US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center

Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM June 1980 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-73

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM

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6. AUTHOR(S) Darryl W. Davis

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7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687

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12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at the Surveying and Mapping Division Specialty Conference, Denver, Colorado, June 1980 14. ABSTRACT Flood control and floodplain management investigations using spatial data management techniques are increasing in the Corps of Engineers. Pilot studies initiated in the mid-1970's were successful in consolidating analysis concepts, fostering the development of spatial data file creation and management technology and enhancing the consideration of existing and alternative future development patterns in Corps' planning studies. Over thirty studies using HEC-SAM, the Corps' spatial data management system, are now completed or underway. HEC-SAM was created through selective acquisition of commercial software, adaptation of academic research products, and development by researchers at the Corps' Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) transfer agent. The evolution, present capabilities, and applications of HEC-SAM are described. Observations are offered on spatial technology development, implementation, and servicing. 15. SUBJECT TERMS floodplain management, flood control planning, data management, spatial data management, geographic information systems, flood damage analysis, computer software management, urban hydrology

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Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM

June 1980 US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616 (530) 756-1104 (530) 756-8250 FAX www.hec.usace.army.mil TP-73

Papers in this series have resulted from technical activities of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. Versions of some of these have been published in technical journals or in conference proceedings. The purpose of this series is to make the information available for use in the Center's training program and for distribution with the Corps of Engineers. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

Flood Mit iga t ion Planning Using HEC-SMI 1

Darryl W . Davis, Member, ASCE 2

ABSTRACT: Flood c o n t r o l and f lood p l a i n management i n v e s t i g a t i o n s us- i n g s p a t i a l d a t a management techniques a r e increas ing i n t h e Corps of Engineers. P i l o t s t u d i e s i n i t i a t e d i n the mid-1970's were success fu l i n conso l ida t ing a n a l y s i s concepts, f o s t e r i n g t h e development of s p a t i a l da ta f i l e c r e a t i o n and management technology and enhancing t h e consider- a t i o n of e x i s t i n g and a l t e r n a t i v e f u t u r e development p a t t e r n s i n Corps' planning s t u d i e s . Over 30 s t u d i e s using HEC-SAM, the Corps' s p a t i a l d a t a management system, a r e now completed o r underway, HEC-SAY w a s c rea ted through s e l e c t i v e a c q u i s i t i o n of commercial. software, adapt ion of academic research products , and development by resea rchers a t the Corps' Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC). The HEC r o l e cont inues t o b e t h a t of system developer and technology t r a n s f e r agent . The evolu- t i o n , present c a p a b i l i t i e s , and a p p l i c a t i o n s of HEC-SAM a r e descr ibed. Observations a r e o f fe red on s p a t i a l technology development, implemen- t a t i o n , and se rv ic ing .

SPATIAL DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Overview

The HEC-SAY system was i n i t i a l l y c rea ted t o provide an a n a l y t i c a l t o o l and a n a l y s i s s t r u c t u r e t h a t would permit d i s t r i c t o f f i c e s of t h e Corps of Engineers t o provide comprehensive planning a s s i s t a n c e t o lo- c a l governmental u n i t s i n dec i s ions r e l a t e d t o f lood p l a i n management (1) . It has evolved i n t o a genera l purpose s p a t i a l d a t a f i l e focused procedure with a p p l i c a t i o n s i n more t r a d i t i o n a l planning s t u d i e s i n c o a s t a l regions a s w e l l a s r i v e r bas ins . Elements of t e c h n i c a l analy- sis provide t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o a s s e s s hydrologic, f lood damage, and en- vironmental consequences of development s i t u a t i o n s r e f l e c t e d by a l t e r n - a t i v e land use p a t t e r n s and water management works, perform w i l d l i f e h a b i t a t evaluat ions such a s t h e U. S. F ish and W i l d l i f e Habi ta t Eva1.u- a t i o n Procedure, perform boolean and over lay a n a l y s i s , and produce a v a r i e t y of computer graphics . The planning environment which the sys- t e m is designed t o s e r v i c e encompasses the p resen t mission a r e a s of the Corps wi th s p e c i a l focus on urban a reas .

The genera l a n a l y t i c a l s t r a t e g y t h a t comprises HEC-SAM is to : a ) assemble and ca ta log b a s i c geographic and resource information i n t o a

'presented a t t h e June 1980 Surveying and Mapping Division Spec ia l ty Conference, Denver, Colorado.

2 Chief , Planning Analysis Branch, The Hydrologic Engineering Center,

Corps of Engineers, Davis, C a l i f o r n i a 95616.

Davis

computer da ta bank, b) f o r e c a s t and p lace i n t o the d a t a bank s e l e c t e d a l t e r n a t i v e f u t u r e development p a t t e r n s , formulate an a r r a y of manage- ment a l t e r n a t i v e s , c) perform comprehensive assessments of t h e develop- ment scenar ios of i n t e r e s t , and d) r ecyc le f o r addi.ti .onal a l t e r n a t i v e s .

The system has emerged from t h e p i l o t s tudy s t a g e where i t was success fu l ly appl.ied i n s e v e r a l s t d i e s of t h e type f o r which i t %as crea ted . The p i l o t s t u d i e s have proved HEC-SAM t o b e s u f f i c i e n t l y a t - t r a c t i v e and powerful enough f o r t r a d i t i o n a l Corps' survey i n v e s t i g a t - i o n s t o make use of major por t ions of t h e technology i n t h e i r s t u d i e s .

System C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Software. The HEC-SAM system i s comprised of a family of d a t a management and a n a l y s i s computer programs. Figures 1 A and l.B p resen t a f u n c t i o n a l flow diagram of the da ta management, a n a l y s i s , and output of HEC-Shy. The s o l i d l i n e s i n d i c a t e f i l e t r a n s f e r s t h a t a r e automated and the dashed l i n e s f i l e t r a n s f e r s t h a t a r e p r e s e n t l y under develop- ment. The capped l a b e l s i n t h e boxes a r e t i t les of indivi.dua1 computer programs.

The system has t h r e e d i s t i n c t functional . elements: Data F i l e Man- agement, Data F i l e Processing I n t e r f a c e , and Comprehensive Ana1ysi.s. The computer programs comprising each of these f u n c t i o n a l elements a r e b r i e f l y described i n Table 1. The d a t a f i l e management element is com- p r i sed of t h e subfamily of computer programs required t o process raw map o r o t h e r type da ta t o the g r i d ce l l . format of t h e genera l d a t a bank. The Data F i l e Processing I n t e r f a c e element is comprised of computer programs t h a t compile and reformat g r i d da ta r e t r i e v e d from the d a t a bank i n t o a form processable by t h e genera l a n a l y s i s computer programs.

TABLE 1

1 HEC-SAM Software summaryJ

Data F i l e Management Descr ip t ion

AUTOMAP I1 (ESRI) P r i n t s grey shade overp r in t maps and genera tes g r i d da ta from polygon da ta .

BANK (HEC) Creates and manage f i l e s comprising g r i d c e l l d a t a bank.

4 VIEW (WES) Provides p l o t s of pe r spec t ive views of grid da ta .

GRDPLT (ESRI) Provides pen p l o t s of g r i d d a t a .

GRIPS (ESRI) Transforms polygon da ta i n t o g r i d c e l l format and e n t e r s i t i n t o t h e d a t a bank.

