First Cuoricino results and the CUORE project

Outline1. From Mi-DBD to CUORICINO and CUORE2. The CUORE project3. CUORICINO4. CUORICINO construction5. CUORICINO detector performances6. CUORICINO background7. CUORICINO results8. perspectives for CUORE

Oliviero Cremonesi

on behalf of the CUORE collaboration

Prague, 7-10 July 2003, MEDEX '03 Workshop

The CUORE Collaboration

C. Arnaboldi, C. Brofferio, S. Capelli, L. Carbone, O. Cremonesi, E. Fiorini, A. Nucciotti, M. Pavan,G. Pessina, S. Pirro, E. Previtali, M. Sisti, and L.TorresDipartimento di Fisica dell’ Università and Sez. INFN di Milano- Milano – Italy

J. Beeman, R.J. McDonald, E.E. Haller, E.B. Norman and A.R. SmithLawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley - California- USA

A. Giuliani, M. Pedretti, and A. FascillaDipartimento di Scienze CC, FF e MM dell'Universita` dell' Insubria e Sez. INFN di Milano, Como - Italy

M. Barucci, E. Pasca, E. Olivieri, L. Risegari, and G. VenturaDipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sez. INFN di Firenze- Firenze- Italy

G. Frossati and A. de WaardKamerling Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University- Leiden -The Netherlands

M. Balata, C. Bucci, and M. PyleLaboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, INFN - L'Aquila – Italy

D.R. Artusa, F.T. Avignone III, I. Bandac, R.J. Creswick, H.A. Farach and C. RosenfeldDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University South Carolina - Columbia S. C. - USA

V. PalmieriLaboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN - Padova - Italy

S. Cebrian, P. Gorla, I.G. Irastorza, A. Morales, C. PobesLab. of Nucl. and High En. Physics, University of Zaragoza - Zaragoza – Spain

From Mi-DBD to CUORICINO and CUORE

Omogeneous (source = detector) approach with bolometers

e_

e_ wide choice of materials

detectors with an energy resolution comparable with that of Ge diodes

130Te nice features

high natural isotopic abundance (i.a. = 33.87 %)

high transition energy (Q = (2528.8 ±1.3) keV )

encouraging theoretical calculations for 0ν−DBD lifetime

already observed with geo-chemical techniques ( τ 1/2 incl = ( 0.7 - 2.7 ) × 1021 y)

excellent feature for future reasonable-cost expansion of Double Beta Decay experiments

large phase space, lower background(clean window between full energy and

Compton edge of 208Tl photons)

mee ≈ 0.1 eV ⇔ τ ≈ 1026 y

study new DBD candidates

Low Temperature Detectors (LTD's)

♦ Temperature signal: ΔT = E/C ≅ 0.1 mK for E = 1 MeV♦ Bias: I ≅ 0.1 nA ⇒ Joule power ≅ 1 pW ⇒Temperature rise ≅ 0.25 mK♦ Voltage signal: ΔV = I × dR/dT × ΔT ⇒ ΔV = 1 mV for E = 1 MeV

♦ Noise over signal bandwidth (a few Hz): Vrms = 0.2 µV♦ Signal recovery time: τ = C/G ≅ 0.5 s

Heat sinkT ≅ 10 mK

Energy absorberTeO2 crystal

C ≅ 2 nJ/K ≅ 1 MeV / 0.1 mK

Thermal couplingG ≅ 4 nW / K = 4 pW / mK

ThermometerNTD Ge-thermistor

R ≅ 100 MΩdR/dT ≅ 100 kΩ/µΚ

In real life signal about a factor 2 - 3 smaller

Energy resolution (FWHM): ≅ 1 keV

Te dominates in mass the compoundExcellent mechanical and thermal properties Calorimetric approach

Good energy resolutionNo limit to material choice

From Mi-DBD to CUORICINO and CUORE

1990: the first TeO2 bolometer1993: the first experiment with a 334 g TeO2detector

1997: the 20 (340 g) crystal array (Mi-DBD I)

1998-2002: tests on 750 g TeO2 crystals

2001: the 20 crystal array is rebuild witha new structure and with cleanermaterials (Mi-DBD II)

FWHM 15 keV (0.33 +/- 0.11) c/keV/kg/yτ1/2 > 2.1 1023 y at 90% C.L

The Mi DBD - II: experimental set-up

5 modules, 4 detector each (3x3x6 cm3 TeO2 crystals, 340 g)

are arranged in a tower-like compact structure (6.8 kg)

the tower is surrounded byan inner Roman lead shield,

and all the refrigerator

by a 20 cm thick outer lead shield + borated PET shield

the tower is mounted insidea dilution refrigerator

... a general test for the CUORICINO set-up

Mi DBD: limits on 0νDBD

Total statistics:4.3 kg y

DBD Q-value

τ > 2.08 × 1023 y @ 90% c.l.

