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Nicholas C. Makris, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Purnima Ratilal, Northeastern University Deanelle Symonds, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Srinivasan Jagannathan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sunwoong Lee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Fish Population and Behavior Fish Population and Behavior Revealed by Instantaneous Revealed by Instantaneous
Continental-Shelf-Scale ImagingContinental-Shelf-Scale Imaging
Nicholas C. Makris, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Purnima Ratilal, Northeastern University
Deanelle Symonds, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Srinivasan Jagannathan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sunwoong Lee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Woody Nero, Naval Research Laboratory
Coventional Fish-Finding SonarCoventional Fish-Finding Sonar
R/V Henlopen
80 m
10 m10 m
Frequency: 38 kHzFrequency: 38 kHzBeamwidth: 6.8Beamwidth: 6.8oo
Lay
er S
tren
gth
(d
B)
Approx. 2 km
0 m
100 m
50 m
Echosounder section through the fishEchosounder section through the fish
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
Average Ship Velocity: ~3 m/sExample MAE2003 Output Courtesy of NRL
Measuring and Monitoring Fish Populations with Ocean Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS)
Location of 2003 OAWRS Survey: Continental Shelf South of NY
Remote Imaging in the Continental Shelf
The Geoclutter Program
US Research Ship (RV) Oceanus: OAWRS Receiver Ship
RV Endeavor: OAWRS Source Ship
OAWRS 2003 Survey
Fish GroupingsFish Groupings
Moored Vertical Moored Vertical Source ArraySource Array
Towed Receiver Towed Receiver ArrayArray
RV Henlopen:Conventional Fish Finding
Sonar (CFFS) Survey
CFFS TransectCFFS Transect
Local Water DepthLocal Water Depth~80-100m~80-100m
Geometric Spreading: Free space & waveguides
24)(
r
Power
Area
PowerrI
π==
Free Space (CFFS):
Spherical Spreading Loss in Free Space
H
PowerAreaPower
Iπρ
ρ2
)( ==
2-D Waveguide (OAWRS) :
1-D Waveguide:
No Geometric Spreading Loss in a 1-D Waveguide
Cylindrical Spreading Loss in a 2-D Waveguide
A
Constant==AreaPowerI
A
r22
22 4 rA π=
r1 211 4 rA π=
ρ2ρ1
H
AA
HA 22 2πρ=HA 11 2πρ=
Movie Box
Source
Receiver
A small A small fish groupfish group
Continen
tal S
helf E
dge
ConsolidatedConsolidatedShoalShoal
80m70m
100m
120m 800m
Eastings from Source (km)
No
rth
ing
s fr
om
So
urc
e (k
m)
09:32 EDT
Vacuoles within large
shoal
Fish Bridges connecting population
centers
Population Centers
Instantaneous OAWRS Image of Areal Fish Population Density
Instantaneous OAWRS Image of Areal Fish Population Density
Fish Species Found in the Continental Shelf South of NY
Black Sea Bass
Silver Hake (whiting)Atlantic Herring
Spotted HakeRed Hake
Atlantic Mackerel
DogfishScup
Instantaneous Wide-Area Detection and Imaging of Fish SchoolsInstantaneous Wide-Area Detection and Imaging of Fish Schools
May 14: 09:32:25 EDT May 15: 08:49:55 EDT
70m
80m
100m
120m
70m
80m
100m120mb
200m400m
Spatial Frequency fs (1/m)
Spatial Fish Population Density SpectrumS
patia
l Fis
h P
opul
atio
n D
ensi
ty S
pect
rum
(fis
h/m
2 )2
/ (1
/m)
Large Shoal Present
Scattered Fish Groups
Spectral density is proportional to fs -1.5
0 3 6 9 12Eastings from Source (km)
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
