venture.

CHALLENGES TO BECONFRONTEDThe following challenges facing the EED un-dertaking are complex anddemanding:

Substantive and practical: the many con-tradictions and trade-offs that exist be-tween energy, environment and develop-ment objectives and agendas pose amajor challenge to policy makers.Geo-political: differences in levels of devel-opment and divides rooted in the age ofcolonialism and imperialism still present anumber of unresolved issues and North-South controversies regarding the interna-tional development agenda and the man-agement of the world economy. Thesedifferences have been accentuated bypropagation of neo-liberal model world-wide.

Political, social and cultural: due to thechanges needed in existing structures andrelationships that underpin different soci-eties, the global system, and dominantlifestyles.Conceptual and methodological: long-term time-scales, spatial dimensions thatusually do not coincide with political bor-ders, and global objectives and intereststhat do not figure in national or corporatedecision- and policy-making, combinedwith ingrained, difficult to change mindsetsregarding ways of doing things.Scientific: uncertainties regarding environ-mental and related developments, dis-agreements in the diagnosis of problems,and lack of sufficient knowledge to under-pin uncontested solutions.Institutional: Appropriate policy-makingand operational mechanisms still lacking,especially at the global level, and sectoralorganization of society, economy and in-frastructure.Economic: a myriad, often conflicting, in-terests, ranging from global to local, pub-lic to private, short- to long-term.Financial: high cost of necessary invest-ments, and the many competing, usuallyurgent claims on what as a rule are insuf-ficient financial resources, pose seriouseconomic and political dilemmas.Technological: the technological solutionsto many existing or imminent needs andproblems do not exist and will require ma-jor, sustained, costly R&D efforts, and oftenlong lead-in periods.Ideological and paradigmatic: if the EEDnexus is to be dealt with satisfactorily itmust be an undertaking of the entire inter-national community, based oncollective/common interest, not to be leftto a wholly unregulated market mechanismand business rationale that are bereft ofpolicy and social guidance and public in-tervention.

GY-ENVIRONMENT-OBALLY

AN EED ROAD MAP:ESSENTIAL ELEMENTSTo deal with EED challenge a long-term vi-sion and effort over the next five decades asa minimum is required, with a sign-postedroad map to provide strategic orientation,the latter being subject to revision in the lightof experience and major new developments.The following key elements provide a startingpoint, recognizing, however, that the conflictand contradictions they present constitute acontinuing challenge that will need to be ad-dressed:

Avoid and resolve North-South politicaland development tensions and conflicts,some of which result from the long-stand-ing inability to agree on an internationaldevelopment agenda and on the geo-strategic considerations related to naturalresources, including energy, while othersare emerging from new issues such ashow to approach climate change.Establish appropriate machinery for deal-ing with the EED triad at the global leveland develop related basic principles ofprocedure.Evolve science & technology solutions fordifferent renewable and/or alternative en-ergy scenarios, including rendering fossilfuels environmentally friendly and their usesmore efficient, for the protection of the en-vironment, for sustainable lifestyles (trans-port, food systems, habitat etc.).Revise global intellectual property rulesand establish funding facilities to makeS&T solutions available as global publicgoods.Develop preparedness for global re-sponses by the international community toadapt, alleviate, remedy or counter thelikely consequences of climate change inthe developing world (including the shiftingof agricultural zones, melting of glaciers,rising sea level, flooding of islands andcoastal areas, extreme weather).Encourage changes in patterns of develop-ment and lifestyles, including both produc-tion and consumption, by means of corre-sponding domestic and internationalpolicies, education, regulation and struc-tural changes in harmony with the objec-tives established by the international com-munity.

Widespread public awareness of the needto move in the directions suggested abovecan only be developed gradually. Similarly,acceptance and internalization of the needfor change and new approaches by both na-tional and global policy establishments willtake time and effort.

FUTURE TASKSIn addition to the continued economicgrowth and rising world population that gen-erate increased global demand for energy,efforts to bring those living precariously onthe margin of the economy into the main-stream and end global poverty are likely toadd to global energy needs. Furthermore, inorder to develop diverse sources of safe,clean and green energy in the quest for sus-tainable development, a number of urgenttasks present themselves. These include:

Exploring for and exploiting additional, dif-ficult to reach reserves of fossil fuels, requir-ing the development of advanced explo-ration, extraction, production, andtransport technologies;Developing new and safer means of pro-ducing and harnessing nuclear energy, in-cluding thorium and fusion technologies;Tapping renewable energy sources -- wa-ter, geothermal, tidal, solar, wind, bio-mass, hydrogen, methanol -- by develop-ing the necessary technologies andinfrastructure needed for their mass produc-tion, distribution and end use;Mitigating the environmental and climaticimpacts of fossil fuel use (CO2 and othergreenhouse gases), by means of S&T ad-vances and regulation and conservationmeasures, among others;Making energy available for the modern-ization of developing country economiesand societies, and for the whole of theirpopulations’ basic needs related to habi-tat, food security, transport, etc. in a man-ner that reduces the pressure of poverty onforest and ecosystems and leapfrogs prob-lems associated with patterns of develop-ment in advanced economies.In additionto the necessary scientific and technolog-ical advances to achieve the above, so-cio-economic innovation involvingchanges in outlook, economic reasoning

and organization, both at the nationaland international level, are crucial. In aglobalized world, in which energy re-sources are currently limited, policies topromote widespread economic develop-ment and new sources of energy will onlybe successful if based on shared objec-tives of the international community. Tradi-tional approaches and relations betweenstates based on power politics and mer-cantilism that favour those with most powerwill need to cede to a new world orderboth in the interests of equity but also hu-man survival.

