i^ia^Mii'^kM^siit-

FOUNDED IN 1939

No. 395 MONTHLY ORGAN THE CONNOLLY ASSOCIATION

MAY 1977 Price JSp

FITT SAYS

M R GEBARD FHT, M P. for Jfcst Belfast, has'stated

i f s i ' M m m m m and p«t o n the soldiers who shot Leo

m t h tf CardJi I* ^ t h ^ a ^ ^ P s r e ' i n • effect I n p u t t i n g : erf i t i v J ^ m ^ ^ m

- ^ i ^ r ^ ^ f ^ 1 ^ ^ s e c u r i t y to themselves.^ ' "> V ;.

JJ Everybody knows that people what wenl pn

d destrojr;-- " w?,: Hary • of the ad-

i his Jop

'as off

Sg.".-'*' -V'-: jGtfLY A N W ha- In 1924, Lord C a r * % the back bitterly on, t j f f l j the. Ireland, which even m l P J • wantodi«and watching J§ Mkfr ing rift between Ettgfaj

a - the* twenty-six counties ripped;'"What a fool !

I l l wteonlya pawn ! I was of in the dirty political g»i

no*? it: nil

yx Sn

w m i

|( )W> rivalries were re; J* Croke jP^rk on.$j

were sdt for an:

% skfeW^ion. combination of aad ' defen

otSty was not ' t rans la t#^f | i^ success. I M i S i P i l i ^ P ^ K 43,500. - * ~*. Y 7 ^

In ,the:aefni#i|al, hours Mayo' -fo^ Roseaiftriftif had fallen easily to the eventual flnal-i s t s- • : - W t i

Clare completed a magnificent National Hurling League campaign

Stadium' Id, T t t i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ U ^ Kilkenny -.before so.odW'qtfi f ^ P ^ M ^ t f i 111 ii ii iiliiil i in I f i iOTl i lpW"" and they are truly deserving cham-pions.

jgxtent

rito&i&diiby anobe-ansation amounts. In this amounted to £350

claim-«of a-SUfeetdy f'Wi day for food in Britain.

> contact his up, he believed that others might soiM.Ctorendefe kept not toe sofortunate."It is quite bay, in a.fcwfete;-

•ursand was possible that someone less in the -iOf. tjflVfflHfor.J eggs pubiic eye would be virtu|dlyl^-

'-Wilted tie- napped in what is'-'etUeT * ;B®» ' fartto^lfldnttiW In such a manner," he said. reached the« semi

ilt .was .not '• ~ • ' ' aalwa.v&adWei thathe was N o char8®s were brought against anrtaiwlw MttkM thy cell and M r ° Murchu, nor had he been B w S l ^ ^ l

"awed not te re-eo^ j»tt$«Aa.vHff Wynkf^iaO ta return often, as before. Kilkenny.wexfQ»

TL|« Q . ;

Irad been held.. he i»

people were'being "inferior race." fhfii that W hdijied meat would WOk- tat

t they also asserted that be had the tnij W & B m ? ^ m - m wished L.l e North, a statemeat worale

thought* had ||to,^fVhqierthe]X^||iA cause of his poi • |»Sc|h&r and -that he had Vieaty-M

*

later brought " b ^ j b ^ o f

H » v : I npa^l&J^k ' S l l indicted Dennis, an active "Democrat" JJJgKF*

and member of the bm-

tBD^TerS\om°tl Uc^nATiId ^ ^

ta turn regio^i organiser to°demand pajOT^po.d ' * * a report on safety, conditions apensarshlf r selected /generally and union membership tiw^and -, were fn onthe oil-rig sites ftt North-East

• r TTri niaMt'tar

fiTst movement uses No 2b, fl*.-'.'* Mpv hadatrae ; k*e". trge4ifce second movement is i,fcam the Song of Fiawtult, ljrto cawmwmorates floe fate three daughters of Lir, whose M believed to have been re-( by Shakespeare in King

Ml to arrange, folk finance, by cosmo-ta and amateurs, vited were 1 laydn

THE IRISH DEMOCRAT

UN BRITAIN TODAY

GREAT fuss has been made of Britain's stand at the March

meeting of E.E.C. Agricultural Mini-sters' discussions on fa rm prices. The meeting was aborted because Britain waptefl cheaper-4)utt*r. An-other get-together was arranged for the endof April-

The real reason $fr Agriculture Minister John silkin wanting cheaper butter was because people in Britain are resisting the eVer-mounting cost of food. This is not surprising when butter costs over 50p, or ten shillings, a pouud. wiu^h is still not the lull OfKumwi |®|r-ket price, especially when it ist$f!pi-pared with prerdecimalisation and pre-E E.C. 'flays pf haK-arcrowp Jor 124P). The staggering iricreasfe^n this important food stands out Hke, and even feels like, a black eye.

In 1972, before Britata jfltaed.the E.E.C., 28,115 tons of Australian butter- was imported. Last .year, 1976, four tons only wap imported. Although some butter still comes from New Zealand* a ®reat-«teal comes fipm E.E.C. countries. Apart from Italy, "whose butter cort&uihp- . Uon is small, B^tgjft js J|xe.. anly co»jmta ;that ip bnMer. This maMe8»«he eagRtu» of the butter market an important area as far as the .EJE.C. is eon* cerned. -s?

IT1HE agriculture of every Common il^jcet covtai^, except. Britain,

is distorted, in particular hi tljfe dairy seetjor.. Apart from Britain,

B E G G I N G F O R Y O U R O W N M O N E Y

BY JOHN BOYD

aQ the i Kpduced much more tap tfem is pn|d- Milk being a oomm^ty tbflfcfsannot be kept, it is ^umed into iess perishable goods like bu$tar up* Rimmed mfljc pow-der. This-is part of the reason for the infamous'mountains which Bri-tain is expected to diminish but does not contribute to building. The obvious price ai the pi point 0' and other the Greeri

[Dm** :»he Buy (9ppre of

and-rtr Britain to jat in #ritaip gu t te r

subsidised by Certainly by

studying the national papers and listening to-the host of experts on radio and TV the deliberate impres-sion gfv4fi i&dtiji^^ttain to the ^nO^iystnnipf'^l. a day

Con that,i that the-experte- mutt discu unique combination of the snake gallery in a reptile house with a pond fuli^f j^trB|}tes Jpati^g.,up and down Jfcrough the duck-igeiad. The expei s t«%ive some profound views <Ki the subject and hidbw the fact that Britain pays

currency exchange using a Green M m1 m;mi* w -

Pound. What then is s "Green Poland and ^hat is the snake? />OMWPN;^IARKET .prices ^ ace the "unit of account". fOfie unit of account is the equivalent of one U.S. dollar five years a^b. Since then exchange rates within the EJJ.C. have chang^iejpise of dfcvaluatj#a a«i revajiiigpn. Some of the,

icowmm l»#fcher in Where Oje fflcchange

-vary within agreed Umits. Britain «or jieland are members pf the "snake". -Because of all these ever-changing differences the EJE.C. introduced monetary compensation amoun^$&C.A.s) Jpqnatt^gpgpQl-.formpujfi^-'- ' •.the Oommpn

: •U.S. dollii the unit.j&^ilMlinMUIirilil actions with the E.E.C! are carried out. The Green Pound has not de-

This is a reversal of the real pic-ture. The E.E.C. has a policy which sets high internal food prices and maintains these by imposing levies on supplies from outside. Part of this leyy i? returned to Btfifcin ,ta the-fonn-pf mane^y compensate amounts, in.lissome £80p ipilUon ext a.pras paid OhflRpdstuflfe^pae hand and the other hand £350 pnillion from the { M.CA. This means, by simple arithmetic, that £450 million was added to the balance-of-payments deficit ,in order tp 'benefit'.' .from thev<J*i(P. i n M cljiim that m > tna)0mon

pipehow instaljlof cut ta a tax the aripest

by P. J. Cunningham

-Kerjcy Foe a repeat j f rlast S^pl^ber's | Ireland final and, resulted it reversal of fortunes, Ob this occasion Kepcy torious by tjswp exalting game.

