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FISH TRADE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: DISEASE SURVEY IN ZAMBIA
PRELIMINARY MISSION REPORT
1
Table of Contents
Page
1. Introduction 2
2. Background 2
3. Rationale 3
4. Objectives of study 4
5. Mission Programmes 5
6. People involved in the field 5
7. Findings of the survey 6
7.1. Fish movements across the border 6
7.2. Live fish movements into and out of Zambia 8
7.3. Disease situation 9
7.4. Biosecurity on fish farms/aquaculture establishments such as fish hatcheries 9
7.5. Disease diagnostic facilities 10
7.6. Quarantine facilities at border entry points 10
List of Annexes
Annex 1: The mission programmes 11
Annex II: Information of 2014 fish imports and exports 13
Annex III: Sampled Fish with EUS and streptococcosis
2
1. Introduction
Zambia is one of the largest aquaculture producers in sub-Saharan Africa, with aquaculture
production around 30,000 tons per annum. The country has abundant fisheries and aquaculture
resources from three major basins, the Zambezi, Luapula and Congo River basins. The Luapula
Basin consists of the Chambeshi River, the Bangweulu lake and swamps complex, Luapula
River, Mweru Wa Ntipa and Lake Mweru. The Zambezi catchment area is the largest and
consists of the Luangwa River, Lukanga swamps, Kafue River, Zambezi, the Middle Zambezi
(now dominated by Lake Kariba) and Lower Zambezi. The Congo basin is the smallest and is
represented by Lake Tanganyika. However, the growth in the Aquaculture and Fisheries sector
has not matched the ever-increasing demand for fish, due to a number of reasons: The Zambian
capture fisheries sub-sector is operating at fully exploited or overexploited levels. Capture
fisheries are therefore, not able to produce enough fish to meet the national demand. Despite the
annual increase in aquaculture, the country still has a deficit of 87,000 metric tons.
The aquaculture sector is dominated by Tilapia taxa which is segregated according to species
indicated in Table 1.
Table 1: Species of Tilapia utilized for aquaculture in Zambia
Fish species Area (Province) of
production/culture in Zambia
System of
production
Percent of species
utilization in aquaculture
Oreochromis
niloticus
Southern Province Cage culture 49.1
Lusaka Province Pond
Oreochromis
andersonii
All over the country Pond 30.6
Oreochromis
machrochir
All over the country Pond 12.5
Tilapia rendalli
(Coptodon rendalli)
Pond 7.58
Others: Oreochromis
tanganicae
0.25
Aquaculture promotion in Zambia dates back to over forty years ago with the industry being
practiced at two levels, floating cages and land based systems. Land based aquaculture is mainly
in areas around Lusaka, Copperbelt and Northern provinces while cage fish farming is being
practiced on Lake Kariba in Sothern Province. Cage fish farming was introduced on Lake Kariba
3
in 2001. The growth of cage fish farming can be attributed to the establishment of a commercial
Nile Tilapia hatchery by the Chirundu Bream farm in the vicinity of Lake Kariba. Currently, a
number of establishments have shown interest in investing in aquaculture and the fish hatchery
sectors. Aquaculture yields increased from 12, 988 metric tons in 2012 to 30, 285 metric tons in
2016.
2. Background
Fish serve as an important source of protein and other essential nutrients worldwide. Eating fish
is part of the cultural traditions of many peoples, and fish and fishery products also provide an
important source of income for marginalized populations, especially in the densely populated
developing countries. People have never depended so greatly on the fisheries and aquaculture
sectors for their nutrition as they do today. In Zambia, the per capita supply has decreased from
12 kg to less than 7 kg in a year. This is attributed to an increase in demand due to a high
population growth rate estimated at 3.2 percent per annum.
The outbreak of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) in 2007 in Zambia signaled a new era in
the enhancing of fish resources. The disease syndrome decimated fish populations till an
enzootic stability status was attained. At the peak of the EUS outbreak, fishing communities lost
revenue and this immediately translated into reduced economic potential and power. The
emergence of Tilapia Lake Virus, a newly emerging virus that is associated with significant
mortalities in farmed tilapia so far identified and confirmed in Africa, Asia and South America,
is causing a lot of anxiety among fisheries establishments growing Tilapia. In Zambia,
aquaculture has intensified as in many other parts of the world. This intensive production has
increased the risk of fish disease outbreaks. Commercial Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
culture has been a growing, profitable source of income on Lake Kariba in Zambia, side by side
with capture fisheries. The demand on fisheries products has also led to increased trade through
importation and exportation of fish from one region to another.
