Fisiki g Lykeiou Genikis

7/30/2019 Fisiki g Lykeiou Genikis

1/117

:

[ .

[ Maxwell.

[ Planck.[ .[

.

[ .

[ - n.

[ -

.

[ (c, , f) -

.

[ .[

.

[ - .


2/117

10. -

[ ( - ) , n, f, c .

[ -.

c f

cE h f h

= =

0

cn

c= 0

n= 1 2

2 1

n

n=

1

Nf

t=

( )

o

cE N E h f h

= = =

:

1.

. ..

m :

9 6 31nm 10 m , 1m 10 m,1mm 10 m = = =


3/117

11. -

2.

1

n 2

n :

0

1

1 1 2

1 2

0 2 12

2

cn

c n c c , c

c n cn

c

=

=

=

.

3. :

NE N h f N

hft t t t

= = = = .

4.

d d

x

= , .

5. , , :d

d c t tc

= =

6.

.


4/117

12. -

7.

8.

, .

9. .

..:

00

1 2:

3 3 3= = 30%:

0 0 0 0

30 70 0,7

100 100= = =

( )01 :

3 3= = ( ) 30%:

0 0

30 0,3

100= =


5/117

13. 1

1 ,

0 ,

n.

0cn0 0 ( ) 0 0 0 0c

c f c n

c f c n

== = = =

=

2 -

1n ( )=


6/117

14. 2

.

2003.

. 39: 5, 9, 10, 11, 12

.

. 32 : 3

. 33: 7, 8,

. 34: 9, 11,

. 35: 12

. 36: 17, 18

. 37: 23


7/117

15. 3

1. 15f = 7,5 10 Hz .

:

. m nm. -

;

. Joule eV

.

-3E = 1,989 10 J ;

: 8 -34 -190c = 3 10 m/s, h = 6,6 10 J s, 1eV = 1,6 10 J

:

.

870

0 15

c 3 10 m / s

c f 0, 4 10 mf 7,5 10 Hz

= = = =

9 40 10 m 40nm = =

. 34 15 19 E h f E 6, 6 10 J s 7,5 10 Hz E 49,5 10 J = = =

19

19

49, 5 10 JE E 30,94eV

J1,6 10

eV

= =

.

3

1619

E 1, 989 10 JN 4 10

E 49,5 10 J

= = = .

2.

1,5m. :

.

. 1/10 -

, 6,63KW

.

450nm.


8/117

16. 3

: 8 -340c = 3 10 m/s, h = 6,6 10 J s .

:

.8

340

c 3 10 m / sE h f E h 6,63 10 J s

1,5m

= = =

26

13, 26 10 J =

.3 1

o

26

N EE P t 6, 63 10 W 10 sP P N

t t E 13, 26 10 J

= = = =

27N 5 10 =

. 1 1

2 2

0

9 71 1 2

0 2 1

2

ch

h f 450 10 m3 10

c h f 1,5m h

= = = = =

3. .

=x 4cm =H 16cm . - = 80c 3 10 m / s .

4/3 8/5. -

:

.

.

.

.

.

:

.8

8 80 0

v

v

c c 3 10 m / s 9n c 10 m / s 2, 25 10 m / s

4c n 4

3

= = = = =


9/117

17. 3

88 80

c 3 10 m / s 15c c 10 m / s 1,875 10 m / s

8n 85

= = = =

.2

10

v v v 8

v

H 16 10 mH c t t 7,11 10 s

c 2, 25 10 m / s

= = = =

2

10

8

x 4 10 mx c t t 2,13 10 s

c 1, 875 10 m / s

= = = =

.

2

100 8

0

x 20 10 mH x c t t 6, 66 10 sc 3 10 m / s

+ = = = =

( ) 10 10 t t t t t 7,11s 2,13s 6, 66s 10 2,58 10 s= + = + =

. v v

v

1

fT f1

1T f

f

= = = [ vf f = ]

4. 500nm

83 10 m / s .. .

. .

. 82 10 m / s , -

.

. 50cm,

.

= 34Planck h 6,63 10 J.s.

:

.8

140

0 0 7

0

c 3 10 m / sc f f 6 10 Hz

5 10 m

= = = =

. 34 14 20E h f 6, 63 10 J s 6 10 Hz 39, 78 10 J= = =


10/117

18. 3

.8

0

8

c 3 10 m / sn 1,5

c 2 10 m / s

= = =

7

70 5 10 m

3,33 10 m

n 1,5

= = = .

.2

6

7

d 50 10 md N 1,5 10

5 10m

1,5

= = = =

5. 123 10 z o20 C .

o2 C

20198, 9 10 J , :.

.

-

o20 C

. -

70%. Planck34h 6, 63 10 J s= .