aM -'.'XSkrvH i viW i c

valued % between* Green tary c<Mni 1975 alone

it cost a family of -foter in 1975, would have cost more in 1976 and even more in 1977. v>'

In this c / ^ ^ t Jhe o p t i o n s pf PritaiP's Minister about cost f butter aupeps to ,^ P p p . W i ^

. >|ess public rather

. .fundamental abopt CAl?, 0ne probable outcome 'W^ttat Britain will accept a compromise staged to look like a victory, namely that butter may he a little

,eheafeef ^or i Vwhile at the same • tlme*sidevalutog)theia(rerti Pound. In the confusion of misundersfcahd-ing the Green Pound C.AP.^e

den! which* is to r a i s e ^ ' ^ e of nearly all foodstuffs.

m hj — *

May 1977 THE HHGff DEMOCRAT

IfnT

JAMES C0M0LLY M -X

|AMES CONWOLLY is not knewn <* in Europe as one of th« socialist leaders of the international labour movement who, against the stream, Hught fir Socialism antl' against Ifie first world Watt-. •

IH this hs shares the fate ef Wis owii country, Ireland, whose struggle against BHtish imperialism and for selMieteraiinatlon is largely Snored or distorted on tbd Coiiti-

FbttiAl; Ka shares tt Mil <&C tiffi ot revolutionary &UM,

SobTdoHn Mdtean or Antonio from Italy, WMT Mng

forgotten ait ttity BUoH dd to nations per Spheral to the gnat m> ditsfilal oibires, Germany, Fraiice arid England.

In France, only a couple of Con-WMiys Mxte have Mtoff puWHWSd SPMl a; smaM: pamphlet1 on' his • work, «JP tw» eomit* irtendOi lntt tigni-ftiSftilt^y - Wough tmr wrty mrUHtt

^"linijsitWr yeftr, have HT Mr;, the Ooeitdniart and

,*»V.twa roasttn* for first of alii » the May 'N

MtfK'iAriiK 'tfc'tttfnftatMtiI WW I IUI'M0 IfctKMJft.', #SK

Ireland, followed by the waged by (lie RepuMioan Move-ment has set itsolf a rmkM for email ; oppressed nationalities in

ahd eiidwtifertC jfcwirtwrv It an odvitea endhpfta * m 8*m miti mi «Way» M n altfi& l ijh fe1"' "afift *- tif t ifcaftlWi ilto' •

; WWlWMwf®*' ..WO • •••WW*

puWieHed, movement

B y

Roger Falicot Autliw «f "La Resistance Ir^ndaise (Maspero) and working on a book about

James Connolly. Mr FaJIcot is a frreton.

TM Oretens and Corsicans w«Md naturally leel more inclined ta look tewams anseten In the theoretical werii af a man whe Kad to struggle

against' bour-of tm rtaticmMHst 9also against ttfo alt-_ HMI df' titer Attiiti at- tHatf RMef ftr

they camter rHj , < atttiwv upon' the i d i U K t tradition of tnd'. Frtftch —" .• — ,•• in .,. • • I a • [nkh^hJ t I uMiiNsi movement inneniea- nwi «Me rovoftftioiv and have to fas* a similar tyde of chauvinism, within the french wti jWMi)

workers.~»*. v • • "•*'•• 'Mi.-'1'', All tMse facts should explain a

growing interest ateOt Cennolly,

WHO WAS Euseby Clearer was bran in Del-

gatay. Co. WlcklOW, son of the rector, William Cleaver, «ld grand-son of the late Archbishop of Dub-lin, who Bad come o e'r to Ireland as chaplain to Viceroy Buckingham in 1787: He seems . to Have learnt a lift of his Irish in Roscommon in bis young days.

He was vice-president of the Os-sianic Society iii, the fifties, a Position he couldnt liayt< hetd with-out good Irish.

Clearer Was very generous With his tfoney and ffaftneiaBr sup-^t<sd many language f l e e t s : he AidnceB Hyde's first bo«£ Mir Sceuluinghearhta" <18«» -add it Was' dedicated to Gleavet. Fur-thermore, a gesture that leaves mod-em ecumenists years behind, he bought a thousand copies of Ifr Nblan's "Leatohar Urnutpithe Na-omh Phadraig" and- distHButed them free amongst the nattoaid schools of the Gaeltacht, He pub-lished. himself-, a collection of poems Mid songs, "t>uaha&» ha Nuadh-Ghaedhilge." in fact, sjg in-tei-eSt embrafced' every fkfcetf Of the language movement.

. Bdt be will m best MAid^ed 1&r his Scheme to entwdm|^ the

1 Wf .1. ..,..:

IM IRISH IRELAND teaching of Irish in the national schools of the GaeStacht by re-warding teachers and pupils alike.

It will be recalled how Irish had won a place for itself in the nation-al schools and in the Intermediate examination..But it.was only stand-ing inside the backdoor and suf-fered under*-grave disadvantages;

Part of the teachers' salary was paid by way of result fees. .All the children' in the national schools woe examined annually by an in-spector in Bhglish in reading, writh-ing add" arithmetic and a hxed SUM tfaSD&d for each child that d^sed in era ' sawjert. given a good at-tendfcaee record. After school hours a wide range ot eattra subjects w«b taught to earn result fees. But this was over and above a set course of dbH*8Sei*y subjects during school hMii-s.

- In lftTO pupils of fiftb Class up-wards were; allowed to-do Irish* out-side schort hours fir result fees. 6ut Oie teacher, evea if a native speakei', hdd ttf do a d»<sat eiaini-nation in Irish to atrnhfy td teach it. w text for students, to^ ates

J, > i t f f ? ' -S,sj . • ir* 4 . p '4M Ifrat Sttlf irf d tWy

A W O f t U r -» Vii

. Wfflft t autwidrdly ex-tinguished the Revival, or Das-

serghy&ns, Phase, "I. (Jat .to tmt the inte^ay " saw1 Phase i i in

$r

P o d r a i g O C l e i r i g h

• y ' advantageous position and there -was certainly no great'swing te the language in the schools, even in the Gaeltacht. "Hie Cleam- scheme did much to offset these disadvan-tages. It worked somewhat like this: prizes of £*, £3 and M w«re. given to the first, second and third teaefer ers to win to- each county of the Gaeltacht (Donegal, lftayo G^way, Clkre, Kerfy, Cdrk atia lVaitfeKRjrai This was based on their pupils'pja«-formance in the testis. Bo^C-prizes amounting to eleven shillings were given to each school.

Cleaver Was first vice-president o| the Gaelic League but died the text year. He was bhrfetf hi Ckflgf^, Wales, with a sprig of shamTOcK fiSSSi "his native Delgai r toChis hands. He was described a£ the ' mat general- meeting- <rf the l^gue ae "a man whose gawrtsity and lifelong devotkm to the Irish lang-uage entitle him to perpetual ho* \ our among Irishmen." " • ' ' n -

'. * Cteavei? Memorial Puna? w» • set up (ton both sides oof the Atiaa, tic) to continue his ' jirffltiB national- schools. : - % ; >

E. -"--*- r~ mi inn

,, < J« iJiBak9m, i •i&MSsSr

THE IRISH DEMOCRAT May 1977

T W E N T Y - S I X C O U N T I E S

BUILDING FITZGERALD AND KISSINGER IN Geoffrey Bing STRIKE IN IRELAND ?

| KADERS of thirteen building J workers' U n i o n s have

served notice on the employers in pursuit of their claim for a wage increase of £1.50 a week.