NORTH-SOUTH GLOBALCONSENSUS

Bearing in mind themonumental challenges andrisks currently facinghumankind (and the planetitself), the direction andshape of the future cannot beleft to the vagaries of themarket or to the policypreferences and decisions tothose few with global reachand power.For a productive and harmonious future inwhich gross poverty and inequality are nolonger present and the earth's resources arenurtured, global deliberations and consensusare required based on the principles of widedemocratic participation and cooperation.Among the prime matters on which agree-ment for action is essential, the followingare of particular importance:

Long-term, strategic goals need to be de-fined through governmental/intergovern-mental deliberations, and national and in-tergovernmental authorities will need toassume responsibility for developing thenormative, policy and legal frameworksand associated disciplines that must be re-spected by the state and society, includingcorporate actors as well as individual cit-izens.

LONG TERM VISION

It will be necessary to organize sustained,targeted efforts and programmes and toharness the human resources and collec-tive thinking that are needed to deal withthe emerging challenges, and that also in-volve frontier scientific knowledge andtechnologies.The relevant knowledge, information andtechnological advances should be readilyaccessible and diffused as a global publicgood.In order to pursue internationally agreedobjectives, programmes and projects con-cerning the EED triad, massive, long-termsustained investment will be required, in-cluding in including in global publicgoods, and infrastructure, human re-sources, education and health in develop-ing countries. The financial resourcesneeded to reach the goals set in relationto the EED triad and their allocation be-tween contributors will need to be agreedon. Forms of global taxation may becomeessential sources of finance.

The EED global "compulsions" that have tobe acted on if there is to be a promising andpeaceful future for humankind, if taken seri-ously, have the potential to act as a catalystin promoting the above suggested "North-South consensus" and global policy accom-modation.

NORTH-SOUTH ANDSOUTH-SOUTHCOOPERATIONThe global approach that is needed is fea-sible provided the widespread perceptualobstacles are removed and the political ob-stacles that mostly reside within the North,are overcome. The latter, having built theireconomic and political advantage largelydrawing on resources beyond their own fron-tiers, usually in the South, can offer as theircontribution to the global bargain, the tech-nology, finance, expertise, and politicalgood will needed to implement the interna-tional EED agenda. In essence, this meansthe North “investing” in the future of the inter-national community, and thus its own future.This will, however, imply significant changesin approach.

For example, it means taking steps to ensurethat the “greening” of the Planet does notlead to new forms of domination and extrac-tion in the South by TNCs, including majornorthern oil and seed companies who, in re-cent decades, have become the principalpurveyors of new technologies and solutionsin efforts to tap globally business opportuni-ties offered by the “green future”.

While the countries of theSouth, and especially the lessadvanced among them, arelikely to need considerabledirect support from theinternational community, theywill, nonetheless, have tomount significant efforts oftheir own depending on thespecificities of their nationalsituations.Some emerging economies have the will, tra-ditions, political outlook and capacities, in-cluding S&T potential, organizational prac-tices and community approaches, whichthey can apply to EED challenges not onlydomestically but also elsewhere in the devel-oping world, depending on local conditionsand situations.Indeed, South-South cooperation offers animportant opportunity for developing coun-tries to adopt innovative approaches thatenable them to overcome existing constraintsand even take the lead, for example, “freeenergy” entitlements of people for meetingtheir basic needs.

A WATERSHED?Clearly, the above implies a shift to a differ-ent world and civilizational order and newsocial relations that make the achievement ofa positive future for people and the planetmore likely. This is a task requiring efforts byvarious sectors of society and institutions, asfor example:

ENLIGHTENED GLOBAL STATESMAN-SHIP, including governments, to provideleadership, vision and drive.RENEWED INTELLECTUAL ENDEAVOUR,including by ACADEMIC and INTERNA-TIONAL INSTITUTIONS, building on UNand other efforts in the 1970s with a viewto elaborating a new paradigm for the sit-uation in the 21st century;COMMUNITIES, GRASSROOTS MOVE-MENTS, CIVIL SOCIETY, CONCERNEDINDIVIDUALS AND PUBLIC OPINION,using Internet to communicate, are an im-portant force for global change and ac-tion.EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS thatteach, explain the world and help theyoung to interpret it.THE MEDIA that has the capacity to bothinform and misinform the broad public.THE UNITED NATIONS, which shouldserve to provide the forum and institutionfor genuine, democratic multilateralism."DOERS", such as scientists, engineers,entrepreneurs, local communities, peoplewho make things and make things hap-pen.

Has the international community arrived at awatershed, when a shift to public-minded ac-tion will be possible? Climate change canand has mobilized public opinion in manyparts of the world. The recent global finan-cial and the consequent economic crisis hasshaken the foundations of the dominantworld order and cast doubt on the theoriesthat guided and legitimized it. The crisis hasshown that trillions of public resources can bemobilized for public purposes. Change inthe political landscape in a key country hasloosened some constraints. Ideas previouslyruled out as heresy have become suddenlyreputable and acceptable.Is change really on the way? The compul-sions of energy-environment-developmentchallenge could significantly contribute to in-ternational community’s moving in a morepromising, positive direction.

Is change

reallyon theway?

