Flexible-Fuel Vehicle - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

The Ford Model T was the first

commercial flex-fuel vehicle. The engine

was capable of running on gasoline or

ethanol, or a mix of both.

Flexible-fuel vehicleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Flex-fuel)

A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (colloquiallycalled a flex-fuel vehicle) is an alternative fuel vehicle with aninternal combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel,usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel, andboth fuels are stored in the same common tank. Modern flex-fuelengines are capable of burning any proportion of the resultingblend in the combustion chamber as fuel injection and sparktiming are adjusted automatically according to the actual blenddetected by electronic sensors. Flex-fuel vehicles aredistinguished from bi-fuel vehicles, where two fuels are stored inseparate tanks and the engine runs on one fuel at a time, forexample, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas(LPG), or hydrogen.

The most common commercially available FFV in the worldmarket is the ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle, with 25.1 millionautomobiles, motorcycles and light duty trucks sold worldwide by

June 2011, and concentrated in four markets,[1] Brazil (14.3

million),[2][3][4] the United States (10 million),[5] Canada (more than 600,000),[6] and Europe, led by

Sweden (226,089).[7] The Brazilian flex fuel fleet includes 1 million flexible-fuel motorcycles produced

since 2009.[8][9][10] In addition to flex-fuel vehicles running with ethanol, in Europe and the US, mainly inCalifornia, there have been successful test programs with methanol flex-fuel vehicles, known as M85

flex-fuel vehicles.[1][11] There have been also successful tests using P-series fuels with E85 flex fuel

vehicles, but as of June 2008, this fuel is not yet available to the general public.[12][13] These successful tests

with P-series fuels were conducted on Ford Taurus and Dodge Caravan flexible-fuel vehicles.[14]

Though technology exists to allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture of gasoline and ethanol, from pure

gasoline up to 100% ethanol (E100),[15][16] North American and European flex-fuel vehicles are optimizedto run on a maximum blend of 15% gasoline with 85% anhydrous ethanol (called E85 fuel). This limit in theethanol content is set to reduce ethanol emissions at low temperatures and to avoid cold starting problems

during cold weather, at temperatures lower than 11 °C (52 °F).[17] The alcohol content is reduced during the

winter in regions where temperatures fall below 0 °C (32 °F)[18] to a winter blend of E70 in the U.S.[19][20]

or to E75 in Sweden[21] from November until March.[22] Brazilian flex fuel vehicles are optimized to run onany mix of E20-E25 gasoline and up to 100% hydrous ethanol fuel (E100). The Brazilian flex vehicles arebuilt-in with a small gasoline reservoir for cold starting the engine when temperatures drop below 15 °C

(59 °F).[23] An improved flex motor generation was launched in 2009 which eliminated the need for the

secondary gas tank.[24][25][26][27]

Contents

1 Terminology2 History3 Flexible-fuel vehicles by country

3.1 Brazil

Flexible-fuel vehicle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex-fuel

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The Fiat Siena Tetrafuel 1.4 is a

multifuel car designed to run as a

flex-fuel on pure gasoline, or E20-E25

blend, or pure ethanol (E100); or to

run as a bi-fuel with natural gas

(CNG).

3.2 Europe3.2.1 Sweden3.2.2 Other European countries

3.2.2.1 France3.2.2.2 Germany3.2.2.3 Ireland3.2.2.4 Spain3.2.2.5 United Kingdom

3.3 United States3.3.1 Barriers to widespread adoption3.3.2 Latest developments

3.4 Other countries3.4.1 Australia3.4.2 Canada3.4.3 Colombia3.4.4 New Zealand3.4.5 Paraguay3.4.6 Thailand

3.5 Comparison among the leading markets

4 List of currently produced flexible-fuel vehicles4.1 Worldwide4.2 Brazil4.3 Europe4.4 Thailand4.5 United States

5 See also6 References7 External links

Terminology

As ethanol FFVs became commercially available during the late1990s, the common use of the term "flexible-fuel vehicle" became

synonymous with ethanol FFVs.[15][28][29][30][31] In the UnitedStates flex-fuel vehicles are also known as "E85 vehicles". In Brazil,the FFVs are popularly known as "total flex" or simply "flex" cars. InEurope, FFVs are also known as "flexifuel" vehicles. Automakers,particularly in Brazil and the European market, use badging in theirFFV models with the some variant of the word "flex", such as VolvoFlexifuel, or Volkswagen Total Flex, or Chevrolet FlexPower orRenault Hi-Flex, and Ford sells its Focus model in Europe asFlexifuel and as Flex in Brazil. In the US, only since 2008 FFVmodels feature a yellow gas cap with the label "E85/Gasoline"written on the top of the cap to differentiate E85s from gasoline only

models.[32]

Flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) are based on dual-fuel systems thatsupply both fuels into the combustion chamber at the same time in various calibrated proportions. The mostcommon fuels used by FFVs today are unleaded gasoline and ethanol fuel. Ethanol FFVs can run on pure


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Demonstration E85 flex-fuel Ford

Escape Hybrid.

Demonstration Ford Escape E85

flex-fuel plug-in hybrid.

gasoline, pure ethanol (E100) or any combination of both.[29][30][33]

Methanol has also been blended with gasoline in flex-fuel vehiclesknown as M85 FFVs, but their use has been limited mainly todemonstration projects and small government fleets, particularly in

California.[11]

Bi-fuel vehicles. The term flexible-fuel vehicles issometimes used to include other alternative fuel vehiclesthat can run with compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefiedpetroleum gas (LPG; also known as autogas), or

hydrogen.[34] However, all these vehicles actually arebi-fuel and not flexible-fuel vehicles, because they haveengines that store the other fuel in a separate tank, and theengine runs on one fuel at a time. Bi-fuel vehicles have thecapability to switch back and forth from gasoline to the

other fuel, manually or automatically.[29][30][35] The mostcommon available fuel in the market for bi-fuel cars is

natural gas (CNG),[36] and by 2008 there were 9,6 millionnatural gas vehicles, led by Pakistan (2.0 million),

Argentina (1.7 million), and Brazil (1.6 million).[37][38]

Natural gas vehicles are a popular choice as taxicabs in themain cities of Argentina and Brazil. Normally, standardgasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, whichinvolve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics.