If there is no settlement the s tr ike is due to begin on May 6th. The money was negotiated last year and should have been paid as from March 1st this year .

Then to everybody's amaze-m e n t the Government stepped in and told the employers that t hey must break their -word. They would not be allowed to recoup the extra wages on Gov-ernment contracts.

The reason why the Govern-ment is holding up the payment is that it is afraid that it might spark off wage demands in other quarters , but the Union points out that the building workers' agreement was freely nego-tiated and nobody at that time worried about what it might spark off.

There was no national wages agreement at that time.

Asked were they prepared to take on the Government, one of the Union ; spokesmen said the British miners had done it.

INDUSTRIAL STRUGGLES

AS well as the threatened build-ing strike/ there are a number

of other industrial disputes in the 26 counties,

T}jere is a threat of industrial action by prison officers following the transfer of two of them to St. Patrick's Institution. The Prison Officers' organisation is affiliated to the I.C.T.U.

Workers have been laid oS as a result of a dispute at Irish Steel holding at Haulbowline, Co. Cork, involving 87 craft workers who seek/ It wage increase. In Kerry pickets

• ace outside the Skelligs Hotel, 1 Dingle, and Killarney Hosiery

Nylon Company. , " ' • " 11 V "'! .'

, - e s m o n d S t a r r ••-•*• •• " T P * r a x . - . « w r ; '

©attawtf StoT?, tfoaJman :b* Sou^. London

Connolly Association, has just been elected-vice-president of his trade union—AUEW-TASS—at Its April conference in Eastbourne The con-ference passed a resolution calling for the ending of harassment and discrimination in Ireland and a series of demands similar to those of ihe Better Life for AH Campaign.

We may be sure Desmond wilt be pushing bird to get this acted on and followed up. He has, Mas, had to resign his chairmanship of Bouth London C.A. due to the vir-tually full-time nature of bis new pafMriMfc- but promises to attend whenever he can. All members will Join in wishing him wttfL

" " " "I" / • I. l"M,t|jl U. . CENTRAL LONDON

: c a / : WEDNESDAY, t INK

283 Grtyt Inn lmmm . w e t

, NfiMf

SURROUNDED by guards from half-a-dozen countries, police

and Special Branch men (paid for by the British public), a mys-terious gathering mostly com-posed of private citizens, super-annuated ministers and members of opposition parties, assembled in the quiet holiday town of Torquay.

Among those present was Dr Fitzgerald of Fine Gael

What was he doing in this secret conference of interna-tional capitalists, hobnobbing with Henry Kissinger, Sir Keith Joseph and all but Maggie Thatcher who pulled out at the last minute.

This so-called Bilderberg con-ference hatches an annual plot against the working people. We would like to know what was decided upon this time. It was announced that "political, finan-cial and economic matters" were talked about.

LOVELY TORQUAY dies in Lond<»" /)OCTOR FITZGERALD was in

other queer company. He had Mr Airey Neave, Conserva-tive spokesman on six-county affairs, as his guest at a special luncheon at the Irish Embassy. The new Ambassador, Paul Keating, was there.

Until recently Mr Airey Neave has been "not speaking to" Dr Fitzgerald, because the worthy doctor arranged a discussion with Maggie the hatchet while Neave was in Belfast. He thought it was accidentally done on purpose, and we presume it was.

Mr Neave was reported to be "soft" on power-sharing though hard on everything else. But rumour says he has now thought better of it and is in fdfTJUr again. It is remarkable how politicians do not 'tike to be

PORTLAOISE AND AFTER not. We think Uifey were motivated by patriotism!. ^ , % THE Government has refused to

> accede^ to the request of a number bf organisations for an en-quiry into conditions in Portiaoise jail.

This is to be regretted as public concern is widespread. Now that the- prisoners who; were on Hunger strike have given it up, and are re-ported to be improving in health, perhaps it would be the time for the Government to think again.

These men have broken the law, but they are not criminals in the ordinary sense, despite the heated language which is often used about them.

The test which we apply is whether in doing what they did they were motivated by the object of private gain. We think they were

BUT when this Is said, It must not be thought that patrtotio mo-

tives are suffioient to Justify any action. .

The test which the operations of the "provision*!" I.R.A. fait to pass is the test of popular mandate.

The policy of Gov-ernment in Ireland til* handing to a minority -nf an open-ended veto on the unity of Ireland, knprisonment of one-seventh of tl»e majority In an artificial statWet, and the appal-ling repression practised In pursuit of this polloyi jtatom&ht..'inwjt In Irish patriots being anxious to "do" something, mandate or fin man-j , . EC"-. "" V- • date..

•the and tans

But the great strength of men who

A DENIAL W E understand the Irish Sover-

eignty Movement has denied being responsible for calling a meet-ing at which the "provisionals," the IRSPs and the CJtt. attended to cQscuss informally the state of the

, country. The report appeared in the IRISH TIMES. . The meeting was called by. pri-

4 vate individuals *pfl the I.S.M. was one of the 4» invited. There will be further informal and explor-atory interchanges at which it is -hoped that organisations which did not participate will see their way to take part.. , (

Any efforts to heal the breaches" between Irish people is to be wel-comed. And It is ttf interest to note the people are thinking along simi-lar lines on the two sides of the aea. •.

was the o' date of the gi And when reason the call it off wait were worried had given no" visionals'" -o'

ILL th»

popular man-of 1918.

" bad to jipaple

Hi), they th^-pro-

W hunger thinking of sible to work that all Irish both wings " could agrsa stand a by the ment?

What a would have people wars get our thli

If the G radically the jail it

A 1 T the Ivanhoe Hotel on Sunday, April 10th, George Ollmore lec-

tured to a crowded audience who listened with rare attrition. ,

His theme #as the abandonment W the policy of economic indepen-dence by the Lemass Government, and he showed how this took place as a result of coercion by the tyn^'Mi**. •

He gave many reminiscences of his long life in the republican and socialist movement, saying inciden-tally that the flrat time he h*ard of socialism was * m VU on

v o w * * and was being nuaad bade tn health in the house # afctor. s it is MMm bath RQnkett and hi* sister supported LarUn ft 1UB,

Mr Gilmore when the marched to of the

' ishly o b j e c t t d p that again," he '

He thought" common

" might uni bring the tWi six counties, ing was Wi to know families in years ago. can onthem

It-is h sible to in p&mp

caught straying by a sudden election, and race for the pavi-lion when the first clouds blow up.

is ft <r

Q1GNS are not wanting that the Tories are about to base an

assault on the Labour Govern-ment on the grounds of their Irish policy.

There is moreover no reason why Dr Fitzgerald should consi-der keeping Mr Callaghan in office us an essential Irish in-terest.

More was got out of Mr Heath than Mr Wilson, unfortunately, though that was little enough.

Mr Neave may have told Dr Fitzgerald of the new demands on six-county policy which he is shortly to throw ' at the Government..

These include a special new anti-terrorist brigade to do the devil and all.

ft ft #

QNE thing, however, must be said for Dr Fitzgerald : speak'

ing in the consultative assembly of the Council of Europe, he de-clared that the immediate re-quirement'in the six counties is a "representative executive" in which both sections of the com-munity could work together. He added that he hoped that over a period there would then develop an atmosphere in which the re-unification of Ireland could be-come a reality.

While few republicans jvill accept the conditions with which he surroufided the propo-sal to esablish such , an execu-tive, and many will suspect the lack of definition, since the Unionist proposals could con-ceivably be tarted up arid made to look acceptable, still the re-fusal Qf the English Government to allow the people of Northern Ireland any hand in their own destinies, is bound to leave a political vacuum.