Climate change is a global commonsproblem

Cooperation of countries is essential,whether through UNFCCC, G20, or bilat-eral negotiationsSince sovereign nations cannot be com-pelled to act, treaties must create incen-tives for participation and compliance

A credible climate change agreement mustbe equitable

Industrialized countries should accept re-sponsibility for historic emissionsKey rapidly growing, developing countrieswill need to take on increasingly meaning-ful rolesIn both cases, the scope of attention andaction should include all greenhousegases, not only fossil CO2

A credible agreement must be cost-effectiveNeeds to bring about technologicalchange and transferMust be consistent with international traderegime

A credible agreement must be practical andrealistic

Build on existing institutions and practices,where possibleNegotiations must attend to short-termachievements and long-term goalsNo single approach guarantees a surepath to ultimate success, so best to pursuemultiple approaches simultaneously

A system of linked international agreementsSector-level agreements to establish globalstandards for specific industries and cate-gories of greenhouse sourceAgreements focused on research & devel-opmentAgreement focused on adaptation assis-tance to developing countriesAgreement regarding last-resort remedies,such as geo-engineeringSince sovereign nations cannot be com-pelled to act, treaties must create incen-tives for participation and compliance

A credibleclimatechangeagreementmust beequitable

KEY PRINCIPLESFOR A NEWPOST-KYOTOINTERNATIONALCLIMATE CHANGEAGREEMENTROBERT N. STAVINS,HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Through CapitalStock TurnoverExample: Personal TransportationAssume (U.S.):

Fleet of 220 millionNew car sales of 17 millionRetirement of 12 millionNew technology provides 25% greaterefficiencyPenetrates new car sales at rate of2.5%/year

Impact on average fleet fuel efficiency:Year 10: 3.0%Year 20: 9.0%

China Energy OutlookKey (Conservative)Assumptions 2008-2025

Economic growth averages 6.1%Electricity demand averages 5.2%Transportation oil growth at 4.4%8.5%/year growth in natural gas9.5%/year growth in nuclear11% growth in renewablesStill need 3.2%/year of coal growth tobalance

Key conclusionsEfforts to slow or reverse carbon emissiongrowth face very strong structural barriersSlowly evolving capital stock limits rate ofchange in all nationsCountries with strongest energy growthare most dependent on coalEfforts to slow growth in energy intensiveindustries may simply cause relocationAs efforts to cut coal increase, coal priceadvantage will grow

TECHNOLOGICALCHANGE TAKESTIME TO WORKGARY ROSS,PIRA ENERGY GROUP

TRIADIC THINKINGJOHAN GALTUNG, PRESIDENT,TRANSCEND UNIVERSITY

A very felicitous idea to bringtogether three major concernsin what could become apolitical, economic andintellectual pact…The basic point is to integrate the three, looking for synergies; all the time mindful of the old Hinduwisdom that if we pursue only one we may not even get that one. There is holism at work. Sec-torial-global approaches – one at the time – are needed, but we have many huge bureaucraciesand single-minded disciplines. We also need integrated approaches focused on communities,rural and urban, where people live and feel where the shoes are pinching when only one is pur-sued, and can put their ingenuity to work.

Carbon quota trading – legitimizing fake markets…Quota trading is not the approach. It smacks of somebody practicing slavery buying some quo-tas from those with a slavery deficit. The task is to reduce slavery and carbon emission, not to le-gitimize fake markets.

Energy equality, free energyMake energy – underlying all basic needs free – like streets and parks, health and education indecent countries, up to a point, e.g. when the user pays for high-speed motor highways. Fromtubes, sockets, free panels, like the Internet should be freely available all over. Give each house-hold a 1m3 contraption on four wheels to roll into the sunshine for heating, then tapping for allpurposes. This would help people overcoming misery considerably. As would a labour-basedeconomy next to the money-based one. If a euro equals a euro, why should not an hour lectureby a professor equal an hour cleaning by a cleaning man or woman? If we all have equal valueso do hours of our lives. Easily done on a community basis; like local currencies to stimulate usinglocal nature-production-consumption economic cycles….

Nature-humans-capital rather than land-labor-capitalMarkets can make miracles, but a cure-all they are not, nor are they self-regulating. The three clas-sical production factors land-labor-capital can also read nature-humans-capital. Economists havecanonized capital equating economic growth with capital growth. How about Nature growth –meaning increased complexity based on diversity and symbiosis?

How about human growth beyond basic needs for survival-wellness-freedom-identity? The spiritual dimension, creating,transcending, not limited to optimization by those prisoners ofprisoner’s games, the economists. Thinking new! We need aCapital-ism not going amok.

But we also need a broadereconomics, with Nature-ismand Human-ism..

Today, to meet the challengesof improving the quality of lifeworldwide we need tocontinue the pioneering andexploration spirit of the kindwe used in 20th century toconquer the Planet and to goto the moon.

This pioneering spirit has to be harnessed ina fight for human rights, against poverty, forsustainable development and for better gov-ernance of the Planet.The age of cheap oil is over. Our civilizationduring last 100 years has been based onnon-renewable resources, which are limitedin quantity and with prices that can only goup in the period to come. At the same time,renewable solutions already exist, in poten-tially unlimited quantities and with prices thatcan only go down. This is the moment whenwe need to take action on our energy futureand consider how to mobilize in this task thepioneering spirit that has brought us so muchsuccess in the past.Our solar-powered plane is not only a tech-nological and scientific exploit, it is meantalso as a symbol of what we need and canachieve. The aim is for a pilot to fly this planearound the world without fuel and on solarpower only, including by flying through thenight on batteries that were charged duringthe daytime flight. The incredible interestshown for the project by the public, mediaand policy and decision-makers shows thatthe real frontier in 21st century will be to in-vent a new type of future.