<mν> < 1.09 – 2.64 eV

Bkg ~ 0.3 c/keV/kg/y

Physics Letters B 557/3-4, 2003, pp. 167-175

The CUORE project

CUORE is an array of ~ 1000 bolometers

0.75 kg x 1000 = 750 kg TeO2= 600 kg Te = 203 kg 130Te

x 1000

crystals are grouped in 250 modules of 4 crystals each, the modules arearranged in 25 towers assembled in a 5x5 matrix

bolometers placed (in a single dilution refrigerator at ~ 10 mK) as close aspossible with a minimum amount of material among them

A SINGLE HIGH GRANULARITY DETECTOR

750 kgTeO2

CUORE elementary module

a 4-crystal unit (“plane”) is a mechanically independent modulemade of 4 crystals

Various 4-crystal planes have been tested with good results onboth reproducibility and reliability (... before CUORICINO)

Energy resolution ~ 1 keV at threshold 5 - 10 keV at 3 MeV

nuclear recoil quenching factor ~ 1

Teflon tips

ThermistorTeO2 crystal

copper frame

contact pins

TheCUORE detector

a tower contains 10 modules, as in thecase of the 4-crystal modules also towersare indipendent structures

a single tower of CUORE has been alreadybuilt and is installed in Hall A

The tower ...

the 25 towers are organized in a square structure (a 5x5matrix), the towers will be suspended from a large squarecopper plate suspended with a vertical spring

The array

The CUORE experimental set-up

The CUORE array:

closed inside a cubic copper box

surrounded by 3 cm of roman lead

an additional 20 cm layer of low activitylead will be used to shield the array fromthe refrigerator dilution unita lead shield and a borated PETneutron shield will surround completelythe cryostat

CUORICINO

44 TeO2 crystals 5x5x5 cm3 + 18 TeO2 crystals 3x3x6 cm3

array with a tower-like structure similar to the single tower of CUORE(the only difference is that it contains 2 planes of 3x3x6 crystals)

mounted inside the Hall A refrigeratorwhere the Mi-DBD 20 array worked

CUORICINO is a self-consistent experimentand will give significant results concerning

Double Beta Decay and Dark Matter

CUORICINO and CUORE location

Two dilution refrigerators:Hall A (CUORICINO)

Hall C (R&D final tests for CUORE)

CUORE experiment will be installed in the

Underground National Laboratoryof Gran Sasso

L'Aquila – ITALY

the mountain providing a 3500 m.w.e.shield against cosmic rays

CUORICINO setup

Cold finger

CUORICINO Tower

Roman lead shield

Coldest point

CUORICINO (and all previousexperiments) is carried out in thecryostat located in hall A of GranSasso National Laboratory

Pumps and

control system

Faraday

Cage

Outer Lead

shield

Inner Lead

shield

Cryostat

Experimental

volume

Plexiglass box

B-Polyethy lene He Liquefier

CUORICINO (2)

This detector is completelysurrounded by active materials.

substantial improvement in BKG reduction

11 modules, 4 detector each,crystal dimension 5x5x5 cm3

crystal mass 790 g

4 x 11 x 0.79 = 34.76 kg of TeO2

2 modules, 9 detector each,crystal dimension 3x3x6 cm3

crystal mass 330 g

9 x 2 x 0.33 = 5.94 kg of TeO2

CUORICINO TOTAL ACTIVE MASS = 40.7 kg of TeO2

Assembling the detectors

All operations done in nitrogen atmosphere

Assembling the tower

Almost completely done in nitrogen atmosphere

The CUORICINO Tower

CUORICINO: inner shield and suspension

CUORICINO: Final Assembly

CUORICINO results/statisticsCool down: february 2003Detectors: some electrical connection were lost during the cooling of the tower, as a result some

detectors cannot be read-out (to recover the electrical connections it is necessary to warm upthe cryostat)