Multifuel vehicles are capable of operating with more than two fuels. In 2004 GM do Brasilintroduced the Chevrolet Astra 2.0 with a "MultiPower" engine built on flex fuel technologydeveloped by Bosch of Brazil, and capable of using CNG, ethanol and gasoline (E20-E25 blend)as fuel. This automobile was aimed at the taxicab market and the switch among fuels is done

manually.[39][40][41] In 2006 Fiat introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, a four-fuel car developed

under Magneti Marelli of Fiat Brazil.[42][43] This automobile can run as a flex-fuel on 100%

ethanol (E100); or on E-20 to E25, Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend;[44] on pure gasoline

(though no longer available in Brazil since 1993,[45] it is still used in neighboring countries); or juston natural gas. The Siena Tetrafuel was engineered to switch from any gasoline-ethanol blend to

CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.[46] Another existingoption is to retrofit an ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle to add a natural gas tank and the correspondinginjection system. This option is popular among taxicab owners in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro,Brazil, allowing users to choose among three fuels (E25, E100 and CNG) according to current

market prices at the pump. Vehicles with this adaptation are known in Brazil as "tri-fuel" cars.[47]

Flex-fuel hybrid electric and flex-fuel plug-in hybrid are two types of hybrid vehicles built with acombustion engine capable of running on gasoline, E-85, or E-100 to help drive the wheels inconjunction with the electric engine or to recharge the battery pack that powers the electric

engine.[48] In 2007 Ford produced 20 demonstration Escape Hybrid E85s for real-world testing in

fleets in the U.S.[49][50] Also as a demonstration project, Ford delivered in 2008 the firstflexible-fuel plug-in hybrid SUV to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a Ford Escape Plug-in

Hybrid, which runs on gasoline or E85.[51] GM announced that the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid,

launched in the U.S. in late 2010,[52] would be the first commercially available flex-fuel plug-incapable of adapting the propulsion to several world markets such as the U.S., Brazil or Sweden, as

the combustion engine can be adapted to run on E85, E100 or diesel respectively.[53][54] The Volt

is expected to be flex-fuel-capable in 2013.[55] Lotus Engineering unveiled the Lotus CityCar at


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The 2003 VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex was

the first full flexible-fuel vehicle

produced and sold in Brazil, capable of

running on any blend of gasoline (E20

to E25) and ethanol up to E100.

the 2010 Paris Motor Show. The CityCar is a plug-in hybrid concept car designed for flex-fuel

operation on ethanol, or methanol as well as regular gasoline.[56]

History

The first commercial flexible fuel vehicle was the Ford Model T, produced from 1908 through 1927. It wasfitted with a carburetor with adjustable jetting, allowing use of gasoline or ethanol, or a combination of

both.[57][58][59] Other car manufactures also provided engines for ethanol fuel use.[16] Henry Fordcontinued to advocate for ethanol as fuel even during the prohibition. However, cheaper oil caused gasolineto prevail, until the 1973 oil crisis resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness on the dangers of oildependence. This crisis opened a new opportunity for ethanol and other alternative fuels, such as methanol,

gaseous fuels such as CNG and LPG, and also hydrogen.[11][16] Ethanol, methanol and natural gas CNGwere the three alternative fuels that received more attention for research and development, and governmentsupport.

Since 1975, and as a response to the shock caused by the first oilcrisis, the Brazilian government implemented the National AlcoholProgram -Pró-Álcool- (Portuguese: Programa Nacional do Álcool), anationwide program financed by the government to phase outautomotive fuels derived from fossil fuels in favor of ethanol made

from sugar cane.[60][61] It began with a low blend of anhydrous

alcohol with regular gasoline in 1976,[62] and since July 2007 the

mandatory blend is 25% of alcohol or gasohol E25.[44] In 1979, andas a response to the second oil crisis, the first vehicle capable ofrunning with pure hydrous ethanol (E100) was launched to the

market, the Fiat 147,[61][63] after testing with several prototypes

developed by Fiat, Volkswagen, GM and Ford.[60] The Braziliangovernment provided three important initial drivers for the ethanolindustry: guaranteed purchases by the state-owned oil companyPetrobras, low-interest loans for agro-industrial ethanol firms, and fixed gasoline and ethanol prices. After

reaching more than 4 million cars and light trucks running on pure ethanol by the late 1980s,[3] the use ofE100-only vehicles sharply declined after increases in sugar prices produced shortages of ethanol fuel.

After extensive research that began in the 90s, a second push took place in March 2003, when the Brazilian

subsidiary of Volkswagen launched to the market the first full flexible-fuel car, the Gol 1.6 Total Flex.[64]

[65][66] Several months later was followed by other Brazilian automakers, and by 2010 General Motors, Fiat,Ford, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Citröen, Nissan and Kia Motors were

producing popular models of flex cars and light trucks.[2][67][68][69] The adoption of ethanol flex fuelvehicles was so successful, that production of flex cars went from almost 40 thousand in 2003 to 1.7 million

in 2007.[3] This rapid adoption of the flex technology was facilitated by the fuel distribution infrastructurealready in place, as around 27,000 filling stations countrywide were available by 1997 with at least one

ethanol pump, a heritage of the Pró-Álcool program.[70]

In the United States, initial support to develop alternative fuels by the government was also a response to thefirst oil crisis, and some time later, as a goal to improve air quality. Also, liquid fuels were preferred overgaseous fuels not only because they have a better volumetric energy density but also because they were themost compatible fuels with existing distribution systems and engines, thus avoiding a big departure from the

existing technologies and taking advantage of the vehicle and the refueling infrastructure.[11] California ledthe search of sustainable alternatives with interest focused in methanol. Ford Motor Company and otherautomakers responded to California's request for vehicles that run on methanol. In 1981, Ford delivered 40


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The 1996 Ford Taurus was the first

flexible-fuel vehicle produced with

versions capable of running with either

ethanol (E85) or methanol (M85)

blended with gasoline.