We will need to improve quality of lifethrough a paradigm shift and technologicalinnovation, in every country and at eachlevel. Those who will lead and make thispossible will become the heroes of the 21stcentury, remembered and appreciated bythe public world over and by future genera-tions. We continue as prisoners of existingparadigms, dogmas, certainties and habits,which we must overcome, including throughpolitical decisions and with the help of astrong state which can oblige people, soci-ety and industry to use new solutions, someto be developed and many that we alreadyhave but do not use. The role of pioneers isto help break paradigms, to make possiblewhat may appear as impossible or unattain-able at a given moment in history, to changewhat up to that point was a certainty. Thechoice we have today is whether we wantto be followers on a road that goesnowhere, or to be leaders and pioneers ona road going to the future.

MORITZ LEUENBERGER, SWISS FEDERALCOUNCILLOR

Role ofgovernmentsand regulationGovernments musthave strategies andregulations to planthe future; the privatesector alone cannotmake an energy rev-olution. Today realrevolutions are madeby the states not bythe private sector.

I’m convinced that energy policy and regulation are essential. I meanfor instance: mandatory energy performance standards for buildings,equipment and cars; and subsidies for renewable technologies.

They are essential for investments – both private and public – to gointo promising technologies.They are essential for energy prices to include externalities, such asenvironmental and carbon costs.

They are essential to guide the behavior of energyconsumers.Unfortunately, voluntary action by the private sectoralone does not deliver sufficient results. I say this be-cause we, in Switzerland, always give the privatesector to prove that it can deliver results. In somecases, like with the automobile lobby, we havewaited in vain for many years. That’s why we mustadopt strict regulation. Fortunately, there are many in-dustries – oil, electricity and aluminum companies -- which call for clear regulation, such as price of car-bon….Sustainability needs a unified approach. Sustain-ability needs a long-term vision. Sustainability needsambition and political will. Sustainability also needspersuaded citizens…. We need to sharpen publicawareness for a sustainable energy policy. Discus-sions among politics and economics, as we havehad them at this conference, help to sharpen thispublic awareness.

PIONEERING SPIRIT FOR THEBERTRAND PICCARD, PRESIDENT OF SOLAR IMPULSE

A SUSTAINABLEPACT

21ST CENTURY

I would like to take thisopportunity to emphasizehow important it is for theglobal economy to treatenergy supplies – andenergy transmission – asstrategic political issues.Reliable energy supplies arethe cornerstone of oureconomic success andcontinued growth. The keyquestion will be how toensure international energysecurity and energy supply –in a fair, unrestricted andaffordable manner. This is achallenge that…affects theworld economy as a whole.Changes to our climate represent a hugethreat, since the social and ecological im-pact they make, have the potential to disruptgeopolitical stability. Without countermea-sures, global climate conditions will changeso dramatically that they may get totally outof control…access to the most vital resource– water – will become increasingly difficultfor billions of people. Already today, 1.3 bil-lion people do not have access to cleandrinking water. We must not allow water tobecome a commodity for which people will

have to fight with military means…. we needto pursue a sustainable energy policy thatwill make careful use of available resourcesand make us less dependent on fossil fuels.This will only be possible if we rely ongreater energy efficiency and the use of re-newable energy sources worldwide...We should continue to diversify the supply offossil fuels…this means that industrialized na-tions should make use of as many energysources, as many transportation routes andas many suppliers as possible…We need a multilateral approach to energypolicy. To this end, it will be necessary to fur-ther institutionalize international energy rela-tions…we all have to work together towardsglobal energy security. Even if competition in-creases in the future, we must not allow en-ergy to become the currency of power in in-ternational relations…. A system ofcooperative energy security must promotedialogue among energy producers, con-sumers, transit states and the private sec-tor…The pressing international issues – climatechange, energy security, the solution of re-gional conflicts and the financial crisis – canbe resolved only at multilateral level. TheCold War era is over for good – and bothsides would be well advised not to attemptto keep it alive, either in rhetoric or policy. In-stead we need an international policy thatputs the focus on cooperation and dialogue,after years of unilateral action. This also ap-plies to policy between the European Union,the US and Russia…

Whether we will beable to achieve asecure and peacefulenergy supplyaround the globewill depend on howwe manage thefollowing fourchallenges: asustainable energypolicy, fair accessto energy, amultilateral energypolicy, and peace inthe Middle East.

ENERGY ANDGEOPOLITICAL STABILITYGERHARD SCHRÖDER, FORMER CHANCELLOROF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY,CHAIRMAN OF THE ENERGY PACT CONFERENCE

COOPERATIONAND DIALOGUE

Cycles of progress and growth are particu-larly vital for emerging nations, which needabundant, inexpensive energy supplies todevelop their economies and to pursue thehuman right of a better quality of life. Foreven less developed nations barely at subsis-tence levels, access to affordable, modernforms of energy is key to survival; it is ameans of food, clean water and medicine –and the hope of lifting families and individ-uals from crushing poverty….The next factor driving urgency of the energydebate is of course environmental sustainabil-ity, and the need to make all energy sourcessafer, cleaner and greener. Again, this imper-ative gathers gravity from the perspective ofemerging economies, where energies cancarry financial, political and social costs ar-guably greater than those same costs paidby developed countries for different reasons.

Third is a more quantitative concern: that ofmeeting burgeoning future energy demand.Complicating our task is the fourth factor, thestate of world’s economy and finances,which today are in a condition that inhibitsinvestment and expansion for traditional andalternative energies by removing commercialincentives and funding sources.