4x11 = 44 large size crystals (~5x5x5 cm3 av. mass = 790 g) 32 working9x2 = 18 small size crystals (~3x3x6 cm3 av. mass = 330 g) 16 working

Active mass during this run: 10.4 kg 130Te32 x 0.790 = 25.28 kg12 x 0.330 = 3.96 kg

2 (130Te-enriched) x 0.330 = 0.660 kg = 0.495 kg 130Te2 (128Te-enriched) x 0.330 = 0.660 kg = 0.543 kg 128Te

29.24 kg = 9.9 kg 130Te - 72% }

Start date: 19 April 2003Stop date: 23 June 2003

Live time: 72% Background measurement: 57% (891.27 h

/ch) Calibration: 20% (227.73 h/ch)

Detector performances: pulse height

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

11

1 2

13

1 4

Pulse height (normalized to 1 kg of TeO2)

C o l u m n D

Column E

5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 u V / M e V

num

ber

of

dete

cto

rs

Pulse height distribution µV/MeV (normalized to 1 kg of TeO2)

5x5x5 crystals

3x3x6 crystals

average pulse height for 5x5x5 crystals = 340 µV/MeVaverage pulse height for 3x3x6 crystals = 440 µV/MeV

Detector performances: energy resolution

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Energy resolution FWHM

C o l u m n S

C o l u m n T

5 1 0 1 5 2 0 3 0 F W H M [ k e V ]

n u m b e r o f d e t e c t o r s

3x3x6 crystals

5x5x5 crystals

FWHM [keV] of the 2615 keV gamma line of208Tl (calibration with a 232Th source ~ 3 days)

average 5x5x5 cm3 crystals ~ 7 keVaverage 3x3x6 cm3 crystals ~ 9 keV

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Energy resolution FWHM

C o lu m n F

C o lu m n G

5 1 0 1 5 2 0 3 0 F W H M [ k e V ]

n u m b e r o f d e t e c t o r s

20 cryst. array II run20 cryst. array I run

232Th calibration: 5x5x5 cm3 crystals

2615 keV 208Tl

single escape 208Tl

double escape 208Tl

CUORICINO background

- CUORICINO- Mi-DBD II

Observed γ lines

Array OLD: 1 cm (600 mK) + 10 cm above the towerArray NEW: 3 cm (2cm in 50mK + 1cm in 600mK) + 15 cm above the towerCuoricino: 1.3 cm (IVC) + 10 cm above the tower

Amount of internal roman lead shield:

2 0 c r y s t a l s " O L D " 2 0 c r y s t a l s " N E W " C u o r i c i n o

E ( k e V ) I s o t o p e c o u n t s / h e r r . c o u n t s / h e r r . c o u n t s / h e r r .

88 1 2 3 m T e + 1 2 7 m T e 1 . 9 1 E - 0 0 1 8 . 0 4 E - 0 0 3 1 . 0 9 E - 0 0 2 1 . 4 2 E - 0 0 3

122 5 7 C o 1 . 8 5 E - 0 0 3 1 . 1 8 E - 0 0 3 9 . 1 7 E - 0 0 3 2 . 4 3 E - 0 0 3 2 . 9 5 E - 0 0 2 1 . 8 0 E - 0 0 3

145 1 2 5 m T e 4 . 2 7 E - 0 0 3 1 . 0 7 E - 0 0 3 1 . 9 3 E - 0 0 1 7 . 8 6 E - 0 0 3 1 . 6 4 E - 0 0 2 1 . 4 2 E - 0 0 3

238 2 1 2 P b 6 . 8 8 E - 0 0 3 9 . 9 5 E - 0 0 4 4 . 7 2 E - 0 0 3 1 . 7 1 E - 0 0 3

247 1 2 3 m T e 8 . 2 5 E - 0 0 2 6 . 1 7 E - 0 0 3 6 . 3 9 E - 0 0 3 1 . 0 7 E - 0 0 3