:

. 34 12 22E h f 6, 63 10 J s 3 10 Hz 19,89 10 J= = =

. o 20

o

2 C 198,9 10 J

20 C ;

o

20 19

o o

20 C 198,9 10 J E 198,9 10 J

2 C

= =

19

4o

22

E 198, 9 10 JN 10

19,89 10 J

= = =

. 100 J 30 J

19x; 198,9 10 J

17x 6, 63 10 J=


11/117

19. 3

6. = 15f 10 Hz

=15

n4

-

= 1m . - ,

=2n 1, 5 =d 10 cm . :. (c)

.

( )2.

. -

.

: = 80c 3 10 m / s .

:

.

880

1

c 3 1 0 m / sc 2, 4 10 m / s5n

4

= = =

.8

70

0 0 0 15

c 3 1 0 m / sc f 3 10 m

f 10 Hz

= = = =

770

2

2

3 10 m 2 10 m

n 1,5

= = =

.

E h fl h f

= =

.1

6

2 2 2 7

2

d 10 md N 0,5 10

2 10 m

= = = = 1

60

1 1 1 1 1 7

1 0

d 9 10 m 5d N d N n 3,75 10

n 3 10 m 4

= = = = =

6o 1 2

4,25 10 + = .


12/117

20. 3

7. 100 =0 663nm

, .

. ;

. ;

. , -

2s;

. ,

2s;

= 34Planck h 6,63 10 J.s -

= 80c 3 10 m / s .:

.8

150

0 0 7

0

c 3 10 m / s 3c f f 10 Hz

6,63 10 m 6,63

= = = =

.34 15 19

3E h f E 6, 63 10 J s 10 Hz 3 10 J

6,63

= = =

.

1917oE 100 3 10 J

P 1,5 10 Wt 2s

= = = o E

.8 8

0x c t 3 10 m / s 2s x 6 10 m = =

8. -

=0 600nm ,

= 6n5

.

. ;

. 10cm, -

,

;

.

;

. , -

105 -

6,6s;


13/117


14/117

22. 4

1. 283 10 - 1m. :

. Hz

.

.

91m

. .

= 80c 3 10 m / s

Planck = 34h 6, 6 10 J s .

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

2. = 20E 198, 9 10 J .

. .. ;

. -

, ;

. = 20E 198, 9 10 J - ,

;

Planck = 34h 6, 6 10 J s , - = 8

0

c 3 10 m / s , = 31m 9 10 Kg .


15/117

23. 4

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

3. =n 1, 5 -

=0 400nm . = 8

0c 3 10 m / s :

.

.

. =t 2s ..

=0

600nm , -

;

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

4. = 10f 5 10 Hz 300g . -

=d 0, 9 cm = 4n3

.

25

10 /s. :

. m

nm

. -


16/117


17/117


18/117

26. 4

. d .

: Planck

= 34h 6, 63 10 J s , -

, = 80c 3 10 m / s .( 2002)

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

8.

60%

. 146 10 Hz :

.

. -

. 20

10

.

0,25s.

= 80c 3 10 m /s Planck

= 34h 6, 6 10 J s .

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................


19/117


20/117

28. 5

1

. :

1. , :

. , -

.

. .

. .

. .

2. :

. .

. .

. .

. .

3. Planck:

. , .

. .

. .. .

4. :

. .

. .

. .

. .

. :

1. ..................

.................. . -


21/117

29. 5

.................. ..................

, ..................

.................. . - .................. .

.................., .

2. ..................

.

..................

.................. .................. ,

.................. .................

.................. .................. .

( 25)

20

. . -

:

3

2=

1. :

. A Bf f

. A B3

f f2

=

. B A2

f f3

=

.B A

3f f

2=

2. .

3. .

:

. A BE E . A B2

E E3

=

. B A2

E E3

= . .


22/117


23/117

31. 5

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

( 25)

40

,

0 900nm .

. ; ;

. ;

. 5g 10C

t 4 min .

1. ;

2. ;

3. ;

: 34h 6, 6 10 J s= , 80

c 3 10 m /s 1g 1C E 4, 4J .

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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( 25)


24/117

32. 5

10

. :

1. :

. -

.

. .

. .

. .

2. ,

:

. .

. .

. .

. , .

3. :

.

.

. .

. , .

. ,

.

4.

A Bc c . :

.

A Bn n . A Bn n

.

A Bn n . A Bn n

. .1. n 1 -

2. c

,

-

3. Maxwell -

. -

( 25)


25/117

33. 5

20

. , .

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

. ,

n1 n2 .

: 1 2

2 1

n c

n c= 1 2

2 1

n

n = .

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

. , -

.

:

1. 1 .

2. 1 2.

3. 2 1.

4. 2

1.

5. 1 2.

( 25)

30

d 0, 6m= . 9t 3 10 s= .. ;

. ;

. ;


26/117

34. 5

. , 0 600nm= ,

3m

= - ;

80

c 3 10 m /s=

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

( 25)

40

A 19E 6, 6 10 J= ,

.

