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Fischdiversität limnischer und mariner Ökosysteme. Rainer Froese IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel [email protected] 8. Tagung GFI , Frankfurt, 2.9.2011. Phylogeny of Fishes (based on FishBase 08/2011). In Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Fishes comprise 6 Classes 64 Orders - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Fischdiversität limnischer und mariner Ökosysteme
Rainer FroeseIFM-GEOMAR, Kiel
[email protected]. Tagung GFI, Frankfurt, 2.9.2011
Phylogeny of Fishes(based on FishBase 08/2011)
In Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Fishes comprise• 6 Classes• 64 Orders• 537 Families• 4,955 Genera•31,857 Species
Phylogeny of FishesClasses Common
ancestor(million y)
Orders(n)
Families(n)
Genera(n)
Species(n, %)
Myxini (hagfishes) 600 1 1 6 78 0.2
Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)
450 1 1 8 43 0.1
Holocephali (chimaeras) 420 1 3 6 50 0.1
Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)
420 11 50 187 1,137 3.6
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)
420 3 4 4 8 0.04
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
400 47 478 4,743 30,541 95.9
Total 64 537 4,954 31,857 100
FishBase 08/2011
Fishes by Salinity
• Primary freshwater fishes 14,349• Primary marine fishes 14,786• Brackish & diadromous fishes 2,976
Based on FishBase 08/2011Counts include subspecies
Human Use of Fishes
Extant finfish 32,111•Used in fisheries 4,662•Used in aquaculture 364•Used as bait 205•In ornamental trade 3,233
– marine 1,327– freshwater 1,906– mainly bred 702
•Used in angling 1,139 Total used by humans 7,398
Based on FishBase 08/2011Counts include subspecies
Fishes Affected by Humans
• Threatened by extinction 1,737– (Based on IUCN Red List of 2010)
• Introduced between countries 877– (transferred to and establish in another country)
Based on FishBase 08/2011Counts include subspecies
Fishes Affecting Humans
• Dangerous fish 1,038– (poisonous, venemous, traumatogenic, pests, etc.)
Based on FishBase 08/2011Counts include subspecies
How To Get There
• www.fishbase.org• Section ‚Tools‘• Button ‚Fish Statistics‘
10
Size Distribution of Fishes
0
500
1000
1500
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Length (log; cm)
Fre
qu
en
cy
Frequency distribution of maximum lengths in 23,685 species of fishes, Median = 15.9 cm
11
Extreme Size in Fishes
• What are the largest fishes on Earth?– FishBase, Tools, World Records
• 10 largest fishes
• What are the smallest fishes on Earth?– FishBase, Tools, World Records
• 10 smallest fishes
12
Why Does Size Matter?Some Things Increase!
• Predators are larger than their prey• FB, FishBase Book, Trophic Ecology, The Predators Table
• Swimming speed increases with body length• FB, FishBase Book, Morphology and Physiology, The Swimming
and Speed Tables
• Fecundity increases with size (Fec = aLb)– b median = 3
• FB, Coryphaena hippurus, More information, Spawning, USA - Florida current, a = 0.252, b = 3.12
• References increase with size
13
Why Does Size Matter?Some Things Decrease!
• Metabolic rate decreases with size• FB, Oreochromis niloticus, More information, Metabolism, Relative oxygen
consumption graph
• Growth rate decreases with size• FB, O. niloticus, More information, Growth, Auximetric graph
• Natural mortality decreases with size• FB, O. niloticus, More information, Growth, M vs. Linf graph
• Relative brain size decreases with size• FB, O. niloticus, More information, Brains, Relative brain weight graph
• Relative gill area decreases with size• FB, O. niloticus, More information, Gill area, Gill area vs body weight
graph, About this graph
14
Why Does Size Matter?Some Things Don’t Change (Much)
• Size at maturity• FB, Oreochromis niloticus, More information, Growth,
Reproductive load graph
• Body proportions• FB, O. niloticus, More information, L-L relationship, e.g.