If the extremist stoppage proves a flop, perhaps the ques-tion of a "power-sharing execu-tive" may be raised again.

i T H E death towards the end of April <ii Mr Geoffrey Bing, re-

moves from the London scene a strong supporter of the cause of a united Ireland.

Mr Bing, who was born in Dun Laoire, was the son of a Co. Down schoolmaster. He was educated at Lincoln College, Oxford, and Princeton University, and was later called to the bar.

During the second world war he served as a signals officer in North Africa, France and Germany.

He was on the extreme left of the Labour Party, having been in earlier days associated with the Marx Memorial Library, and .In the 1945 election he became member for Hornchurch. and became a member of Mr Hugh Delargy's "Friends- of Ireland" group. He was, however, a much more energetic and decisive person than Mr Delargy, and. had no fear of expressing his views even if he knew they would be unpopu-lar.

T I E was one of the two Members of Parliament at the great

meeting called by the Corinolly As-sociation in 1948 to demand the re-lease of the Republican prisoners who had been sentenced to up to 20 years for the bombing which just preceded the war. The mother was Dr Morgan, together wfth Jim Larkin and Liam Redmond.

His "John Bull's other Ireland." a study of the six county regime from an anti-partitionist standpoint, was a best seller. The publishers. Tri-bune Publications, had to reprint it again and again. These' were the days of the Anti-partition Lesgug, and ,Mr Bing was, a powerful -sup-porter. -j, .. ••• y"j»-?n'

When the Republic ,was. Mr ?tng w»s one thenar: pared, to •defend r the right p f t h e

Government to make'.tjie de-claration, and he was one of the few to vote against the infamous Ireland Apt- introduced )>y Ifecbert Morrison.' This when Morrison called " "ins^V-jonjog pup" and he wouid peyer gat,, p m$nt. Sing wa^ less ouf " this occasion but more

A COCWtDING to the I R I S H ^ PRESS a top British journal-ist, declared, following the Stras- m™:

H i

pf.,tij#, ^conwentton" affairs ^ere :"a matter them Ireland Governm^" tha,^hole of

neath the ftj^ship^ of Irishmen

m mm: kmiS&i;-

the time Shankhill and pome ng-:

•fee

and Englishmen there is, on Irish side, an underlying hatred . . a r black anger "not susceptible" to reasOn, which seeks to loose the blood-dimmed tide." • J,©eprge Gale, former editor of ttie Spectator, wrote in the Daily O*-prfess:' "The Coihmiinist, dictatxw-sHips laugh and rejoice at Declan Costello's work. Back home in Ro-land, too, he will have earned ; his Mtohles in Eng plaudits. The gangsters of the I.RA: iorft Ion

all the way to their banks tod He waa f o t yeara u j e p ^ ^ ^ / t bomb-Stores. , Declan C o » t e l l o / J S § ^ ^ ^ his colleagues who have allowS . « came acroet him Wm full win in his frjrsuit. pust ^ulcl^r t ^ .you what tu>. tow this. Cosgraye. CVBrien. *Ws St that contribujion,

I S I S S ***** '' sponsibillty and the triame. _ AtWn»ey-Ge»w»l far

•I do not know. Bu6 I do know" ^ ^ " I "laeL sjt this moirtent, ttw^ t

F.; .hoWay in ; wish again to

hospitality, let alone dtUfcn " ; ~

weWlet that.«o without cabi-i v2 ' l • lilxfr'y ' -i , " '.'••

mSi

.WM} ... ., ,*» i p i l l l lie always rememh an Irishman.

M a y 1 9 7 7 THE IRISH DEMOCRAT

S I X - C O U n T Y N C E 1 \ T E

TORTURE CASE I

F R O M A N T H O N Y C O U G H L A N

HEATH GOVERNMENT IN THE DOCK

' I 'HE Eaglish Government was bitterly accused of torture and

misconduct in the Six Counties by Irish Attorney General Declan Costello at the conclusion the other week of the six-year long torture case before the Court of Human Rights at Strasbourg.

Mr Costello was especially criti-cal of what he referred to as Britain's fear and reluctance "to tackle Loyalist extremism in Northern Ireland since the 1960s and it's failure to co-operate fully with the Human Rights Commis-sion in defending itself against Ireland's charges".

Official English Government re-luctance to take action against Loyalist militants had been a signi-ficant feature of life in Northern Ireland, said the Attorney General, afro had led to -a discriminatory policy when internment was intro-duced. He added that the burning of hundreds of Catholics from their homes and provocative para-military parades were meant to terrorise the minority in the North.

"It was not suggested tha t Loyal-ist paramilitaries should be in-terned", he said, but "this evidence showed a consistent pattern of ffear and unwillingness, first on the part of the Northern Ireland Gov-ernment, and then of the British Government, to grasp the nettle and take effective action ty protect the minority .crimirwntty.'W, •.

Mr Costello accused Britain of refusing the court the benefit of evidence from the "decision-makers" at the time of internment and of refusing to explain to the'-secretary of the Commission why,, security witnesses in London could not be cross-examined, The British Gov-ernment had. refused to .allow. Ministers of State or people like former Six County Prime Minister Brian Faulkner—the Than im-mediately responsible "fofr ; intern-ment—to bfe brought as witnesses.

TJECA'USE of this the feuman Rights cdurt was asked to con-

clude that'-there'-wai- a* policy of-discriminatioh j t a ' introducing • In* ^ e x t e n t of Loy&l-ternmenfc, as ittte.eourir wo Ld l ave >, H i^lwe^ce on^.fhe to make an important decision without the benefit of witnesses like Government Ministers.

in his final, summing-up the Irish Attorney General pgltit^l out that

"""''" '•"ifeitaiiiiivi.ifi i ffijf''

in specific cases Britam had re-fused to co-operate and has also instructed its witnesses to refuse to answer questions on interroga-tion techniques used in Northern Ireland The Commission would have liked to know what authority issued the order to use the techniques, he said.

Regarding Ireland's submission that more than "200 extra cases of alleged ill-treatment in breach of Article 3 of the Human Rights Con-vention should be accepted by the court as proving a practice of ill-t rea tment from 1971 to 1974, Mr Costello argued that the large amounts of compensation subse-quently paid in many of the cases provided extra proof.

Mr Costello then announced to the court that despite British objections, he was going to use evi-dence given in camera by London witnesses to show that it contra-dicted in part the official submis-sion f rom the British Government t ha t internment was not dis-criminatory. The evidence was given by witnesses G2 and G3— believed to be the Army and RUC chiefs at. the time of internment, Sir l i ^ r ry Tuzo and Sir Graham Shffiington. r p H E Attorney-General invited the

court to find out who G2 and G3 were and to note t ha t they had • there was J* -essr-*- "4 - ,, Jt. - no Loyalist ;t«rrdristfr in 1971. He quoted two remarks to illustrate this, including one which recorded the witness as saving: "We felt-we had dealt With thi Protestant prob-lem by 1971". Another said that there was no Loyalist; terrorism until direct rule in 1972, but the British Government now said that there had been Loyalist terrorism on a ' smaller scale than the IRA but that its distinction in intern-menl ^as.'justified. This showed the v ^ e S a b f l i t y t h e Iidhdbn evidence:'":'''" >/;.;••;•'•.,.,<!..... - -i,',

Mr- Costello' th£h. quoted from other security forces witnesses and .from jrrimes" .and ';Guardian" re-

organisation of j#i4 Ulster Wortiers' Council strike:'The strike

was the culinination of the disastrous policy of not tackling Unionist terrorism, which allowed these terrorist organisations to grow and successfully r challenge the Government and Army in Northern Ireland, he said. I N concluding Mr Costello stated

that Ireland was not motivated by malice in bringing the case, or by any spirit of vindietiveness". By the present proceedings they be-lieved that human rights for the people of Northern Ireland would be strengthened and more ade-quately secured, -a fact which in itself would help defeat the men of violence. The case would have wider significance for human rights in Europe and from the evils-of the past.seven years in Northern Ire-. land some lasting good might thereby eventually come.