Year Flex Flex Total Flex

Ethanol Flex Light Vehicles Manufacturing in Brazil

2003-2010(1)(2)

dedicated methanol fuel (M100) Escorts to Los Angeles County, but only four refueling stations were

installed.[11] The biggest challenge in the development of alcohol vehicle technology was getting all of thefuel system materials compatible with the higher chemical reactivity of the fuel. Methanol was even more ofa challenge than ethanol but much of the early experience gained with neat ethanol vehicle production inBrazil was transferable to methanol. The success of this small experimental fleet of M100s led California torequest more of these vehicles, mainly for government fleets. In 1983, Ford built 582 M100 vehicles; 501

went to California, and the remaining to New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom, and Canada.[11]

As an answer to the lack of refueling infrastructure, Ford begandevelopment of a flexible-fuel vehicle in 1982, and between 1985and 1992, 705 experimental FFVs were built and delivered toCalifornia and Canada, including the 1.6L Ford Escort, the 3.0LTaurus, and the 5.0L LTD Crown Victoria. These vehicles couldoperate on either gasoline or methanol with only one fuel system.Legislation was passed to encourage the US auto industry to beginproduction, which started in 1993 for the M85 FFVs at Ford. In 1996,a new FFV Ford Taurus was developed, with models fully capable of

running on either methanol or ethanol blended with gasoline.[11][71]

This ethanol version of the Taurus became the first commercial

production of an E85 FFV.[72] The momentum of the FFV productionprograms at the American car companies continued, although by theend of the 1990s, the emphasis shifted to the FFV E85 version, as it

is today.[11] Ethanol was preferred over methanol because there is a large support from the farming

community, and thanks to the government's incentive programs and corn-based ethanol subsidies.[73]

Sweden also tested both the M85 and the E85 flexifuel vehicles, but due to agriculture policy, in the end

emphasis was given to the ethanol flexifuel vehicles.[74] Support for ethanol also comes from the fact that itis a biomass fuel, which addresses climate change concerns and greenhouse gas emissions, hough nowadaysthese benefits are questioned and depend on the feedstock used for ethanol production and their indirect

land use change impacts.[16][75][76][77]

The demand for ethanol fuel produced from field corn in the United States was stimulated by the discoveryin the late 90s that methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), an oxygenate additive in gasoline, was contaminating

groundwater.[16][78] Due to the risks of widespread and costly litigation, and because MTBE use in gasoline

was banned in almost 20 states by 2006, the substitution of MTBE opened a new market for ethanol fuel.[16]

This demand shift for ethanol as an oxygenate additive took place at a time when oil prices were alreadysignificantly rising. By 2006, about 50 percent of the gasoline used in the U.S. contains ethanol at differentproportions, and ethanol production grew so fast that the US became the world's first ethanol producer,

overtaking Brazil in 2005.[79][80] This shift also contributed to a sharp increase in the production and sale of

E85 flex vehicles since 2002.[81]

Flexible-fuel vehicles by country

Brazil

Main articles: Flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil and ethanol fuel in Brazil

Flexible-fuel technology started beingdeveloped by Brazilian engineers nearthe end of the 1990s. The Brazilianflexible fuel car is built with anethanol-ready engine and one fuel tank


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autos

produced

light

trucks

produced

flex-fuel

light-duty

vehicles

produced(1)

vehicles

as %total light

vehicles(2)(3)

2003 39,853 9,411 49,264 2.9

2004 282,706 49,801 332,507 15.2

2005 776,164 81,735 857,899 36.1

2006 1,249,062 142,574 1,391,636 56.3

2007 1,719,745 217,186 1,936,931 69.1

2008 1,984,941 258,707 2,243,648 74.7

2009 2,241,820 299,333 2,541,153 84.0

2010 2,254,133 370,959 2,625,092 77.1

Total 2003-10 10,548,424 1,429,706 11,978,130 57.1

Source: ANFAVEA 2010,[2] and 2003 to 2009.[3]

Notes: (1) These figures do not include 515,726 flexible-fuel motorcyclesproduced since 2009.[9] (2) Includes exports. (3) Total light vehicles includesgasoline, neat ethanol, flex fuel, and diesel-powered engines.

Typical Brazilian flexible-fuel engine

with secondary gasoline reservoir for

cold starting the engine at temperatures

below 15 °C (59 °F).

for both fuels. The small gasolinereservoir for starting the engine with pureethanol in cold weather, used in earlierneat ethanol vehicles, was kept to avoidstart up problems in the central andsouthern regions, where wintertemperatures normally drop below 15 °C

(59 °F).[23] An improved flex motorgeneration was launched in 2009 andallowed to eliminate the need for this

secondary gas reservoir tank.[24][25]

Another improvement was the reductionof fuel consumption and tailpipeemissions, between 10% to 15% as

compared to flex motors sold in 2008.[25]

In March 2009 Volkswagen do Brasillaunched the Polo E-Flex, the first flexfuel model without an auxiliary tank for

cold start.[26][27]

A

key innovation in the Brazilian flex technology was avoiding theneed for an additional dedicated sensor to monitor the ethanol-gasoline mix, which made the first American M85 flex fuel vehicles

too expensive.[82]

Brazilian flex cars are capable of running on just hydrated ethanol(E100), or just on a blend of gasoline with 20 to 25% anhydrousethanol (the mandatory blend since 1993), or on any arbitrary

combination of both fuels.[16][44][45]

The flexibility of Brazilian FFVs empowers the consumers to choosethe fuel depending on current market prices. As ethanol fueleconomy is lower than gasoline because of ethanol's energy content

is close to 34% less per unit volume than gasoline,[83][84][85] flex cars running on ethanol get a lowermileage than when running on pure gasoline. However, this effect is partially offset by the usually lowerprice per liter of ethanol fuel. As a rule of thumb, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the mediato use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than

gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the result of seasonal sugar cane harvests.[86][87]

In March 2003 Volkswagen do Brasil launched in the market the Gol 1.6 Total Flex, the first commercial

flexible fuel vehicle capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol.[64][65][66] GM do Brasilfollowed two months later with the Chevrolet Corsa 1.8 Flexpower, using an engine developed by a joint-

venture with Fiat called PowerTrain. By 2010, twelve carmakers build flexible fuel vehicles.[2][68][69]

Flexible fuel vehicles reached a record 94% of the new car sales in August 2009.[88] The production offlex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles since 2003 reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in

March 2010.[89][90] As of December 2010, the fleet of flex automobiles and light commercial vehicles had

reached 12 million vehicles,[2][3] representing 17.4% of Brazil's motor vehicle fleet and 25.8% of all

registered light vehicles.[91]


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Six typical flex-fuel models from

several Brazilian carmakers, popularly

known as "flex" cars, that run on any

blend of hydrous ethanol (E100) and

E20-E25 gasoline.