PLYPLT (ESRI) Provides pen p l o t s of d a t a v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e i n polygon format.

I l P a r e n t h e s i s n o t a t i o n i n d i c a t e s origin-HEC (The Hydrologic Engineer- - ing Center) WES (Corps' Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n , ESRI (Environ- mental. Systems Research I n s t i t u t e ) . The a s t e r i s k s i g n i f i e s general.i.zed EIEC program.

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TABLE 1 Continued

REGISTER (HEC) Regis ters coordinate system of pol.ygon d a t a sets t o adopted coordinate system.

RIA (HEC) Provides l i n e p r i n t e r grey shade overpr in t maps of g r i d da ta .

Data F i l e Processing interface

ATODTA (HEC) Coordinates and manages economic, hydraul ic , and hydrologic d a t a f o r input to HEC-1.

DAMCAL (HEC) Generates elevation-damage d a t a f i l e s from g r i d da ta .

HYDPAR (HEC) Generates hydrologic, storm q u a l i t y , and eros ion modeling parameters from g r i d da ta .

SID (HEC) Generates elevation-damage da ta f i l e s from in- d iv idua l s t r u c t u r e data .

Comprehensive Analysis

HEC-1 (HEC*) Ra in fa l l runoff and f lood damage model.

HEC-5 (HEC*) Reservoir system f o r f lood c o n t r o l and conser- v a t i o n model.

EAD (HEC*) Expected annual f lood damage computation program.

RIA (HEC)

STORM (HEC)

Resource ana lys i s program performing d i s t ance determinations, graphics and a t t r a c t i v e n e s s ana lys i s .

Urban storm water q u a l i t y and su r face eros ion model.

WQRRS (HEC) Stream w a t e r q u a l i t y s imula t ion model.

HEP (HEC) U. S. F ish and Wi ld l i f e Service Habi ta t Evalu- a t i o n Procedure program.

The Comprehensive Analysis element i s comprised of the general- i z e d computer programs t h a t perform d e t a i l e d t echn ica l assessments us- ing t h e l inked inpu t da ta f i l e s . These computer programs a r e standard t o o l s used wi th in t h e Corps t h a t have been modified t o accept d a t a f i l e inpu t a s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e usual card input and, i n a few in- s t ances , modified t o encourage increased sys temat ic a n a l y s i s t o take advantage of access t o a comprehensive d a t a bank.

Hardware . The HEC-SAM system b a s i c a l l y opera tes on major computer systems.

The system used during o r i g i n a l program development was a major CDC 7600 i n s t a l l a t i o n . The programs a r e w r i t t e n i n ANSI Standard FORTRAN I V and are por tab le between major computer systems. The programs a r e maintained f o r access by use r s on t h e LBC system i n Berkeley, Cal i for- n i a , and on t h e Boeing Computer Services System, a l s o a CDC instal . l .at- ion . The Data F i l e Management and Data F i l e Processi.ng I n t e r f a c e

5 Davis

programs do no t r e q u i r e t h e s to rage and computer speed of t h e major pro- grams and thus could b e e a s i l y operated on minicomputer systems. The comprehensive a n a l y s i s programs p r e s e n t l y r e q u i r e t h e core s i z e and execution speed of major computer systems t o be used e f f i c i e n t l y and e f f e c t i v e l y .

Input , Analysis and Output. Tile system envisi.ons t h a t t h e b a s i c s p a t i a l da ta t h a t is nornal1.y used i n map form dur ing planning s t u d i e s would be processed i n t o a spat i .a l d a t a f i l e by appl . ica t ion o f - t h e v a r i - ous Data F i l e Management programs. The s p e c i f i c programs used would de- pend upon t h e form of the d i g i t i z e d da ta , e.g., po in t , g r i d , contour o r polygon, remotely sensed ( c l a s s i f i e d LANDSAT), o r e x i s t i n g computer f i l e s . Analysis is performed f o r a s e l e c t e d condi t ion , (e .g. , a pro- jec ted land use p a t t e r n wi th a c e r t a i n f lood hazard zoning poli.cy o r p r o j e c t ) by processing the proposal i n t o t h e d a t a bank a s a new ( o r modified) v a r i a b l e and success ively executing t h e I n t e r f a c e and Com- prehensive Analysis programs. The program executi.ons would be depend- e n t upon t h e proposal t h a t i s under i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

The a n a l y s i s programs r e q u i r e s p e c i f i c inpu t d a t a ( e x t e r n a l from t h e d a t a bank) sucn a s the hydrologic topology of t h e study a r e a , stream geometry, p r e c i p i t a t i o n . r e l a t i o n s h i p between land use and run- o f f , damage p o t e n t i a l , e t c . The i n i . t i a 1 modeling c a l i b r a t i o n d a t a i s prepared conventi.onal1.y. based on observed d a t a supplemented by param- eters generated from the da ta bank and then t h e c a l i b r a t i o n d a t a is used a s t h e mechanism f o r f o r e c a s t i n g the change i n modeling parameters t h a t would r e s u l t from changed cond i t ions o r proposals .

The output includes: a ) g r i d map graphic d i s p l a y s of t h e da ta v a r i a b l e s , and r e s u l t s of a t t r a c t i v e n e s s and impact a n a l y s i s ; and b) d e t a i l e d numeric p r i n t o u t of runoff hydrographs, flow exceedance frequency r e l a t i o n s h i p s , expected annual damage, s torm pollutographs, w i l d l i f e h a b i t a t u n i t va lues wi th and without proposals , and t ime traces of e ros ion and a range of water q u a l i t y parameters f o r e x i s t i n g and s e l e c t e d a l t e r n a t i v e f u t u r e development p a t t e r n s . The output cor- responds t o t h e complete range of t echn ica l output of comprehensive f lood p l a i n assessments. Higher q u a l i t y graphics can b e generated from g r i d and polygon f i l e s i f des i red .

Resolut ion and Accuracy. A major purpose i n c r e a t i o n of HEC-SAM was t o cause c o n s i s t e n t , sys temat ic a n a l y s i s of f u t u r e development t o be performed i n t r a d i t i o n a l func t iona l a r e a s (and t o a g r e a t e x t e n t using t r a d i t i o n a l a n a l y s i s concepts and t o o l s ) wi th a common da ta set . The l e v e l of d e t a i l and accuracy of f i n a l a n a l y s i s w a s t o be c o n s i s t e n t with t r a d i t i o n a l methods The c e l l s i z e f o r t h e d a t a base has the domi- nant in f luence on t h e r e s u l t a n t l e v e l of output d e t a i l . Hydrologic com- pu ta t ions can comfortably use r a t h e r coa r se g r i d s i z e s (4 t o 10 hect- a r e s ) and r e l a t i v e l y few c a t e g o r i e s of major v a r i a b l e s ( f o r example 4 t o 5 land use c l a s s e s ) . Environmental a n a l y s i s does not seem t o b e more g r e a t l y demanding i n d e t a i l of d a t a r e s o l u t i o n than requi red f o r hydrologic a n a l y s i s , although some h a b i t a t a n a l y s i s may r e q u i r e a s many a s 15 o r more cover types t o b e s e p a r a t e l y encoded f o r t h e n a t u r a l a r e a s . Flood damage c a l c u l a t i o n s r e q u i r e accura te t e r r a i n r e s o l u t i o n w i t h i n the f lood p l a i n and q u i t e extens ive land use ca tegor iza t ion (up- wards of 20 Grid c e l l s a s smal l a s 1 / 8 h e c t a r e have been