11:59:05 EDT11:59:05 EDT 12:09:55 EDT12:09:55 EDT 12:19:55 EDT12:19:55 EDT 12:29:55 EDT12:29:55 EDT
100m100m 100m100m 100m100m 100m100m
αα
ββγγ
δδ
Echogram corresponding to CFFS line transect (11:54:39-12:39:01 EDT)
αα ββ
δδ
No
rth
ing
s
fro
m S
ou
rce
(k
m)
γγ
A B C D
Spatial and Temporal Correlation: OAWRS vs CFFSSpatial and Temporal Correlation: OAWRS vs CFFS
May 14: Fish Population, Area, and Coherence AreaMay 14: Fish Population, Area, and Coherence Area for various density thresholdsfor various density thresholds
Eastern Daylight Time (Hours)
TotalnA>0.2nA<0.2nA>1nA<1
Consolidated Shoal Largest fraction 2nd largest fragment
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
0 3 6 9 12
(km
)
Pop
ulat
ion
(Mil
lion
s)A
rea
(km
2 )C
oher
ent
Are
a (k
m2 )
Consolidated Shoal Largest fraction 2nd largest fragment
Time Scales of Total Population Change
Time Lag (min) Frequency (cycles/hr)
Nor
mal
ized
Tem
pora
l F
ish
Den
sity
(cy
les/
hr)
-1
Aut
ocor
rela
tion
TotalnA>0.2nA<0.2nA>1nA<1
Pop
ulat
ion(
Mil
lion
s)
Eastern Daylight Time (Hours)
Relative Speed Between Two Populations Centers
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
0 3 6 9 12
(km
)
May 14: Time series of Relative Speed
Rel
ativ
e S
peed
(m
/s)
Relative Speed (m/s)
Eastern Daylight Time (hours)
Pro
babi
lity
(km)
This new remote sensing technology
“is like Doppler weather radar for fish”
because it
(1) Instantaneously detects, images and continuously monitors fish population and population density over continental-shelf scales
and so
(2) reveals the detailed behavior of fish schools over wide areas.
It will be used to explore marine biology in the Gulf of Maine in 2006, as part of the Census of Marine Life Program, with support from the Sloan Foundation, the National Oceanographic Partnership Program and ONR.
ConclusionsConclusions
Gulf of Maine: Geography Gulf of Maine: Geography
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Atlantic Herring Distribution 2000-2005Atlantic Herring Distribution 2000-2005
Average Atlantic Herring Distribution 1999-2005Average Atlantic Herring Distribution 1999-2005
LONG-RANGE BISTATIC OPSLONG-RANGE BISTATIC OPS
R/V OCEANUS R/V ENDEAVOR115-m to 230-m
70-m to 140-m
37-m to 52-m
XF-4: 7-elementMOD-30: 10-element
Variable
Full aperture: 277-mULF aperture: 189-mLF aperture: 94.5-mMF aperture: 47.25-mHF aperture: 23.625-mTriplet aperture: 15.4-m
24-m to 55-m
Variable
Horizontal Receiving Array
Variable
Variable
Vertical Source Array
Seafloor
TOWED RECEIVER ARRAY MOORED SOURCE ARRAY
MAIN ACOUSTICS EXPERIMENT APRIL-MAY 2003
Loading onto RV Endeavor
OAWRS Vertical Source Array
OAWRS Towed Receiver Array on Spool on RV Oceanus
Expected acoustic intensity level in a fluctuating ocean (Ratilal and Makris, JASA 2005; Chen, Ratilal, Makris JASA 2005)
Frequency: 415 Hz (Low pitch A)
Dis
tanc
e
(km
)
Distance (km)
Fish Inversion: Intermediate Steps
One Way TL from SourcedB
Re 1m One Way TL from ReceiverdB
Re 1mTwo Way TL Convolved with Beam
Pattern of the Array
dB Re 1m
SPL: May 14, 09:33:25 EDTLFM: 390-440 Hz
dB Re 1uPa Scattering Strength Fish Density Distribution Fish/m2
Dis
tanc
e
(km
)
Distance (km)
dB
Coventional Fish-Finding SonarCoventional Fish-Finding Sonar
R/V Henlopen
80 m
10 m10 m
Frequency: 38 kHzFrequency: 38 kHzBeamwidth: 6.8Beamwidth: 6.8oo
Lay
er S
tren
gth
(d
B)
Approx. 2 km