Flexi-fuel fleet in Sweden

Cars sold by year (2001–2010)[7]

Year Sales Year Sales

2001 717 2006 25,868

2002 1,926 2007 35,499

2003 1,669 2008 57,628

2004 1,074 2009 39,848

2005 17,232 2010 35,256

Total cumulative sales 216,717

Source: BioAlcohol Fuel Foundation (BAFF).[7]

The rapid success of flex vehicles was made possible by theexistence of 33,000 filling stations with at least one ethanol pumpavailable by 2006, a heritage of the early Pró-Álcool ethanol

program.[92][93] These facts, together with the mandatory use of E25

blend of gasoline throughout the country,[44] allowed Brazil in 2008to achieve more than 50% of fuel consumption in the gasoline market

from sugar cane-based ethanol.[94][95][96] According to two separateresearch studies conducted in 2009, at the national level 65% of theflex-fuel registered vehicles regularly use ethanol fuel, and the usageincreases to 93% in São Paulo, the main ethanol producer statewhere local taxes are lower, and prices at the pump are more

competitive than gasoline.[97]

The latest innovation within the Brazilian flexible-fuel technology, isthe development of flex-fuel motorcycles. The first flex-fuelmotorcycle was launched by Honda in March 2009, the CG 150

Titan Mix.[98][99] In September 2009, Honda launched a second

flexible-fuel motorcycle, the on-off road NXR 150 Bros Mix.[100] ByDecember 2010 both Honda flexible-fuel motorcycles had reachedcumulative sales of 515,726 units, representing a 18.1% market share

of the Brazilian new motorcycle sales in 2010.[8][9] As of January2011 there were four flex-fuel motorcycle models available in the

market.[101]

Europe

Sweden

See also: Ethanol fuel in Sweden

Flexible-fuel vehicles were introduced in Sweden as ademonstration test in 1994, when three Ford Tauruswere imported to show the technology existed.Because of the existing interest, a project was startedin 1995 with 50 Ford Taurus E85 flexifuel in differentparts of Sweden: Umeå, Örnsköldsvik, Härnösand,Stockholm, Karlstad, Linköping, and Växjö. From 1997to 1998 an additional 300 Taurus were imported, and

the number of E85 fueling grew to 40.[102] Then in1998 the city of Stockholm placed an order for 2,000of FFVs for any car manufacturer willing to producethem. The objective was to jump-start the FFV industryin Sweden. The two domestic car makers Volvo Groupand Saab AB refused to participate arguing there werenot in place any ethanol filling stations. However, FordMotor Company took the offer and began importing the flexifuel version of its Focus model, delivering thefirst cars in 2001, and selling more than 15,000 FFV Focus by 2005, then representing an 80% market share

of the flexifuel market.[103]

In 2005 both Volvo and Saab introduced to the Sweden market their flexifuel models. Saab began selling its9-5 2.0 Biopower, joined in 2006 by its 9-5 2.3 Biopower. Volvo introduced its S40 and V50 withflexible-fuel engines, joined in late 2006 by the new C30. All Volvo models were initially restricted to the


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Saab 9-3 SportCombi BioPower. The

second E85 model introduced by Saab

in the Swedish market in 2007.

The 2005 Volvo FlexiFuel S40 was

one of the first E85 flexible fuel cars

available in the country produced by a

Swedish automaker. The Volvo

FlexiFuel is now offered on the

European market.

Sweden market, until 2007, when these three models were launched in eight new European markets.[104] In2007, Saab also started selling a BioPower version of its popular Saab 9-3 line. In 2008 the Saab-derivedCadillac BLS was introduced with E85 compatible engines, and Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5-litre

turbocharged Flexifuel engine.[105]

All flexible-fuel vehicles in Sweden use an E75 winter blend instead

of E85 to avoid engine starting problems during cold weather.[21]

This blend was introduced since the winter 2006-07 and E75 is used

from November until March.[22] For temperature below −15 °C

(5 °F) E85 flex vehicles require an engine block heater.[22] The useof this device is also recommended for gasoline vehicles when

temperatures drop below −23 °C (−9 °F).[16] Another option whenextreme cold weather is expected is to add more pure gasoline in thetank, thus reducing the ethanol content below the E75 winter blend,or simply not to use E85 during extreme low temperature spells.[16][22]

Sweden has achieved the largest E85 flexible-fuel vehicle fleet in Europe, with a sharp growth from 717

vehicles in 2001 to 216,975 by January 2011.[7][103] As of 2008 a total of 70% of all flexifuel vehicles

operating in the EU were registered in Sweden.[106] The recent and accelerated growth of the Swedish fleetof E85 flexifuel vehicles is the result of the National Climate Policy in Global Cooperation Bill passed in2005, which not only ratified the Kyoto Protocol but also sought to meet the 2003 EU Biofuels Directiveregarding targets for use of biofuels, and also let to the 2006 government's commitment to eliminate oil

imports by 2020.[103][107]

In order to achieve these goals several government incentives wereimplemented. Ethanol, as the other biofuels, was exempted of both,the CO2 and energy taxes until 2009, resulting in a 30% pricereduction at the pump of E85 fuel over gasoline. Furthermore, otherdemand side incentives for flexifuel vehicle owners include aUS$1,800 bonus to buyers of FFVs, exemption from the Stockholmcongestion tax, up to 20% discount on auto insurance, free parkingspaces in most of the largest cities, owner annual registration taxes,and a 20% tax reduction for flexifuel company cars. Also, a part ofthe program, the Swedish Government ruled that 25% of their vehiclepurchases (excluding police, fire and ambulance vehicles) must be

alternative fuel vehicles.[103][107][108] By the first months of 2008,this package of incentives resulted in sales of flexible-fuel cars

representing 25% of new car sales.[103]

On the supply side, since 2005 the gasoline fuelling stations selling more than 3 million liters of fuel a yearare required to sell at least one type of biofuel, resulting in more than 1,200 gas stations selling E85 by

August 2008.[103][107] Despite all the sharp growth of E85 flexifuel cars, by 2007 they represented just 2%

of the 4 million Swedish vehicle fleet.[109] In addition, this law also mandated all new filling stations to offeralternative fuels, and stations with an annual volume of more than 1 million liters are required to have analternative fuel pump by December 2009. Therefore, the number of E85 pumps is expected to reach by 2009

nearly 60% of Sweden's 4,000 filling stations.[108]

The Swedish-made Koenigsegg CCXR, a limited edition and version of the CCX, is currently the fastest andmost powerful flexible fuel vehicle with its twin-supercharged V8 producing 1018 hp when running on

biofuel, as compared to 806 hp on 91 octane US unleaded gasoline.[110][111]


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Bioethanol E85 stations

European Union[112]