Dwindling fossil fuelresources?The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the world’sleading petroleum country in terms of re-serves, production and exports…At our cur-rent, average crude-oil production rate,proven reserves alone are conservatively es-timated to continue for approximately 80years. ..our ability over many years to re-place our annual production capacity withnew reserves, which could extend the life ofthese immense resources quite considerably..Now let us look at the world’s total liquid en-ergy resources in place, encompassing not

only conventional oil estimated from six toeight trillion barrels, but also non-conven-tional liquids, ranging from condensates andnatural gas liquids to tar sands, oil shalesand extra-heavy oil, and estimatedat sevenor eight trillion barrels or higher.These figures tell us that while the days ofeasy oil may be over, the days of oil as a pri-mary fuel source for the people of the worldare far from over….Many authoritative en-ergy-tracking organizations predict that fossilfuels will continue to meet four-fifths of theworld’s energy requirements for at least thenext few decades…four decades hence, thetransport sector will still be reliant on petro-leum…Fossil fuels, especially conventional oil, areproven, abundant, reliable, affordable andsafe energy; they are supported by extensiveproduction, transportation and distributionnetworks; and they have the advantage ofan aggressive technology campaign to im-prove their sustainability as an environmen-tally friendly source…

Petroleum’s rightful place inthe energy mixThese vast resources clearly point to ourneed to prioritize research, development andtechnology applications for finding, extract-ing and replacing our energy reserves. Theyalso compel us to think about energy futureinclusive of all sources, not exclusive, andwhere petroleum, like other energy re-sources, has its rightful place in the mix…There is no excuse to pin our hopes only onalternatives, which today are just supple-mental energies, when it comes to optimizingour energy future. When the supplies arethere, and when we are continually makingtheir harvesting and production greener andcleaner, the answer is an inclusive energymix. Considering the role fossil fuels play inkeeping economies functioning and improv-ing quality of life for billions, let us continueto enhance their sustainability, use all ener-gies more efficiently and conservatively, andcreate an energy context that lets all viablesources become efficient, cost effective, safe,and clean enough to contribute…Our imme-diate focus, then, must be to make fossilfuels cleaner and more efficient.

THE ULTIMATEHUMAN AGENDAALI I. AL-NAIMI, MINISTER OF PETROLEUM & MINERALRESOURCES, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

Much is at stake in the energy debate, with issues rangingfrom security of supply and future demand to environmentalsustainability and energy for emerging economies loominglarge – all against a backdrop complicated by today’s tougheconomic conditions, price volatility, and evolving energypolicies…

Risks of advocatingpremature shift fromfossil fuelsRegardless of intentions, the consequences ofa premature shift from fossil fuels to slowlyevolving alternatives can be deeply counter-productive to global energy security, and in-deed to the natural environment…One neg-ative is progressively lower levels ofinvestment in the fossil fuels…as demand un-certainty creates a strong sense of investmentrisk for producers….Diminished investment infossil fuels will impact our ability to providethe energy that will be needed when theeconomy turns around; to meet growing fu-ture demand; to develop the products andprocesses and conduct the studies that con-tinually lighten our environmental footprint;and to enhance energy conservation prac-tices. A second risk …is increased marketspeculation. Over the last several years, wesaw how talk of peak oil created a specula-tive environment, pushing oil prices to unrea-sonable levels. Today’s low energy pricesare just as unsustainable as soaring prices.This kind of price volatility not only obscuresmarket signals needed to ensure levels of in-vestment required to meet future demand, butcan also make global economic recovery amuch more difficult, more distant prospect.

Alternative energy providers..Many international oil companies are be-ginning to position themselves less specifi-cally as oil companies, and more as energyproviders, with a new concentration on ar-eas such as wind power and biofuels. As forSaudi Arabia, we are investing in anothernatural, renewable resource plentiful in ourpart of the world – sunlight…If it shouldcome as a surprise that the world’s largest oilexporter also hopes to be the world’s biggestsolar provider someday, this diversificationstrategy was planned decades ago…SaudiArabia thus aims to be the world’s largest ex-porter of clean electric energy producedfrom our abundant sunlight.King Abdullah University of Science andTechnology, or KAUST, the Kingdom’s newresearch university set to open this fall, wasconceived as a global partnership to de-velop solutions to world matters like energyand environment, while educating scientistsof tomorrow…It includes an institute commit-ted to resources, energy and the environ-ment. This institute will feature a dedicatedcentre for solar energy studies.

Response to global warming

Our response to globalwarming is rooted inknowledge. We areusing technology as aflywheel to speed thedevelopment of ourcarbon-managementproducts andtechniques…

Transportation is themost energy-intensivepetroleum application,and the eventualeconomic recovery andphenomena such as thecoming populationboom will mean morepeople on the move. Inlight of this increasingdemand and ourcommitment tocontinually enhancingsustainability, SaudiAramco is makingstrides in desulfurizingwhole crude oilproducts. The companyis also developingcleaner-burning fuels,including newformulations consistentwith next-generation,super-efficient enginetechnologies.

FUTUREAn inclusive,transparentenergystrategy thatconsiders theviability of allsources;acknowledgesthe ongoingrole of fossilfuels; enablesinnovation topromote thesustainabilityof allcontributions;andencouragestheir efficientandconservativeuse is our besthope for asecure, sharedenergy future.