In Zambia, Streptococcus infections and EUS are the documented cases of fish diseases.
Commercial fish farms on Lake Kariba have recorded heavy fish mortalities yearly due to
Streptococcosis. The fish are usually observed with clinical signs that include eye opaqueness,
4
exophthalmia and haemorrhagic areas on the head and body, reducing the quality of fish. In
capture fisheries EUS is endemic, targeting a wide range of fishes.
This write-up details a comprehensive activity report of a survey undertaken by two Scientists,
one from the University of Zambia and the other from Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, and
an intern/ programme assistant and a driver from WorldFish. The two field visits were
undertaken to the Western and Southern parts of Zambia. The Western part is active with capture
fisheries, while the Southern part has a thriving aquaculture industry.
3. Rationale
Each mission started with the preparation of sampling kits at the University of Zambia, namely,
formalin for sample preservation and RNAlater stabilization solution for molecular detection of
pathogens, while field activities included:
Examination of fish populations in farmed fish and capture fisheries for clinical evidence
of any disease.
Collection of fish samples from suspected disease fish or mortalities.
Collection of fish farming production and capture fisheries information through
respective ministry officials, farmers and fishers in identified areas.
Collection of information with respect to fish movements and trade from active players
and professionals.
During this survey, the following sites were visited:
Districts along the Zambezi River (Mongu, Senanga, Sesheke and Mwandi).
Kwando River (Shangombo district) at the border with Angola.
Border areas (Shangombo and Sesheke in Western province and Kazungula,
Livingstone, Chirundu and Siavonga districts in Southern province).
Fish farms in Mwandi, Siavonga and Chirundu districts. The fish farms visited are
indicated below:
a. Commercial farms (Oreochromis niloticus producers):
Kariba Harvest on Lake Kariba, Siavonga district (Zambian fish farm using cages).
5
Lake Harvest on Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe fish farm using cages).
Phunidol Fish Farm on Lake Kariba, Siavonga district using cages.
Benzo Fish farm, Chirundu district on Kafue River using ponds.
b. Small scale farms (Oreochromis niloticus producers):
Dimuna farm, growing fish in cages.
Kamimbi farm, using cages.
Buyantashi Women Cooperative Farm, using cages.
c. Seed Production Farms
Churundu Breeding Farm involved only with Oreochromis niloticus. The farm supplies
fingerlings to farms in Southern and Lusaka provinces. Some of the farms include
Kariba Harvest, Maanze holdings in Siavonga and fish farms in Livingstone. The farm
produces between 600,000 to 800,000 Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings per month
during the production season starting from August to April.
Palabana Breeding Farm. This farm breeds a number of species (Orechromis andersonii,
Oreochromis machrochir and Oreochromis niloticus). The actual figures of production
were not provided, but an approximate volume of production for Oreochromis niloticus
was about 200,000 fingerlings per month. The other species are currently being trialed.
This breeding farm supplies fingerlings to small scale farmers in Lusaka and Southern
provinces.
Benzo Breeding Farm produces Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings for their own grower
farm with about 60,000 fingerlings per month.
Mwandi fish breeding farm in Mwandi district, Western province. This farm breeds
Oreochromis andersonii, Oreochromis macrochir and Tilapia rendali. The farm supplies
the entire Western province with fingerlings of the respective indicated species. The
largeest numbers of fingerlings produced are Oreochromis andersonii, with about 25,000
fingerlings produced a month during the breeding season. The other species are being
developed to maximize fingerling production as well. The small scale farmers of
Sesheke and Shangombo districts obtain their fingerlings from this breeder farm.
6
4. Objectives of Study
The study was conducted to assess:
Fish movements across borders (The tonnage of fish imports that has entered Zambia or
the tonnage of fish leaving Zambia).
Live fish movements into and out of Zambia (Species of fish moving out of Zambia and
coming into Zambia and from where).
Fish trade involved and in what form is the fish traded, frozen or processed?
Ornamental fish imports or exports or any other fish imports. For example, importation of
tilapia fingerlings from Thailand or any other Asian countries.
Fish in transit like from Lake Malawi going to South Africa (volume of passage).