CountryNumber

Stations

As of

(date)Stat/10

6

persons

Sweden[112] 1,723 2011 184.3

Hungary[112] 426 2011 42.7

Germany[112] 353 2011 4.3

France[112] 304 2011 4.6

Czech Republic[112] 169 2011 16.1

Switzerland[112][113] 62 2011 7.9

Netherlands[112] 48 2011 2.9

Ireland[112] 34 2011 5.5

Austria[112] 29 2011 3.5

Finland[112] 26 2011 4.9

United Kingdom[112][114][115] 21 2011 0.34

Norway[112] 19 2011 2.30

Spain[112] 19 2011 0.18

Note: Only countries with ten or more E85 stations are included.For other countries search here[112][116]

Other European countries

Flexifuel vehicles are sold in 18 Europeancountries, including Austria, Belgium,Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,Finland, France, Germany, Hungary,Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway,Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and

the United Kingdom.[117][118] Ford, Volvoand Saab are the main automakers offering

flexifuel autos in the region.[104][117]

[119][120]

France

Biofuel cars in general get strong taxincentives in France, including a 0 or 50%reduction on the tax on new vehicles, and a40% reduction on CO2 tax for new cars.For company cars there is a corporate cartax free for 2 years and a recovery of 80%of the value added tax (VAT) on E85

vehicles.[115] Also, E85 fuel price is setsignificantly lower than diesel or gasoline,resulting in E85 at € 0.80, diesel at € 1.15,and gasoline at € 1.30 per liter, as of April2007. By May 2008, France had 211 pumps

selling E85,[121] even though thegovernment made plans for the installationof up to 500 E85 pumps by year end

2007.[122] French automakers Renault andPSA (Citroen & Peugeot) announced they will start selling FFV cars beginning in the summer 2007.

Germany

Biofuel emphasis in Germany is on biodiesel,[107] and no specific incentives have been granted for E85flex-fuel cars, however there is complete exemption of taxes on all biofuels while there is a normal tax of €

0.65 per liter of petroleum fuels.[107][115] The distribution of E85 began in 2005,[123] and with 219 stationsas of September 2008, Germany ranks second after Sweden with the most E85 fueling stations in the

EU.[124] As of January 2008 retail prices of E85 was € 0.95 per liter, and gasoline was priced at € 1.37 perliter (for gasoline RON 95), then providing enough margin to compensate for ethanol's lower fuel

economy.[122] Ford has offered the Ford Focus since August 2005 in Germany. Ford is about to offer alsothe Mondeo and other models as FFV versions between 2008 and 2010. The Saab 9-5 and Saab 9-3Biopower, the Peugeot 308 Bioflex, the Citroën C4 Bioflex, the Audi A5, two models of the Cadillac BLS,

and five Volvo models are also available in the German market by 2008.[125]

Ireland

Ireland is the third best seller European market of E85 flex-fuel vehicles, after Sweden and France.[126]

Bioethanol (E85) in Ireland is made from whey, a waste product of cheese manufacturing.[126] The Irishgovernment established several incentives, including a 50% discount in vehicle registration taxes (VRT),


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The Ford Focus flexifuel was the first

E85 flexible fuel vehicle commercially

available in the European market.

Year

Light-Duty

E85 FFVs

produced

Light-Duty

E85 FFVs

net annual

increase*

Total fleet

E85 FFVs

in use

1998 216,165 144,000 144,000

1999 426,724 306,149 450,148

E85 FFVs Manufactured and in Use

in the United States 1998-2009

which can account for more than one third of the retail price of a new car in Ireland (around € 6,500). Thebioethanol element of the E85 fuel is excise-free for fuel companies, allowing retail prices to be low enoughto offset the 25 per cent cut in fuel economy that E-85 cars offer, due to ethanol's lower energy content than

gasoline. Also, the value added tax (VAT) on the fuel can also be claimed back.[115][126] E-85 fuel is

available across the country in more than 20 of Maxol service stations.[127] In October 2005, the 1.8 Ford

Focus FFV[128] became the first flexible-fuel vehicle to be commercially sold in Ireland. Later Ford

launched the C-max and the Mondeo flexifuel models. Saab and Volvo also have E85 models available.[127]

From 1 January 2011 E85 fuel is no longer excise-free in Ireland.Maxol has announced they will not provide E85 when their current

supplies have run out.[129]

Spain

The first flexifuel vehicles were introduced in Spain by late 2007,with the acquisition of 80 cars for use in the Spaniard officialgovernment fleet. At that time the country had only three gas stationsselling E85, making necessary to deploy an official E85 fueling

station in Madrid to attend these vehicles.[130] Despite theintroduction in the Spaniard market of several flexifuel models, bythe end of 2008 still persists the problems of adequate E85 fueling

infrastructure, as only 10 gas stations were selling E85 fuel to the public in the entire country.[131]

United Kingdom

The UK government established several incentives for E85 flex-fuel vehicles. These include a fuel dutyrebate on E85 fuel of 20 p per liter, until 2010; a £ 10 to 15 reduction in the vehicle excise duty (VED); and

a 2% annual company car tax discount for flex-fuel cars.[115] Despite the small number of E85 pump

stations available, limited to the Morrisons supermarket chain stations,[114][115] most automakers offer thesame models in the UK that are available in the European market. In 2005 the Ford Focus Flexi-Fuel became

the first flexible-fuel car sold in the UK, though E85 pumps opened until 2006.[132] Volvo now offers its

flexifuel models S80, S40, C30, V50 and V70.[133] Other models available in the UK are the Ford C-Max

Flexi-Fuel,[134] and the Saab models 9-5 and 9-3 Flex-Fuel Biopower, and the new Saab Aero X BioPower

E100 bioethanol.[135]

United States

Main article: Flexible-fuel vehicles in the United States

See also: E85 in the United States and Ethanol fuel in the United States

By December 2009 there were 8.3 million E85 flex-fuelvehicles on the U.S. roads, representing around 3.3 percent of

the U.S. total,[81][136] up from 4.1 million in 2005 and 1.4

million in 2001.[81] A total of 1.05 million E85 vehicles weresold in 2009, representing 10 percent of U.S. auto sales that

year.[136] For the 2011 model year there are about 70 vehiclesE85 capable, including sedans, vans, SUVs and pick-uptrucks. Many of the models available in the market are trucksand sport-utility vehicles getting less than 20 mpg-US

(12 L/100 km; 24 mpg-imp) when filled with gasoline.[136]


10 of 28 21/11/2011 14:08

2000 600,832 456,947 907,096

2001 581,774 466,203 1,373,299

2002 834,976 700,719 2,074,018

2003 859,261 750,437 2,824,455

2004 674,678 609,437 3,433,892

2005 735,693 683,217 4,117,109

2006 1,011,399 960,287 5,077,396

2007 1,115,069 1,076,902 6,154,298

2008 1,175,345 1,149,389 7,303,687

2009 1,049,478 1,049,478 8,353,165

Total 9,281,394 8,353,165 8,353,165

Note: * Net increase is new FFVs manufactureddiscounted by the survival rate.Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory[81]

Typical labeling used in the US to identify

E85 flex-fuel vehicles. Top left: a small

sticker in the back of the fuel filler door.