The national newspapers ih Britain have given minimal cover-age to the Strasbourg case. It is much too embarrassing for their political bosses in Whitehall. If the facts were put before the ordinary people, the Government is afraid there would be outcry over the way they have carried on in the Six Counties and it would dis-tract attention from the simple picture they want to convey to the people—that all the trouble is due to IRA "violence". They do not want to remind the people that the IRA are essentially a reaction to the injustice of the British Gov-ernment's own administration and to its traditional, encouragement and tolerance of Orangeism and the Loyalist paramilitaries. \ It must always he remembered 'that it was the Loyalists who comihitted",the first sectarian murders—in Malvern Street m, 196.6. It ^ t h e y , who planted the first bombs^the Silent •Valfey explosions w h i c h W e r e blamed at the time on the IRA and Which helped to precipitatt of Terence O'Neill. And burning of hundreds of Catholic home? and the attempfeatsan-r anti-Catholic pogrom in Bombay Street and the Palls in August 1969, organ-ised bv Orange bigots with the con-nivance of elements in the RUC. which led to the British 'Army

•• i" MI.|»-VC,. il.Mll

taking over from the police in the first place, to protect the Catholics from Orange extremism. I )EOPLE have such short memo1

ries that these facts are now often forgotten, as the British Gov-ernment and the Establishment press try to divert public attention from the root of the problem.

That is why it is a very good thing that the Irish Government' has taken thjs case and has per-severed with it despite every induce-ment and pressure from England to abandon it. What particularly annoys the English Government is tbatr-the details of the torture and discrimination it got up to In the Six Counties are getting massive coverage in the East European and Third World press. The Russians are very annoyed at the way the English and West Germans are trying to whip up hysteria about . the treatment of dissidents in Eastern Europe. Contrast the mas-sive coverage given to East Euro-pean human rights issues in the British press with the coverage they have given to the mistreat-ment and injustice doled out: to people within the United Kingdom Itself, in stbe Six Counties; Tttei J-itnent did this^-and that there is an real reason for ail,the fuss abput . i lr ish Government in existence the Russian "dissidents" is that the which, whatever its deficiencies or English and West German Gov- faults, is in a position to adopt a ernments want to throw a spanner course like this.

in the works of detente The Army - Generals, the English Foreign

Office. "Iron Lady'' Margaret Thatcher and her mates want to do everything possible to delay a thawing of the Cold War. In this respect the second rank capitalist powers like England and Germany are for various reasons much more reactionary and anti - communist than the Americans. The English and West German Governments particularly dislike the Helsinki agreements and would like to dis-rupt the furthcoming Belgrade con-ference which is being held [ft re-view progress in detente between East and West.

T I ENCE all the fuss about dissi-dents in Eastern Europe. fence the hostility and embarrass-

ent the English Government feels about the publicity the Strasbourg hearings are getting around the World, especially in the Third World countries of Africa and Asia.

All this would not have hap-pened if the Irish Government had not gone ahead with this case.

:' Whatever its outcome, we should, j all be glad that the Irish Govern-

DO BETTER

^»f«S8i£-8 - -v''- ii « (Continued from page three) • V:: f

PAISLEYS WHIRLPOOL

them

and the Six owmties is always much h i g h e r E n g l a n d : , 1 ^ can be addedMfcat in the "national regions'' - ijia ; medical service is worse, chfld - mortality higher, (the public -ed ieatiitwi Inferior ^and' the housing crisis more acute,

is Briia&v-'M-';*: whole now -be-

signs seem to be pointing; thai way. It is clear , ^ the British M m will need af l ' -^ff lW-and that means tackling the national question,, starting with the Irish question.

London, N.W.

midate Mwif work£hR» must be the subject of immediate action.' If

— — there is any., evid s e e J v a r e ^ ^ S p p p i ^ l ^ h ^

them, and < with'fconspiraij?.

FINALLY, let us have no silly talk ' fi*om;.tbV well-meanihg but muddled Tjltwleft that this is an action that should Be $ti®pOrt6d be-cause some of those who t^ke it de-

tion of mland Is a reactionary pur-pose..- Without prejudice to the principle that there shouk*. be {

also a reactionary purhose. If a worker; carries out; pt^tlcal action

(Continued from page one)

P R O M IWayv-2nd the Qorinolly, £27.50, J. and L. Robinson £5.8D, ..•^/^wclatian has nf^futl- "J- Lyne 50p, Central Lon^ojil

time.-organiser 'again—We have--- C.A. Branch : £3. -TOTAL'': been without one ever since £36.80. ' ; . A".'1

Sean Redmond left, , and. cpn- U Y contrast the Iris h Democrat S ^ D t e f ^ i g l i - l f f i i r fflh^aajB te^t ft is ver thaf w'e haV^ kept going at . w i t h ^ l e a s u r e acknowledge all, let alone started to recover- / 1 ' our streneth ' It.Is an unfortunate fact of life

I 8 , . that politics is very expensive, and There is only o ^ c o ^ p e n s a - t h a t - c a u s e i s d e p e r i d .

through,, the great f e e i n g of c.A. Branch £5, K. -Lynch: solidarity among all" Irish Kelly £1, Birmingham C.A. £1O;20,

"people. * -.v Jt. is this. that!'sW-' : wa«t you" all • 'to' t y t m -p^fctlWl-terms ' • ' ' -TSfr, Mrs -81 Duggan £1, .Mrs

,requi^;anoney. . Not.-just for,., ^ ^ ^ o j t , S^t j f c - . wages. For work. And thur Houlihan SOp, Readers in south

z d m f f i & m in East London very £9.42, in Wast

of capital , is _ _ ... iini^Ita^and^l^Witing'a ~ning'

situation where Germany, the most - - • AiLSi 'ilk J ' • -iti:J» :..)£A-n t . '/Jkl'iL fui' country dpid the most

wealthy,' is surrounded by a group of" itfilM^er^ jawr1; wcohtog. more under-developed as Germany devrtomj^-'^ •^•f**-:.. v.- - - ^ r p a i p *oj*t of develbpment is not 1 unique. ^ It ttMna pla<% time a small nation, comes tinder the control of a,more powertul one. To lllusteate - this we, «an ta*e Canada and Britain, Unenmloyment Is muc h; htg^r - t regiqd»' ^3®ti$iuabec being al-most twicv , fa

c o m e p w . ^ 4 ls^'per c^Ttower. Unemployment, in Scotland, Wales

nary protestants will be diminished, Can ti^ ttf ^ o better ? and the efforts at P ^ ^ m i d j a i - o u r . thanks to: Aria>Olfiark fil^lmWmm^m riliAtinn ht intr marlfi jSSiarim . '••• ' 'S '-: ..-•••. • ' , • . . - . . . . * • cUl»tion being made by-ft unf6ns -atld others wllf^Si^pi fully enforced. If on the< Other

.hand., the Government 'S^enT^a. . ^ S ^ . l i g f ^ g i i t e ^ the exl^emists it will wofk TVISHOP t)ALY of Derry has'b^en ' d< of 'the' tiadfe unions irito"tha fl^V ' - V tipped as ohe of 'the members - ^ Setting back the course of much of the_ Irish Sie'rarchv most likely " by hard wort: and s a o l l M l ^ e ^ " - ' c cwtfttjr. 'pHE Government . f ^ ' . ^ T IreTaiii. i t ' 'v W w t t E ^ 1 pitad an extremely lmpintatit W the . priest who was ^n' the suade officers political fact. It was the Iritdj ques- sjS^ 'fh 3Derry: on Bloody TSunday,: brutaltty or tion" that' smashed ministerini ; -to-^l^:'^®*®'';'ahd. Party; Not only could what is hap- dying who were killed when the pening in the six bo&jtfjsr' fefef Army • s so^ •..-' into *<an the Tories back to a time -UnAmied ctowd.

