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Flowers, Fruits, and SeedsFlowers, Fruits, and Seeds
Most herbs:Most herbs:
Dicotyledons!Dicotyledons!
Monocotyledons vs DicotyledonsMonocotyledons vs Dicotyledons
MonocotsMonocots More advanced plantsMore advanced plants One primary leafOne primary leaf Adventitious root systemAdventitious root system Flower parts arranged in Flower parts arranged in
3’s3’s Leaf veins: parallel.Leaf veins: parallel. Vascular cambium Vascular cambium
absentabsent Vascular bundles Vascular bundles
scattered throughout scattered throughout tissuetissue
DicotsMore primitiveTwo primary leavesTap root systemFlower parts arranged in 4’s or 5’s.Leave veins: network systemVascular cambium presentVascular bundles in a ring (‘vein’)
Flower StructureFlower Structure
Each flower grows from an Each flower grows from an embryonic embryonic primordiumprimordium forms the forms the budbud..
InflorescencesInflorescences - Group of several to - Group of several to hundreds of flowers.hundreds of flowers. E.g. Maize E.g. Maize
Flower StructureFlower Structure
FruitsFruits
Fruit:= Fruit:= matured & developedmatured & developed ovary ovary and and accessory parts that have developed and accessory parts that have developed and matured.matured. Normally contains seeds.Normally contains seeds. All fruits develop from All fruits develop from flower ovariesflower ovaries
(therefore found exclusively in flowering (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)plants)
Fruit RegionsFruit Regions
Fruit Fruit
FleshyFleshy BerriesBerries DrupesDrupes PomesPomes
DryDry
Those that split at Those that split at maturity (Dehiscent)maturity (Dehiscent)
Those that don’t split Those that don’t split at maturity at maturity (Indehiscent)(Indehiscent)
Fleshy FruitFleshy Fruit
Simple fruit (e.g. Drupe)Simple fruit (e.g. Drupe) BerryBerry Aggregate fruitAggregate fruit Multiple fruitMultiple fruit Pomes (not true fruit)Pomes (not true fruit)
Dry fruitDry fruit
DehiscentDehiscent FollicleFollicle CapsuleCapsule LegumeLegume SiliqueSilique
IndihescentIndihescent AcheneAchene GrainGrain NutsNuts ShizocarpShizocarp SamaraSamara
FruitsFruits Fleshy FruitsFleshy Fruits
Simple fleshy fruits: develop from a flower with a Simple fleshy fruits: develop from a flower with a single pistil.single pistil.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
Fleshy FruitFleshy Fruit
E.g. DrupeE.g. Drupe - Simple - Simple fleshy fruit with a fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed single seed enclosed by a hard, stony by a hard, stony endocarp (pit).endocarp (pit).
FruitsFruits Berry: Berry: Develops Develops
from a compound from a compound ovary. Contains ovary. Contains more than one more than one seed.seed. True berryTrue berry: fruit : fruit
with a thin skin and with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. soft pericarp (e.g. tomato).tomato).
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display
BerriesBerries
Pepos Pepos - Thick - Thick skins/exocarps skins/exocarps (Pumpkins).(Pumpkins).
BerriesBerries
HesperidiumHesperidium – Fruits – Fruits with leathery exocarps with leathery exocarps containing oil glands containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus fruit).(e.g. Citrus fruit).
FruitsFruits
PomesPomes – (not a – (not a true fruit)true fruit)
Pome: Accessory Pome: Accessory fruit with thick fruit with thick hypanthium. hypanthium.
Bulk of flesh Bulk of flesh comes from comes from enlarged floral tube enlarged floral tube or receptacle that or receptacle that grows up around grows up around the ovary. (Apples) the ovary. (Apples)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display
FruitsFruits
Aggregate FruitsAggregate Fruits Develop from a Develop from a
single flower single flower with numerous with numerous pistils.pistils.
Pistils mature as a Pistils mature as a clustered unit on clustered unit on a single a single receptaclereceptacle
E.g. Raspberries, E.g. Raspberries, Strawberries.Strawberries.
FruitsFruits
Multiple FruitsMultiple Fruits
Develop from Develop from many individual many individual flowers in a flowers in a single single inflorescence. inflorescence.
E.g. Pineapples, E.g. Pineapples, Figs, MaizeFigs, Maize
Dry Fruits - DehiscentDry Fruits - Dehiscent
FollicleFollicle - Splits along - Splits along one side/seam.one side/seam.
FollicleFollicle
Dry Fruits - DehiscentDry Fruits - DehiscentLegume (e.g. bean Legume (e.g. bean
pod) pod) • Consists of one Consists of one
folded carpelfolded carpel• Splits along two Splits along two
sides into 2 sides into 2 sectionssections
• Each represents Each represents half the carpel.half the carpel.
• Some legume Some legume pods, such as pods, such as carob and carob and mesquite, are mesquite, are indehiscent and indehiscent and do not split open. do not split open.
Dry Fruits - DehiscentDry Fruits - Dehiscent
SiliqueSilique - Splits - Splits along two sides along two sides with the seeds in with the seeds in a central a central position when position when the two halves the two halves separate.separate.
(Silique = Two (Silique = Two carpels carpels separated by a separated by a seed-bearing seed-bearing septum) septum)
Dry Fruits - DehiscentDry Fruits - Dehiscent
CapsulesCapsules - Consist of - Consist of at least two carpels, at least two carpels, and split in a variety of and split in a variety of ways.ways.
Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent
AcheneAchene Single seed attached to pericarp Single seed attached to pericarp Pericarp fused into huskPericarp fused into husk Husk - Easily removedHusk - Easily removed Eg: buckweed, sunflower seedEg: buckweed, sunflower seed
Sunflower seedSunflower seed
Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent
NutNut Single seed with hard Single seed with hard
pericarp/huskpericarp/husk Cup or cluster of bracts Cup or cluster of bracts
form at baseform at base Hazel nuts: only true nutsHazel nuts: only true nuts
Walnuts, cashews & Walnuts, cashews & pecans = drupespecans = drupes
Brazil nuts = seeds of Brazil nuts = seeds of capsulescapsules
Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent
GrainGrain One-seeded fruit/seed fused with One-seeded fruit/seed fused with
seed coat (pericarp)seed coat (pericarp) Eg: wheat Eg: wheat
Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent
SamaraSamara Pericarp forms Pericarp forms
wingswings Fx: aids in seed Fx: aids in seed
dispersaldispersal Can be single or Can be single or
doubledouble Eg: Elm treeEg: Elm tree
Dry Fruits - IndehiscentDry Fruits - Indehiscent
SchizocarpSchizocarp
Whole seed separates Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitletsseeded fruitlets
E.g.: Apiaceae/carrot E.g.: Apiaceae/carrot familyfamily
LESSON TAKE-AWAYLESSON TAKE-AWAY
Flower PartsFlower Parts Fruit TypesFruit Types