Fishpond Fertilization

7/30/2019 Fishpond Fertilization

1/33

F IS H P O N D F ERTILIZATIO N TEC H NIQ U ES

Ex t e nsi o n Bu l l et i n N o . 1 5 3

F is he ri es S er ie s N o. 8

Published by

National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services

Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria.

2003


2/33

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

A ll s ou rc es o f in fo rm at io n th at h av e b ee n p oo le d to ge th er a nd p ro pe rl ydocumented in bibliography of the bulletin are greatly acknowledged.S t a ff o f L i v e st o ck a n d F i sh er i e s Te c h no l o g y Tr a n sfe r P r o g r a mm e c o n t ri b u te di n o ne w ay or th e o th er to en su re t ha t t he m an us cr ip ts o f t he b ul le ti n w er e

produced with minimal errors. The Publication Review Committee, theP u b l ic a t io n a n d Pu b l i ci t y P r o gr a m me a n d t he M a n ag e m en t o f NAE RL S a r e

g re at ly a ck no wl ed ge d f or th ei r r ol es i n t hi s b ul le ti n e ns ur in g t ha t t heinformation contained are meaningfully disseminated by publishing.

Bolorunduro P.I.


3/33

TA BL E O F C ON TE NT

A ck n ow l ed g me n t. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 2

Ta bl e o f C on te nt s. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . 31. 0 I nt rod uct ion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4

2.0 R ea so ns f or f er ti li zi ng p on ds .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . 5

3.0. Ty p es o f f e rt i li z er s . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 7

3. 1 Chemical f ertilizers... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 9

3. 1. 1 H ow t o app ly c he mi cal f er ti li ze r. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103. 1.2 Why pond may not respond well to fertilization. .. 13

3. 1.3 Some general considerations on

c he mi ca l f er ti li za ti on .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . 1 5

3.2 Organic fertilizers (manure).................................. 16

3. 2.1 how Organic fertilizers w ork. .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... . 173. 2. 2 P on d f er ti li za ti on in i nte gr at ed c ul tur e. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17

3.2.3 Application methods for annual manure.............. 16

4.0 I mp or ta nt n ot es t o f ar me rs .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . 1 95.0 C o nc l us i on . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 2 2

B i bl i og r ap h y. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 2 3

2


4/33

1.0 INTRODUCTIONA f is h p on d i s a u ni qu e e nv ir on me nt c re at ed b y m an . I t m us t b e m an ag ed

properly to achieve profitale production. Fish farmers in different countriesh a ve i n cr e as e d f i sh y i el d s i n p o nd s b y u s in g i n or ga n ic a n d o rg a ni c f e rt i li z er sor manure.M i cr o sc op i c g r ee n pl a nt s c a ll e d a l ga e o r ph y to - pl a nk t on f o rm t he b a se o f th ef o od ch a in fo r f i sh . A l l g r ee n p l an t s n ee d l i gh t , p r op e r t e mp e ra t ur e a n dn u t r ie n t s f o r g ro wt h . I f su ff i c i en t l i gh t a nd p r o pe r t e mp e r at u r e a r e p r e sen t , t hen u t r ie n t s i n c h e mi c a l f e r t il i z e rs ( n i t ro g e n, p h o sp h o r ou s, a n d p o t assi u m) a r ereadily assimilated by phytoplankton and their abundance increases. Manuresc o nt a in t h e s a me n u tr i en t . T h e c o nc er n o f ev e ry f i sh f a rm er w o ul d t he r ef o re

be how to ensure abundant production of natural foods to meet the demands ofthe fish for maximum growth and production.T he t ype o f s oi l a f is h po nd is lo cat ed in de ter mi ne s to a l arg e ex tent po nd

f e r t il i t y, f i sh p r od u c ti o n a nd e a se o f m a na g e me n t o f a f i sh c ul t u r e e n t er p r i se .S o i l s i n fi sh p o n ds p l a y t h r e e v i t a l r o l es:i. Supply of the necessary nutrients to grow the desired quantity and