Bottom left: the bright yellow gas cap now

used in newer models. E85 Flexfuel badging

used in newer models from Chrysler (top

right), Ford (middle right) and GM (bottom

right).

Actual consumption of E85 among flex-fuel vehicle owners islimited. Nevertheless, the U.S. Department of Energyestimated that in 2009 only 504,297 flex-fuel vehicles wereregularly fueled with E85, and these were primarily fleet-

operated vehicles.[137] As a result, from all the ethanol fuelconsumed in the country in 2009, only 1% was E85 consumed

by flex-fuel vehicles.[138]

The E85 blend is used in gasoline engines modified to acceptsuch higher concentrations of ethanol, and the fuel injection isregulated through a dedicated sensor, which automaticallydetects the amount of ethanol in the fuel, allowing to adjustboth fuel injection and spark timing accordingly to the actualblend available in the vehicle's tank. Because ethanol containsclose to 34% less energy per unit volume than gasoline, E85

FFVs have a lower mileage per gallon than gasoline.[84][85]

Based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the average fueleconomy for E85 vehicles was 25.56% lower than unleaded

gasoline.[16]

The American E85 flex-fuel vehicle was developed to run on any mixture of unleaded gasoline and ethanol,anywhere from 0% to 85% ethanol by volume. Both fuels are mixed in the same tank, and E85 is soldalready blended. In order to reduce ethanol evaporative emissions and to avoid problems starting the engine

during cold weather, the maximum blend of ethanol was set to 85%.[17] There is also a seasonal reduction of

the ethanol content to E70 (called winter E85 blend) in very cold regions,[19] where temperatures fall below

0 °C (32 °F) during the winter.[17][18] In Wyoming for example, E70 is sold as E85 from October to May.[19]

E85 flex-fuel vehicles are becoming increasingly common in theMidwest, where corn is a major crop and is the primaryfeedstock for ethanol fuel production. Regional retail E85 pricesvary widely across the US, with more favorable prices in theMidwest region, where most corn is grown and ethanolproduced. Depending of the vehicle capabilities, the break-evenprice of E85 has to be between 25 and 30% lower than

gasoline.[16] (See price comparisons for most states ate85prices.com (http://www.e85prices.com/) )

Barriers to widespread adoption

A 2005 survey found that 68% of American flex-fuel car owners

were not aware they owned an E85 flex.[16][28] This wasbecause the exteriors of flex and non-flex vehicles look exactlythe same; there is no sale price difference between them; thelack of consumers' awareness about E85s; and also the initialdecision of American automakers of not putting any kind ofexterior labeling, so buyers could be aware they are purchasing

an E85 vehicle.[16][93] Since 2008, all new FFV models in the US feature a bright yellow gas cap to remind

drivers of the E85 capabilities and proper flex-fuel badging.[32][139][140][141]

Some critics have argued that American automakers have been producing E85 flex models motivated by aloophole in the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) requirements, that allows for a fuel economy


11 of 28 21/11/2011 14:08

2009 E85 FlexFuel Chevrolet Impala

LT

2010 E85 Flexfuel Ford Escape

credit for every flex-fuel vehicle sold, whether or not in practice these vehicles are fueled with E85.[93][142]

This loophole might allow the car industry to meet the CAFE targets in fuel economy just by spendingbetween US$100 and US$200 that it cost to turn a conventional vehicle into a flex-fuel, without investing innew technology to improve fuel economy, and saving them the potential fines for not achieving that standard

in a given model year.[142][143] The CAFE standards proposed in 2011 for the period 2017-2025 will allowflexible-fuel vehicles to receive extra credit but only when the carmakers present data proving how much

E85 such vehicles have actually consumed.[144]

A major restriction hampering sales of E85 flex vehicles, or fuelingwith E85, is the limited infrastructure available to sell E85 to thepublic. As of May 2011, there were only 2,749 gasoline fueling

stations selling E85 to the public in the entire US,[145] with a great

concentration of E85 stations in the Corn Belt states.[146] The mainconstraint for a more rapid expansion of E85 availability is that it

requires dedicated storage tanks at filling stations,[16] at an estimated

cost of US$60,000 for each dedicated ethanol tank.[147] The ObamaAdministration set the goal of installing 10,000 blender pumpsnationwide until 2015, and to support this target the US Departmentof Agriculture (USDA) issued a rule in May 2011 to include flexiblefuel pumps in the Rural Energy for America Program (REAP). Thisruling will provide financial assistance to fuel station owners to install

E85 and blender pumps.[148][149]

Latest developments

In 2008, Ford delivered the first flex-fuel plug-in hybrid as part of ademonstration project, a Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid capable of

running on E85 or gasoline.[51] General Motors announced that thenew Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid, launched in the United States

market in December 2010, will be flex-fuel-capable in 2013.[55] General Motors do Brasil announced that itwill import from five to ten Volts to Brazil during the first semester of 2011 as part of a demonstration andalso to lobby the federal government to enact financial incentives for green cars. If successful, GM would

adapt the Volt to operate on ethanol fuel, as most new cars sold in Brazil are flex-fuel.[150][151]

In 2008, Chrysler, General Motors, and Ford pledged to manufacture 50 percent of their entire vehicle line

as flexible fuel in model year 2012, if enough fueling infrastructure develops.[32][152][153] The Open FuelStandard Act (OFS), introduced to Congress in May 2011, is intended to promote a massive adoption offlex-fuel vehicles capable of running on ethanol or methanol. The bill requires that 50 percent ofautomobiles made in 2014, 80 percent in 2016, and 95 percent in 2017, would be manufactured andwarranted to operate on non-petroleum-based fuels, which includes existing technologies such as flex-fuel,

natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, plug-in electric and fuel cell.[154][155][156]

Other countries

Australia

In January 2007 GM brought UK-sourced Saab 9-5 Biopower E85 flex-fuel vehicles to Australia as a trial, inorder to measure interest in ethanol-powered vehicles in the country. Saab Australia placed the vehicles withthe fleets of the Queensland Government, the media, and some ethanol producers. E85 is not available

widely in Australia, but the Manildra Group provided the E85 blend fuel for this trial.[157]