ENERGY FUTURE &ENERGY CHOICESASHOK KHOSLA, PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATIONOF NATURE (IUCN) AND PRESIDENT OF THE CLUB OF ROME

We are here to talk about energy future. Energy is about energy security.It is about energy justice, which is energy security for all, energy justicefor everyone now and in the future… Energy is only one part, a small partof global ecosystem, global economy. This conference is about a Pact,namely what we all agree upon, in terms of energy for what, energy forwhom, and energy from where. These are questions we did not have toask in the past, and that is why we ran into problems…

In the Third World there are 3-4 billion people living very meager lives of poverty and inequity, vulnerableand risky lives in a degraded environment. Then there is the First World, where a couple of billion peopleare essentially mining the landscape and have started to destroy the productive health of our environment.The world income distribution is shaped like a champagne glass with the top 20% of population ac-counting for 80% of global wealth…such income distribution is not sustainable ecologically, physically,socially, morally…Vis-à-vis this challenge, there are three possible scenarios, business as usual, fine tuning, and systemicchange. If you are from a developing country, you have three basic choices, a copycat, a piggy backand a leap frog one. The copy cat approach is business as usual; piggy back is fine tuning of the existingsituation by going after potential energy efficiencies, fiscal incentives, more efficient auto engines, moreeconomical light bulbs, etc.; the leap frog means fundamental changes in lifestyles, different approachesto economics and technology…The future lies also in engineering based on biology, in nature-based technologies. Nature can teachus a lot and offer us a lot. Animals, plants, fungi, algae, bacteria can also do a lot for us and do it forfree…We are at a point when we have to make inconvenient decisions, and work our way into new formsof energy use…We have to recognize that many things that were sacrosanct before are no longer ten-able… We have to look at the issue of population.. We have to use different technologies to get around,to produce power, electricity, etc..

We have to think through a better life withouthaving to use so much material energy.

We are very much in favourof any measure that can helpin the efficient use of energyand that can limit damage tothe environment. I think it isalso important to note thatdamage to the environmentis not solely because of theuse of fossil fuels, but is dueto their misuse…In ouropinion if the right amount ofresources are spent onresearch and developmentfor making the use of fossilfuels more efficient orcapturing the harmfulemissions from theenvironment affordable toall, the road for sustainabledevelopment will be paved.

1.6 billion people in theSouth without access tomodern energyToday, still about 1.6 billion people in thedeveloping countries have no access to anyform of modern energy. It means they areforced to burn wood or animal waste tohave access to energy…Providing afford-able energy to this large number of our fel-low human beings is a noble task, and if thiscan be done through the use of renewableand more modern forms of energy, it is fine.However, as experience shows if this provesto be unaffordable or more damaging to theenvironment as a result of deforestation, thenthe use of clean fossil fuels through simpleand efficient cooking means can save the en-vironment and human life… We welcome allefforts for providing clean and affordable en-ergy to all the people and not only the richnations. In this process the security of foodsupply should not be compromised. Recentreport concerning the destruction of vast ar-eas of rain forest to plant trees in order to getbiofuels is an alarming development. Tryingto correct one wrong should not lead tomore wrongs.

Greed, the main reason forlack of concern forenvironmentAll concerned authorities should take what-ever measures possible to fight the greed,which has been the main reason for lack ofconcern for the protection of the environment

for many years. Today’s financial crisisaround the world, which has made manypollutant industries to seek help from their re-spective governments, has created a goodopportunity to promote cleaner industries.The governments of rich nations with their fi-nancial capabilities are in a good positionto make their financial assistance to these in-dustries subject to more efficient and cleanerpractice. I am not suggesting that govern-ments of poorer countries are free of respon-sibilities; they should also play their part,though the lead has to come from richer na-tions, according to the principle of commonbut differentiated responsibilities.

Diversifying electric energysourcesWe hope, through changing energy con-sumption policies and their optimization, aswell as increased natural gas production ca-pacity, Iran can play a major role in meetingthe growing need of the world, especiallythat of Europe for natural gas. This is why,we in the Ministry of Petroleum were evenhappier than our counterparts in the IranianAtomic Agency, when this month, the newsof the test run of Iran’s first nuclear powerplant was announced. Because its produc-tion of electricity in the near future will de-crease the pressure we have been facing tomeet the growing need of electricity of ournation of 70 million people especially follow-ing many years of low rain falls which has in-creased the power plants’ demands for nat-ural gas and gas oil substantially.

EFFICIENT USE OFENERGY ANDLIMITING DAMAGETO ENVIRONMENTGHOLAMHOSSEIN NOZARI,MINISTER OF PETROLEUM,THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

Denmark’s wake-up call 35 years ago1973-74 oil crisisDenmark then 99% dependent onimported energy (oil and coal)Supply situation exacerbated by inefficientenergy useSharply rising oil prices caused severeeconomic crisis and high unemployment

Since then, Denmark has made significantstrides

In de-linking growth and energy consump-tion (between 1990 and 2007, growthrecorded was 45% while energy con-sumption increased by 7%)

Increasing renewable energy share ofGross energy consumption (from around3% in 1980 to around 17% in 2006)Using biomass (wood or straw, biogas,municipality solid waste) for district heat-ing, with 10% of all electricity consumedproduced in biomass plantsGreen energy sectors help employmentand exports (in 2007 - wind power em-ployed 28,000 persons, while export ofwind turbines earned 7 billion US$; districtheating and combined heat and power(CHP) employed 25,000 persons, whileexport of technology and services earned2-3 billion US$)

Long term visionIn the long term become entirely inde-pendent of fossil fuelsReduce the use of fossil fuels by at least15% in 2025Increase grow energy consumption fromrenewable energy from 15.6% in 2006 to20% in 2011, and to minimum 30% by2025