The disease situation of imported fish such as ornamental carp (Koi herpes virus) or
consideration of other important emerging diseases like White spot disease, Epizootic
Ulcerative Syndrome, Tilapia Lake Virus and any other diseases.
Biosecurity on fish farms or aquaculture establishments such as fish hatcheries.
Disease diagnostic facilities.
Quarantine facilities at border entry points and reporting systems being applied.
5. Mission programmes
The programs of the two missions are provided in Annex I. The visit to Western Province
covered the main fishing sites on the Zambezi River, followed by fish ponds being developed by
local farmers. Significant border points of Shangombo (Angola and Zambia), Sesheke (Namibia
and Zambia), Mambova (Botswana and Zambia), Kazungula (Botswana and Zambia) and
Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe and Zambia) were also visited.
In the Southern part of Zambia, the visit covered the main fish farms of Siavonga and seed
producers in Chirundu district. Lake Harvest, a Zimbabwean commercial fish farm was also
visited in Zimbabwe as well as the Chirundu and Kariba border posts (Zimbabwe and Zambia).
7
6. People involved in the field
Various people were engaged in the field including: Provincial Agriculture Coordinator,
Provincial Fisheries Officer, District Fisheries Officers, Fisheries Officers, Customs Officers,
District Commissioners, Fish Farmers, Fishermen, Fish traders, Council officials and Village
headmen,fish farm Managers and directors.
7. Findings of the survey
The main findings observed are indicated below:
7.1. Fish movements across the border
Zambia records massive movement of fish through trade with neighboring countries in the region
as well as outside Africa (Annex II). The country’s total fish production is over 100,000 tons, of
which around 85,000 tons comes from capture fisheries and 27 percent of the total production is
from aquaculture1. In terms of tonnage, the fish entering Zambia has been increasing from
77,199 tons in 2015 to 126,345 tons in 2016. However, only 23.1 percent of imported fish is
consumed within Zambia (Figure 1). The rest of the imported fish (97,119.06 tons) ends up in
the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by informal trading through Kasumbalesa border post.
Fish exports, on the other hand, have been declining with 2015 recording 334 tons and 271 tons
in 2016. Figure 2 and Table 2 display Zambia’s fish imports and exports from 2004 to 2016. The
fisheries sub-sector supports around 1,000,000 people in Zambia, with more than 72,000 people
working as fishers.
Figure 1: frozen whole round tilapia (photo credit: Fish Trade project, 2017)
1 WordFish, 2017. WorldFish Zambia. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. Factsheet: 2017-19
8
The movement of fish into Zambia is significant, with major imports coming from Namibia and
China. The fish from China is mainly frozen (Figure 1), while the one from Namibia is salted,
dried and frozen. The fish from China is composed of tilapia, while that from Namibia includes
tilapia, mackerel and cat fish. The dried fish coming from Chobe and Lyambezi lakes
(Botswana) is destined for the DRC and it is mainly cat fish. Other sources of fish imports
according to available records include: Vietnam (frozen), Tanzania (dried), South Africa
(frozen), Thailand (frozen), Norway (frozen), Mozambique (frozen and dried), Korea (frozen),
Italy (frozen) and France (frozen). The bulk of the fish is traded as frozen and processed fillets.
At Chirundu and Siavonga border posts little information was available as the fisheries officers
and the port health officials had reservations regarding the tightness of the border controls as
regards fish movements. The Officers explained that since the introduction of the ASYCUDA
World by Zambia Revenue Authority, they have not been able to monitor fish movements across
the Chirundu border. In addition, the Officers in Chirundu were of the view that most of the fish
imported from Zimbabwe is from Lake Harvest Zimbabwe hence the use of Kariba border post
in Siavonga as it is the nearest route from the fish farm.
Figure 2: Zambia’s fish import and exports (tons) 2004 to 2016
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
200
4
200
5
200
6
200
7
200
8
200
9
201
0
201
1
201
2
201
3
201
4
201
5
201
6
Qu
an
tin
ty M
T
Year
Exports MT
Imports MT
9
Table 2: Zambia’s fish imports and exports from 2004 to 2016
Year Exports MT Imports MT
2004 5,500 3,862
2005 1,031 15,615
2006 263 4,626
2007 239 4,242
2008 1,810 3,241
2009 666 2,784
2010 411 4,076
2011 78 8,075
2012 51 17,406
2013 141 32,244
2014 136 55,184
2015 334 77,199
2016 271 126,345
Source, ZRA trade records
Records at various border points indicate no movement of live fish, hence no reports are
available.