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used i n sharply breaking topography, whereas, i n more gen t l e t e r r a i n , c e l l s of 2 hec ta res w e r e acceptable. In t h e f lood p l a i n a rea , t h e ter- r a i n v a r i a t i o n r e s o l u t i o n requirements f o r f lood damage a n a l y s i s dic- t a t e s the appropr ia te g r i d c e l l s i z e . The present s t a t e of HEC-SAM does not permit v a r i a b l e g r i d c e l l s i z e being simultaneously s to red i n t h e d a t a banks s o t h a t , genera l ly , t h e t e r r a i n i n t h e f lood p l a i n of t h e s tudy area dictates the s i z e cf the g r i d ce l . l s f ~ r all. data v a r i a b l e s . Many s t u d i e s have constructed two da ta banks--a coarse g r i d f i l e cov- e r ing t h e e n t i r e s tudy a r e a t h a t is used f o r basin-wide ana lys i s and a f i n e g r i d f i l e t h a t i s used f o r d e t a i l e d f lood p l a i n s t u d i e s . Activi- t y is underway (Figure lA) t o inc lude t h e v a r i a b l e r e s o l u t i o n (as w e l l a s t e r r a i n modeling advantages) of i r r e g u l a r t r i a n g u l a r g r i d s t r u c t u r e i n t h e HEC-SAM system.

Analysis C a p a b i l i t i e s

The genera l c a p a b i l i t y of HEC-SAM is t o provide a comprehensive sys temat ic , assessment of a l t e r n a t i v e development p a t t e r n s and f lood mi t iga t ion plans i n the func t iona l a reas of f lood hazard, f lood damage and environmental s t a t u s . A l i s t i n g of the more commonly used capabil- i t i e s i n each of these a r e a s would include:

Flood Hazard. HEC-SAM w i l l eva lua te t h e fol lowing p respec i f i ed a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r a s p e c i f i c s t o r n event (such a s t h e 100-year exceed- ance i n t e r v a l event) o r a range of storm events (development of flow andlor e l e v a t i o n exceedance frequency r e l a t i o n s h i p ) a t any o r a l l s e l e c t e d important l o c a t i o n s wi th in a study area .

. Changed land use p a t t e r n s . Changed drainage system . Flood p l a i n occupancy encroachments . On-site w a t e r management s t r a t e g i e s . Engineering works of levees , channel modifi.cations, r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e and flow re rou t ing . Water management p r a c t i c e s

Flood Damage. HEC-SAM w i l l evaluate t h e d o l l a r damages f o r a spe- c i f i c event (such a s t h e 100-year exceedance i n t e r v a l event) and t h e ex- pected va lue of annual damages f o r each designated l o c a t i o n i n t h e study a r e a and each damage category ( r e s i d e n t i a l , commercial, e t c . ) f o r t h e following:

. Changed f lood p l a i n occupancy . Changed watershed runoff such a s from changed land use . Changed stream conveyance such a s from f food p l a i n en- croachment . Changed s t r u c t u r a l const ruct ion p r a c t i c e s . Alte rna t ive development c o n t r o l p o l i c i e s . Changed value of f lood p l a i n s t r u c t u r e s . Modified s t r u c t u r e damage p o t e n t i a l such a s from flood- proof i n g . Effec t s of engineering f lood c o n t r o l and drainage works of l evees , channels, r e s e r v o i r s , and d ive rs ions

Environmental. HEC-SAM w i l l perform a v a r i e t y of envi.ronmenta1 evaluat ions f o r t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s and condi t ions described i n Flood Damage above. The evaluat ions t h a t can be performed a re :

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. Forecast changes i n h a b i t a t u n i t s by w i l d l i f e speci.es and the ecosys t e m . Catalog environmental. h a b i t a t changes from changed land use (coincident a n a l y s i s ) . Forecast changes i n land s u r f a c e e ros ion and t r a n s p o r t f o r land use and engineering works changes . Forecas t changes i n runoff q u a l i t y from changed land use

Forecast changes i n s tream water q u a l i t y . Develop f i r s t o rde r a t t r a c t i v e n e s s and impact s p a t i a l d i sp lays . I d e n t i f y enriched h a b i t a t zones by ecotone ana1.ysi.s

PROJECT APPLICATIONS

HEC-SAY w a s developed t o s e r v i c e a series of p i l o t s t u d i e s which were designed t o t e s t t h e b a s i c concepts of a broadened community ser- v i c e ' s o r i e n t e d type of i n v e s t i g a t i o n which was under s tudy by Corpsr management. The s t u d i e s a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s Expanded Flood P l a i n In fo r - mation S tud ies (XFPI). The ori .gina1 p i l o t s tudy (Oconee River Basin and s e v e r a l of a second genera t ion of p i l o t s a r e completed. These s t u d i e s were designed t o confirm concepts. A t h i r d genera t ion of XFPI s t u d i e s is near ing completion. These were undertaken t o test t h e geo- graphic t r a n s f e r a b i l i t y of t h e techniques. A group of Corps' r egu la r planning studi .es using HEC-SAM have been i n i t i a t e d t h i s p a s t year . Pub l i ca t ions a r e a v a i l a b l e descr ib ing t h e research e f f o r t s f o r t h e p i l o t s t u d i e s ( I ) , (3) , (4 ) , (5), documenting t h e i n i . t i a 1 p i l o t s tudy f ind ings and documenting completed f i e l d appl . icat ions (6), ( 7 ) , (8) . Table 2 lists Corps' s t u d i e s t h a t involve s u b s t a n t i a l use of s p a t i a l d a t a management techniques. The respons ib le f i e l d o f f i c e of t h e Corps should b e contacted f o r up-to-date information on the progress of the s tudy .

Published r e s u l t s from t h e T r a i l Creek watershed p i l o t s tudy a r e presented t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e n a t u r e of t h e products which may be gener- a t e d from HEC-SAM focused s t u d i e s .

TABLE 2

APPLICATIONS OF

SPATIAL DATA MAiiAGE;METJT TECHNIQUES

Study (Basin

XFPI ' s

Oconee Basin Rowlett Creek Boggy Creek Pennypack Creek Crow Creek Wolf River Sonoma Creek Sewickley Creek Walnut-Williamson Creeks Willow Creek

Corps D i s t r i c t

Savannah F t . Worth Jacksonv i l l e Phi ladelphia Rock I s l a n d Memphis (WES) San Francisco P i t t sburg Ft . Worth Alaska

S t a t u s

Complete Complete Complete

FY 80 completion I' $1 I I

If 11 11

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TABLE 2 Continued

Study , (Basin) Corps D i s t r i c t . S t a t u s

Survey/Phase I P i l o t s

K i s s i m m e e Basin Jacksonvil.le Underway Wainut Creek Ft. Worth Underway Conley Creek Savannah I n i t i a t e d Upper Clinton River De t ro i t Soon t o begin Tallaboa River Jacksonvil.le/San Juan I n i t i a tea

Other Active Planning Studies

Passa ic Basin S a l t River Ocean Ci ty Tucson Harding/Cahokia Upper RoanokeIDan Basin Morrison Creek Mississi .ppi Sound Rar i t an Delaware Basi.n