Elements for afuture agreement onClimate Change

A long-term goal for the global emissionsEnhanced national and international ac-tions to reduce emissions:Ambitious mitigation targets for developedcountriesNational appropriate mitigation actionsby developing countriesSupport for poorer countries’ reduction ef-fortsContributions regarding deforestation indeveloping countries and particular sectors(aviation, ships, cement, aluminum, etc.)Adaptation to climate changeTechnology – transfer anddevelopmentFinancing and investment5

EUROPEANUNION3X20 BY2020PIERRE-FRANCK CHEVET,DIRECTOR GENERAL FORENERGY AND CLIMATE,FRANCE

Unilateral commitment to reduceGHG emissions by 20% (and up to 30% incase of conclusion of an international agree-ment)Improving energy efficiency by 20%Binding target of 20% of renewables in the to-tal EU energy consumption

France is well positioned…Energy independence rate of 50% (thoughnear zero fossil fuels)CO2 emissions relatively low (30%to 40% less than other big Europeancountries)

Mainly thanks to:Nuclear energy (85% of power generation)Renewable energies (10% of energy con-sumption)Small and less consuming cars

..will enhance its efforts23% renewables by 20202 new nuclear reactorsreducing energy consumption for existingbuildings of 38% by 2020priority given to public transportation21% emissions reduction for industry by2020

THE IMPORTANCEOF LONG-TERMVISION ANDSUSTAINED ACTIONHANS JORGEN KOCH, DANISH ENERGY AUTHORITY

THE GLOBAL TRIPLECHALLENGE: CLIMATECHANGE, SECURITYOF SUPPLY AND THEECONOMIC CRISIS

LOREN COX,MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTEOF TECHNOLOGY

In summing up thediscussions that tookplace in the two panelsheld on the previousday, one on Energyand Finance,and one onEnvironment andDevelopment,the speakerhighlightedseveral points.

Serious and widespread activities are onthe way for renewable energy technolo-gies, solar and wind in particular. Thechallenge is how to integrate these into theexisting grid, and how to extend them tothe developing world. Prospects for nu-clear energy are growing, but costs arehigh and construction of power stationstakes long time. Waste disposal and nu-clear proliferation remain a problem. Fos-sil fuels are likely to be durable, especiallycoal which is abundant and widespreadaround the world. Ways and technologiesmust be found for its clean exploitation.It is important to pay much more attentionto greenhouse gases other than CO2,many of which are man-made and havea much greater impact than CO2.While oil is one of the energy sources call-ing for attention, the fact remains that ex-porting countries are mostly poor and thatpossible actions could have serious effectson their economies.Developing countries are increasingly con-nected with the rest of the world and aremore aware and aspire to amenities of lifethat exist in the North.There are many serious development chal-lenges and needs in the South which needattention, even if the issue of climatechange did not exist.

ENERGIES FORTHE FUTURECARLO RUBBIA,NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS, CERN

The future of mankind iscrucially dependent on thecontinued availability of cheapand abundant energy.

It is most urgent that the use of fossils is reconciled withglobal warming. Burning of NG without CO2 and CO2 re-covery for methanol conversion should be developed. Alter-native energies must also be vigorously pursued:Solar Energy: particularly promising is concentrated solar ra-diation in the wide, desertic regions of the “sun belt”,for elec-tricity production and water splitting into hydrogen.A new Nuclear Energy without U-235 and without nuclearproliferation : Thorium fission and D-T fusion are likely can-didates, capable of supplying energy for millennia to come.Both methods are likely to become successful in the long run:however a vast, urgent and innovative R&D is necessary.Although innovative energies may eventually be more essen-tial for developing countries, our technically developed so-ciety should realistically foster such a change.

“On a global scale, and especially whenseen from the perspective of developingcountries, we are facing two fundamental en-ergy challenges.The first is access to sufficient energy sourcesand at affordable prices, including in partsof the developing world where access tomodern energy services is more of a dream

than a reality. Access to these services isfundamental to fulfilling basic social needs,driving economic growth and fuelling humandevelopment.” Then it continues withSecond challenge.The second challenge is sustainability:Given the non-renewable nature of fossilfuels and the need to mitigate climatechange, it is imperative to make greater useof alternative energy sources, increase en-ergy efficiency and "decarbonize" energy.Today, worldwide, 64 per cent of electricitysupplies come from fossil fuel, 16 per centfrom nuclear fission and 19 per cent from hy-dro, with very little from other renewablesources. The dominance of fossil fuel as themain source of energy is disconcerting andgoes against the sustainability objective.Moreover, since the world’s population isexpected to grow at least for severaldecades and the energy demand is likely toincrease even faster, it is highly likely that fos-sil fuel will continue to be an importantsource of energy supply for the foreseeablefuture. However, in contrast to the situationeven a few decades ago, we now have thetechnology needed to develop alternativeand renewable energy sources, including

wind and solar. We must intensify the devel-opment efforts in this area, including throughtechnology transfer from developed to devel-oping countries and by encouraging knowl-edge sharing in the context of South-South cooperation.

On a global scale, andespecially when seen from theperspective of developingcountries, we are facing twofundamental energychallenges. The first is accessto sufficient energy sourcesand at affordable prices,including in parts of thedeveloping world whereaccess to modern energyservices is more of a dreamthan a reality. Access to theseservices is fundamental tofulfilling basic social needs,driving economic growth andfuelling human development.