. ; ;

. ;

. 10% . -

3n 2 10 ./s= , t 1min= ;

: 34h 6, 6 10 J.s= , 80

c 3 10 m /s=

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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( 25)


27/117


28/117

36. -

[ , , .

[ .

1,

2

n> E

3.

[ , - .

[ -

( ).

[

.

[ - .

[ .

[ .[

.

[ fmax

min

X.

[ .

[ .


29/117

37. -

Bohr

n : n 1 n nh

L n L m r n n2

= = = =

: 2n 1r n r

: 1n 2

EE

n=

:n

n

k e

mr=

2

n

n

eK k2r=

2

n

n

eU k r=

2

n

n

eE k2r=

: n

E ( n 1 1E E E = )

: E K : min cheV

=

2

: E E h f = =


30/117

38. -

:

1.

.

f (

-

) :2r

T

= 2rf= .

2. -

n 1= + . 2 n 3= . -

n = .

3.

:

E , E , :

2 1 . 2 1 3 1 < ,

2 1E 2 . : , , + .

3 1 4 1 < , 2 1E 2 3 1E 3

: , , +............

E : e +


31/117

39. -

4.

:

,E E , E , :

, 2 1 . , 2 1 2 . 2 1 , 3 1 < < . , 3 1 3 . 3 1 , 4 1 < <

,

,E E

: , e +5. -

( n 1= ) . -

( n 2= ) -

.

( n 3= n 4= ) .

6.

V

: W q V= . ..

: W e V= ,

, ( 42 He )

W 2e V= .

.


32/117

40. -

7.

:q Neq Ne

I It t

=

= =

V

,

:W V t= .

:P V =

WP V

t

= =

8. W

xW .

x

W

W= ,

,

x

P P= .


33/117

41. 1

1 e

.

, -

, . :

2 2 2 22

C 2 2

e e ke k F F k m k m e

r r r mr mr= = = = =

2 e

.

2

22

1K m

2 1 k eK m e K k

2 mr 2rk e

mr

= = ==

3 e

.


34/117

42. -

2

eK k2r

= 2

eU kr

= .

:2 2 2e e e

E K U E k k E k 2r r 2r

= + = + =

4 -

.

1 2 3 , ,

, .

: = +1 2 3

1 1 1

.

... : 0 0 01 2 3 1 2 31 2 3

c c cE h f h f h f

= + = + = +

1 2 3

1 1 1

= +


35/117


36/117


37/117

45. 3

1.

= 10

n

r 8 10 m . :

. n, -

.

. -

.

.

-

. ,

-

, -

.

: -

= 1

E 13, 6eV Bohr= 10

1r 0,5 10 m

Planck = 34h 6, 6 10 Js .:

. 2 nn 11

rr n r n n 16 n 4

r= = = =

. 1n 42E

E E 0,85eVn

= = .

34

4 4 4

h h 6,6 10 J sL n L 4 L 2 L 2

2 3,14

= = = =


38/117

46. 3

34 2

4L 4, 2 10 Kg m / s = . ( )2keK 1

2r= , ( )2keE 2

2r=

(1), (2): K E A A AK E K 0,85eV =

.

:

( ) 13, 6 eV 0,85eV 12, 75eV = = . -

. / .

. 15 2E

E 0,544 eV5

= = ( ) ( ) 5 4 4 5 4 5E 0,544 eV 0,85 eV 0,306 eV = = + =

2.

, = n

U 6, 8eV .

. :

. . n,

. -

.

;

.

2,55 eV. :

.

.

.

. -

.

:

= 1

E 13, 6eV Bohr= 10

1r 0, 5 10 m -

Planck 34h 6, 6 10 Js= .


39/117

47. 3

:

.. ( )2keU 1r

= ( )2keE 22r

= . (1) (2) : n

n

UU U2 E E 3, 4eV

E 2 2= = = =

. 1 1n 2n

E EE n n 2

n E= = =

.( ) ( )2 2 2

E E E E 3, 4 eV = =

..n 2 n n E 3, 4eV 2,55eV E 0,85eV+ = + =

1n 2

EE n 4

n= = .

. :2ke

K2r

= 2keE2r

= nE K K E K 0,85eV = =

. : 2 24 2 1 1

r r r 4 r 2 r = 101r 12 r 6 10 m = =

. 34 24 2h

L L L L 4 2 2 L 2,1 10 Kg m / s2

= = = =

3. -

=n 3 . :.

,

=n 3. ,

= 10n

r 8 10 m

.

=n 3 , -

=e

K 2, 49eV

.


40/117

48. 3

=n 3 . -

-

=n 3 =n 2 . ;

.