Miscellaneous Comple red

New York Los Angeles (Phoenix) Baltimore Los Angeles S t . Louis Wilmington Sacramento Mobile New York Phi ladelphia

San Francisco/San Pablo Bays San Francisco

Upper Russian River San Francisco Lake E r i e Waste Water

M g m t . Buff a10 Santa Ana River Basin Los Angeles

Well underway Underway Advanced I n i t i a t e d Underway Completed I n i t i a t e d I n i t i a t e d To begin soon To begin soon

Completed Completed

Completed Completed

T r a i l Creek d r a i n s 12 square m i l e s of t h e Oconee watershed and includes a por t ion of t h e c i t y of Athens, Georgia, i n i ts lower reaches. The test a r e a a t the t i m e of s tudy (1976) was about 10 per- cen t urban and expected t o grow t o 20 t o 30 percent urban by 1990. The da ta bank c rea ted f o r T r a i l Creek included 15 d a t a v a r i a b l e s a t a g r i d c e l l s i z e of 0.6 hec ta res (1.53 a c r e s ) .

Flood Hazard

Table 3 disp lays s e l e c t e d r e s u l t s of evaluat ing t h e a l t e r n a t i v e condi t ions indicated . Note t h a t the flow r a t e inc rease f o r each of the s p e c i f i e d exceedance i n t e r v a l s i s less i n propor t ion f o r the r a r e r events. Note a l s o t h a t t h e flow rate change f o r t h e 100-year event is d i f f e r e n t between c o n t r o l po in t s and t h a t t h e change i n f lood e leva t ion is not d i r e c t l y propor t ional t o the change i n flow. Study of t h e t a b l e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e hydrologic consequences of land use changes a r e eom- p lex and r e q u i r e c a r e f u l , p ro fess iona l ana lys i s .

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TABLE 3 HYDROLOGIC DATA SUMMARY

TRAIL CREEK TEST

100-YEAR PEAK FLOW AND ELEVATION

Index Exis t i n g Land U s e S t a t i o n Flow (cfs) Elevation

1990 Land Use Flow (cf s ) Elevation

FLOW--EXCEEDANCE INTERVAL DATA (cf s )

Exceedance Sta. 1 Sta . 3 I n t e r v a l (y r . ) Exis t 1990 Exis t 1990

Flood Damage

Table 4 summarizes the expected annual damage assessments f o r a range of hydrologic condi t ions and land use c o n t r o l pol icy sets f o r t h e t h r e e damage reaches wi th in t h e T r a i l Creek watershed t h a t s u s t a i n s s i g n i f i c a n t damages. The 1990 land use condi t ion is a p ro jec t ion based on a l o c a l agency judgment.

TABLE 4

SELECTED DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS TRAIL CREEK TEST

(Expected Annual Damage i n 1000's $)

EVALUATION CONDITIONS CODE LAND USE POLICY HYDROLOGY 1 2 3 TOTAL

I Exis t ing Exis t ing 1.5 1.9 11.9 15.3 (1974)

X 1990 wi th no devel- 1990 1033.3 350.0 37.7 1416.0 opment c o n t r o l s

I V 1.990 wi th new devel- 1990 1.9.3 63.8 23.8 106.9 opment a t 1974 100- year f lood l e v e l

V 1990 w/new devel . 1990 16.8 18.9 4.7 40.4 @ 1974 100-year & floodproofed t o ground f l o o r

V I I I 1990 w/new devel. @ 1.990 1.1.9 16.0 2.8 30.7 1990 100-year & flood- proof t o ground f l o o r

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The r e s u l t s may a t f i r s t glance be d i f f i c u l t t o understand. An i n i t i a l r e a c t i o n might be t h a t t h e evaluat ion condi t ion of placing new development a t t h e e x i s t i n g 100-year f lood (CODE 1.V) should be s i m i l a r t o the e x i s t i n g condtion (CODE I.). The l a r g e inc rease i n expected an- nual damages is caused by: a) damage occurring t o t h e basements of new const ruct ion, b) t h e 100-year f lood f o r the 1990 land use condi t ion i s higher than t h e 100-year f lood f o r the e x i s t i n g land use condi t ion , and c) damage still occurs t o t h e new development from f lood events t h a t exceed t h e 100-year event. Severa l o t h e r evaluat ions t h a t inc lude a number of a l t e r n a t i v e management and f loodproofing p o l i c i e s a r e in- cluded t o demonstrate t h e broad c a p a b i l i t y of t h e s p a t i a l d a t a manage- ment techniques a s w e l l a s present some i n t e r e s t i n g evaluat ions .

The nons t ruc tu ra l f lood p l a i n management evaluat ions t h a t may be accomplished using HEC-SAM a r e described i n (4) . A recen t innovation has been d i r e c t l y i n t e r f a c i n g t h e ind iv idua l s t r u c t u r e processing pro- gram (S1.D Figure 1B) wi th the s p a t i a l program (DAMCAL), thus permit t ing d e t a i l e d assessment of ind iv idua l unique s t r u c t u r e s while evaluat ing a given land use condit ion.

Environmental The RIA Program has formed t h e c e n t r a l focus of environmental anal-

sis. The RIA Program con ta ias t h e t r a d i t i o n a l d i s t ance determination (cent roid t o c e n t r o i d ) , impact assessment ( f i v e l e v e l s ) , a t t r a c t i v e n e s s modeling, coincident t abu la t ions , and computer l i n e p r i n t e r graphics (22 map l e v e l s ) . Processing is con t ro l l ed by an execut ive rou t ine t h a t manages t h e in termedia te da ta f i l e s i n a manner t h a t is t ransparent t o t h e use r .

A common a p p l i c a t i o n has been t o use t h e coincident t abu la t ion c a p a b i l i t y t o t a b u l a t e acreages and percentages of t h e coincident of t h e c l a s s e s of two d a t a v a r i a b l e s w i t h i n t h e d a t a c l a s s e s of a t h i r d d a t a v a r i a b l e . The t h i r d d a t a v a r i a b l e is usua l ly a boundary v a r i a b l e (census tract, township, watershed, damage reach). The coincident t a b u l a t i o n r e s u l t s a r e used a s b a s i c d a t a f o r the cons t ruc t ion of n a r r a t i v e impact scenar ios based on t h e h a b i t a t s l o s t from t h e change i n land use p a t t e r n .

Other a p p l i c a t i o n s have included: a ) i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and ana lys i s of ecotone o r h a b i t a t f r i n g e a reas , b) i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of h a b i t a t a r e a s im- pacted by changes i n f lood elevation-frequency, c) genera t ion of model- ing parameters f o r q u a l i t y and sediment-erosion a n a l y s i s by t h e STORM program. A most recent a p p l i c a t i o n has been t h e computation of t i m e h i s t o r y scenar ios of w i l d l i f e h a b i t a t u n i t changes r e s u l t i n g from land use changes o r management ac t ions .

Computer Graphics

Computer graphics have been used extensively i n s e v e r a l phases of the HEC-SAM focused s t u d i e s . The primary uses have been f o r d a t a ver i - f i c a t i o n during encoding a c t i v i t i e s , d a t a bank v a r i a b l e v e r i f i c a t i o n , and graphic d i sp lay ana lys i s r e s u l t s . Table 1. b r i e f l y desc r ibes t h e graphic sofware c u r r e n t l y supported by HEC (RIA, AUTOMAP 11, GRDPLT, PLYPLT, 4-VIEW).