12 of 28 21/11/2011 14:08

Saab Australia became the first car maker to produce an E85 flex-fuel car for the Australian market with theSaab 9-5 BioPower. One month later launched the new 9-3 BioPower, the first vehicle in Australia to givedrivers a choice of three fuels, E85, diesel or gasoline, and both automobiles are sold for a small premium.Australia's largest independent fuel retailer, United Petroleum, announced plans to install Australia's first

commercial E85 fuel pumps, one in Sydney and one in Melbourne.[158][159]

GM Holden, the Victorian state government, Coskata, Caltex, Veolia Environmental Services and Mitsuihave announced a consortium with a co-ordinated plan to build a bio-ethanol plant from household waste for

use as E85 fuel.[160] In August 2010 Caltex launched the E85 ethanol fuel called Bio E-Flex, designed foruse in the Holden Commodore VE Series II flex-fuel vehicles to be released later in 2010. Caltex Australiaplans to begin selling Bio E-Flex in Melbourne from September and expects to have Bio E-Flex available inmore than 30 service stations in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide and Canberra by the end of

October, with plans to increase to 100 metropolitan and regional locations in 2011.[161]

Canada

As part of the North American auto market, by 2007 Canada had available 51 models of E85 flex-vehicles,

most from Chrysler, Ford and General Motors, including automobiles, pickup trucks, and SUVs.[162] The

country has around 600,000 capable flex fuel E85s on the roads by early 2008,[6][163] however, most usersare not aware they own an E85, as vehicles are not clearly labeled as such, and even though the newermodels have a yellow cap in the fuel tank informing that the vehicle can handle E85, most users are still not

aware because there are hardly any gas stations offering E85.[6] Another major restriction for greater E85fuel use is the fact that by June 2008 Canada had only three public E85 pumps, all located in Ontario, in the

cities of Guelph, Chatham, and Woodstock.[163][164] E85 fueling is available primarily for fleet vehicles,

including 20 government refueling stations not available for the public.[6][163][165] The main feedstocks for

E85 production in Canada are corn and wheat,[6] and there are several proposals being discussed to increasethe actual use of E85 fuel in FFVs, such as creating an ethanol-friendly highway or ethanol corridor.[163][166]

Colombia

On March 2009 the Colombian government enacted a mandate to introduce E85 flexible-fuel cars. Theexecutive decree applies to all gasoline-powered vehicles with engines smaller than 2.0 liters manufactured,imported, and commercialized in the country beginning in 2012, mandating that 60% of such vehicles musthave flex-fuel engines capable of running with gasoline or E85, or any blend of both. By 2014 themandatory quota is 80% and it will reach 100 percent by 2016. All vehicles with engines bigger than 2.0liters must be E85 capable starting in 2013. The decree also mandates that by 2011 all gasoline stations must

provide infrastructure to guarantee availability of E85 throughout the country.[167] The mandatoryintroduction of E85 flex-fuels has caused controversy among carmakers, car dealers, gasoline stationowners, and even some ethanol producers complained the industry is not ready to supply enough ethanol for

the new E85 fleet.[168][169]

New Zealand

In 2006 New Zealand began a pilot project with two E85 Ford Focus Flexi-Fuel evaluation cars. The main

feedstock used in New Zealand for ethanol production is whey, a by-product of milk production.[170]

Paraguay

Government officials and businessmen from Paraguay began negotiations in 2007 with Brazilian automakersin order to import flex cars that run on any blend of gasoline and ethanol. If successful, Paraguay would


13 of 28 21/11/2011 14:08

become the first destination for Brazilian flex-fuel car exports.[171] In May 2008, the Paraguayangovernment announced a plan to eliminate import taxes of flex-fuel vehicles and an incentive program for

ethanol production.[172] The plan also includes the purchase of 20,000 flex cars in 2009 for the government

fleet.[173]

Thailand

In 2006, tax incentives were established in Thailand for the introduction of compressed natural gas (CNG) asan alternative fuel, by eliminating import duties and lowering excise taxes on CNG-compatible cars. Then in2007, Thai authorities approved incentives for the production of "eco-cars", with the goal of the country tobecome a regional hub for the production of small, affordable and fuel-efficient cars. Seven automakers joint

in the program, Toyota, Suzuki, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Honda, Tata and Volkswagen.[174] In 2008 thegovernment announced priority for E85, expecting these flex-fuel vehicles to become widely available inThailand in 2009, three years ahead of schedule. The incentives include cuts in excise tax rates forE85-compatible cars and reduction of corporate taxes for ethanol producers to make sure E85 fuel supply

will be met.[174][175] This new plan however, brought confusion and protests by the automakers whichsign-up for the "eco-cars", as competition with the E85 flex-fuel cars will negatively affect their ongoingplans and investments, and their production lines will have to be upgraded at a high cost for them to produce

flex-fuel cars.[174][175] They also complained that flex-fuel vehicles popular in a few countries around the

world, limiting their export potential as compared with other engine technologies.[174]

Despite the controversy, the first E85 flexible fuel vehicles were introduced in November 2008. The first twomodels available in the Thai market were the Volvo S80 and the C30. The S80 is manufactured locally andthe C30 is imported. By the time of the introduction of flex vehicles there were already two gas stations withE85 fuel available. During 2009 it was expected that 15 fueling stations in Bangkok will have E85 fuel

available.[176][177] In October 2009 the Mitsubishi Lancer Ex was launched becoming the first

mass-production E85 flexi-fuel vehicle produced in Thailand.[178]

Comparison among the leading markets

Comparison of key characteristics among the leading

ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle markets

Characteristic Brazil Sweden U.S. Units/comments

Type of flexible-fuel vehicle

(fuel used)[16][19]E20 toE100

E85 E85Brazil's mandatory blend is E20-E25.Winter E85 is actually E70 in the US andE75 in Sweden.

Main feedstock used for

ethanol consumption[16][103] Sugar cane80%

importedMaize

In 2007, most Swedish ethanol wasimported, with a high share from Brazil.[103][107]

Total flex-fuel vehicles

produced/sold[2][3][4][5][7] 14.3 million 226,089 10 million(1)

All fleets as of mid 2011. The Brazilianfleet includes 1 million flex fuelmotorcycles.[8][9][10]

USDOE estimates that in 2009 only504,297 flex-fuel vehicles wereregularly fueled with E85 in the US.[137]

Share of flex-fuel vehicles as %of total registered

22.0% 4.7% 4.0%Brazil's fleet is 64.8 mi (2010),[179]

Sweden fleet is 4.8 mi (2008),[180] andUS fleet is 248.5 mi (2009).[137]


14 of 28 21/11/2011 14:08

VW Type 2

TotalFlex(Brazilian

version, known as

"Kombi").