7.2. Live fish movements into and out of Zambia
Live fish trade records indicate movement of fish from a number of countries such as Australia,
China, Spain, Argentina, Germany, Japan, Namibia, Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, USA
and Zimbabwe. The fish imported into Zambia is mostly ornamental, even though countries such
as Thailand and Zimbabwe are involved with movement of tilapia fingerlings. Over 3 million
fingerlings are moved from Lake Harvest in Zimbabwe every year to supply a sister company
(Kariba Harvest) on the Zambian side. The ornamental fish documented in the trade include
common carp, Goldfish and others which could not be indicated in the records. The volumes
involved are not documented either, as importation records were not easy to find/locate from the
competent authorities.
10
All the hatcheries mentioned Thailand as the source of their Oreochromis niloticus brood stock.
The breeders were brought into Zambia as fingerlings with the latest importation of fingerlings
being 2015 by Chirundu Bream Farm. In short, the Thai brood stock is used on all seed
production farms visited despite others making attempts to engage in local species in conjunction
with the Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. The fingerlings
produced using the local brood stocks are Tilapia rendallii and O. andersonii. The local brood
stock is sourced from local natural waters of the Kafue and Zambezi rivers.
11
In this undertaking, several border points were visited (Table 3) and gaps were identified that
could allow possible entry of undocumented fish.
Table 3: Border points visited
Entry Point Border point
GPS
Coordinates
Gaps observed
Shangombo border
(Angola-Zambia
S16.32346º
E22.10427º
No quarantine and disease diagnostic facilities.
Personnel to handle livestock/animal movement
matters not there. Porous border
Katima Mulilo
Sesheke border
(Namibia-Zambia
S17.47788º
E24.2465º
No quarantine and disease diagnostic facilities
Kazungula border
(Botswana-Zambia)
S17.81447º
E25.26499º
No quarantine and disease diagnostic facilities.
Clearance of fish products is done by Ministry of
Health staff that has an office. There is no Veterinary
office or involvement observed
Victoria falls border
(Zimbabwe-Zambia)
S17.92855º
E24.86293º
No quarantine and disease diagnostic facilities.
Clearance of fish products is done by Ministry of
Health staff that has an office. There is no Veterinary
office or involvement observed
Kariba border
(Zimbabwe-Zambia)
S16.95565º
E27.97176º
No quarantine and disease diagnostic facilities.
Clearance of fish products is done by Ministry of
Health staff that has an office. There is no Veterinary
office or involvement observed
Chirundu border
(Zimbabwe-Zambia)
S16.03495º
E28.8473º
No quarantine and disease diagnostic facilities
Kenneth Kaunda
International Airport
S15.3309º
E28.45434º
No quarantine facilities
12
7.3. Disease situation
Diseases of significance have been reported in Zambia and these are Epizootic Ulcerative
Syndrome (EUS) and Streptococcosis. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) is currently
endemic in the Zambezi river of Western province. During this expedition, a number of fish
species were found with EUS-like lesions as shown in Table 4 and Annex III. These fishes on
further analysis in the laboratory were confirmed positive for EUS.
Table 4: Diseased fish observed in districts
District Fish spotted with EUS-like lesions Species of fish
Mongu 17 T. rendallii, O. macrochir, O.
andersonii, C. gariepinus
Senanga None None
Shangombo 8 O. andersonii/O. macrochir
cross, H. odoe, C. gariepinus,
Mormyrus spp.
Sesheke 7 O. macrochir, Barbus spp., S.
carlottae ,Mormyrus spp
Kazungula 8 T. rendalli, T. sparmanii, O.
macrochir, O. andersonii, S.
robustus
On commercial fish farms, fish mortalities are recorded in the warmer months of the year
(starting November to March). These mortalities have been attributed to Streptococcus and
Lactococcus species as reported from diagnostic laboratories. The mortalities currently being
recorded are attributed to fish handling. Some of the fish had lesions of Saprolegniosis (Annex
III, Figures 1 to 5) and Streptococcosis that included eye opaqueness, exophthalmia and
hemorrhagic areas on the head and body (Annex III, Figure 6).
13
7.4. Biosecurity on fish farms/aquaculture establishments such as fish hatcheries
Aquatic biosecurity is nonexistent in all the establishments visited. There is need to stress the
importance of aquatic biosecurity in any fish farming enterprise. Some fisheries officers need
retraining as they have little knowledge on diseases of significance such as EUS.