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There is a heavy r e l i a n c e on l i n e p r i n t e r graphics f o r working maps. F i n a l r e p o r t graphics a r e o f t e n pen p l o t s bu t not always. In- novat ive use of c o l o r by c r e a t i n g separa t ions made from success ive l i n e p r i n t e r maps have proven t o be q u i t e acceptable . S tud ies t h a t r e l y on l i n e p r i n t e r working maps should s e l e c t g r i d c e l l s t h a t a r e propor- t ioned t o the s i z e of a computer l i n e p r i n t e d cha rac te r t o avoid pro- ducing d i s t o r t e d p r i n t e r maps. Cornon cs11 s i z e s have b e s ~ either 1.15 o r l . 5 3 a c r e s (depending on p r i n t e r spacing) .

The pen p l o t programs use e i t h e r a Calcomp p l o t t e r , a Textronix CRT, a microfi lm o r 35mm f i lm. The c r e a t i o n of t h e f i n a l r epor t graph- i c s i s most o f t e n accomplished by f i r s t executing t h e d i sp lay on a Tektronix CRT t o des ign t h e d i sp lay , and t h e p l o t is disposed t o t h e p l o t t e r o r 35mm f i lm. Some a p p l i c a t i o n s have used 35mm graphic out- p u t s t o c r e a t e c o l o r sepa ra t ion p l a t e s f o r c o l o r p r i n t i n g .

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT AND TRANSFER

Advanced computer technology development, implementation and ser- v i c i n g a r e t h e stock-in-trade of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. A method f o r success fu l ly funct ioning i n t h i s arena has evolved over the yea r s t h a t genera l ly opera tes a s fol.lows: a ) needs f o r new methods and procedures s u r f a c e through t h e Center ' s continual. con tac t s wi th f i e l d o f f i c e s , b) research and development work is performed (normally i n t h e production environment) t o s o l v e a s p e c i f i c problem, c ) t h e solu- t i o n is genera l ized i n both conceptual and geographical scope s o t h a t i t may s e r v i c e o t h e r use r s , d) h igh q u a l i t y documentation is developed and t h e technology readied f o r long term s e r v i c e and maintenance, e ) t r a i n i n g courses a r e held and c o n s u l t a t i o n p r o j e c t s performed t h a t grad- u a l l y , b u t sys temat ica l ly , move t h e technology i n t o t h e normal s tream of work e f f o r t s i n t h e Corps, and f ) continuing development, s e r v i c i n g and maintenance is commenced t o a s s u r e t imely a i d t o a l l p o t e n t i a l u s e r s and t o guarantee t h a t up-to-date c a p a b i l i t i e s a r e con t inua l ly in- corpora ted .

Observations f o r Systems Developers o r Users Contacts

Severa l "truisms" based on HECfs experience have emerged t h a t a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e development and implementation of s p a t i a l da ta management systems. These comments a r e most app l i cab le t o t h e organi- z a t i o n a l u n i t o r l e v e l i n an i n s t i t u t i o n (publ ic o r p r i v a t e ) who a r e e i t h e r developing new systems themselves o r w i l l be t h e u s e r contac t po in t w i t h i n an o rgan iza t ion t h a t is charged wi th providing s e r v i c e t o in-house o r o t h e r users .

a ) Large scale, complex, comprehensive computer programs and systems of programs a r e dynamic e n t i t i e s t h a t r e q u i r e continuous nur- t u r i n g and suppor t i n o rde r t o remain v i a b l e and u s e f u l . Such computer sof tware needs a permanent home; an i n s t i t u t i o n t h a t is phi losophica l ly committed t o t h e improvement i n procedures, moral ly committed t o ser- v i c i n g and improvi.ng the computer programs, competently s t a f f e d t o perform t h e t a s k , and a v a i l a b l e on c a l l t o u s e r s .

Davis

b) Business-like computer program code genera t ion and its subse- quent management is v i t a l f o r the software t o be por tab le between com- p u t e r systems. As a genera l guide, use of s p e c i a l purpose languages t h a t a r e p ropr ie t a ry o r not genera l ly supported by major computer in- s t a l l a t i o n s shou3.d be avoided. Adherence t o ANSI (American National Standards I n s t i t u e ) s tandards is important and modern modul.ar program- ming ptacti,ce with avoidance of mchfne or language dependent- mrrt ines w i l l g r e a t l y reduce computer source code maintenance.

c ) Successful implementation of advanced concepts r e q u i r e s both u s e f u l technology a v a i l a b l e i n appropr ia t e form and use r s t h a t a r e in- t e r e s t e d and anxious t o take advantage of technologica l oppor tun i t i e s . It is important i n e a r l y s t a g e s t o encourage a p p l i c a t i o n s t h a t a r e manageable and have high p o t e n t i a l f o r success. A commitment t o t h e s e r v i c e a t t i t u d e and genuine i n t e r e s t i n so lv ing t h e use r s s p e c i f i c problems a r e bas ic . A s e r i e s of d o ' s and do n o t ' s wi th suppor t ing ex- p lana t ion fo l lows which a t tempts t o d e f i n e a framework and s t r a t e g y f o r sof tware implementation.

* Management should not "require" programs/concepts t o be used be fo re cons iderable experience and shake down is accomplished. Noth- i n g k i l l s new technology l i k e forced use t h a t does no t d e l i v e r t h e s o l u t i o n t o everyone's problems. No new technology can be s o t i g h t l y developed t h a t i t can su rv ive an environment wherein t h e p o t e n t i a l use r s a r e a l r eady somewhat negat ive by t h e forced approach. A prag- matic, s t eady gradual in t roduc t ion w i l l l i k e l y r e s u l t i n e a r l y , mean- i n g f u l use of the concepts and techniques. NOTHING DRAWS USERS LIKE SUCCESS, NO MATTER HOT? SMALL.

* Avoid ( i f poss ib le ) t h e grand "demonstration" exe rc i se . Ilem- o n s t r a t i o n s t h a t are designed t o sell technology o f t e n g e t too many people involved (usually promoter types) s o t h a t the e x e r c i s e becomes s o important t h a t t h e outcome ends up e i t h e r being r igged o r f a i l s be- cause of t h e weight of s o many observers. Dissemination of b a s i c in- formation and pub l i c i z ing a p p l i c a t i o n s is a v a l i d approach, and pro- v i d e s t h e oppor tuni ty t o l e a r n and pursue t h e shake down process de- s c r i b e d above. Incorpora t ion of s e s s i o n s i n seminars, genera l meetings o r courses t h a t cause people t o work w i t h t h e technology provides an e x c e l l e n t v e h i c l e f o r spreading t h e word.

* Work W I T H use r s t o so lve t h e i r s t u d i e s . A f u l l commitment t o so lv ing the users s p e c i f i c problem i n a f i e l d s tudy environment i s per- haps the s i n g l e most important f a c e t of success fu l technology t r a n s f e r . I n a conceptual sense , an approach t o developing advance technology t h a t seeks t o s o l v e s p e c i f i c problems i n a r e a l world s e t t i n g from which t h e genera l elements a r e merged i n t o a continuously growi.ng gener- a l a n a l y t i c a l system can be more responsive t o use r needs than an ap- proach t h a t s e t s about c r e a t i n g t h e grand s o l u t i o n and then a t tempts t o adapt i t t o the problems. It is important t o recognize t h a t i t is an unusual a p p l i c a t i o n t h a t does not have some unique aspec t s . It is s t r o n g l y suggested t h a t e a r l y implementation e f f o r t s be d i r e c t e d toward vork -- wi th use r s on s p e c i f i c s t u d i e s .