quality of fish food.ii. As a medium for holding pond water and providing a base for nutrient

growth

iii. Production of the bottom algae.A r el at io ns hi p e xi st s b et we en s oi l t yp es a nd g ro wt h o f a lg ae i n m os t f is h

ponds. Soils with high clay (50% clay, 22% silt) and silt content (42% clay,4 4 % s i lt ) a r e m o st de s ir a bl e f o r f i sh p o nd s S o il s o f t h e l o am , s i lt y l o am , c l ayl o a m o r so i l s wi t h h i g h c l a y c o n te n t a r e r e l at i v e ly m o r e f e r t il e t h a n sa n d y so i l s.Un d esi r a bl e so i l s c a n b e i m p r ov e d u p o n t h r o ug h t h e a d d i ti o n o f o r ga n i c m a t t er w h ic h i s r e ga r de d a s t h e r e se r vo i r of n i tr o ge n i n t h e s o il . A s n i tr o ge n i n o rg a ni cm at te r i s r el ea se d, a lg ae u se i t t o g ro w. T he g ro wt h o f t he se f is h f oo ds i sg e ne r al l y de t er m in ed b y t h e f e rt i li t y of t h e p o nd b o tt o m s oi l s a n d th i s c a n bei m pr o ve d up o n b y fe r ti l iz at i on . I t is t h er e fo r e v e ry e s se n ti a l t h at p ra c ti c in gan d pr os pect ive f is h f ar me rs kn ow t he ty pe s and qu an ti ti es o f fe rt il ize rs

s u it a bl e f o r fi s h po n d to g u ar a nt e e p r op e r fi s h gr o wt h , yi e ld a n d en h an c edrevenue.

3


5/33

2.0 REASONS FOR FERTILIZING PONDS.

G en er al ly, i n a g ri cu lt ur e f er ti li ze rs a re u se d t o i nc re as e f ar m p ro du ct iv it y i no rd er t o m ak e f ar mi ng v en tu re s p ro fi ta bl e. T he e ss en ce o f f er ti li zi ng i s t oa u g me n t mi n e r al s n e e de d b y t h e p l a nt , b u t no t a d eq u a te l y av a i l ab l e i n t h e so i l .

I n f is h c ul tu re , f er ti li ze rs a re a ls o i mp or ta nt in i nc re as in g p on dproductivity. Both inorganic (chemical) fertilizers and organic (plant and

a n im al m a te r ia l s) f e rt i li z er s a r e u s ef u l in f i sh p on d s t o s t im u la t e a n d au g me ntn a t ur a l p r o d uc t i v it y. T h e f o l l owi n g a r e so m e o f t h e m a j or b e n ef i t s t h a t c a n b ederived in fertilizing pond water.i Mi cr os co pi c gr ee n pl an ts cal led alg ae or phy top lank ton for m t he ba se o f

t he f oo d c ha in f or f is h. F er ti li ze rs , wh en ap pl ie d se rv es a s n ut ri en ts f or t h ei r g r ow t h. A s p h yt o pl a nk t on s m u lt i pl y t h ey a r e e a te n d i re ct l y b y s o mef i sh o r b y ot h er m o st l y mi c ro s co p ic a qu a ti c a ni m al s c al l ed z o op l an k to n .Ho we ve r, so m e f i sh fe e d di r e c tl y o n z o o pl a n kt o n . Pl a n kt o n s se r v e a s f o o df o r la r ge r aq u a t ic a n i ma l s t h a t a r e i n t ur n e at e n b y f i sh .

i i. Wh en po nd s a re w ell f er ti li zed a f ar mer s pe nd s l es s o n a rt if ici al f eed s inaugmenting food in fishponds.