351 2 1 4 P b 4 . 9 3 E - 0 0 3 8 . 9 4 E - 0 0 4 5 . 3 6 E - 0 0 3 9 . 1 3 E - 0 0 4

568 2 0 7 B i 5 . 9 8 E - 0 0 3 5 . 9 1 E - 0 0 4 < 4 E - 3 3 . 7 9 E - 0 0 3 9 . 9 9 E - 0 0 4

835 5 4 M n 9 . 9 5 E - 0 0 4 3 . 0 3 E - 0 0 4 5 . 8 0 E - 0 0 3 1 . 6 8 E - 0 0 3 1 . 1 7 E - 0 0 2 9 . 1 8 E - 0 0 4

911 2 2 8 A c 4 . 7 1 E - 0 0 3 4 . 3 2 E - 0 0 4 < 2 . 3 E - 3 5 . 1 4 E - 0 0 3 7 . 9 6 E - 0 0 4

1060 2 0 7 B i 6 . 4 7 E - 0 0 3 4 . 9 0 E - 0 0 4 < 3 . 5 E - 3 3 . 2 7 E - 0 0 3 5 . 6 1 E - 0 0 4

1120 2 1 4 B i 1 . 5 0 E - 0 0 3 2 . 5 9 E - 0 0 4 < 1 . 5 E - 3 6 . 8 5 E - 0 0 3 6 . 9 2 E - 0 0 4

1173 6 0 C o 8 . 3 5 E - 0 0 3 5 . 3 3 E - 0 0 4 5 . 0 5 E - 0 0 3 1 . 6 8 E - 0 0 3 1 . 5 2 E - 0 0 2 9 . 1 8 E - 0 0 4

1333 6 0 C o 7 . 5 1 E - 0 0 3 6 . 4 9 E - 0 0 4 3 . 9 3 E - 0 0 3 1 . 3 1 E - 0 0 3 1 . 5 1 E - 0 0 2 8 . 5 0 E - 0 0 4

1461 4 0 K 3 . 3 1 E - 0 0 2 1 . 1 7 E - 0 0 3 5 . 9 0 E - 0 0 3 1 . 6 3 E - 0 0 3 3 . 1 7 E - 0 0 2 1 . 1 8 E - 0 0 3

2615 2 0 8 T l 5 . 0 6 E - 0 0 3 4 . 6 1 E - 0 0 4 1 . 6 8 E - 0 0 3 7 . 4 8 E - 0 0 4 6 . 9 7 E - 0 0 3 5 . 4 3 E - 0 0 4

---

+

++++++

Gamma peaks of 60Co, 40K, 208Tl have a higher intensity in CUORICINO but the internalroman lead shield has a lateral thickness much reduced (2 cm less).

Copper activation gamma lines have a higher intensity in CUORICINO (more copperbetween the roman lead shield and the tower)

Tellurium activation gamma lines have a smaller intensity in CUORICINO

2505 keV line: 60Co

2505 keV counting rate: (0.28 +/-0.13) x 10-3 c/h

Hard to see it in the 20 crystal array: the bkg was higher, the resolution slightly worse

2505 keV line: 60Co MC simulations

Spectra normalized at the 1173 keV line

Measured spectrumContamination of Co60 in the crystal's bulkContamination of Co60 in the copper box's bulk

Main contribution from crystals bulk excludedGood agreement with a bulk contamination of the copper (c.r. activation)

CUORICINO: Alpha region

3250keV

Heater linesArray newCuoricino

3250 keV line: 190Pt

Alpha decay from 190Pt to 186Os(6.5x1011 y): Ealpha + Enuclear recoil = Q = 3250keVThe crystals were grown in a Pt crucible!!!

With more statistics we'd be able to understand the origin of thispeak (surface/bulk)

We have identified 4 possible sources for the residual BKG in the DBD region:

♦ Neutrons♦ Degraded alphas from TeO2 surface♦ Degraded alphas from Cu frame and plate surface♦ Energy degraded 2615 keV environmentalphotons

Excluded @ MiDBD & CUORICINO level since adding B-polyethilene shield had no effect

Coincidences between adjacent detectors show that crystal surfaces emit alphas belonging to 238U and 232Th series.Crystal contamination determines peaks more than continuum.

The alpha continuum extends down to the DBD region

A Montecarlo simulation shows that the alpha BKG is determined mainly

by a superficial contamination of U-Th in Cu plates and frames.This contamination explains

the alpha region BKG, the DBD region BKG and the 208Tl peak.