SL = a + b TLif a = 0 then SL is a fixed ratio of TL
• FB, O. niloticus, More information, L-W relationship: -> if b ~ 3 then isometric growth
Most Fish Grow Isometrically
0
100
200
300
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
b
Fre
qu
en
cy (
n)
Frequency distribution of mean exponent b based on 3,929 records for 1,773 species, with median = 3.025, 95% CL = 3.011 – 3.036, 5th percentile = 2.65 and 95th percentile = 3.39, minimum = 1.96, maximum = 3.94; the normal distribution line is overlaid.
W = a Lb
Fish Grow Forever
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Age (in units of mean adult life expectancy)
We
igh
t (r
ela
tiv
e t
o m
ax
imu
m w
eig
ht)
Fishes Bivalve Euphausiid Trees Newt Squid
Whale shark vs Fin whale
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Age (years)
Len
gth
(cm
)
Fin whale
Whale shark
Maturity is Size-Driven
• Growth in weight has an inflection point at 0.3 Winf = 2/3 Linf (if growth is isometric with b ~ 3)
• Fish mature before or at that size
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 5 10 15 20
Age (years)
Wei
gh
t (g
)
max dW/dt
First maturity
Variability in Maturity
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100 1000 10000
L∞ (cm)
Lm
(cm
)
L∞
0.67 L∞
0.35 L∞
Longevity vs Taylor’s 3/K
353 species, FishBase 11/2006
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Age at 95% L∞ (years)
Ob
serv
ed m
axim
um
ag
e (y
ears
)
1 : 1
Longevity vs Temperature
y = -0.0142x + 1.3505
R2 = 0.0702
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Mean annual temperature (degree Celsius)
Ob
serv
ed lo
ng
evit
y (l
og
; ye
ars)
Longevity vs Maximum Length
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1 10 100 1000
Maximum length (cm)
Max
imu
m a
ge
(yea
rs)
Maximum age and length known for 1036 species of fishes, FishBase 11/2006
Maximum Length vs Longevity
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Maximum age (years)
Max
imu
m l
eng
th (
cm)
Maximum length and age known for 1036 species of fishes, FishBase 11/2006(Slope = 0.80, 95% CL = 0.76-0.84, r2 = 0.6124)
L∞ vs tmax within Species
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Age at 95% L∞ (years)
Asy
mp
toti
c le
ng
th (
L∞ ;
cm
)
Carcharhinus acronotus Pleuronectes platessa Stolephorus indicus
Median slope for populations within 141 species = 0.42 (95% CL = 0.39-0.46)
6410 growth studiesFishBase 11/2006
Longevity vs Age at Maturity
y = x + 0.61
R2 = 0.674
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Age at maturity (log; years)
Ob
se
rve
d lo
ng
ev
ity
(lo
g;
ye
ars
)
tmax ~ 4 * tm
Longevity vs Environment
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Freshwater Brackish Marine
Environment
Lo
ng
ev
ity
(lo
g;
ye
ar)
Diadromous
Longevity vs Habitat
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Deep Demersal Pelagic Reef
Habitat
Lo
ng
ev
ity
(lo
g;
ye
ar)
Natural Mortality is Rather Constant in Adults
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cohort age (years)
Co
ho
rt n
um
ber
s
Nt = Nts * exp(-M*(t - ts))
Life History Summary
Note: Blue line is not to scale
Growth in Weight
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 5 10 15 20 25
Age (years)
Weig
ht
(kg
)
maturity
max growth
max reproductive biomass
asymptotic weight
Gadus morhua , Linf = 120 cm,K = 0.14, M = 0.2, rel Fec = 20%
average adult lifespan
max age
Six Zoogeographic Realms
Alfred Russell Wallace, 1876. The Geographical Distribution of Animals
Freshwater Fish Diversity
Realm Species•Nearctic 1,096•Palearctic 1,438•Neotropical 4,388•Ethiopian 3,215•Oriental 2,843•Australian 674
Based on FishBase 08/2011Counts include subspecies
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Longitude (degrees)
Nu
mb
er
of
sp
ec
ies
(n
)
Maldives
Galapagos
Marshall I. Howland/Baker
Sumatra
Borneo
Celebes/Halmahera
Somalia
Ecuador
Seamount
Tools:Equatorial Species Richness Transect across the Indo-Pacific
34
Fish Diversity of the Oceans
Arctic 130
Atlantic4,900
Pacific10,500Indian
6,000
Pacific10,500
Antarctic 370
Total: ~16,000 marine or diadromous fishes, several thousand in more than one Ocean
Diversity in Large Marine Ecosystems
North Sea190
Mediterranean700
Caribbean1,600
Canary1,300
South Brazil970
Patagonian340
Benguela820
Greenland190
Humboldt750
California800
Alaska320
Hawaiian840
Red Sea1,200
Agulhas1,400
Bay of Bengal700
West470
Indonesian2,400
East1240
Australian
East-China1,040
Polynesian810
Weddell Sea25
How About Climate Change?