-

=n 4 . - , -

/ ;

: Planck= 34h 6, 6 10 Js ,

= 1E 13, 6eV , Bohr

= 101

r 0, 5 10 m ,

= 8c 3 10 m / s = 191eV 1, 6 10 J .:

. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )

3 1 1 3 1 3

1 1 1 33 2

E 1,51eV 13, 6eV 13,6

12, 09 eV 1,51eV3 9 9

= = = == = = .

2 nn 1

1

rr n r n n 4

r= = =

( ) 4 1 1 4

1

4 2

E

12, 75eV

0,85eV4

= == =

. ( ) 3 3 3E E E E 1,51eV = = = ( ) e 3 E 1,51eV 2, 49eV E 4 eV + = + =

.19

3 1 3 1 34

E E 12,09 1,6 10 JE h f f

h 6,6 10 J s

= = = = 15

3 1f 2,9 10 Hz =


41/117

49. 3

. 3 2 3 2 3 23 2

cE h f E E h

= = =

34 87

3 2 3 2 3 219

3 2

h c 6,6 10 J s 3 10 m / s 6,54 10 m

E E 1,89 1,6 10 J

= = =

9

3 2 654 10 m = 3 2 654 nm = . 400nm 700nm 3 2 . .

. 4 . 6

:

f , f , f / .

f f /

f / -.

4. ( )n 1 , = 1E 13, 6eV . ' - - V -

. -

,

=n 1r 9r , 1r .

-

= 1K 4

, :

.

-

. Coulomb -

. V -

.

. -


42/117


43/117

51. 3

. :

19153 1

34 12,09 1,6 10 Jf f 2,9 10 Hz

h 6,6 10 J s

= = =

7

c 1,034 10 m 103, 4nm

f

= = = . .

. -

f .

5.

( )n 1 , 1E 13, 6eV , .

=nK 1, 51eV . :. n, -

.

f -

. , , -

. -

-

.

. ;

. -

- =

f 2f , -

; -

,

-

, .


44/117


45/117


46/117

54. 3

. .

;

: = 8c 3 10 m / s , Planck

= 34h 6, 6 10 J s = 30em 10 Kg = 19e 1, 6 10 C .

:

. min 1 11 min

h c h c V V 10KV

e V e

= = = . 1 P V P 200W =

WP W P t W 40J

t= = =

.3

e 17e e

19

N e N Nq I 20 10 AI 1, 25 10 / s

t t t e 1,6 10 C t

= = = = = 17 16e

e

NN t 1, 25 10 /s 0,2s 2,5 10

t

= = = . e V 10KeV =

19 42

30

1 2eV 2 1,6 10 C 10 Vm eV

2 m 10 Kg

= = = 7 4 2 10 m / s= . 11 1

1 1

2 222 2

2eV V

Vm

V2eV V

m

= = = ( )22 2 11 1 2

2 1 2 2 12 2 2

2 2 1 1

2 V V V V V 4V

V = = = =

2V 40KV

. : ( ) ( ) minmin 2 min 22 1

h c h c

eV 4eV 4

= = = . ( )min 2

.


47/117

55. 3

8. , -

= 158,4W . - 165 10 - -

, :

.

. .

.

. , -

7,92 W

. -

5s

. , -

25%.

: = 8c 3 10 m / s , Planck

= 34h 6, 6 10 J s = 19e 1, 6 10 C .:

. e 16 19 3eN e Nq

I e 5 10 / s 1, 6 10 C 8 10 A I 8mAt t t

= = = = = =.

3

V V V 19,8 10 V

I= = =

.34 8

min 19 3

h c 6,6 10 J s 3 10 m / s

e V 1, 6 10 C 19,8 10 V

= = 11min 6, 25 10 m= .

x

100% 5%P= =( ) x P 158, 4 7,92 W 150, 48W = =

. xx x x x

W W t W 39,6J

t= = =

16 16ee e

NN t 5 10 5 N 25 10

t

= = =


48/117

56. 3

. T A

A

V V 100%

V

= ( ) ( )

Amin A

A min A

h c h c V

e V e

= = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

ABmin B

B min B min A min A

Vh c h c h c h c V

e V e e 1, 25 1, 25 e 1, 25

= = = = =

AA

A

VV

1 0, 251,25 100% 1 100% 100%V 1, 25 1, 25

= = =

20% . 20%.9. , -

2 . 3/5 -

2 . -

= 11 3, 3 10 m .

:

.

. 2

. V -

-

= 15

1 2 10 Joule

.

V. -

= 11 3, 3 10 m .

:= 34h 6, 6 10 J s , = 8c 3 10 m / s , = 19e 1, 6 10 C ,

= 31em 9,1 10 Kg .