Experimental spectrum Montecarlo

Straight lines correspond to full energy shared by two detectors

Alpha region(continuum)

208Tl -2615 keV peak

Alpha region(peaks)

Discussion on the BKG (1)

Evidence for contributions to the BKG in the DBD region from degraded alpha particles (surface effect):

Clear correlation between:

BKG in the DBD region ⇔ BKG in the region 3-4 MeV

Mi DBD - I Mi DBD - II

BKG 2500-2556 keV (c/keV/kg/y)

BKG 3000-4000 keV (c/keV/kg/y)

0.33±0.11

0.27±0.03

0.59±0.06

0.66 ±0.01

free from alpha and gamma peaks

Discussion on the BKG (2)

Mi-DBD/CUORICINO Background Model

Experiment/Montecarlo comparison:Experiment/Montecarlo comparison:•• reliabilityreliability•• quantitative contributions from different sourcesquantitative contributions from different sources

ExperimentalExperimental

MC: SurfaceMC: Surface(crystals+mounting box)(crystals+mounting box)

Energy (keV)Energy (keV)

Cou

nts

Cou

nts

MC: bulkMC: bulkMounting boxMounting box

CrystalsCrystals

ExternalExternal

GEANT4GEANT4

Mi DBD IMi DBD IMi DBD IIMi DBD IICuoricinoCuoricinoCuoreCuore

Reliable estimate of Reliable estimate of experimental sensitivityexperimental sensitivity

Background: MC estimates

Geant4Gendec

Mibeta I

Mibeta II

CUORE

5x5x5 TeO2 crystals

3x3x6 TeO2 crystals

Background: MC estimates (2)

Cryostat, shields and detector details

Background: MiDBD II vs CUORICINO

continuous background in the 3-4 MeV region (cutting off the 3.3MeV peak) is reduced

→ cleaning operation of the copper surfaces

alpha peaks due to surface contamination of the crystals are reduced

→ cleaning operation of the TeO2 crystal surfaces

E n e r g y r a n g e [ k e V ] 2 4 7 0 - 2 5 8 5 2 7 5 0 - 3 2 5 0 3 4 5 0 - 3 9 0 0 3 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 - 5 0 0 0

[ c o u n t s / k e V / k g / y ]

M i - D B D 4 . 0 3 e - 0 1 + / - 8 . 8 0 e - 0 2 2 . 2 1 e - 0 1 + / - 3 . 1 2 e - 0 2 2 . 3 1 e - 0 1 + / - 3 . 3 6 e - 0 2 2 . 8 0 e - 0 1 + / - 2 . 4 9 e - 0 2 1 . 8 3 e + 0 0 + / - 6 . 3 5 e - 0 2

C u o r i c i n o 5 x 5 x 5 2 . 4 6 e - 0 1 + / - 3 . 0 7 e - 0 2 1 . 0 8 e - 0 1 + / - 9 . 7 5 e - 0 3 1 . 3 9 e - 0 1 + / - 1 . 1 7 e - 0 2 2 . 1 6 e - 0 1 + / - 9 . 7 7 e - 0 3 5 . 5 2 e - 0 1 + / - 1 . 5 6 e - 0 2

C u o r i c i n o 3 x 3 x 6 2 . 5 8 e - 0 1 + / - 9 . 7 5 e - 0 2 1 . 6 1 e - 0 1 + / - 3 . 6 9 e - 0 2 1 . 7 9 e - 0 1 + / - 4 . 1 0 e - 0 2 2 . 3 7 e - 0 1 + / - 3 . 1 7 e - 0 2 8 . 0 5 e - 0 1 + / - 5 . 8 4 e - 0 2

Is the flat continuum actually due to the Copper surface contamination?

Comparison between the central and the lateral 3x3x6 crystals, but we need more statistics

CUORICINO: new limits on 130Te bb(0n)

anticoincidence spectrum,only 5x5x5 crystals,

19846 h x kgτ1/2 > 5 x 1023 years at 90% C.L.