m4». wmm-•immm

SB

could never

' Mwite!

for a that "

ourpoae, the fact r does not make

o f B r i t

has alwavs been that I not t*iclc® and defeat'the 1 Oraiiii|WJfMclfc ttiW^-H created. We are not iirging

the Unionist e^trepists insist on i conihqiitat

Industry would Government as

to'tame the trade Ui lpns oi '. pay questions, it could also finish the labour-Pftrtv. not perhiapa Jor, ey^r, hiil> tor a Kong time to ix^e, and leave, the wav open to i ^ a t ^ t of aH present dangers to JBWUSh workers, a swing to the extreme right, •'•'•'

- 'Mide -clear his belfef that the Sl^- -lence, and all the things happen-ing th ; the Ncrth, were s>mptoms of a problem rather than the prob-lem, itself. : The basis of the prob-

- lem in the North, he said, ^as the fact.that the Sl* Ccunties was an artiflcial political; -enttty. wittia per-

heeh-lproHfW.' cenuy., by ,do< people who bad b.

vj#4i,vifiaMfi»re. not n w ' W j i l i i ^ i r r r r " — of thd Irish that we urge no com- ^ nrinority: He said that an promise With the lovaltw. rtbe»; artificial political entity - of this huFior. the sake of the English as klnd requlred some ktod pf artlflcial

W ^ a J M B i ^ ^ ; JW ruling class ;%);.#tfeguards Jfttded

MICHAEL RYAN flllli.

standltflnn.. . ; If -the stoproage proves a

which, we sine«rely hone and twnA that it yllk then, the, infiuoncfe ^ the extremteta of the

out torture tec! niques f)t search, gency; computerised tWsrpopulation. let ! them the experience

the seven-day permitted hnde

half ilon both North K thought -tltat theJI . .

Nvisits. by , * * y m m m

fperSS

hearsai % ^ iascist people to that sort of 'sitaapii^Ttkev: V ^ n t . .

, ; V- . I::

THE IRISH DEMOCRAT M t y 1977

COME TO THE BOWER WILL you come to the tower o'er the free teundless ocean,

Where the stupendous waves move in thundering motion, Where the mermaids are seen the fierce tempest gathers Te iov'd Erin the Green, the dear land of our fathers, w m you come, wilt yea, wilt you, w*H yew come to the Bower ?

Wttt you come to Mm land of 0'NeiW and 0*BennelI, ©•Lord Lucarrof oUtandthe immotfa»©,6®nneH, WhereBrtan dfftwe the Danes and Sfc PatHSIf the vermin And whose valleys remamstUI moetheawttfW aft* charming WW you come, will you, win you, wt*y#*e«f i te to the Bower ?

Where Owen Hoe metMunroe amHiH«htef»aitw did slaughter,

May Fair

r

Where the Lambs skip and play on ttwf air Over, from those bright gotdehviews to enchanting Restrevor, Wttt you eome, wilt you, wilt you, wift yo»eometo the Bower ?

Votr can see Dublin etty-and the fine greveset Blarney, The Bann, Boyne, the Lifley and the fcahe»ef Kfilerney ; Yew may rideorvthe tide o'er the biewl w f t t l t Shannon, Vow may sail round Lough Keagh a«#-se* tterted Dungannon. Will you come, will yo<k» «Ut you, wi«ye iroeme1o the Bower ?

Vow can visit Mew Rata, gallant Wexfev#an«Gerey, Where the Green was lastseen by pr#«**SXen and Tory, Where the soii is sanetWterftoy the Moe#«tea®h true man Where they died satished therr e n e m i ^ fttiy WOuld hot run from. Witt you come> wiil yen, w«l you, wtt tyoaeeme to the Bower ?

Witt yeu come aiKtawaheettf lest iah^from its slumber, Andher fetters we wilt break thatourfimhs did lon« encumber, An6the airiWiU r*ceMMt with hosaonaslpgi'eetyoti, 9 * the share1 m i l hefe«n*feUai t t lri«h«*et*tem€et you, Wtfr you come, witt »o»,wtl»you,wW>y«Mceim to the Bower ?

TWs te aivi»vtt*tta« to in America; Lord Lamm is bettuvfcnowo a* Patrick-garsficlft).

a g o *Hh tfcis song eom-have had many

a t the Conwfltty Tdwn Hall on June

engineer."

time

END

way To the Magherafelt May Fair.

| am* » nice wee bouncing girl BEFORE my lime my It'mdred were as felons in the intend * and my age is scarce sixteen, Because they claimed the liberty that freemeh uwlirtttind. andwnen I'm dressed alt in my best E r e , w a s M n i in Duhlintown men's hearts were stiH affftffle!,

Sure, i look like any queen; They spoke of Allen amTO'Brien and whfeperetfLariiWs name. T m a i d e n s gay who are on ^ , o n m y ntotlter's breast, a little baM, »«dtV*rt

Young Duffy's hearse went slowly by—he died in MlHilitii Jail. Mid* about to sell their ware, . u . „ _ _ \

_ , .„ , When I could read, I spelt and knew the lives o fpatrfd imen; " i ^ T y wlM m a M m y When I could write my pencil traced: A Nation Oh«« Again.

I learnt of those who often knew the baton and the d t t Who asked for right by peaceful means—POenae*! t e Darnell.

My mother cautioned me going out And once when thro' the cheering crowds some "felOn" homeward "Bo- not atiy h f o in town, ° * m e

fer if you do your father And I on you wo will frown;

* * sdrf t* Short bad company And of ydung* men beware,

Though ntoe you be, don't make too free

At the Magherafett May Fair."

Before Kilrtiainham*s lif6ddstained walls I stoodatt dd#and still, savs t; "Dear Mother, do not fret I'ltve* through all the awful hi |ht that 0iadpwe#

and set y w mine at rest, tftftiM d'er ORE flfd*i blotted page some neutral «oi*«fteiiM tend For » must iiav# this house on« day Hf l f read today—as y«sferday-the story witKoiif «nf:

As th« wild WW waves its nest, 7

t'tf drees me in my now bftuo frook And HI comb my bonny brown

halp— Thero'N bemany a boy from Toomc

I-lit, amongst the gayer lights, my candle's tiny flame.

When I was but a tiny child I ran by Kidkham't side, I heard his hitter story teld in reverence and pride.

And when with years he passed away wliehKfe was ydun« and fair I stood upon time's crowded path and met tfteary there.

I saw with pity and aritaze a crave n- party go Obedient to a Scotsman's word for ParMll'tf overthrew.