:


49/117

57. 3

. 15

cE h f h 6 10 J

= = = . 14

2 2 2

3 5E K K E 10 J

5 3

= = =2 82

2

21 mK m 1,5 10

2 m s =

. : 2 1 W K K e V = 2 1K KV V 50000 volte

= =. :

11

min min

h c 2, 475 10 m

e V

= = .

x

x x

ch

E h ft 0,75 75%WP W e V e V

t

= = = = = = =

10. = 1

11,1eV , = 2 6, 2eV , = 3 4, 4eV = 4 2, 3eV .. -

.

. 6,7eV .

;

. -

. .. -

, ,

197, 68 10 J .

: = 19e 1, 6 10 C , = 15h 4,125 10 eV s , = 8c 3 10 m / s .:

. 1

E 11,1eV = =


50/117


51/117


52/117

60. 4

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

2. -

.

( ) = E 0, 544eV . - -

( ) = 1 E 10, 2eV . :.

An

. B

n

.

.

.

. Coulomb

.

: = 1

E 13, 6eV , = 34h 6, 6 10 J s , = 80c 3 10 m / s = 191eV 1, 6 10 J .

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

3. ,

( )n 1 = 1E 13, 6eV - =E 37,78eV , ,


53/117

61. 4

. -

,

. -

.

:

. -

.

. -

. - .

.

.

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4. ,

, = 1E 13, 6eV . () -

=1K 16,12 eV . -

, ,

.

. -


54/117

62. 4

.

. :

. -

-

=n 2. ( ) -

. -

. .

. -

=K 12, 8 eV . = 34h 6, 6 10 J s , = 8c 3 10 m / s , = 191eV 1, 6 10 J , = 3,14 ............................................................................................................................

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55/117

63. 4

5.

, -

. -

n

= 19n

5,45 10 J .

= 14A

f 4, 4 10 Hz -

() ( )= 90 484, 4 10 m .

. :

. n -

.

. ( ) ( ) )n n BE - -

n,

. -

n n .

. () -

d, ,

. 0A

cc

1,48=

8

Bc 2 10 m /s :. .

. d

.

.

:= 34h 6, 6 10 J s = 8

0c 3 10 m / s .

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56/117

64. 4

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...........................................................................................................................

6. () =

K 16eV

, -

= 1E 13, 6eV . - .

0 .

=d 4, 42 cm . = 5K 10 . :

. -

( )

.

. . -

.

. 0 . -


57/117

65. 4

;

. n

.

.

. -

, -

=eK 0,4eV =

K 0,5eV .

:= 15h 4,1769 10 eV s , = 80c 3 10 m / s .

...........................................................................................................................

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7. X

= 86,6 0,8 10 m / s9

.

.


58/117

66. 4

. :

. -

.

. .

.

= 17eN 2,5 10 / st

= 2% , :.

.

. .

= 11 6, 6 10 m

. .

: = 19e 1, 6 10 C , -

= 31em 9 10 Kg , Planck = 34h 6, 6 10 J s , - = 8c 3 10 m / s = 191eV 1, 6 10 J .

...........................................................................................................................

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8. . , = 14A

f 5 10 Hz , -

=

200 / 3W , -


59/117

67. 4

= 81c 2,4 10 m / s ,

= 8c 0, 4 10 m / s . :

.

. -

. 1

2

.

.

().

. , V. H

1000

. -

= 40mA

=t 1s 0,832 J, :

.

.

.

: = 8c 3 10 m / s , Planck = 34h 6, 6 10 J s

= 19e 1, 6 10 C ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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60/117


61/117

69. 4

-

, :

. 1f

.

. -

, -

.

. = 182f 7, 2 10 Hz :

. -

.

.

:= 34h 6, 6 10 J s , = 30em 10 Kg , = 19e 1, 6 10 C .

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................

11. -

-

. -

-

.

. .

. 40eV.

-


62/117

70. 4

.

;

. =K 70eV - 80% -

. .

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

12. ,

= 1

E 13, 6eV .

16,12eV. , -

( =n 3 ) - .

. -

( =n 3 ) ..

=n 3 =n 2 .

. ( ) -

.

. -

=n 3 .: = 80c 3 10 m / s ,


63/117

71. 4

Planck= 34h 6, 6 10 J s , = 191eV 1, 6 10 J = 3,14 .

( 2003)

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64/117

72. 5

1

. :

1. -

:

. , -

.

. .

. -

, -

.. ,

.

2. :

. .

. .

. .

. .

3. :

. .. .

. .

. .

4.

, :

. 3 1 2f f f+ .3 1 2

1 1 1

= +

. 3 2 . 2 1


65/117

73. 5

. () ().

1.

, -

. ( )

2.

13,6eV . ( )3. -

.

( )

( 25)

20

.

, :

1. 1

2

4

= 2. 1

2

U4

U= 3. 1

2

L 1

L 2=

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

.1.

.

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................

2. , 50%

, -

V :


66/117

74. 5

. 2V . 1,5V .1

1,5V

.1

2V( 25)

30

V 33KV . -

. :

.