CUORICINO: mee lower limits

Background: ββ region

3 year sensitivity CUORICINO (full mass): b=0.23 G=8 keV

F0ν3 years = 1 x 1025

<mν> ~ 0.15 - 0.38 eV

F0ν = 4.17 × 1026 × × εaA

1/2M Tb Γ

Atomic mass

Isotopic abundance

Detector mass (kg)

BKG (counts/keV/kg/y)Energy resolution (keV)

Running time (y)

Detector efficiency

Sensitivity:

2480-2600 keV (ββ 130Te transition energy = 2528.8 keV)anticoincidence spectrum, only 5x5x5 crystals

b = 0.23 +/- 0.04 c/keV/kg/y

Perspectives for CUORE

CUORICINO:

apparatus: proves thefeasibility of a large bolometricarray with the tower-likestructure

detectors: shows that detectorperformances are not affectedby the increase in crystal size(from 340 g to 790 g)

CUORE:

apparatus: it will contain 25towers similar to theCUORICINO one, R&D will bededicated to cryostat andmechanical apparatus design

detectors: R&D to guaranteedetector reproducibility anduniformity (pulse shape andresolution)

Perspectives for CUORE (2)

CUORICINO:

background achievements: MiDBD-II was used as a testbench to verify surface cleaning techniques, the improvement inbkg obtained in Cuoricino (despite the reduced shield) provesthe reproducibility of cleaning and handling procedures

background study: Cuoricino data will be used to further studybkg sources in view of Cuore

Perspectives for CUORE (3)

a completely new set-up will allow the optimization of shielding

CUORE is specifically designed to reduce as far as possible theamount of materials interposed between the crystals.

the high granularity of the CUORE detector will allow to use withhigh efficiency the coincidence/anticoincidence technique toidentify and reject background events

the real challenge of CUORE will be the control and reduction ofbackground

only low radioactivity materials will be employed to build the refrigerator and theentire mechanical set up for CUORE

special techniques for surface cleaning will be applied.

CUORE sensitivity

MC simulation for BKG contributions:

♦ Bulk contamination is not a problem < 0.004 counts/keV/kg/y MC simulation with MEASURED 90% upper limits on material contaminations

♦ Surface contamination from passive materials is potentially dangerous, but there will be the possibility to reduce by a factor 10 -100 the amount of Cu facing the detector and/or improve the materials surface treatment

~ 0.01 – 0.001 counts/keV/kg/y

♦ Environmental radioactivity contribution is reduced to a minimum thanks to the lead and neutron shields

♦ Cosmogenic activation of Cu and Te will be reduced to a minimum by the underground storage of materials

♦Two neutrino double beta decay contribution < 0.0001 counts/keV/kg/y

CUORE ββ sensitivity

0ν sensitivity = ln 2 NA = 2.1 1025

Α b Γ √a.i. M t ε

b Γ √ t

Pessimistic estimation: b = 0.01 - Γ = 5 keV

mee < 27 - 70 meV × ( T[y ] )1/4

(18-47 meV in 5 years)

F0ν = 9.4 × 1025 × ( T[y ] )1/2 mee < 49 – 124 meV × ( T[y ] )1/4

(33-83 meV in 5 years)

F0ν = 2.96 × 1026 × ( T[y ] )1/2

Optimistic estimation: b = 0.001 - Γ = 5 keV

CUORE: R&DCUORE: R&D

Long term stability:• Cryogenics• Detector optimization

Large number of detectors:• reproducibility• read-out & calibration

Background suppression:• materials selection

• setup materials• cleaning/preparation materials

• surface treatment improvement• radiation shields improvement

CUORE temptative time schedule

CUORE temptative cost statement

Conclusions

CUORICINO is running (February 2003) Some channels lost during cool down of the detector Energy resolution is good and even better than in MiDBD

Background shows a reduction in α energy region Background at low energy is comparable with MiDBD Background in DBD energy region in good agreement with expectations

Efforts to lower energy threshold are in progress

New (improved) limit on neutrinoless DBD of 130Te and mee Future: New setup to solve wiring problem Reduction of energy threshold at level of MiDBD (DM) Complete definition of the CUORE project Formal CUORE proposal Start of the required CUORE R&D

CUORICINO: criostat & wiringCUORICINO: criostat & wiring

CUORICINO: cold electronicsCUORICINO: cold electronics

CUORICINO: thermistors andCUORICINO: thermistors andheatersheaters

CUORICINO: anti-RnCUORICINO: anti-Rn

Lapping machine

Gluing box

CUORICINO: 4 crystal CUORICINO: 4 crystal planeplaneCopper surface treatment TeO2 crystal surface treatment

New improved mounting design