NOMEN BAWK At ^ hi«y Fair."

r staye^ arOWid tltt evening,

m m glen, w m m t t

a glen ill «W Tirconaiil, there's a Where enoe dwell i* Irish colleen who i

P f H f o m i , • aaie She was handsome, hale a n * h e a r t y shy. a n d ' g r a a a f t ^ ^ ^ f e . At* Mt tlio bad oome to the worst They aH loved the widow's daughter, l^mtHcrntr t * m ! r Wewett

As I iMVNP Then one day there came a t«

my chance T h n poor widow, broken-hearted, parted with her . And forger the hiring fair. v,i " ^

. • • ffiMty i h r w f u ^ waltMi; t)ii ^ •I k ., . j i m jj^lj •fdb.'i idik'tf 1.1 fc ' • • came a icmiiiiMHsarteu woHMin. oosiiy Th» Eoxtg tdt a grand marching

tune; ^^HewttMmNpi^'Reaei^^ McAloone Ctt 0utiet'« new record,

'wlMS**''- 'i r

mmMz

ft\ f

Wmm

o .

f*

m

fftJtti yearf huntftlii hejftes know. »

What it gold and What is silver, when your

» of timliriiiftjfe* won't yen-

f yjiMBSj-' I jtijtiks Ad

Pofdo;- JBft Mf

pwmt'm.,... .. dh» but u tdheOt ««nr

aV". -j

Akoe taMK i

a t w trior . v o M f m f f l t f *

Ni raibha

~ — (Continued ftwirPMiriM)

A! cynfea! Now th day m English Government^

K)licy on Ireland; Uie" eiog ltewtf fe ttie

J ' and elsewhere is that . a _ .. should totrodwci * Bill d

Alglttil In *0rttaJto Ireland dh d gejtfure ttie -<3pnrt; Of lftu«iflei > rtlghts to sh«rtr $ a t itf l i ^ j M ^ - ' . . . -i- • ffiM ill the. s y ? b ^ t t e ^ r ^ v

xepreaentad in the nineteeatlboap-twrr Britteh mind ~ ingrtMape,^-bfuiarity., jsiteth, ifaFeach«y, pfflSn, dishonesty—still sarfaoee from ,time to tirife, as viewers ef Maroel Ophuls" documentary -flMk, A Sense of Loss, will know, net bhtjr to l ^ a l i s t i ^ B w ^ r j P i t ' -army officers' opinions and hi .iwg 1" -mehtal magazines. 4»starieaUp. these imag«i, and -> the. 'wdiiiw inages in fciysh ratods^f a BliMilil • governmentk a n d p e ^ l e mora tj, humanity or Spiritu A v g h a e s ^ s i ^ ^ ^ e p r y eflort 4t«

into violence: emancipation was fal-lowed by a tittfe-war; the repSd-

mmkm^eutimgrt' w

ttfe war e f > W t o - ghV^SS^.'

ing largely to othor M erants oould hardly hand, more apposite play. It is less study of emigration,

hear itpm^ l q w who .wi the une 'aisi% -wi tieaas >or- -Muu ot items

saints

«;mmm,0tM) J- + older t ^ ^ r n m m

S l o ' T n 1 ^ ? U ^ S j ^ t f j ^ s e to , S S S S ^ - o f I r « W ' s p a s t , njpna^Uc she dwelt blazed into a W vmffiStettie Christianity, from its teglmdng, the which reached to heave»,%« ^ U a i rule, while ruins not Only, of monasteries, but of fins rose from her head . W S S S I ^ I t t F ' «MAd tdwers, she took the veil. The sacred inauemm Onuil- • ^ ' K S E =*S2TSw J shrine at fHidaro *

rchMen? -1 aUowed to go-out, uat»?ei>e ifed In thlis of the monastejato.. rplty that^ nlwtew pighte It w«fs urches, t o , bF the nims, but on tbo^Mi Wm dsalt v night it kept slight by U^f :ir Patrick : nuns Would say that Brtjtfd iplddle of self kept It alight that

itlahtty In i the xouna towers was brdttjfttf heW'r the France to'Sreland, by fflm f r o m ® f and aoholars at the court o tp j

rpt it qtlll' mange, however those two au

y becapie i studies jrf, early chria^taM ipn faijihs f taooe islands and ie motes- ' must be" treated with t e & f a were pre*,) iQpit^aen Hugjiffl is p*H#W>

i : dp. |i/taQk oiifHArirJae Jbtf..1

him bos anger. I explores, the chap reality of a

present £ Poem, fear explosions MM

staccato rftt tU»l nartattro

tipn tttfuTSfl bfls, comment, aim the ironies. Of 'if politicians^

H M

East, S y ^

"Twenty-five Years Gone", by R. J. A. Pue (Belfast & Co Down Railway Museum Trust)

| vPENED in stages between 1848 ' and 1986 the Belfast and County Down Railway was still wholly intact 4*hen it passed to the U.T.A. towards the end of .1948. Within e^ht^Mi .pionths, onty the B e l f a s t ^ M M j n t t h e short stretch lifllflMf Mewcastle with the G.N.R. Banbridge branch at Castle-wellan reBWUped <^erative.

In Jw uju- Btdiyijahjnch, Downp&triek, Ardglass and Dund-rum lost their rail service and In April of the same year Dundonald, Donaghadee .and Newtown ards n>£t the san^ .fa^e. Five years later twins ceased tp -jiisit Newcastle, With ^he <?lpsure pf tt^ .f^KR. branch .from Spacva. so today onty the Bang^1

;pq|nch remains. • That the actual clpsure decision

was taken hy t t e tr.T.A., with the connivance of a Government ap-pointed th2«e-oian tribunal, -should bUnd a p ^ ^ to the responsibility of the OOiflPitt iPaily ia «tonnpnt. Certain|y ,people in Down Jcnew .wh re tp place the blame. A .wpftrt . n the "Mdarne Obts rver". gupted in this took, re-cords the passing of trie last "County Oowh" train from New-castle on January 15th, 195?. Many placards were e*hibited by the pas-sengers, all in ithe same vein. The depth of fntlj^TlWnfohft ^ h a ' sure just two of them—*;A -f^pp pf wat^r wears away a s t r and a bubbling Brooke' wastes a. r#ilaray". "Not for export, v ^ f t u f w t w d by Storpwmt ghost trains, shadow factorlft^. ^'-ii ' '

. Y«prs Gone" is , a -nice 1

consisting pf aitfelps reprinted * tvm ' 'mi*** *a®f«i»e" j(wl =ihe

good T{ie r|

RftUfl :

in o»er statipasMfe^i way. book : this end. OMM^r

Drt?^ ,"" " ti»

"Classic Irish Houses of the Middle Size", by Maurice Craig (Architectural Press, €110$).

TT has long been a subject of dis--1- pirte how far Irish architecture has merely reflected English de-velopments and how far it has fol-lowed its own course. Since Eng-lish and frish art are, and always have been, set firmly within a common West European tradition and since relationships between irelapd and the cooUnent have been both direct and also py .way pf England, the arguments either way have been equally complex and equally inoan#dsive. What now emerges from -Dr Craig's bOtA is that t^ the middle or the Ittti cen-tury at the latest ;ther« was a distinctive Irish style and form among ^medium-size** houses and that these were certainly related to English practices, but were not dependent uppn Otern. :

Neverttieless, it wot^d be Idle to pret^id that the English have had no tefluence up«?n arctritecfture in Irelaed; fpr tWlr iirtemntipns in that country frequently br ight about ii state of affairs which made architecture of any kind difficult to achieve an$l wbifih diacouraged .(the building of any houses nrhich were npt'.raoro lilte foi^ga^s .^uii tresir dences. Medimn-sized Irish houses of the 17th century retained many of the defensive and semi-defensive capacities w iich ilBntfUsh houses of sl^pjr slputhed off a hundred or two bpn^re l j^ars earlier jw^ -had ^ .up^ftite accMwnpdatipp (t|>an their English cotnpieers and contemporaries. Even whqn e<mdlttoiis became less jlb-turbed and tile AscendiBtndy'j^ttftd down to enjoy the fruits of being in tpe ascendant, Irish houses wwe

ller :&mn andthe;

use of basements. Barticalar at-tention is paid to plan-types and to the influence upon design of the generally small size of Irish houses. Of exceptional interest is the ac-count of John Payne's Twelve' De-signs for Country Houaos. Payne was a clergyman by professwa wtth a considerable talent for architec-ture and he set out tp. shew just what it was possible tp do va1th small houses in Irish conditions. One house that Payne designed was the glebe house at Trim pad those who like to relate architec-

ture to social and political develop-ments will not be slow to wonder why although there were only 354 glebe houses in existence in 1787, 550 were built in the first thirty years after the Union.

l*T»HE second and Uise* part oi -J- the b«pk consists ff pixptmts, analyses; and illustratieos of mure than a hundred houses. «Spipe of these are very brief p q d ^ o e pre long but piany, for t ^ ^ - ^ a e on Cuba Court, Led*it)£ttewh «n4 Seafleld, manage to

in a small space, generally-aided#T some exceptionally clear and plea-sant drawings. Nevertheless, ttus i s the sad part of the book for evw and over again the illustrations -or the text make it clear that *he house described , is .either-deroUo(.«f destroyed. % Craig has done countrymen a service in attention to alt these houses; , haps others will be moved en-sure that those ai ,th£m which a i p remain will be maintained for ihp fpreseeable future. -

- MMN P 6 M

...IJ. JUI.UIUJ

"England 1890",

and Ireland since by Patrick O'Fwrell

(O.V.P., £1.30).