. -

.

-

, , X

maxf .

: 34h 6, 6 10 J s= , 1E 13, 6 eV , 191eV 1, 6 10 J= ,rA 1 ,

23

6,02 10 ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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( 25)


67/117

75. 5

40

V

, . ,

6

2 10 m / s , ,

, K 1eV -

.

. ;

. ;

. ;

: 1E 13, 6 eV , 31em 9 10 Kg= , 191eV 1, 6 10 J= ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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( 25)


68/117

76. 5

10

. :

1. -

1E 13, 6 eV= .

, :

. 13,6eV . 10,2eV . 12,09eV . 12,75eV.

2.

, :

. .. .

. .

. .

3. Bohr :

.

.

. , .

. -

, ..

.

4. :

. .

. .

.

.

.

.

. ()

().

1.

. ( )

2. . ( )

3.

. ( )

( 25)


69/117

77. 5

20

. 1. , :

. .

. .

. .

. .

2. .

. ,

1

2 3 .

1 2 3

1 1 1

= + .

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

( 25)

30

-

19maxf 2 10 Hz= ,

P 82,875W= . 2%= .. ;

. ;

. t 0,5s= ;: 34h 6, 63 10 J.s= , 19e 1, 6 10 C=

...........................................................................................................................

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( 25)


70/117

78. 5

40

V 12, 5 V= . -

.

. -

; ;

. ;

. -

, ;

. ,

;

: E 13, 6eV= , 80c 3 10 m /s= ,

34h 6, 6 10 J.s= , 191eV 1, 6 10 J=

...........................................................................................................................

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( 25)


71/117

-

:

[ .[ .[ .[ ,

, .

[ ( -).

[ .

[ .

[ , .

[ .

[ .[

.

[ , .

[ .


72/117

80. -

[ .

[ -.

[ , -, + .[ ,

.

[ S.I.

[ .

[ - .

[ .

[ , - .

[ .

[ ( ).

[ - . -

;

[ - .

[ .[ ,

.


73/117

81. -

3

AZ X , ,

q Z e A Z N+ - 2E m c

-

p n m Nm M+ ( ) 2 c

=

A A 4 4Z Z 2 2

X Y He + 1 10 1 en p e v + + A AZ Z 1 eX Y e v+ + +

+ 1 11 0 ep n e v + + A AZ Z 1 eX Y e v + +

A * AZ ZX X +

-

t

= t

0 e=

1/ 2

n 2T

=

m m m 2Q m c


74/117

82. -

:

1. A

Z X :

( )AZ Xm ( )AZ XM .

:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )A A A AZ Z Z Ze eX X X Xm M Z m M m Z m+ = , , :

( )AZp n X m N m M + , , :

( )AZp n eX m N m m Z m= +

( )AZp n eX m N m m Z m + + ( ) ( )AZp e n X m m N m m+ +

( ) ( )1 A1 ZnH X m N m m +

.

2.

.

( )( )

( )

Kg 2

B

u Kg 2

B

u

B

E c S.I. Joule

E c S.I. Joule

eVE 931 eV

u

= = =

3.

.


75/117

83. -

. ().

4. t:0N

( )t t0 0 0 e 1 e = = .5. A A 4 4

Z Z 2 2X Y He + . ( ) m m m m + .

6.

A AZ Z 1 e

X Y e v+ + + . x ym m m .7. ( g) :

r

mn

A=

A

Nn

N= .

r A

m N

A N= .

8. :

. M M : 0, Q 0 > >

9. : Q

Pt

=


76/117

84. 1

1 1/2

T -

0N .

1 / 2 1 / 2

t

0 t0

00

: eN 1 1

e e n neN2 2 2N

2

= = = =

1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2

n2n1 n2 ne n2 T

= = =


77/117

85. 2

. 2003.

. 100: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11

.

.122: 5

.123: 7, 10

.140: 1, 3

.141: 9, 12

.142: 13,15

.143: 16, 18

.162: 1, 3

.163: 5, 8, 9.164: 11

.165: 14, 16

.166: 18


78/117

86. 3

1. ,

, 2,31

. =m 2, 2g .. :

.

. -

. 3/4 -

; /s ;

. , -

,

.

: ( ) =r xA 220 , = 23AN 6 10 /mol , =n2 0,693 ,71 3 10 s .

:

.. -

1/ 2T . :8 1

1/ 2 7

1/ 2

n2 n2 0,693T 10 s

2,31 3 10 s

= = = = .. 220g

AN

2,2 g 0

N

2321

0 0

2,2g 6 10 N N 6 10

220g

= = :

8 1 21 13

0

0 0

10 s 6 10 6 10 Bq

t t

= = =


79/117

87. 3

. 3/4 , :

t

0 e t t0 0 00 03N N NN N N N e e 4 t n4

4 4 4

= = = = = =8

8 1 8 1

2 n2 2 0,693t t t 1,386 10 s

10 s 10 s

= = =

/s :

13 130

0

1 1 6 10 Bq 1,5 10 q

t t 4 t 4 t 4= = = = =

.

