Searching for New Physics and CP Violation in Beauty and Charm Mixing and Decay

Flavor Physics IIBrendan Casey, FermilabCINVESTAV 11/5/2013Conclusions from yesterdayToday: went through the historical progression that leads to our present understanding of flavor physics

Next two days: will investigate how this ties into one of the most important scientific questions Why are we here?

Thursday: will investigate different techniques to predict where to search for new physicsB. Casey, 11/5/20132/59TodayElectroweak baryogenesis

New sources of CP violationIn B physicsIn EDMs

B. Casey, 11/5/20133/59What was Clinton talking about?It was just this week we had an amazing breakthrough in physics attempting to determine how life began on earth

Subatomic particles of matter, which normally under the laws of physics would be expected to cancel each other out didnt because they were slightly more positive than negative

Hes correct but slightly out of contextB. Casey, 11/5/20134/59

Clintons talking about hereWhen we study CPV in quarks, we are usually looking here< one billionth of a second oldEqual amounts of matter and antimatterOnly matterB. Casey, 11/5/20135/59Diracs ElectronDiracs great success was the unification of quantum mechanics and Einstein's relativity.

Diracs equation predicted new types of electrons.

Once you have enough energy, you could produce pairs of these electrons (E=2mc2)

New types electrons have opposite charge: anti-electrons or positrons

You can create electron-positron pairs, or if you bring an electron and positron together, they annihilate

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So what's the problem?The problem is how did we get here?If matter and antimatter are created in pairs, where is anti-CINVESTAV?If matter and antimatter annihilate, how did we ever survive 15 billion years or even 15 seconds without all the matter and antimatter canceling out?The fundamental laws of physics are supposed to explain the entire universe, big, small, slow, fast, old and new. But they predict that we shouldnt exist.B. Casey, 11/5/20137/59

Enter Andrei SakharovFather of the Soviet Hydrogen BombLater became a leading human rights activist and received the Nobel Piece Prize in 1975a spokesman for the conscience of mankindIn 1967 formulated the Sakharov conditions for what needed to happen for the universe as we know it to have formed instead of annihilating itself.

B. Casey, 11/5/20138/59Sakharovs conditionsBaryon number violating processes (something that only makes matter or antimatter)B. Casey, 11/5/20139/59Sakharovs conditionsLoss of thermal equilibrium (particles aren't able to communicate with each other)B. Casey, 11/5/201310/59Sakharovs conditionsCP Violation (Harder for antimatter to get through the boundry)Loss of thermal equilibrium (particles aren't able to communicate with each other)Baryon number violating processes (something that only makes matter or antimatter)

B. Casey, 11/5/201311/59

B. Casey, 11/5/201312/59Thin film interferenceB. Casey, 11/5/201313/59Thin film interferenceB. Casey, 11/5/201314/59Thin film interferenceB. Casey, 11/5/201315/59Thin film interferenceB. Casey, 11/5/201316/59

There was a boundary in the early life of our universe

There was destructive interference in the boundary

Some matter waves made it through but antimatter waves didn't

B. Casey, 11/5/201317/59What boundary?Main guiding principle of high energy physics is that at high enough energies, everything looks the same

This translates into different epochs of time when the universe was at higher and higher temperatures all the way back to the big bang

Epochs are characterized by unification of forces

The universe comes in phases, just like ice, water, and steam

B. Casey, 11/5/201318/59What happens in a phase transition?

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Our model for how we got hereEpochs of time where there were equal amounts of matter and anti-matter

There were baryon violating processes but no excess is generated because matter and antimatter excess are in thermal equilibrium

The universe begins to go through a phase transition. Our side of the phase starts growing in bubbles.

Excesses of matter or antimatter that enter the bubble wall are no longer in thermal equilibrium so they do not necessarily annihilate.

There is CP violating interference in the bubble wall that allows a little more matter to get through.

This generates the matter asymmetry in the present epoch of the universe.

B. Casey, 11/5/201320/59Adding it all up at the electroweak scaleB. Casey, 11/5/201321/591: Baryon number violating processesNo problem with baryon or lepton violation at high temperature in Standard Model. B-L conserved.Sphaleron transitions shift baryon number into lepton number

SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)Potential energyTotal baryon number (or lepton number)BLAdding it all up at the electroweak scaleB. Casey, 11/5/201322/592: Loss of thermal equilibriumNature of the phase transition can be calculated once all parameters are fixed, including Higgs massLow Higgs mass (