* Careful ly s e l e c t manageable s t u d i e s o r por t ions of s t u d i e s f o r i n i t i a l app l i ca t ions . This is t h e opera t iona l implementation of the

1 3 Davis

i dea t h a t nothing draws use r s l i k e success, no mat t e r how small . The c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n of smal l ( i n scope) well-defined problems t h a t pro- v ide t h e oppor tuni ty f o r both developers and use r s t o l e a n and improve t h e u t i l i t y of the programs is important. It should go wi thout saying t h a t a poor s t r a t e g y is t o a t tempt t o "solve t h e unsolvable" a s the e a r l y a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e technology. Ample oppor tuni ty t o work on d i f - f i c u l t problems (we a l l have an abundance of these) w i l l be present a t any po in t i n t i m e ; b u i l d some experience base t o opera te from before "going f o r broke." A series of smal l , growing t o more comprehensive and d i f f i c u l t a p p l i c a t i o n s over t i n e is the d e s i r a b l e s t r a t e g y f o r which t o s t r i v e .

* B e prepared and w i l l i n g t o perform l o g i c and program code - changes a s a normal p a r t of v i r t u a l l y a l l e a r l y s t u d i e s . It would be somewhat miraculous i f developers of a s y s t e m z g r a m s could have foreseen a l l t h e p o t e n t i a l s tudy environments, o b j e c t i v e s , d a t a a v a i l - a b i l i t y , i s s u e s , e t c . t h a t t h e techniques w i l l be used f o r . E r ro r s w i l l e x i s t ; Murphy's Law opera tes i n computer programs even b e t t e r than i n complex machinery. The a t t i t u d e and ready resources t o make t h e necessary adjustments w i l l r e f l e c t t h e commitment t o a "services" ap- proach t o implementation.

Observations f o r Systems' Users

S p a t i a l da ta management systems a r e not a magic panacea t h a t w i l l s o l v e a l l planning and d a t a management problems. They comprise a power- f u l a n a l y t i c a l t o o l (and a b i t of philosophy about how t o do a job) . Successful use, the re fo re , r e q u i r e s : a ) an understanding of the under- pinning philosophy, b) thorough understanding of t h e s t r e n g t h s , weak- nesses , and p o t e n t i a l of t h e a n a l y t i c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s and, c ) a c l e a r percept ion of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s t o be made. For example: By whom? For what purpose? A s a service t o whom? Over what t i m e period?

The successful . system u s e r i s t h e person, s tudy, i n s t i t u t i o n , e t c . , t h a t has been (o r i s ) confronted wi th a problem, has been s t rug- g l i n g wi th i t f o r sometime and who has come t o recognize t h a t i t could be a t least p a r t i a l l y d e a l t wi th by the a v a i l a b i l i t y of a c e n t r a l i z e d s p a t i a l d a t a management system. The unsuccessful u s e r (person, s tudy, i n s t i t u t i o n ) has l i k e l y been introduced t o the concepts and o p e r a t i o n a l f e a t u r e s of s p a t i a l d a t a management, and is convinced t h a t i t must sure- l y have value , e s p e c i a l l y i f appropr ia t e ly used by o t h e r s i n t h e organi- zat ion, (e-g. , management is "upgrading" methods of performing missions of the o rgan iza t ion) . With t h e s e po la r posi t i .ons def ined, a few com- ments a r e o f fe red below.

a ) Know your problems/needs i n d e t a i l p r i o r t o examining s p a t i a l da ta management systems. There is a s i g n i f i c a n t tendency f o r p o t e n t i a l use r s , e s p e c i a l l y those who a r e n o t h igh ly computer o r i en ted , t o some- how end up wi th t h e i r problems becoming def ined by t h e performance c a p a b i l i t i e s of a p a r t i c u l a r system. This r e s u l t s i n a r eve r se ap- proach t o acquir ing/developing high technology s o l u t i o n s t o one 's problems.

Davis

b) Determine how you w i l l s o l v e your problems (or make app l i ca t - ions) i r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s of the e x i s t i n g s y s t e m s . Spat ia l . d a t a management systems and t h e i r b e n e f i c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s re- q u i r e cons iderable commitment of resources , both d o l l a r s and manpower. It behooves t h e p o t e n t i a l u s e r t o make c e r t a i n t h a t t h e s e resources a r e e f f e c t i v e l y used t o accomplish t h e o b j e c t i v e t h a t generated t h e search f c r the technologj .

c ) Be aware t h a t t h e r e are ve ry g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e s between auto- mated d r a f t i n g , s p a t i a l d a t a systems and da ta used p r imar i ly f o r map- ping and s t a t i s t i c s - -wha t many r e f e r t o a s "GIs's," and s p a t i a l d a t a systems and d a t a t h a t a r e usab le f o r engineering type app l i ca t ions . One of t h e more perplexing a s p e c t s of HEC's endeavors has been t h a t of dea l ing wi th o t h e r s who equate being a b l e t o reproduce a map o r map f e a t u r e by a computer d r iven device wi th t h e g r e a t e r technologi- c a l needs and c a p a b i l i t y of developing usable d a t a f i l e s and analy- sis programs. Automated d r a f t i n g systems are designed t o produce drawings--not a n a l y t i c a l l y usable da ta f i l e s . Most GIs systems fo- cus on p lac ing d a t a i n computer f i l e s , r e t r i e v i n g t h e d a t a and per- forming simple (overlay) type a n a l y s i s and producing graphics . Systems, such a s HEC-SAM and ADAPT (paper by D r . Males, W. E. Gates & Assoc ia tes ) , have t h e i r primary focus on eng inee r ingfana ly t i ca l a n a l y s i s wi th the s p a t i a l d a t a f i l e a s an in te rmedia te (al though c r i t i c a l ) s t e p i n t h e a n a l y s i s f e a t u r e s .

d) Thoroughly i n v e s t i g a t e f e a t u r e s and c a p a b i l i t i e s of a l t e rna - t i v e systems. S p a t i a l d a t a systems can come i n i n t e g r a t e d hardware- sof tware arrangements, systems sof tware alone, o r j u s t s p e c i f i c t a s k o r i e n t e d software. Important i s s u e s involved a r e p ropr ie ty of system ( l i cense? owner u s e r only? o t h e r ? ) , s p e c i a l i z e d na tu re of hardware ( a v a i l a b i l i t y of s e r v i c e , p a r t s , e t c . ) , sof tware "package" (coding s t an - dardslphilosophy? special . ized coding languages? documentation? ser- v i c e ? t r a i n i n g ? i n s t a l l a t i o n ? ) and compa t ib i l i ty wi th ex i s t ing / fu - t u r e equipment/people. It should be apparent t h a t what is r i g h t f o r the f e l . 1 0 ~ down t h e block may o r may not be r e l evan t t o your needs.