Ethanol fueling stations in the

country[112][181][182] 35,017 1,723 2,757 Brazil for December 2007, the US andSweden as of August 2011.

Ethanol filling stations as % of

total[93][103][108][182][137] 100% 30% 1.7%As % of total fueling gas stations in thecountry.

Ethanol fueling stations permillion inhabitants

184.2 130.4 6.5See List of countries by population.Brazil and US as of 2008-09-12, andSweden as of 2008-06-30.

Retail price of E85 or E100(local currency/unit)

R$ 1.259/LSEK

8.79/LUS$

2.60/gal

Selected regions:(2)São Paulo, June2008,[183] Sweden, January 2008,[122] andMinnesota, August 2008.[184]

Retail price of gasoline or E25.(local currency/unit)

R$ 2.385/LSEK

11.99/LUS$

3.70/gal

Prices in São Paulo (E25), June2008,[183] Sweden, January 2008,[122] andMinnesota, August 2008.[184]

Price economy ethanol/gasolineprice as %

47.2%(2)(3) 26.7%(3) 29.7%(2)(3) São Paulo, June 2008, Sweden January2008, and Minnesota, August 2008.

Notes: (1)The effective number of E85 flex vehicles in US roads actually using ethanol fuel is lower than shown, as a survey haveshown than 68% of E85 owners are not aware they own a flex-fuel vehicle.[16] A 2007 national survey found that only 5% ofdrivers actually use biofuels.[185] (2) Regional prices vary widely in Brazil and the US. The states chosen reflect some of thelowest retail prices for ethanol, as both São Paulo and Minnesota are main growers of feedstock and producers of ethanol, hence,the comparison presented is one of the most favorable for ethanol/gasoline price ratios. For example, US average spread was16.9% in August 2008, and it varied from 35% in Indiana to 3% in Utah.[184] See more US price comparisons for most states ate85prices.com (http://www.e85prices.com/) , and annual fuel costs for 2008 FFV US models at www.fueleconomy.gov(http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/byfuel/FFV2008.shtml) . (3) Brazilian gasoline is heavily taxed (~54%),[186] US ethanolproduction is subsidized (a US$ 0.51/gal federal tax credit),[93] and Swedish E85 is exempt of CO2 and energy taxes until 2009(~30% price reduction).[107][122]

List of currently produced flexible-fuel vehicles

Worldwide

See also: List of flexible-fuel vehicles by car manufacturer

Brazil

Main article: List of currently produced flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil

Europe

Citroën C4 1.6 BioFlexFord Focus, Ford C-MAX, Ford Mondeo, Ford S-Max, Ford GalaxyKoenigsegg CCXRPeugeot 307 1.6 BioFlexSaab 9-5, Saab 9-3SEAT León 1.6 MPI MultiFuel, SEAT Altea 1.6 MPI MultiFuel, SEAT Altea XL 1.6 MPIMultiFuelVolvo C30 1.8F FlexiFuel, S40 1.8F FlexiFuel, V50 1.8F FlexiFuel, XC60 (concept), V70 2.0FFlexiFuel, S80 2.0F FlexiFuel

Thailand


15 of 28 21/11/2011 14:08

U.S. E85 FlexFuel

Chevrolet HHR LS 2009.

Mitsubishi: Lancer Ex.

United States

Main article: List of currently produced flexible-fuel vehicles in theUnited States

See also

Alternative propulsionBattery electric vehicleBivalent (engine)Butanol fuelClean CitiesCommon ethanol fuel mixturesEthanol fuel by country

Food vs fuelFuture of the carLow-energy vehicleNatural gas vehiclePlug-in hybrid electric vehicleVehicle conversion

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New Zealand's First Flexi-Fuel Vehicle"(http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0609/S00245.htm) . Scoop Business.http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0609/S00245.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-18.^ "Paraguai pode ser o primeiro destino dos carros"flex" do Brasil" (http://noticias.uol.com.br/economia/ultnot/2007/05/24/ult35u53557.jhtm) (inPortuguese). UOL Economia. 2007-05-24.http://noticias.uol.com.br/economia/ultnot/2007/05/24/ult35u53557.jhtm. Retrieved 2008-09-17.

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Renewable energy

BiofuelBiomass

GeothermalHydroelectricity

Solar energyTidal powerWave powerWind power

^ Harris Interactive (2007-01-22). "NationalSurvey Reveals Ignorance about Ethanol Runs Highamong Consumers" (http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070122005293&newsLang=en) .Pavilion Technologies.http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&

185. newsId=20070122005293&newsLang=en.Retrieved 2008-09-18.^ Daniel Bergamasco and Roberto Machado(2008-08-27). "Imposto põe gasolina brasileiraentre as mais caras" (http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u438347.shtml) (inPortuguese). Folha de São Paulo Online.http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u438347.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-18.

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External links

An article by Ford Motor's Roberta Nichols, the mother of the flexible fuelvehicle, discussing Gasoline-Ethanol-Methanol flexibility in the Journal ofScientific & Industrial Research (http://www.setamericafree.org/Rnichols.pdf)List of E85 vehicles, as provided by the National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition(http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/flexfuelvehicles.php)Green Vehicle Guide 2009: See here the complete list of 2009 models thecompiled by (http://epa.gov/greenvehicles/download/all_alpha_09.pdf) U.S.EPA. In the column "fuel" search for ethanol/gas to identify flexfuel modelsavailable in the US marketFlex-Fuel Bait and Switch (http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/06/flexfuel.html) - See how many flex-fuel cars are on the road andhow many stations offer E85 in the US.US Department of Energy: Flexible Fuel Vehicles(http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/flexible_fuel.html)Energy Victory (http://www.energyvictory.net/) - Site for the book Energy Victory: Winning theWar on Terror by Breaking Free of Oil (2007) by Dr. Robert Zubrin proposing that Flexible-fuelvehicles are a major piece of the future solution to the world's dependence on mideast oil. Theclaim is that Flexible-fuel vehicles empower consumers to choose whatever fuel makes the mostsense at the time and allows the conversion of a wide range of materials besides corn intoautomotive fuel.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehicle&oldid=460243972"Categories: Flexible-fuel vehicles Ethanol fuel

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