2. : +238 ....... .......92 ....... .......U Th He. ,

.

. 235

92U =

0t 0s

53 10 Bq . H o = 17

1t 2,76 10 s . :

. 238

92U

. 0t 1t .. -

-

.

: U

m 238,152u ,Th

m 234,116u ,

Hem 4,003u ,

= 101u 1, 5 10 J , =n2 0, 69 .


80/117

88. 3

:

.. 238 234 492 90 2U Th He+ . :

U Th Hem m m m 238,152u 234,116u 4, 003u 0, 033u = = : 10 12Q 0, 033 1, 5 10 J 4, 95 10 J= =

.. 1t :

t

0

0 0 0

1 1 1 e

t 4 t 4 t 4 t

= = = t t

0 0

1 2 n2e e 4 t n4

t 4 t t

= = = = 18 1

17

2 0,69 5 10 s

2,76 10 s

= = U :

17

1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 218 1

n2 0,69T T T 1,38 10 s

5 10 s

= = . 0t :

( ) =

5 12 6

0

Q 3 10 4,95 10 J / s 1, 485 10 J / s

t

= = =

1t :

5 12 6 1Q 3 10 4,95 10 J / s 3,7125 10 J / s

t 3

= = .


81/117

89. 3

3. 23692 U 1791,24eV, 146

57L

1227,86eV 8735 r 747,33eV.

.

;

.

+ +236 146 8792 57 35U L r 3....

.

236

92 U .

. =P 2500W 2369223, 6g U ;: ( ) =r UA 236 , = 23AN 6 10 / mol , = 131MeV 1, 6 10 J .

:

. :

B B

U L

E E1791, 24 1227,867,59MeV /., 8,41MeV / .

A 236 A 146

= = = = B

r

E 747,338,59MeV /.

A 87

= =

,

87

35 Br 236

92 U .

. U

:

236 146 87 1

92 57 35 0U L r 3 n+ + .. :( ) ( )2 BUBU p n U U p n 2EE 92m 144m c 92m 144m 1

c= + = +

( ) ( )2 BLBL p n L L p n 2EE 57m 89m c 57m 89m 2c= + = + ( ) ( )2 BBrBBr p n Br Br p n 2EE 35m 52m c 35m 52m 3

c= + = =


82/117

90. 3

, -

, :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 , 2 , 32U L Br n BL BBr BUQ 3m c Q E E 183,95MeV = + =13 11

Q 183, 95 1, 6 10 J 2, 9432 10 J= = . 236g U

AN

23,6g U

23

2223,6g 6 10 N 6 10 236g

= =

12

Q E 1, 766 10 J = .M

12 8t E / P 1, 766 10 J / 2500W 7, 064 10 s= = .4. 22688 R

Rn, -

.

.

.

.

;

. Rn -

= 12 1, 98 10 m , - ; (

226

88R ).

: ( )Rm 226, 0254u , ( )Rnm 222, 0176u ,

( )m 4, 002u , 101u 1, 5 10 J= , = 8c 3 10 m / s , = 34h 6, 6 10 J s .:

. : 226 222 488 86 2R Rn He + +

.

. :

M 226,0254u 222,0176u 4,0026u 0,0052u = :


83/117

91. 3

10 13Q 0, 0052 1, 5 10 J 7, 8 10 J= =

. , , .

:

34 813

12

h c 6,6 10 J s 3 10 m / sE 1 10 J

1,98 10 m

= = =

:

13 13 13

E 7,8 10 J 1 10 J 6,8 10 J = =

5. . ,

147

N 14

6 C . -

, .

.

. (, , ) 2

CO ,

146 C . -

,

14

6C g

. , 14

6C

, . 0R

R

, -

.

. = 1/ 2

t n T

= 0n

RR

2.

. ,

0R 0, 25Bq

14

6 C .

0,25g, -


84/117

92. 3

, 3R 15,625 10 Bq= .

, 146 C

= 12 1 4 10 s .: =n2 0, 7 , 71 3,125 10 s .

:

. 14

7 N :

1 14 14 1

0 7 6 1n N C p + 146 C :14 14

6 7C N e v + + 146 C 147 N .

.. H 1/ 2t n T :1.2

1/ 2

n 2n T

Tt n n 2

0 0 0R R e R R e R R e

= = = =

nn 2 0

0 n

R

R R e R 2

= =

nn 2

n

1

e 2

=

. T 0,25g 315,625 10 Bq

T 1g R

:315,625 10 Bq 1g

R 0,0625Bq0,25g

= = 14

6 C :

11

1/ 2 12 1

n2 0, 7

T 1,75 10 s 4 10 s

= = ,

0

R 0, 25 Bq .