e ) = n o t expect magic, Systems a r e put together by people and work products a r e very machine performance dependent. While one should prudent ly seek a system t h a t has a t r a c k record of minimum d i f f i c u l t i e s , i t is b e s t t o p lan f o r a t l e a s t some d i f f i c u l t i e s and be f l e x i b l e . '

S t a r t up should be w e l l planned and a t tended.

f ) Wil l ingly commit t h e personnel resources t o make t h e system your own. Without ques t ibn , the major shortcoming i n t h e e f f e c t i v e u t i l i z a t i o n of comprehensive d a t a management systems has been t h e un- wi l l ingness of p o t e n t i a l u s e r s t o devote adequate t i m e and energy t o I 1 own" t h e system i n an a p p l i c a t i o n s sense. These systems a r e s u f f i - c i e n t l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d (and expensive) t h a t continuous use and fami l i a r - t y by t h e use r s w i l l be needed t o make t h e investment pay o f f .

f ) Continuously a s k ques t ions of t h e developers/ se-cers, probe the l i m i t s of c a p a b i l i t i e s , and presume a normal f e a t u r e of s o p h i s t i - ca ted eswplex systems is t h a t they should be conti .nually adapted and augmented over time. A system f rozen i n c a p a b i 1 i . t ~ from instal . l . .a t ion d a t e is one t h a t w i l l soon be unresponsive t o needs of t h e use r s .

Davis 15

SUMMARY AM) CONCLUSIONS

The HEC-SAM system evolved from a need wi th in t h e Corps t o manage s p a t i a l da ta i n a systematic way t o achieve an increased l e v e l of analy- sis c a p a b i l i t y f o r planning s t u d i e s . The system includes c a p a b i l i t i e s t o c r e a t e and maintain s p a t i a l d a t a f i l e s , r e t r i e v e and d i sp lay f i l e contents , and l i n k da ta sets t o soph i s t i ca ted computer models. The system is continuing t o be improved and augmented and w i l l c e r t a i n l y be- come a more i n t e g r a l p a r t of Corps' planning s t u d i e s . The system is comprised of software acquired from pri.vate sources, from o t h e r govern- mental agencies and from in-house devel.opment e f f o r t s . Comprehensive s p a t i a l d a t a management systems r e q u i r e c a r e f u l l y managed continuing technology development and t r a n s f e r ac t ions t o b e n e f i t t h e users and maintain t h e i r u t i l i t y over time,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The HEC-SAM system is the product of i d e a s from many sources and work e f f o r t s by a number of ind iv idua l s . The o r i g i n a l concept f o r t h e system and supervis ion of i t s continuing development and se rv ic ing has been t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e author . S t a f f members a t t h e HEC who contr ibuted s u b s t a n t i a l l y inc lude R. P a t Webb--responsible f o r most of t h e developmental work and day-to-day se rv ic ing , She l l e Barkin--data f i l e management, Arlen Feldman--hydrologic i n t e r f a c e s , and Mike Burnham--source of many ideas i n systems formulation. Jack Dangermond of ESRI has provided software and a continuing flow of ideas. D r . Dick Males of W. E. Gates and Associates has provided ideas a s w e l l . as continuing moral support . Corps personnel who have been c lose ly in- volved i n development of HEC-SAM include Lynn Love11 and Milburn Smith of t h e F t . Worth District and Bob P l o t t , OCE Flood P l a i n Management. The EIEC has been under t h e d i r e c t i o n of M r . B i l l S. Eicher t during the t i m e when HEC-SAM was created .

REFERENCES

Davis, Darryl W., June 1978 Comprehensive Flood P l a i n Studies Using S p a t i a l Data Management Techniques. Water Resources B u l l e t i n , American Water Resources Associat ion. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, 1978. Annual Report, Davis, C a l i f o r n i a . The Hydrologic Engineering Center, 1975. Phase I Oconee Basin P i l o t Study--Trail Creek Test . Davis, Ca l i fo rn ia . Webb, R. P., and M. W. Burnham, 1976. S p a t i a l Analysis of Non- s t r u c t u r a l Measures. Symposium on Inland Water f o r Navigation, Flood Control , and Water Diversions. American Society of C i v i l Engineers. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, 1978. Guide Manual f o r t h e Creat ion of Grid C e l l Data Banks. Davis, Ca l i fo rn ia . U.S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Savannah, 1977. Phase I, Oconee Basin Expanded Flood P l a i n Information Study. U.S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , For t Worth, 1978. Rowlett Creek Expanded Flood P l a i n Information Study. U.S. Army Engineer D i s t r i c t , Jacksonvi l le , 1979. Boggy Creek Expanded Flood P l a i n Information Study.

16 Davis

Technical Paper Series TP-1 Use of Interrelated Records to Simulate Streamflow TP-2 Optimization Techniques for Hydrologic

Engineering TP-3 Methods of Determination of Safe Yield and

Compensation Water from Storage Reservoirs TP-4 Functional Evaluation of a Water Resources System TP-5 Streamflow Synthesis for Ungaged Rivers TP-6 Simulation of Daily Streamflow TP-7 Pilot Study for Storage Requirements for Low Flow

Augmentation TP-8 Worth of Streamflow Data for Project Design - A

Pilot Study TP-9 Economic Evaluation of Reservoir System

Accomplishments TP-10 Hydrologic Simulation in Water-Yield Analysis TP-11 Survey of Programs for Water Surface Profiles TP-12 Hypothetical Flood Computation for a Stream

System TP-13 Maximum Utilization of Scarce Data in Hydrologic

Design TP-14 Techniques for Evaluating Long-Tem Reservoir

Yields TP-15 Hydrostatistics - Principles of Application TP-16 A Hydrologic Water Resource System Modeling

Techniques TP-17 Hydrologic Engineering Techniques for Regional

Water Resources Planning TP-18 Estimating Monthly Streamflows Within a Region TP-19 Suspended Sediment Discharge in Streams TP-20 Computer Determination of Flow Through Bridges TP-21 An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis TP-22 A Finite Difference Methods of Analyzing Liquid

Flow in Variably Saturated Porous Media TP-23 Uses of Simulation in River Basin Planning TP-24 Hydroelectric Power Analysis in Reservoir Systems TP-25 Status of Water Resource System Analysis TP-26 System Relationships for Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-27 System Analysis of the Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-28 Digital Simulation of an Existing Water Resources

System TP-29 Computer Application in Continuing Education TP-30 Drought Severity and Water Supply Dependability TP-31 Development of System Operation Rules for an

Existing System by Simulation TP-32 Alternative Approaches to Water Resources System

Simulation TP-33 System Simulation of Integrated Use of

Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation TP-34 Optimizing flood Control Allocation for a

Multipurpose Reservoir TP-35 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff and River

Hydraulic Analysis TP-36 Evaluation of Drought Effects at Lake Atitlan TP-37 Downstream Effects of the Levee Overtopping at

Wilkes-Barre, PA, During Tropical Storm Agnes TP-38 Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

TP-39 A Method for Analyzing Effects of Dam Failures in Design Studies

TP-40 Storm Drainage and Urban Region Flood Control Planning

TP-41 HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System Formulation and Evaluation

TP-42 Optimal Sizing of Urban Flood Control Systems TP-43 Hydrologic and Economic Simulation of Flood

Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems TP-44 Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by System

Analysis TP-45 Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood

Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin TP-46 Spatial Data Analysis of Nonstructural Measures TP-47 Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial

Data Management Techniques TP-48 Direct Runoff Hydrograph Parameters Versus

Urbanization TP-49 Experience of HEC in Disseminating Information

on Hydrological Models TP-50 Effects of Dam Removal: An Approach to

Sedimentation TP-51 Design of Flood Control Improvements by Systems

Analysis: A Case Study TP-52 Potential Use of Digital Computer Ground Water

Models TP-53 Development of Generalized Free Surface Flow

Models Using Finite Element Techniques TP-54 Adjustment of Peak Discharge Rates for

Urbanization TP-55 The Development and Servicing of Spatial Data

Management Techniques in the Corps of Engineers TP-56 Experiences of the Hydrologic Engineering Center

in Maintaining Widely Used Hydrologic and Water Resource Computer Models

TP-57 Flood Damage Assessments Using Spatial Data Management Techniques

TP-58 A Model for Evaluating Runoff-Quality in Metropolitan Master Planning

TP-59 Testing of Several Runoff Models on an Urban Watershed

TP-60 Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with Pumped Storage

TP-61 Technical Factors in Small Hydropower Planning TP-62 Flood Hydrograph and Peak Flow Frequency

Analysis TP-63 HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation TP-64 Determining Peak-Discharge Frequencies in an

Urbanizing Watershed: A Case Study TP-65 Feasibility Analysis in Small Hydropower Planning TP-66 Reservoir Storage Determination by Computer

Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems

TP-67 Hydrologic Land Use Classification Using LANDSAT

TP-68 Interactive Nonstructural Flood-Control Planning TP-69 Critical Water Surface by Minimum Specific

Energy Using the Parabolic Method

TP-70 Corps of Engineers Experience with Automatic Calibration of a Precipitation-Runoff Model

TP-71 Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery for Input to Hydrologic Models

TP-72 Application of the Finite Element Method to Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water Quality

TP-73 Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM TP-74 Hydrographs by Single Linear Reservoir Model TP-75 HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis TP-76 Institutional Support of Water Resource Models TP-77 Investigation of Soil Conservation Service Urban

Hydrology Techniques TP-78 Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing

Hydroelectric Plants TP-79 Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood

Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S. Hydropower Reservoirs

TP-80 Use of Non-Sequential Techniques in the Analysis of Power Potential at Storage Projects

TP-81 Data Management Systems of Water Resources Planning

TP-82 The New HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package TP-83 River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality

Modeling Capability TP-84 Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System

Model TP-85 Operation Policy Analysis: Sam Rayburn

Reservoir TP-86 Training the Practitioner: The Hydrologic

Engineering Center Program TP-87 Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models TP-88 Reservoir System Regulation for Water Quality

Control TP-89 A Software System to Aid in Making Real-Time

Water Control Decisions TP-90 Calibration, Verification and Application of a Two-

Dimensional Flow Model TP-91 HEC Software Development and Support TP-92 Hydrologic Engineering Center Planning Models TP-93 Flood Routing Through a Flat, Complex Flood

Plain Using a One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Computer Program

TP-94 Dredged-Material Disposal Management Model TP-95 Infiltration and Soil Moisture Redistribution in

HEC-1 TP-96 The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience in

Nonstructural Planning TP-97 Prediction of the Effects of a Flood Control Project

on a Meandering Stream TP-98 Evolution in Computer Programs Causes Evolution

in Training Needs: The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience

TP-99 Reservoir System Analysis for Water Quality TP-100 Probable Maximum Flood Estimation - Eastern

United States TP-101 Use of Computer Program HEC-5 for Water Supply

Analysis TP-102 Role of Calibration in the Application of HEC-6 TP-103 Engineering and Economic Considerations in

Formulating TP-104 Modeling Water Resources Systems for Water

Quality

TP-105 Use of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model to Quantify Aquatic Habitat

TP-106 Flood-Runoff Forecasting with HEC-1F TP-107 Dredged-Material Disposal System Capacity

Expansion TP-108 Role of Small Computers in Two-Dimensional

Flow Modeling TP-109 One-Dimensional Model for Mud Flows TP-110 Subdivision Froude Number TP-111 HEC-5Q: System Water Quality Modeling TP-112 New Developments in HEC Programs for Flood

Control TP-113 Modeling and Managing Water Resource Systems

for Water Quality TP-114 Accuracy of Computer Water Surface Profiles -

Executive Summary TP-115 Application of Spatial-Data Management

Techniques in Corps Planning TP-116 The HEC's Activities in Watershed Modeling TP-117 HEC-1 and HEC-2 Applications on the

Microcomputer TP-118 Real-Time Snow Simulation Model for the

Monongahela River Basin TP-119 Multi-Purpose, Multi-Reservoir Simulation on a PC TP-120 Technology Transfer of Corps' Hydrologic Models TP-121 Development, Calibration and Application of

Runoff Forecasting Models for the Allegheny River Basin

TP-122 The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data

TP-123 Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Reservoir Analysis Model

TP-124 Review of U.S. Army corps of Engineering Involvement With Alluvial Fan Flooding Problems

TP-125 An Integrated Software Package for Flood Damage Analysis

TP-126 The Value and Depreciation of Existing Facilities: The Case of Reservoirs

TP-127 Floodplain-Management Plan Enumeration TP-128 Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling TP-129 Status and New Capabilities of Computer Program

HEC-6: "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs"

TP-130 Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on Alluvial Fans

TP-131 Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning - Preparedness Programs

TP-132 Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Computer Programs

TP-133 Predicting Deposition Patterns in Small Basins TP-134 Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total

Probability Theorem TP-135 A Muskingum-Cunge Channel Flow Routing

Method for Drainage Networks TP-136 Prescriptive Reservoir System Analysis Model -

Missouri River System Application TP-137 A Generalized Simulation Model for Reservoir

System Analysis TP-138 The HEC NexGen Software Development Project TP-139 Issues for Applications Developers TP-140 HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Program TP-141 HEC Models for Urban Hydrologic Analysis

TP-142 Systems Analysis Applications at the Hydrologic Engineering Center

TP-143 Runoff Prediction Uncertainty for Ungauged Agricultural Watersheds

TP-144 Review of GIS Applications in Hydrologic Modeling

TP-145 Application of Rainfall-Runoff Simulation for Flood Forecasting

TP-146 Application of the HEC Prescriptive Reservoir Model in the Columbia River Systems

TP-147 HEC River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) TP-148 HEC-6: Reservoir Sediment Control Applications TP-149 The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS):

Design and Development Issues TP-150 The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System TP-151 Bridge Hydraulic Analysis with HEC-RAS TP-152 Use of Land Surface Erosion Techniques with

Stream Channel Sediment Models

TP-153 Risk-Based Analysis for Corps Flood Project Studies - A Status Report

TP-154 Modeling Water-Resource Systems for Water Quality Management

TP-155 Runoff simulation Using Radar Rainfall Data TP-156 Status of HEC Next Generation Software

Development TP-157 Unsteady Flow Model for Forecasting Missouri and

Mississippi Rivers TP-158 Corps Water Management System (CWMS) TP-159 Some History and Hydrology of the Panama Canal TP-160 Application of Risk-Based Analysis to Planning

Reservoir and Levee Flood Damage Reduction Systems

TP-161 Corps Water Management System - Capabilities and Implementation Status