Ensuring a secure and steady energy supply that enables sustainabledevelopment, and supports our efforts to confront climate change is in-deed a central challenge. As the United Nations Secretary-General,Mr. Ban Ki-moon, has often stressed, climate change remains the onlytruly existential threat that we face as the human family. Recent findingsconfirm that climate change is, in fact, progressing at a much faster ratethan previously anticipated. We can only address it effectively if weintegrate energy and development policies. The global recession hasonly made this need all the more urgent.

Energy resources are fundamental to the efforts to realize the United Na-tions Millennium Development Goals – our blueprint for reducingglobal poverty by 2015. Let there be no doubt: there is no trade-offbetween fighting climate change and advancing development. On thecontrary, we can only effectively move forward development by pro-moting our climate goals – and our response to the climate crisis mustfurther economic and social goals. Energy is the element that combinesthese objectives. We need vision and leadership to ensure that we donot deplete our resource base.

WE NEED VISIONAND LEADERSHIPSERGEI A. ORDZHONIKIDZEUN UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERALDIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE UN OFFICE AT GENEVA

NEW GREEN DEAL. The UN Secretary-General has called for a “New Green Deal”to create new employment and foster sustainable markets while protecting our environmentand natural resources. Efforts to increase the use of renewable and low-carbon energysources, investment in energy efficient jobs and promotion of climate friendly practices mustbe part of a concerted response to climate change.

SUSTAINABILITY AND AFFORDABILITYDR. SUPACHAI PANITCHPAKDI, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF UNCTAD

THE ECONOMICCRISIS AND THEFUTUREDAVID HILLERPRESIDENT, GOVERNMENTOF THE REPUBLIC AND STATEOF GENEVA

The economic crisis cannot cancel the fact thatlast summer, the oil barrel almost reached the150 dollars mark. Neither can it cancel thedramatic consequences of the oil and foodprices surge, especially on the most fragilecountries of the world. The crisis will come toan end and the return of growth will bringback to the fore the question of raw materialprices, together with the issue of the foresee-able depletion of fossil energies. The statesand all stakeholders of the global economymust urgently face up to their responsibilities.They must prepare together the post-economiccrisis era, in order to allow for the sustainabledevelopment of our societies. This means no-tably a drastic reduction of our dependencyon non-renewable energy sources.The economy is obviously not the onlydimension to be considered. We all under-stand that if we do not act quickly and in ameaningful way, climate disorders will reacha point of no return… The constraints that sus-tainable development imposes, provides uswith a way out of the crisis. This wayentails building the framework for a sustain-able and lasting growth for our planet. The res-olute action of states, together with an in-creased level of responsibilities that alleconomy stakeholders have to assume, willlead us in the right direction.

ENERGYPACTCONFERENCE SPEAKERS

GERHARD SCHRÖDER,Chairman, Energy Pact Conference,Former Chancellor of Germany

DAVID HILER,President, Government of the Republicand State of Geneva

MORITZ LEUENBERGER,Swiss Federal Counselor, Head of theFederal Department of the Environment,Transport, Energy and Communications

SUPACHAI PANITCHPAKDI,Secretary-General of UNCTAD

SERGEI ORDZHONIKIDZE,Director – General, United Nationsoffice in Geneva

ALI AL-NAIMI,Minister of Petroleum and MineralResources, Saudi Arabia

GHOLAM HOSSEIN NOZARI,Minister of Petroleum, Iran

MOHAMMED HAMED AL RUMHY,Minister of Oil and Gas, Sultanate ofOman, Director of Climate and Energy,Ministry of Environment, France

CARLO RUBBIA,Nobel laureate, Physics 1984, Italy

JACK STEINBERGER,Nobel laureate, Physics 1988, USA

MOHAMMAD AL SABBAN,Senior Advisor, Minister of Petroleum,Saudi Arabia

GRAHAM ANDREW,Special Assistant to the Director Generalof the IAEA for Scientific and TechnicalAffairs, UK

JEAN-LOUIS ARCAND,Graciela Chichilnisky,UNESCO Professor of Mathematicsand Economics, Columbia University,Argentina - USA

NAZLI CHOUCRI,Professor of Political Science,Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT), USA

LOREN COX,Associate Director, ProgramDevelopment, MIT Global ChangeJoint Program/CEEPR, USA

JOHN CRAIG,Professor of Environmental Management,University of Auckland, New Zealand

YANG DONGLIANG,Executive Vice Mayor,!Tianjin, China

JOHAN GALTUNG,Professor of peace studies, founderTRANSCEND, Norway

SVEN HANSEN,CIO, Good Energies, Switzerland

DANIEL JAEGGI,Vice President, Mercuria Energy,Switzerland

ASHOK KHOSLA,President of International Union forConservation of Nature and Presidentof Club of Rome, India

HANS JORGEN KOCH,Deputy State Secretary, Ministry ofClimate and Energy, Denmark

URS LUTERBACHER,Chairman Environmental StudiesUnit, Graduate Institute ofInternational and Development Studies,Geneva, Switzerland

BERTRAND PICCARD,Chairman, Solar Impulse, Switzerland

HANS B. PÜTTGEN,Professor and Director, Energy Center,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology(EPFL), Switzerland

GARY ROSS,CEO, Pira Energy Group, USA

ROBERT STAVINS,Director, Environmental EconomicsProgram, Harvard, USA

MOSTAFA TOLBA,former Executive Director of the UnitedNations Environment Program, Egypt

PIERRE-FRANÇOIS UNGER,Counsellor of State, Department ofHealth and Economy

ERNST ULRICH VONWEIZSÄCKER,Co-Chair, International Panel forSustainable ResourceManagement, Germany

JAVAD YARJANI,Head of Department for OPEC,Ministry for Petroleum, Iran

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