0 m
100 m
50 m
Echosounder section through the fishEchosounder section through the fish
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
Average Ship Velocity: ~3 m/sExample MAE2003 Output Courtesy of NRL
Fish Species Found in the Continental Shelf South of NY
Black Sea Bass
Silver Hake (whiting)Atlantic Herring
Spotted HakeRed Hake
Atlantic Mackerel
DogfishScup
Movie Box
Source
Receiver
A small A small fish groupfish group
Continen
tal S
helf E
dge
ConsolidatedConsolidatedShoalShoal
80m70m
100m
120m 800m
Eastings from Source (km)
No
rth
ing
s fr
om
So
urc
e (k
m)
09:32 EDT
Vacuoles within large
shoal
Fish Bridges connecting population
centers
Population Centers
Instantaneous OAWRS Image of Areal Fish Population Density
Instantaneous Wide-Area Detection and Imaging of Fish SchoolsInstantaneous Wide-Area Detection and Imaging of Fish Schools
May 14: 09:32:25 EDT May 15: 08:49:55 EDT
70m
80m
100m
120m
70m
80m
100m120mb
200m400m
Spatial Frequency fs (1/m)
Spatial Fish Population Density SpectrumS
patia
l Fis
h P
opul
atio
n D
ensi
ty S
pect
rum
(fis
h/m
2 )2
/ (1
/m)
Large Shoal Present
Scattered Fish Groups
Spectral density is proportional to fs -1.5
0 3 6 9 12Eastings from Source (km)
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
11:59:05 EDT11:59:05 EDT 12:09:55 EDT12:09:55 EDT 12:19:55 EDT12:19:55 EDT 12:29:55 EDT12:29:55 EDT
100m100m 100m100m 100m100m 100m100m
αα
ββγγ
δδ
Echogram corresponding to CFFS line transect (11:54:39-12:39:01 EDT)
αα ββ
δδ
No
rth
ing
s
fro
m S
ou
rce
(k
m)
γγ
A B C D
Spatial and Temporal Correlation: OAWRS vs CFFSSpatial and Temporal Correlation: OAWRS vs CFFS
May 14: Fish Population, Area, and Coherence AreaMay 14: Fish Population, Area, and Coherence Area for various density thresholdsfor various density thresholds
Eastern Daylight Time (Hours)
TotalnA>0.2nA<0.2nA>1nA<1
Consolidated Shoal Largest fraction 2nd largest fragment
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
0 3 6 9 12
(km
)
Pop
ulat
ion
(Mil
lion
s)A
rea
(km
2 )C
oher
ent
Are
a (k
m2 )
Consolidated Shoal Largest fraction 2nd largest fragment
Time Scales of Total Population Change
Time Lag (min) Frequency (cycles/hr)
Nor
mal
ized
Tem
pora
l F
ish
Den
sity
(cy
les/
hr)
-1
Aut
ocor
rela
tion
TotalnA>0.2nA<0.2nA>1nA<1
Pop
ulat
ion(
Mil
lion
s)
Eastern Daylight Time (Hours)
Relative Speed Between Two Populations Centers
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
0 3 6 9 12
(km
)
May 14: Time series of Relative Speed
Rel
ativ
e S
peed
(m
/s)
Relative Speed (m/s)
Eastern Daylight Time (hours)
Pro
babi
lity
(km)
This new remote sensing technology
“is like Doppler weather radar for fish”
because it
(1) Instantaneously detects, images and continuously monitors fish population and population density over continental-shelf scales
and so
(2) reveals the detailed behavior of fish schools over wide areas.
It will be used to explore marine biology in the Gulf of Maine in 2006, as part of the Census of Marine Life Program, with support from the Sloan Foundation, the National Oceanographic Partnership Program and ONR.
ConclusionsConclusions
Gulf of Maine: Geography Gulf of Maine: Geography
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Atlantic Herring Distribution 2000-2005Atlantic Herring Distribution 2000-2005
Average Atlantic Herring Distribution 1999-2005Average Atlantic Herring Distribution 1999-2005