37
Expected Changes in Environmental Parameters in 2050
Climate zone Surface Temp. (°C)
BottomTemp. (°C)
Salinity BottomSalinity
Ice concentration (%)
Arctic +0.7 +1.6 -1.2 -0.8 -9
Temperate N +0.4 +0.8 -0.7 -0.3 -2
Subtropical N +1.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.0 0
Tropical +1.4 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0
Subtropical S +0.5 +0.3 -0.2 0 0
Temperate S +0.4 +0.7 -0.1 0.0 -0.3
Antarctic +0.7 +0.5 -0.2 0.0 -3
38
Preliminary Analysis
• 821 marine fishes with verified maps• Global suitable habitat in 1999 and 2050• Only core habitat considered (P > 0.5)
39
More Losers than Winners
Change in suitable habitat area in 2050 for 821 species of marine fishes. Median loss in area is 6% (95% CL 5.1 – 6.8), significantly different from zero.Data from AquaMaps 2010.
Sharks and Bony Fish Lose Both
Change in suitable habitat area in 2050 by Class. No loss for 2 lampreys and 3 chimaeras. About 6 % loss for 128 sharks and rays and 688 ray-finned fishes. The areas that are most suitable for sharks and rays do not shrink or expand more than those for ray-finned fishes.Data from AquaMaps and FishBase.
Evolution Did Not Help
Change in suitable habitat area in 2050 by phylogenetic rank, with primitive species on the left and highly derive species on the right. The areas most suitable for primitive species do not shrink or expand more that those most suitable for highly-derived species.
Being Special Does Not Help
Change in suitable habitat area in 2050 by phylogenetic uniqueness of the respective species, for 821 marine fishes. The areas most suitable for unique species do not shrink or expand more than the areas most suitable for species with many close relatives.
Size Does Not Matter
Change in suitable habitat area in 2050 by maximum body length for 821 marine fishes. The areas most suitable for large fishes do not shrink or expand more than those of small fishes.
Highways and Homes
Change in suitable habitat area in 2050 by migratory behavior for 821 marine fishes. The areas most suitable for oceanodromous and diadromous fishes do not lose or gain more than those of non-migratory fishes.
No Change (yet) in the Deep(but reefs are getting hot)
Change in suitable area in 2050 by preferred habitat for 821 marine fishes. The deep sea and its (104) species are less affected by climate change. More than 50% of the reef-associated fishes are likely to lose suitable habitat.
The Tropics Lose
Change in suitable area in 2050 by climate zone for 821 marine fishes. Deep-sea areas (113 species) show no significant change. Also, suitable polar areas (19 species) show no change, maybe because losses due to increased temperature are made up for by receding ice-cover. Temperate species (128) may gain slightly (Median 1.6%, 95% CL -0.4 – 3.1). Suitable areas for subtropical (227) and tropical (334) fishes shrink significantly by about 8%.
Cosmopolitans Less Affected (1)?
Change in suitable area in 2050 by size of current suitable area, for 821 marine fishes. Extreme points may be artifacts. Overall it seems that suitable areas of 0.5 to 20 million km2 have more potential for shrinkage than areas over 40 million km2.
Cosmopolitans Less Affected (2)?
Change in suitable area in 2050 by latitudinal range, for 821 marine fishes. No trend is visible.
Summary
• Fishes are the largest group of vertebrates• Fishes are well researched• Eschmeyer‘s Catalogue of Fishes and Fishbase
are unique resources of standardized information
• Fishes are well suited for studies in macro-ecology and global biodiversity