Farm managers lamented the lack of guidelines on the securing of fish farms. There are no
guidelines that limit capture fishers from setting their nets near the farms or in some cases even
in between cages within a fish farm, posing a great risk to huge fish farm investments.
7.5. Disease diagnostic facilities
Diseases of fish are neglected in many countries especially developing countries. Culturally,
people do not imagine fish getting sick. This scenario has affected the development of fish
disease diagnostic facilities. Currently, fish disease diagnosis is being undertaken by the use of
terrestrial animal diagnostic premises. It is therefore important that certain facilities are
incorporated in these establishments to take care of fish pathogens. A good example is that of
incubators. Terrestrial animal incubators are calibrated at 37ºC, while fish pathogens require
lower temperatures such as 25ºC. This disparity makes it difficult for most terrestrial animal
laboratories to effectively conduct fish pathogen diagnosis.
7.6. Quarantine facilities at border entry points
Fish quarantine facilities are nonexistent in the country. This requires serious consideration as
some farms are willing to have some sections of their farms be transformed into quarantine
facilities with the supervision of Department of Fisheries and Department of Veterinary Services.
Imported fish are moved directly from the landing sites to the farms.
The reporting systems regarding diseases are well established in Zimbabwe and Zambia. The
systems involve the competent authorities from the line ministries (Ministry of Fisheries and
Livestock in Zambia and Ministry of Agriculture Mechanization and Irrigation Development in
Zimbabwe). To ease reporting, the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) focal points for
aquatic animal health have been appointed and these focal points are there to report any
incidence of fish diseases and health such as unusual mortalities. This is as a result of mandatory
regulations by international bodies such as the OIE. But the question is on the implementation.
14
Directorates tend to work in silos. The departments responsible for fish production and fish
health respectively, tend not to interact ordinarily. It is only when diseases such as EUS occur
that they collaborate. The interaction is questionable as most veterinarians seem not to be very
competent with fish health matters compared to terrestrial animals. Furthermore, the fish
production personnel in some cases have studied fish diseases in more detail than veterinarians.
This has negatively affected the subject of fish health.
15
Annex 1: The mission programmes
a. Mission program for the Western Province
Sunday
13/08/17
Monday
14/08/17
Tuesday
15/08/17
Wednesday
16/08/17
Thursday
17/08/17
Friday
18/08/17
Saturday
19/08/17
Travel
and
Arrive in
Mongu
08:00 –
09:00:
Visit to
Provincial
and
District
Offices
06:00 to
11:00:
Sampling
of fish
07:30 to
14:30: Fish
sampling in
Senanga and
travel to
Shangombo.
07:30 to
15:30: Fish
sampling in
Shangombo
and travel to
Sesheke.
07:30 to
11:30: Fish
sampling in
Sesheke and
travel to
Mwandi.
06:30 to
11:30: Fish
sampling in
Mambova
Kazungula.
10:00 to
11:00:
Interview
with the
District
Fisheries
officer
11:00 to
12:00:
Visit to
fish
markets.
11:30 to
12:30:
Visit to a
fish farm in
Mwandi.
12:00 to
19:00:
Travel to
Lusaka
11:00 to
13:00:
Interview
with
Council
Officers
and visit to
Markets
12:00 to
14:00:
Travel to
Senanga
12:30 to
14:40:
Interview
with border
and custom
officials in
Kazungula
14:00 to
17:00:
Visit to
Sefula fish
ponds
14:00 to
17:00:
Visit to
fish ponds
and
interview
of Council
and
Fisheries
officers.
Visit to
fish
markets.
14:30 to
17:00:
Visit to fish
ponds and
interview of
Council and
Fisheries
officers.
Visit to fish
markets.
15:30 to
17:00: Visit
to border
and customs
officer
interviews.
14:40 to
18:00: Visit
to
Livingstone
border and
interview
with
Fisheries
officers for
Kazungula
and
Livingstone.
16
b. Mission program for Southern Province
Sunday
03/09/17
Monday
04/09/17
Tuesday
05/09/17
Wednesday
06/09/17
Travel and
Arrive in
Siavonga
08:00 – 09:00: Visit
to Siavonga District
Fisheries Offices
08:00 to 12:00: Visit to
Lake Harvest Zimbabwe
07:00 to 08:00: Travel
to Chirundu.