ONLY the effect on her nerve; pf ^ Fenian disorders can explain Queen Victoria's indiscretion wjw® she complained in 1867, "These Irish are really shocking, abomin-able people—not like any other civilised nation ". The implication of the last three w o r d * — t h e , Irish were civilised and a pf$ton— would have been rejected IW any statesman of the day and by the ' British people at large, for «l^BuTit wa§ an axiom that -the JjAsfe. .were an extunple of arrested evolution, a

people requiring both gsrtptonce and t coerection to fit them ferrGgi's de-sign that they shouM^exaajeet tO EnKland. England's. traced tp m a w mm,, beef to the thirty-nine a^Mes, Put a}l tti^orjtes of ,the Acglo-trisji re-lationship adhered to contradic-tion that the Irish were hwdeem-

' able'and at the same time dbdttaed:

for redemption by Great Britain.

Protessor OSarreH has Setadied

sipn ^ t i t s omsappenees since the act of union. i j M i . mpre historical interest. The -• f t ^ - l p ^ ^ j j ^ ^ -

»Wy "The J>itch sloned m m poet QeraJMeLi aathologlswT|fr^| B l a c k " ' W w m of suffering, one fmm Marlowe's this Is hoO^HI

nearly UCm I'Vaak. mfpfSTSl l ion of a futtttp?

The chimnej for the U

And Belfast ii

May Y m THE IRISH DEMOCRAT

8 THE IRISH DEMOCRAT May 1377

S E R I A L S T O R Y

BRAVELY TREAD — v ~ B Y

DONAL M a e A M H L A l G H

WELL, the big day—the passr , • < ing^ut parade-rWettt off without a hitch and the kit in-sfr&etton as

rriy. own partic«^^ase. The pmm . •• with allthafseven ranks of men uw4 m ^ i ^ m m

4Mm > ohd over again q crucify him?.

in the thinkU j it was I that brot

i n course H' W in Ireland it Xtlised nHies iki # of the more fit un- to the ahi

coming behind on a

ke couldn't ymmig to

the bathe the.n and \ clothing, and into I m x t f p m I

tea which of com ut mm of the 6

r t s ; g r e e r v o w

London,

fODAY we did the "five-mile run" in full battle order-

rifle and pack, helmet, webbing equipment, bayonet, water-bottle and all the rest. Fifty minutes was the allotted time and need-less to say you couldn't linger much along the way if you had any intentions of completing it on time. The first mile seemed the worst, or so 1 thought, for I hadn't got my second wind and the stuff I was carrying seemed to be weighing a ton. But little by little I began to

, feel easier and to take less heed Yif the equipment and by the time we 'had covered half the distance 1 felt more confident of passing the test all right.

A further bit of consolation was that Rhattigan, the com-plaining mart, never shut up for a minute all the time but grumbling away thirteen to the dozen about the unfairness and the unnecessariliness of it all. Hadn't he gone through the per-formance before, he ashed, and didn't they have it there in black 4md white on his records, so what wee the point of crucifying him all qyer again ? Or was it fust too i much trouble to look the bleddy thing up ? There was enough red-tape: in the army, surety to God,'and it wouldn't

» l o o k i t p ^ i i ^ p i i n g JhepoinfJ

That new man, Dara Mulbride, is a joker and no mistake. He borrowed half-a-crown off me tonight and then as soon as he had the money he invited my-self and Gavanly to the pictures! It was "Great Expectations" in the Curragh Picture House and my man was in his element, commenting on the acting abi-lity of the different players and on anything els& that came into his mind dufftfg the show. He was as important in himself as if it was in the stalls of Covent Garden Opera House beyond in London we were instead of in the hard fourpenny seats in the Curragh Picture House. At one stage; he went out and returned with three ice-creams which meant that the half-crown I lent him was gone—without much benefit to himself, either, as you can see.

But >I'm afraid that he could land you in trouble, tod, with all his cheek, for tonight in the pictures he asked one of the rookies sitting in the row in front of us to move his big head so 'that he could have an un-interrupted view of the film; and when the rookie declined to oblige him, the hard Dara de-clared aloud : "Well, boys, it seems jtp-nM? they're getting a

w the day*. I'd

t $ m m at. home in et than here in the

I suppose everyone has some kind of an ambition even though it might not be recognisable to others as such. It is enough for me to know that I will be living in Galway and be among people who Speak the Irish language every day. There are men, of course, who join the army be-cause the military life holds a real attraction for them but I can't pretend to' put myself in that category—f like the com-pany and the companionship to be sure and it's nice to know that you're fed and found with a few shillings of your own every week, but tipOrt from that I wouldn't think I have any special leaning towards soldier-ing—and that may be the case with the majority of. men. I wonder just how many men would ever think of joining an army in times of peace (or of war, either, for that matter! if they had a choice of good, well-paid employment.

It can't have'beeti for the-,love of~ John Bull that the thousands and tho i joined the through the, centuries, amount if you ai0| context British*

" 'Tis a wonder you didn't think of that before you went to the bother of joining up," Matt answered and then he said under his breath to me: "Maybe with the help of the Lord they're letting him out—it must be the case or he wouldn't be going on like that running down the army."

And sure enough Mulbride was bidding us all goodbye the next day and commiserating with us, if you don't mind, over having to stay on while he was off to a new and more exciting kind of life! .

"Keep the old chin up, chaps," he encouraged us. "It may seem a heck of a long time now but you'll all be out eventually. Just take every <£ay by itself and don't look too far ahead, and that way it won't seem too bad."

Matt is as happy as Lafry now that Dara has gone but I must say that 1 miss hfth my-self for he was quite a charac-ter.

. * £

seem strange to anyone not acquainted with the spartan appearance of a barrack-room but the truth of the matter is that there is just no place to hide anything in a billet, at least not well enough to avoid detec tion. - ~ ... " x

So I thought that the best plan would be to leave them in the bottom of the Hit-box and hope that they would escape notice. However, T would tkitikyMhai very little escapes the wttee of Coltiris-Powell and sunt *n$kgh he spotted the bo^^Jpi^^ed thefn up and went .Jh^j^h them slowly. The serjgem^as having a blue fit behind the^p^qpd the platoon lieutehaht wasn't much better andWhrncCoitins-Powell had done with the books he put them back iQifrjtiigj&lace and then fixed me-With-a look that nearly turned me to stone.

"Are yfftr a c o n i m t ^ ^ i ^ ; ? " he asked and I was ysrpglad to be able' to answer quite truth-fully that I had oniy got to the Stage of being interested ii($he subject yet andowld not claim to be any suck'

"i then and for a m that $Nhs out of with arte the dap: was out l e t m & w d m ^ i

D I 4 C T C E A E E A V C E T I / U E S € L D I E K