i ii . S in ce t he e ss en ce o f b us in es s v en tu re s i s p ro fi t, a f ar me r s ta nd s t o g ai n i na pp lyi ng fer ti li zer s t o f is h po nd s. L arge s ize f is h w il l b e ha rve st ed a so p po s ed t o s t un t ed f is h wh e n n u tr i en t s a n d f o od i n po n d w a te r ar e n o tadequate.

i v. F er ti li ze rs i nc re as e t he c ha nc es o f ma xi mi zi ng p on d p ro du ct iv it y in t er mso f f i sh s p ec i es s t oc k ed u n de r p o ly cu l tu r e. D i ff e re n t f i sh m ay h a ve

d i ff e re nt f oo d pr e fe r en c es s o me c a n f i lt e r p l an k to n , o t he r s e at a qu a ti ci n se ct s a n d o t he r s m a y f e ed o n d e c o mp o si ng m a t e ri a l s ( F i g ur e 1 ) .

4


6/33

F i gu re 1 . Fe r ti l iz a ti o n in c re a se s t h e a b un d an c e o f n at u ra l f oo d .

A farmer measures the effect of fertilization by the abundance of

phytoplankton. When phytoplankton is abundant, the pond water will beg r e en i sh i n c o l or. P l a nk t o n a b u nd a n ce c a n se r v e a s a m e a su r e o f f e r t il i z at i o n .D e ep g r ee n c o lo r i n di c at e s e xc e ss i ve p l an k to n o c cu r re nc e . T h is m a y b ed an ge ro us i f n ot pr op er ly ma na ge d, s in ce d is so lv ed o xy ge n ( DO ) i n w at er m a y b e u se d u p fo r p h o t osy n t he si s a c t i vi t i e s b y ph y t o pl a n kt o n a t th e e x p en seo f i t s a v a il a b il i t y t o f i sh . L i g h t g r e en c o l or a t i on o f p o n d wa t e r i n d ic a t es

o p ti m al f e rt i li z at i on . I n t h is c as e f i sh a r e n o t e n da ng e re d . B r ow n is h o r p a lec o l or a t i on i n d ic a t es u n d er - f er t i l iz a t i on o f p o n d wa t er. S u c h a si t u at i o n wi l lnot augur well for fish growth.P la nk to n a bu nd an ce c an be m ea su re d i n p on d w at er th ro ug h t he u se o f aSecchi disk.

5

Fertilizer

Dissolved nutrients

Decomsing matter

A q u a t ic i n s e c ts

Z ooplankton

Phytoplankton


7/33

6

T h e u se o f S e c ch i d i sk i s a st a n da r d wa y t o m e asu r e v i si bi l i t y ( t r a nsp a r en c y ) i nwa t er. Th e d i sk m e a sur e s 2 0 c m i n di a m et e r a n d p a i n te d bl a c k a n d wh i t e i n

o pp os in g qu ar te rs a s s ho wn i n Fi gu re 2 . T he f ar me r ca n m ak e t he d is k f ro m ar o u nd c an l i d o r g oo d woo d an d at t a ch i t t o a wo o de n st i c k o r a r o p e m a r k ed o ff in centimeters. Transparency or plankton density is measured by lowering thed is k i nt o t he w at er wi th th e o bs er ve r s b ac k t o t he s un w hi le v ie wi ng th e d is k d i r ec t l y f r o m a b o ve . T h e d e p th a t wh i ch t h e d i sk j u st d i sa pp e a rs f r o m si g h t i st h e S e c ch i d i sk r e a d i n g.

F i g u re 2 . Ma k i n g a nd u si n g a S e c ch i D i sk .


8/33

7


9/33

8


10/33

9


11/33

10


12/33

11


13/33

12


14/33

13


15/33

14


16/33

15


17/33

16


18/33

17


19/33


20/33

19


21/33

20


22/33

21


23/33

22


24/33

23


25/33

24


26/33

25


27/33

26


28/33

27


29/33

28


30/33

29


31/33

30


32/33


33/33

32

Documents

Fishpond Fertilization