10:00 to 11:00: Visit
to Kariba Harvest
farm
12:00 to 14:00: Travel
back to Zambia and
meeting with Border
personnel.
08:00 to 09:00: Visit to
Chirundu District
Fisheries Offices
11:00 to 13:00: Visit
to Dims
Aquaculture
Enterprise Director
09:00 to 12:30: Visit to
Chirundu Bream Farm
13:00 to 14:00: Visit to
Palabana Farm
14:00 to 17:00: Visit
to Phinidol Fish
Farm and collection
of fish samples from
moribund fish
14:00 to 19:00: Visit to
Kariba Harvest and
collection of fish samples
from moribund fish.
Interview with staff from
Kamimbi farm and
Buyantashi Women
Cooperative Farm
14:00 to 15:00:
Visit to Benzo Farm.
16:00: Return to Lusaka.
17
Annex II: Information of 2014 fish imports and exports
Table A: 2014 Fish imports
Country ZMW USD Net Weight(tons) Percent
Australia 111.17 20 0.003 0.00
Austria 212.99 33.73 0.12 0.00
Belgium 471.2 82.876 0.01 0.00
Botswana 117458.705 18820.337 195.72 0.35
Brazil 158185.2 25506.169 25.00 0.05
Chile 9729.277 1545.226 0.14 0.00
China 73005314.94 11878029.05 9,830.93 17.81
France 28389.28 4522.725 0.27 0.00
Germany 875.186 138.6 0.01 0.00
Hong Kong 5215032.908 860156.046 785.45 1.42
India 1565508.602 245538.928 101.19 0.18
Korea Republic 1004.973 159 0.01 0.00
Lebanon 13419.633 2167.192 0.61 0.00
Malawi 4789.346 763.589 1.59 0.00
Mozambique 1805430.256 293629.837 121.38 0.22
Namibia 278898322.8 44985400.06 37,445.35 67.85
Norway 3758.598 608.143 0.15 0.00
Thailand 8877.014 1423.052 0.23 0.00
Saudi Arabia 733.619 119 0.08 0.00
South Africa 9175545.365 1479715.843 354.35 0.64
Sri Lanka 11625.793 1902.511 1.23 0.00
Tanzania, United 425199.373 67531.76 33.20 0.06
Arab Emirates 37250.116 5906.434 11.40 0.02
United Kingdom 894375.484 145274.085 101.56 0.18
USA 2462.24 403 0.02 0.00
Uruguary 5813.333 921.531 0.19 0.00
Vietnam 1535738.335 256703.419 208.00 0.38
Zimbabwe 102747882.1 16652946.61 5,966.24 10.81
Total 475673517.9 76929968.75 55,184.41 100.00
18
Table B: 2014 FISH EXPORTS
Country ZMW USD Net Weight MT Percent
Australia 4,073.1 655.5 0.3 0.2
Canada 624.2 101.4 0.1 0.1
China 500,180.8 81,960.7 7.3 5.4
Denmark 7,901.3 1,252.0 0.3 0.2
Germany 25,983.9 4,183.0 0.9 0.7
Hong Kong 298,199.5 47,848.3 48.7 35.8
Japan 75,098.6 11,739.0 0.6 0.4
Malawi 226,666.2 37,106.4 11.6 8.5
Mozambique 1,324.6 200.0 0.1 0.1
Namibia 32,818.6 5,327.6 13.5 9.9
Nigeria 952.5 150.0 0.1 0.1
Poland 417,154.9 67,567.0 2.7 2.0
South Africa 257,085.0 45,003.0 1.7 1.2
DRC 871,298.6 142,398.3 40.7 30.0
United Arab Emirates 69,145.8 10,904.0 0.8 0.6
United Kingdom 616.7 101.0 0.1 0.0
USA 348,332.9 56,148.4 2.1 1.5
Zimbabwe 51,099.7 8,362.0 4.5 3.3
Total 3,188,557.0 521,007.6 136.0 100.0
19
Annex III: Sampled Fish with EUS
Figure 1: EUS lesions observed in Mongu fish.
Figure 2: EUS lesions observed in Mongu fish.
20
Figure 3: EUS lesions observed in Shangombo fish.
Figure 4: EUS lesions observed in Sesheke fish.
21
Figure 5: Moribund fish sampled for examination of fish disease
Figure 6: Cases of Streptococcosis