:

n n n0 0

n

R R 0,25BqR 2 2 2 4 n 2

2 R 0,0625Bq= = = = =

:1/ 2

t n T


85/117

93. 3

11 11 11 7t 2 1, 75 10 s 3, 5 10 s t 3, 5 10 s / 3,125 10 s / 11200= = = =

6. -

Y .

94,2 10 s :. .

. =0

t 0s -

119,9 10 Bq .. 9

1t 1, 26 10 s ;

. 0t 1t ;

. 13eV

1

t ;

. 208J;

: =n2 0,693 , 71 3 10 s , ( ) =r xA 210 ,= 23

AN 6 10 / mol , = 131MeV 1, 6 10 J .

:

. :

10 1

1/ 2 9

n2 0,693T 1, 65 10 s

4, 2 10 s

= = = ..

1t :

10

9

n 21,26 10

t t 11 4,210

0

0

e e 9,9 10 Bq e

t t t

= = = = 11

11 3 n 2 11

3N 9,9 10 Bq9,9 10 Bq e 1, 2375 10 Bqt 2

= = = .

0t :

1121

0 0 10 1

0

9,9 10 Bq N 6 10

t 1,65 10 s= = =

210g A

N

0m 21

0N 6 10


86/117

94. 3

21

0 23

210g 6 10 m 2,1g

6 10

= =

1t :

1121

10 1

1, 2375 10 q N 0,75 10

t 1, 65 10 s

= = = 210g

A

m

21

23

210g 0,75 10 m 0, 2625g

6 10

= =

. 1t :

21 21 21

0N N 6 10 0,75 10 5,25 10 = =

1t -

: 21 21Q 5, 25 10 13eV 68, 25 10 MeV = .. 208J :

14

13

208J

10 13 1,6 10 J = .7. Y

. -

r, Coulomb 1

F .

Y , -

Coulomb =2 1F 16 / 9F . Y, :

. o .

.

: pm 1, 007u , nm 1, 008u , XM 11, 99u , YM 15, 98u ,

101u 1,5 10 J= , = 34h 6 10 J s

:

. Y , Z 2

.


87/117


88/117

96. 3

8. . ,

. , . -

238

92U h, P -

234

92U ( )N f Z

. 238

92 U 226

88 R ;

:

. : 4 4 2 2

e + : 4 4

2 1 e v + +

: 4 4 1

X e v + +

- 4

X

X .

U :

238 234 4

92 90 2U Th e+ ( )234 234

90 91Th P e v + + ( )234 234

91 92Th U e v + + ( ). x . -

4x :

238 4x 226 x 3= = 2x 2 3 6 =

y

92 6 y 88 y 2+ = = . .


89/117

97. 4

1. :

1 235 x 92 10 92 56 y 0

n U B Kr 3 n + +. , x, y -

.

. 235

922, 35 g U

P 3300W ;

. P 1980MW

40% .

;

: =U

m 235, 04u , =B

m 140,9u ,

=Kr

m 91, 9u , =n

m 1, 01u ,= 101u 1, 5 10 J ,

( )UrA 235 ,

23

AN 6 20 /mol , 71 3 10 s .............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................


90/117

98. 4

2. ,

Y , - 4,33eV.

23892 U ,

14

minx 6,624 10 m= ..

;

. -

;

. - . ;.

.

, -

-

; U

' .

:34

h 6 10 J s= , 131MeV 1, 6 10 J= , -

1E 13, 6eV , -

= 9 2 2k 9 10 Nm / C , 19

eq 1, 6 10 C= .

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

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91/117

99. 4

3. :

. N i.

. A , -

, ;

. A 20

f 2 10 Hz ,

*Tl ;

.

i;

;

:131MeV 1, 6 10 J= , Planck 34h 6 10 J s= ,

m 27

m 6, 6 10 g= , = 101u 1, 5 10 J .............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

4.To 4019 K 17 2 17 s=

40

18 Ar .


92/117

100. 4

4019 K -

1/7 4018 Ar .

. .

. .

.

1g ;

: n 0, 7 ,7

1 3 10 s .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

5. To , , -

-

. -

, ,

. -

, :

2 ...... ...... ......

1 ...... ...... ......H He p n+ +

.

.

.

40%,

,

7

10 W .


93/117

101. 4

: =Dm 2, 015u , =em 4,003u , =pm 1, 008u , =nm 1, 009u , 31m -

246 10 ,

= 101u 1, 5 10 J , 71 3 10 s ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

6. , AT 60 ,

, .

0t 0s -

, :

. , -

. ,

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

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94/117

102. 4

7.32

15 P 1/ 2T 15

S. -

32

15 P , -

120.000 / . 60 -

20ml 15 / .

. .

. .

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Fisiki g Lykeiou Genikis